RAND,  McNALLY  &  CO.'S 

POCKET  ATLAS 


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RAND -McN  ALLY 

Pocket  Atlas 

OF   THE 

WORLD 

Historical  —  Political  —  Commercial 


CONTAINING 

COLORED   MAPS   OF    ALL    THE    STATES    VXD    TERRITORIES 

IX  THE  EXITED  STATES.  THE  PROVINCES   OF  THE 

DOMIXIOX  OF  OAXADA.  AXD  OF  EVERY 

COUNTRY  AXD  CIVIL  DIVISION 

UPON  THE  FACE  OF 

THE  GLOBE. 


PUBLISHERS, 

RAND,    M  C  NALI.V    &    CO  M  P  \  N  Y. 
Chicago   and   New   York. 

1900 


Rand-McNally  Pocket  Atlas  of  the  World 
Copyright,  1900.  by  Rand,  McNally  &  Co 


2061309 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Abyssinia 353,  355 

Aden 316,318 

Adrar 348,350 

Afghanistan 319.  321 

Africa 343-366 

Africa,  Central 356-359,  362 

Africa,  Northeastern.  ..352-355 
Africa.  Northwestern  ..  346-351 

Africa.  South 360-366 

Alabama 75-78 

Alaska .__.:....  187-190 

Algeria 346.  348 

Andorra 279,  281    284 

Angola 356.  359,  360 

Antarctic  Regions 9.    10 

Anticosti  Island 193,  202 

Arabia 315.316.318 

Arctic  Archipelago. 7,  8,  192,  193 

Arctic  Regions 7,      8 

Argentine  Republic 251-254 

■Arizona 171,  172 

Arkansas .... 123-126 

Ashantee 349.  350 

Asia 313-342 

Australia 371  -375 

Austria-Hungary 295-298 

Bahama  Islands 10,    17 

Balkan  States 307-310 

Baluchistan 323,  324 

Basutoland 360,  363 

Bpchuanaland 360,  363 

Belgium 283-285 

Bermuda  Islands   10,    17 

Bhotan 325.  326 

■femarck  Archipelago  .  368,  370 

Bokhara 314.  316 

Bolivia 248-250 

Borneo 335,336-338 

Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  296  -298 

Bourbon  Island 366 

Brazil  243-246 

British*  'entralAfi  ica.  360,361,364 
British  Columbia 212-215 


PAGE 

British  East  Africa 357,  358 

British  East  Indies  ....  335-338 

British  Guiana 244,  246 

British  Honduras 219,  22(1 

British  India 322   325 

British  Isles 264,265 

British  New  Guinea 368,  370 

British -North  Borneo  ..  337,  338 
British  Somali  Land  ...  353.  355 
British  South  Africa  ...  360,  361 

Brunei .336-338 

Bulgaria 307-310 

California 175-178 

Canada,  Dominion  of  ..  192-216 

Canary  Islands 348,  350 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 360-363 

Cape  Verde  Islands 350 

Caroline  Islands 368.  370 

Cayenne  (Fr.  Guiana)..  244.  246 

Celebes 335,  337.  338 

Central  A merica  .  _ 217  -221 

Ceylon 324.  320 

Channel  Islands  _ 267,  269 

Chile 252,  253,  256,  25 i 

China.. 327-330 

Cities    of    the    United 

States.  Principal  ....    11,    14 

Colombia 238-241 

Colorado 167-170 

Connecticut 35-37 

Cook  Islands 367,  369 

285 

Costa  Rica 218,  219,  221 

Crete 312 

Cuba 210,  222-225 

Curacao 241,  246 

Cyprus 3is,  320 

Dahomey 347,  349 

Danish  West  Indies....         229 

Delaware 49,    50 

Denmark 305.  306 

Distriet  of  Columbia  ...  59,  61 
Dominion  of  Canada...  192-216 


CONTEXTS. 


PAGE 

Dutch  I 

•  frica  Prote< 
Ecuador 

Egyptian  Soudan 

[g 

■  ■  I  206-269 

Eritrea 

Europe - 

Falkland  Islands 

Fiji  Islands     .....        .3 

Finland 300,  302 

Florida 71-74 

Formosa 333,  334 

France.... -  2€ 

Franz  Josef  Laud     8,    10 

French  Guinea  .      ....  347,  349 

French  India 32 

French  Indo-Ohina  ....  32 

French  Kongo 356,  362 

French  Soudan 347,  349 

Friendly  Islands 367,  369 

Gaboon. 356,  362 

Galapagos  Islands.     ...  239,  240 

Gambia... 349,351 

Georgia.. 67-70 

German  Fast  Africa  .  .  •'. 
German  Southw.  Africa,  360,  365 

Germany 290-293 

Gibraltar 2J 

Gilbert  Islands 367,  369 

Gold  (oast 349,  350 

Greece 309,312 

and 7,  8,  12,  16 

Guam  Island .  3 

Guatemala 21 

Guiana -344,  240 

Badramaut 318,  321 

Haiti.. 22 

Hawaii 378-381 

Hemisphere,  Land 7.  10,  12 

Hemisphere,  Northern. ..7,  8,  10 
Hemisphere,  Southern... 7.  9,  lo 
Hemisphere,  Water 7,  lo,  13 


Honduras 

Hongkong :: 

Idaho  :- 

Illinois 95    98 

Indenie....  347,349 

India 32 

Indiana 91     '.'1 

Indian  Territory 136-138 

Indo-China 829 

Iowa 115-118 

Ireland 2 

-  in  th.  Atlantic.  10 

Isle  of  Man. 267,  268 

Italian  Somali  Land  ...  853,  355 

Italy 287-289 

Ivory  Coast 347,  349 

Jamaica 225,  228 

Japan 331-334 

Java... 335-338 

Kaiser Wilhelm's  Land.  3 

Kamerun 356,  ! 

Kansas 139-142 

Keewatin  Districl   .  192,  193,  21 4 

Kentucky 

Khiva 314  316 

Klondike  Region  ...     .192,  218 

Kolguev 10,  300 

Kongo  Ind.  State.. .356,  357,  :359 

Korea 32* 

Labrador 191,193 

Ladrone  Islands 368,  370 

Lagos 349-351 

Liberia 349.  351 

Liechtenstein 2 

Louisiana. 127-130 

Low  Archipelago 369,  370 

Luxemburg 291,  292 

Macao  Island 329,  330 

Madagascar ...361,  365,  366 

Madeira  Islands 348,  350 

Magdalene  Islands 1 

Maine. 

Malaysia 335-342 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Malta 286,  289 

Manica 361,365 

Manitoba 208-211,  214 

Marianne  Islands 368,  370 

Marquesas  Islands.. 367,  369,  370 

Marshall  Islands 369,  370 

Maryland 47-49 

Massachusetts 31-34 

Mauritius  Island 366 

Mexico 231-234 

Michigan.. 99-106 

Midway  Islands 369 

Minnesota 111-114 

Miquelon 191 

Mississippi 79-82 

Missouri.. 119-122 

Monaco 283,  285 

Montana 155-157 

Montenegro 303,  310 

Morocco 347,  348 

Mozambique 361 

Natal 360,  361,  363 

'Nebraska 143-146 

Nejd 318,  320 

Nepal 323-326 

Netherlands,  The 292,  294 

Nevada 176-178 

New  Brunswick 196,  199 

New  Caledonia 367,  368 

Newfoundland.....'....  191,  193 

New  Guinea 368,  370 

New  Hampshire 27-29 

New  Hebrides 369,  371 

New  Jersey... 51,    54 

New  Mexico 172-174 

.New  South  Wales 371-374 

New  York 39-42 

New  Zealand 376,  377 

Nicaragua.. 218.  220,  221 

Niger  Coast  Protectorate  349,  351 

Niger  Territories. 349,  351 

North  America 15-18 

North  Carolina 63-65 

North  Dakota 151-154 


Northwest  Territories 

192,  193,  212,  213,  216 

Norway 303-306 

Nova  Scotia 196-198 

NovaZembla. 7,300 

Obock  and  Somali  Coast  353, 355 

Oceania. 366,381 

Ohio 87-90 

Oklahoma.. 135-137 

Oman. 318,321 

Ontario. ....204-207,  210 

OrangeRiver  Colony  360, 364,365 

Oregon 179-182 

Paraguay 252,255 

Pennsylvania 43-46 

Persia 318-321 

Peru 247-249 

Pescadores 333,  334 

Philippine  Islands 339-342 

Poland 301,  302 

Portugal 279,280 

Portuguese  East  Africa.  361,  365 

Portuguese  Guinea 319,  350 

Portuguese  India 323,  324 

Prince  Edward  Island..  197,  202 

Prince  Island 3 15,  350 

Porto  Rico ...227-230 

Quebec 200-203,206 

Queensland. 373-375 

Reunion  Island 366 

Rhode  Island 37,    38 

Rhodesia 360,363 

Rhodesia,  Northern. 360,  363, 364 

RiodeOro 348,350 

Roumania. 307,  3J8 

Russia 299-302 

Salvador .217,  218,  220 

Samoa  Islands 369,  371 

Samos 309,  315 

San  .Marino 287,  288 

Santa  Cruz  Islands 367,  309 

Santo  Domingo 223,  224,  226 

Sarawak 336,  338 

Sardinia 289 


CONTENTS. 


Scotland 

Senegal 346, 

Servia  

Siam 

Siberia 314, 

Sicily -. 

Sierra  Leone 

Society  Islands 

Socotra  Island 

Sofala 

Solomon  Islands 

Somali  Land 

South  America 

South  Australia....  372, 

South  Carolina. 

South  Dakota 

Spain 

Spitz  bergen 

St.  Helena 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon 

St.  Thomas  Island 

Sumatra 335, 

Surinam  (Dutch  Guiana) 

Swaziland 

Sweden... 

Switzerland 

Tasmania 

Tennessee 


PAGE 

270-273 
347,349 
30S,  310 
325,  326 
316,  317 
289 
349,351 

367,  369 
355 

361,  365 

368,  371 
353,  355 
235-25? 
373,  375 

64-66 
147-150 
27'8-281 

7,  8 
345,  366 
191 
345,  350 
336,  338 
244,246 
360 
303-305 
285,286 
376,  377 

84-86 


Texas 

Togoland 

Tonga  Islands 

Tripoli.. 860, 

Tuamotu  Islands 

Tunis 

Turkey  in  Asia. 315.  818, 
Turkey  in  Europe  806, 
Uganda  Protectorate  . . . 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Uruguay 

Utah 

Vaal  River  Colony 

Venezuela 

Vermont 

Victoria. 

Virginia 

Wake  Island 

Wales. 

Washington 

Western  Australia 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

World 

Wyoming 

Yukon  District 

Zanzibar  Protectorate.. 


PAGE 

131-134 
849,  861 

369,  870 
846,  848 
320,  321 
809,  811 

262-277 

18-22 
263,  256 
168  166 
369,  864 
240 -242 

28-30 
373,  374 

59-62 
366,368 
266-269 
183-186 
372,  375 

55-58 
107-110 
3-6 
159-162 
192,  216 
357,358 


INDEX  OF  TOWNS. 

(SEE  PAGES  FOLLOWING  382.) 


Alaoama 

2 

Montana 

43 

Alaska  Territory 

3 

Nebraska 

44 

Arizona 

3 

Nevada 

47 

Arkansas 

4 

New  Hampshire 

47 

California 

5 

New  Jersev 

47 

Colorado 

6 

New  Mexico  Territory. 

49 

Connecticut 

7 

New  York 

49 

8 

52 

District  of  Columbia... 

8 

North  Dakota 

55 

Florida 

8 

Ohio 

55 

Georgia 

9 

Oklahoma  Territory ... 

60 

Hawaii 

11 

Oregon 

61 

Idaho  

12 

Pennsvlvania 

62 

12 
17 

67 

Indiana 

Rhode  Island 

68 

Indian  Territory 

20 

South  Carolina 

68 

21 

70 

25 

27 

Tennessee 

Texas  

71 

Kentucky 

73 

Louisiana 

30 

Utah 

75 

Maine 

31 

Vermont 

76 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

31 

76 

32 

Washington 

78 

Michigan 

32 

West  Virginia 

79 

Minnesota 

35 

Wisconsin 

81 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

38 
40 

63 

THE  WORLD. 


THE  WORLD 


Form  and  Size  of  the  Earth.—  In  form  the  earth  is  an  ohlate 
spheroid— verv  nearly  a  globe.  Circumference,  24,900  miles.  Diameter: 
Equatorial,  7,926  miles:  polar,  7,899  miles;  mean,  7,912.5.  Area  of  surface, 
196,940,400  square  miles;  volume,  259,880  million  cubic  miles;  mean  den- 
sity, 5.6.  Total  area  within  Arctic  and  Antarctic  regions,  16,464,700 
square  miles;  temperate  regions,  102,244,654  sauare  miles;  within  the 
Tropics,  78,231,046  square  miles. 

t  iand  area  of  the  world,  54,807,420  square  miles— assuming  that  the  un- 
explored Arctic  regions  comprise  250,000  square  miles  of  land,  and  the 
Antarctic  Continent  has  an  extent  of  2,500,000  square  miles  within  the 
Antarctic  Circle.  Largest  land  area— 29,450,000  square  miles,  or  three- 
fifths  of  total  land  surface— within  the  most  habitable  portions  of  the 
earth,  the  temperate  regions  ;  land  area  of  Tropics,  19,400,000  square 
miles.  Strictly  speaking,  the  land  surface  consists  of  two  great  con- 
tinental land  masses— Western  Continent  and  Eastern  Continent— and 
Australia,  an  Island-Continent;  more  general  division  is  into  six  conti- 
nents or  grand  divisions:  North  America,  South  America,  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia.  Geographically  Europe  is  not  a  grand  divi- 
sion, but  a  peninsula  of  Asia,  and  with  the  latter  forms  the  largest  con- 
tinuous mass  of  land,  hence  the  title  Eurasia,  derived  from  Europe- 
Asia.  In  extent  grand  divisions  of  Eastern  Continent  are  all  greatest 
from  east  to  west,  those  of  Western  Continent  from  north  to  south. 

Water.— The  great  expanse  of  water  upon  tbe  earth's  surface  is 
grouped  in  five  basins:  Atlantic,  Pacific,  Indian,  Arctic,  and  Antarctic 
oceans.  Area  of  oceans  and  inland  seas  connected  with  them,  142,132,- 
980  square  miles,  or  72  per  cent  of  total  surface  of  the  earth.  Propor- 
tion of  land  and  water,  2.59  square  miles  of  water  to  each  square  mile 
of  land.  Distribution  of  land  and  water  extremely  unequal— about  three- 
fifths  of  water  south  and  two-thirds  of  land  north  of  equator  Average 
depth  of  ocean  12,900  feet,  or  about  six  times  the  average  height  of 
land.  Greatest  depth  sounded,  27,930  feet.  Supposed  depth  of  83  per 
'  cent,  or  114,000,000  square  miles  of  total  ocean  area,  over  6,000  feet. 

Divisions  of  Water.— Area  of  Arctic  Ocean  estimated  at  4,632,- 
000  square  miles,  or  2.3  per  cent  of  surface  of  globe.  Drainage  area 
large;  comprises  5,772,000  square  miles  of  mainland  of  America  and 
Eurasia.  Atlantic  Ocean  embraces  an  area  of  34,301,400  square  miles, 
or  nearly  one-fourth  the  total  water  area  of  the  globe.  In  extent  At- 
lantic greatest  from  north  to  south;  length  9,000  miles,  ayerage  width 
only  3,600  miles  ;  greatest  depth,  "  International  Deep,"  off  St.  Thomas 
Islands,  West  Indies,  27,366  feet.  Indian  Ocean  occupies  an  area  of 
28,615,600 square  miles,  very  nearly  one-fifth  the  total  water  area.  Width, 
about  6,300  miles;  extent  of  ocean  almost  equal  both  ways.  Area  of 
Pacific  Ocean,  67,699,630  square  miles;  comprises  nearly  one-half  the 
total  water  area.  Pacific  extends  north  and  south  9,000  miles,  east  and 
west  under  equator,  12,000  miles.  Greatest  depth  sounded,  "  Tuscarora 
Deep,"  north  of  Japan,  27,930  feet.  Pacific  Ocean  characterized  by  large 
number  of  islands,  both  continental  and  oceanic.  Area  of  Antarctic 
Ocean  estimated  at  5,731,350  square  miles;  depth  4,920  feet. 

Physical  Features.  -Viewed  broadly  in  relief,  most  characteris- 
tic features  of  surface  of  Eastern  Continent  great  table-lands  and  lofty 
mountains,  of  Western  Continent  vast  plains.  The  highest  mountains, 
most  extensive  plains,  and  greatest  depressions  in  the  world  belong  to 
the  Eastern  Continent.  Among  the  Himalayas  of  Asia  are  peaks  ex- 
tending 10,000  feet  above  the  line  of  perpetual  snow:  its  principal  table- 
lands range  between  2,500  and  16,000  feet  above  sea-level,  area  embraced 
equaling  two-fifths  of  that  of  entire  Continent;  depressions  of  the  Val- 
ley of  the  Jordan  and  Dead  Sea  far  below  sea-level.  The  vast  lowland 
plains  of  the  Western  Continent— alternate  forest  and  prairie— consti- 
tute by  far  the  larger  part  of  that  Continent.  The  longest  river  in  the 
world— the  Mississippi  with  its  affluent,  the  Missouri— and  likewise  the 
largest— the  Amazon— as  regards  volume  and  extent  of  basin,  belong 
to  the  Western  Continent.  The  great  fresh-water  lakes  or  seas  of 
the  American  Continent  contain  one-third  of  all  the  fresh  water  of 
the  globe,  and  are  without  a  parallel;  the  largest,  Lake  Superior,  is 
the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  in  the  world. 

Climates  all  belong  to  one  of  two  classes  — maritime  and  conti- 
nental—according to  nearness  or  distance  of  the  sea,    Average  tern- 


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THE  WORLD. 


peraturc  primarily  dependent  upon  latitude  and  altitude,  and  with  in- 
fluence of  sea  most  important  factor  in  determining  and  modifying 
climate.  Climate  of  "Western  Continent  slightly  colder  in  correspond- 
ing latitudes  than  that  of  Eastern  Continent,  especially  so  In  North 
America;  Western  also  for  most  part  moister— particularly  in  Tropics 
amount  of  rainfall  generally  far  greater  than  in  corresponding  regions 
of  Old  World.  Climate  of  Hawaii  excellent  example  of  insular  climates; 
range  throughout  year  does  not  exceed  5  or  6  deg.  Verkhoyansk,  Siberia 
-  pole  of  cold  for  Asiatic  Continent— an  extreme  continental  climate; 
winter  temperature  sinks  to  56  deg.  below;  summer,  60  deg.;  annual 
range  for  year,  116  deg.  Rainfall  very  unevenly  distributed  throughout 
the  world;  generally  speaking  more  abundant  in  warm  than  cold 
countries,  in  maritime  tracts  than  in  inland  regions,  and  in  hilly  and 
mountainous  districts  than  in  plains  and  lowlands.  Average  annual 
rainfall  varies  from  1.3  inches  at  Cairo,  13.7  Yakutsk,  22.17  Jerusalem, 
25  London,  44.76  New  York,  115.49  Yaldivia,  155.3  Caracas,  to  474  inches 
at  Cherra  Punji,  Assam,  India— latter  has  heaviest  known  rainfall  in 
world,  occasionally  over  20  feet  falling  during  June.  Snow  line— lower 
limit  of  region  of  perpetual  snow— varies  in  height  with  latitude,  near- 
ness of  sea,  etc.;  near  the  Poles  snow  line  at  sea-level;  at  the  equator 
mean  altitude  of  snow  line  about  16,000  feet. 

Population  of  the  world  as  estimated  by  Ravenstein  —exclusive 
of  Polar  regions— 189*\  1,487,600,000;  average  number  to  a  square  mile, 
31.5.  Total  number  of  inhabitants  steadily  increasing.  Geographically 
population  distributed  most  irregularly;  density  of  grand  divisions 
ranges  between  1.4  and  107  to  a  square  mile.  Eastern  Continent  far 
more  densely  populated  than  Western  Continent;  more  than  three- 
fourths  of  all  the  inhabitants  on  the  earth  are  in  the  Eastern  Continent. 

Races.— Population  of  the  World  grouped  in  five  divisions  or 
classes:  Caucasian  or  white  race,  Mongolian  or  yellow,  Malavan  or 
brown,  Negro  or  black,  and  American  or  red.  The  white  or  dominant 
race  numbers  about  690,000,000,  and  now  occupies  almost  the  whole 
of  Europe,  the  greater  part  of  North  America  and  Australasia,  and 
large  districts  of  Southern  Africa,  South  America,  and  Northern  Asia. 
Mongolian  — natives  of  China,  Siberia,  Siam,  Japan,  Korea,  etc.— 
600,000,000;  Malayan— found  chieflvin  Malay  islands  and  peninsula,  New 
Zealand,  and  Madagascar— 35,000,000;  Negro— chiefly  in  Africa,  with 
several  millions  in  United  States— 150,000,000;  American— native  Indian 
tribes— 12.000,000;  mixed  races,  13,000,000. 

Languages.— Number  of  different  languages  and  dialects  through- 
out the  world  very  great,  total  exceeds  1,000.  Only  seven  languages, 
however,  employed  by  more  than  50,000,000  people  —  Chinese,  Hindoo- 
stani,  English,  Russian,  German,  Spanish,  French.  The  greatest  number 
—400,000,000— speak  Chinese.  Languages  chiefly  used  in  international 
commerce— English,  Spanish,  French,  and  German.  English  most 
widely  used  commercially  and  extending  rapidly.  Owing  to  great  prog- 
ress of  Spanish-American  Republics  of  South  America,  Spanish  as  a 
commercial  language  advancing  in  importance.  French  generally  used 
in  international  discussions  and  diplomatic  affairs. 

Religions  may  be  grouped  in  two  great  classes:  Polytheism— a 
belief  in  a  plurality  of  gods;  Mon  otheism— belief  in  one  god.  Principal 
religions  embraced  in  Polytheism:  Brahminism,  the  national  religion  of 
the  Hindoos  for  more  than  4,000  years;  Buddhism,  introduced  by  Gua- 
tama,  an  Indian  prince,  2,500  years  ago.  embodying  by  far  the  greatest 
number  of  adherents  of  any  religion.  Monotheism  is  expressed  in  three 
forms:  Judaism,  Christianity— embracing  three  great  sections,  Protes- 
tantism, Roman  Catholic,  and  the  Greek  Church— and  Mohammedan- 
ism, founded  over  1,250  years  ago  by  Mohammed  in  Arabia  Religious 
population  estimated  as  follows:  Christians,  448,000,000— Protestants, 
137.000,000;  Roman  Catholics,  21fi.000.000:  Greek  Churches.  90,000000; 
Buddhists,  500.000,000;  Mohammedans.  200.000,000:  Brahmanists,  172,000,- 
000:  Jews.  7,000,000;  pagans  and  others,  173.lXKi.000. 

Governments.  —  The  inhabitants  of  the  world  are  practically 
grouped  under  three  forms  of  government-tribal,  monarchical,  and 
republican.  The  barbarous  or  savage  races  usually  liye  under  tribal 
form;  civilized  nations  under  monarchical-either  absolute  or  limited 
—or  republican  form.  The  nations  of  the  Eastern  Continent  are  almost 
all  under  monarchical  forms,  and,  with  but  few  exceptions,  all 
countries  of  the  Western  Continent  are  republics. 


HEMISPHERES. 


HEMISPHERES. 

Distribution  of  Land  over  the  earth's  surface  very  unequal. 
Laud  area  of  Northern  Hemisphere— 38,500,000  square  miles— nearly 
three  times  that  of  Southern;  land  area  of  latter  only  13,500,000  square 
miles.  Continental  or  Land  Hemisphere  contains  44,000,000  square  miles 
of  land,  or  eleven-thirteenths  of  entire  land  surface  of  globe;  has  five- 
and-a-half  times  as  much  land  as  Water  Hemisphere;  Oceanic  or  "Water 
Hemisphere  has  but  8,000,000  square  miles  of  land.  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere contains  more  than  twice  as  much  land  as  Western. 

Distribution  of  Water.— Water  area  of  Northern  Hemisphere, 
60,000.000  square  miles;  of  Southern  Hemisphere.  85,W0,000  square  miles, 
The  Continental,  or  Land  Hemisphere,  has  but  54,IHJ0,000  square  miles  of 
water  area;  Oceanic  Hemisphere  embraces  almost  two-thirds  the  entire 
water  area  of  the  globe,  or  90.500,000  square  miles;  water  area  of  West- 
ern Hemisphere  nearly  one-third  greater  than  that  of  Eastern. 

ARCT1C~REG10NS. 

Arctic  Ocean,  a  partially  enclosed  sea,  washes  northern  coasts  of 
America  and  Eurasia,-  communicates  with  Atlantic  by  Davis  Strait 
and  by  broad  expanse  of  water  between  Greenland  and  Europe  ;  with 
Pacific  by  Bering  Strait.  In  America  forms  Baffin  Bay;  in  Eurasia, 
White  Sea.  Gulfs  of  Kara,  Ob,  and  Yenisei. 

Lands  within  the  Arctic  Circle  comprise  1.233.000  square  miles;  most 
Important,  Greenland  and  Arctic  Archipelago  in  America;  Spitsbergen, 
Ncvaya  Zemlya,  Franz  Josef  Land,  Kolguev,  Jan  Maveu,  and  Lofoten 
islands,  Europe;  Lyakhov,  New  Siberia,  Kotelnyi,  and  Wrangell  Land 
islands,  Asia. 

Greenland.— Discovered  by  Eric  the  Red.  986;  colonized  by  Norse- 
men; rediscovered  by  Davis,  1585;  recolonized  by  Danes,  1721.  Recent 
explorers  include  Kane,  Hill.  Nares.Greel v.  \ansen.lS88;  Peary,  1889-92, 
1893-95,  and  1900-02.  Interior  a  lofty  plateau  overspread  by  a  glacier, 
height,  9,000  to  10.000  feet.  Shores  deeply  indented  by  fiords;  source  of 
North  Atlantic  icebergs.  Area  about  46.740  English  square  miles; 
only  34.000  habitable.  C'limate  severe;  country  icebound  October  to 
about  June.  Inhabitants,  chiefly  Eskimos,  on  west  coast  between  Cape 
Farewell  and  73  cleg  N.;  largely  engaged  in  whale  and  seal  fisheries. 
Total  number,  10.516— including  309  European  officials  and  their  families. 
Exports:  Sealskins,  blubber .  cod-liver  oil,  and  ivory;  value  of  exports, 
19(30,  $91,800.  Danish  colony  divided  into  two  inspectorates:  Godthaab, 
founded  1721,  seat  of  inspector  of  South ;  Godharn,  south  coast  of  Disco 
Island,  seat  of  inspector  of  North. 

Arctic  Archipelago  of  North  America.— Islands  belong  to 
British  North  America.  Area  estimated  at  502.440  square  miles;  islands 
entirely  within  Arctic  Circle,  416.0UO;  population  about  1.000. 

Spitsbergen.— Discovered  1596  by  Dutch  under  Jakob  van  Heems- 
kerk.  Recentlv  made  base  of  Arctic  expeditions,  especially  those  of 
Nordenskjold  and  other  Swedish  explorers.  Group  belongs  to  Russia; 
comprises  six  larger  and  many  smaller  islands;  most  important  island 
Western  Spitsbergen,  area  14,700  square  miles.  Surface  almost  entirely 
covered  with  ice  and  snow.  Winter  for  ten  months,  when  mercury 
freezes.  Maximum  temperature  at  Moel  Bav.  Julv,  39.3  deg.;  minimum, 
February-49.86  deg.  October  22  to  February-  22  sun  does  not  rise  above 
horizon.  Not  permanently  inhabited;  frequented  by  Dutch,  Danish, 
and  Norwegian  whalers.  Numerous  whales,  seals,  and  white  bears; 
reindeer  in  some  parts.    Smeerenbei  g  Bay  affords  best  anchorage. 

"Novaya  Zemlya  (Nova  Zemblai.— Discovered  by  English,  1553, 
visited  by  Barentz,  1594;  explored  by  Count  Lutke,  1821-24:  visited  in  late 
years  by  numerous  expeditions;  crossed  bv  Grlnevetsky,  1878.  Belongs 
to  Russia.  Surface  elevated  and  mountainous,  northern  part  covered 
by  an  ice-sheet.  Area,  35.163  square  miles.  Average  yearly  tempera- 
ture west  coast,  17  deg.;  summer.  36.5  dei:.;  corresponding  latitudes  on 
east  coast  still  lower.  On  west  coast  influences  of  Gulf  Stream  felt. 
Brown  and  white  bear,  common  and  pular  fox.  and  wolf  found;  walruses, 
seals,  and  dolphins  swarm  the  coasts.  About  2.000  hunters  congregate 
each  year  near  Cape  Voronov.  Permanent  settlement  of  Samoyede 
families  lately  established  at  Karmakuly  in  Moller  Bay. 


^RN_HJ^ 


VC  N.  4  CO.  ENGR'S  C  - 


<kggSdSS!8te 


CIPAL  RIVERS  In  Statute   Miles 


Sea  Level 


Copyright,  1899,bj  Rand,  McNallj  &  Co. 


10  HEMISPHERES. 


Franz  JoHef  liand.— Discovered  by  Austrian  navigators,  Payer 
and  Weyprecbt,  A.Ug.  31,  1873,  who  made  explorations  the  following 
year     Extensive  explorations   by   Jacfcson-Harmewortn    expedition, 

1894-97;  Franz  Josef  conclusively  proved  an  archipelago.  Wellman 
expedition  1898-99.  Area  estimated  19,000 square  miles.  Uninhabited. 
Mean  annual  temperature,  4.6  deg.;  February,  -22  deg. ;  July,  35.2  deg. 

Kolguev.— Belongs  to  Russia.  Area,  1,627  square  miles.  Surface 
tundra,  altitude  100  to  140  feet.  Visited  by  Arctic  hunters  for  the  large 
numbers  of  white  bears,  walruses,  and  birds  found  on  its  coasts. 

ANTARCTIC    REGIONS. 

Antarctic  Ocean  bounded  by  Antarctic  Circle  in  66^  deg.  South; 
occupies  entire  submerged  area  within  circle.  Antarctic  an  open  sea, 
no  intervening  lands  separating  its  waters  from  those  of  the  three 
great  basins  to  the  north  —  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Indian  oceans. 

Lands  discovered  within  Antarctic  regions  almost  everywhere  inac- 
cessible. Advance  of  explorers  stopped  by  ice  barriers  at  a  latitude 
about  5  degrees  lower  than  that  attained  in  Arctic  regions.  Icebergs 
from  Arctic  Ocean  carried  south  as  far  as  40th  parallel;  bergs  and  floes 
from  Antarctic  found,  even  in  summer,  10  or  15  degrees  nearer  equator. 
Antarctic  regions  as  compared  with  Arctic  remarkable  for  low  tem- 
perature; south  of  62d  parallel  mean  temperature  of  sea  and  air  always 
below  freezing  point  of  fresh  water.    Entire  region  within  snow  line. 

Antarctic  Explorations.— Only  five  explorers  have  passed  the 
70th  parallel:  Cook  (1772)  reached  lat.  71  deg.  lOmin.  8.;  Weddell  (1823) 
lat.  74  deg.  S.;  Ross  (1841-42)  lat.  78  deg.  10  min.  S.;  sighted  a  land  with 
mountain  ranges  7,000  to  15,000  feet  high;  traced  coast  from72d  parallel 
800  miles  S.  and  W.;  named  it  Victoria  Land;  on  it  observed  an  active 
volcano,  Mt.  Erebus  (12,000  feet).  Belgian  expedition,  De  Gerlache 
commandant  (1899),  reached  lat.  71  deg.  36  min.  5  sec.  Borchgrevlnk 
(1898-1900)  made  the  Antarctic  record  of  78  deg.  34  min.,  the  most 
southerly  point  ever  reached;  party  first  In  history  to  pass  winter 
(18991900)  on  Antarctic  continent. 

ISLANDS   IN   THE   ATLANTIC. 

Atlantic  separates  Eastern  Continent  from  Western.  Has  large  num- 
ber of  continental  islands— British  Isles  and  West  Indies  most  import- 
ant; its  oceanic  limited  to  a  few  isolated  spots  like  the  Bermuda. 

Iceland.— In  Atlantic  Ocean  about  300  miles  east  of  Greenland, 
700  west  of  Norway.  Settled  by  Norsemen  about  870.  United  with 
Norway  1262.  Passed  to  Denmark  1380.  Area,  39,756  square  miles. 
Surface  generally  mountainous;  about  one-fourteenth  meadow  land. 
Numerous  rapid  streams.  Many  active  volcanoes,  Hekla  most  famous. 
Hot  springs  throughout  the  island.  Climate  variable,  raw,  cold,  and 
humid.  Mean  temperature  February  27  deg.,  July  54  deg.  Popula- 
tion 1890.  70,927,  gradually  decreasing  through  emigration.  Chief  pro- 
ducts: Sheep,  cattle,  ponies,  and  fish.  Value  of  imports  1896,  $2,300,- 
000;  exports,  81,965,000.    Capital,  Reykjavik;  population,  1,360. 

Bermuda.— Group  of  360  coral  Islands  in  Atlantic,  580  miles  east  of 
North  Carolina.  Discovered  by  Juan  Bermudez  about  1522;  colonized 
from  Virginia  and  England  1611;  constitute  British  colony.  Area,  20 
square  miles;  4,000  acres  under  cultivation;  principal  products,  onions, 
potatoes,  lily  bulbs;  exported  chiefly  to  United  States,  leading  source 
of  food  supplies.  Climate  mild  and  delightful;  mean  temperature 
year,  70  deg.,  never  below  40.  Favorite  American  winter  health  resort. 
Value  of  onions  exported  1900,  $217,430;  potatoes,  $126,035;  Illy  bulbs, 
$56,910;  Imports,  $1,985,680.  Population  1901,  17.535— whites,  6.3S3;  ad- 
herents of  Church  of  England,  11,636.  Hamilton  capital  and  chief  town; 
population,  2,246. 

Bahamas.— First  point  of  discovery  by  Columbus,  1492,  San  Sal- 
vador, now  generally  identified  with  Watling  Island.  Settled  by 
British,  1629;  ceded  to  England.  1783;  British  Crown  Colony.  Comprises 
20  inhabited  and  many  uninhabited  islands  In  West  Indies.  Area, 
5,450  square  miles.  Population  1901,  53.735.  Climate  equable; 
rainfall  45  inches;  mean  temperature.  Nassau.  January  72 deg.,  August 
82  deg.,  year  77  deg.  Produces  sponges,  sisal  fiber,  pineapples,  oranges, 
salt,  pearls,  and  ambergris.    Nassau  capital  and  chief  port. 


POPULATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


CITIES.                Pop.  1890.  Pop.  1900. 

Akron.  Ohio 27.601  42,728 

Albany,  N.  Y 94,923  94,151 

Alexandria,  Va 14,339  14.528 

Allegheny,  Pa 105.2S7  1*9,896 

Allcntown,  Pa 25,228  35,416 

Altoona,  Pa. 30,337  38,973 

Amsterdam,  X.Y...  17,3:36  20.929 

Anderson,   Ind 10.741  20.178 

Asheville,  N.  C 10.235  14.694 

Atlanta.  Ga 65.533  89,872 

Atlantic  City.  X.  J.  13.055  27,838 

Auburn,  X.  Y 25,858  30.345 

Augusta,  Ga 33,300  39.441 

Aurora,  111 19.688  24.147 

Austin,  Tex. 14,575  22,258 

Baltimore,  Md 434,439  508,957 

Bangor,  Me 19, 103  21.850 

Baton  Rouge,  La...  10.478  11.269 

Bayonne,  X.J 19.033  32,722 

Bay  City,  Mieh.  ....  27.8:19  27,628 

Belleville,  111 15,361  17,484 

Biddeford,  Me 14,443  16.145 

Bir.ghamton,  N.  Y..  35,005  39,647 

Birmingham,  Ala.  .  26,178  38,415 

Bloomington,  111. ..  20,484  23,286 

Boston.  Mass 448.477  560,892 

Bridgeport,  Conn..  48,866  70,996 

Brockton,  Mass. ...  27,294  40,063 

Brooklyn,  X.  Y 806.343 1 ,166.582 

Buffalo,  S.Y 255,664  352,387 

Burlington,  Iowa  .  22.565  23,201 

Burlington,  Vt 14,590  18,640 

Butte,  Mont 10,723  30,470 

Cambridge,  Mass...  70,028  91,886 

Camden,  X.J 58.313  75,935 

Canton,  Ohio 26,189  30,667 

Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa  18.020  25,656 

Charleston,  S.  C....  54,955  55,807 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.  29,100  32,490 

Chelsea,  Mass 27.909  34,072 

Chester,  Pa 20,226  33,988 

Cheyenne,  Wyo 11,690  14,087 

Chicago,  111 1,099.850 1,698,575 

Cincinnati,  Ohio... 296,908  325,902 

Cleveland,  Ohio. ...261,353  381,768 

Clinton,  Iowa 13.619  22,698 

Cohoes.X.Y 22,509  23,910 

Colo.  Springs,  Colo.  11,140  21,085 

Columbia,  S.  C 15,353  21,108 

Columbus,  Ga 17,303  17,614 

Columbus.  Ohio....  88,150  125.560 

Concord.  X.  H 17.004  19,632 

Council  Bluffs.Iowa  21,474  25,802 

Covington,  Ky 37,371  42,938 

Dallas,  Tex 38,067  42,638 

Danburv,  Conn 16,552  16,537 

Davenport,  Iowa  ..  26,872  35,254 

Davton,  Ohio 61,220  85,333 

Decatur,  111 16,841  20,754 

Denver,  Colo 106,713  133,859 


CITIES.  Pop.  1S90.    Pop.  1900. 

DesMoines,  Iowa..  5H.093  62.139 

Detroit,  Mich 205.876  285,704 

Dubuque,  Iowa  ....  30,311  36,297 

Dtiluth,Minn 33,115  52,969 

Easton,  Pa ....14,481  25,238 

East  Orange.  X.  J..  18.282  21,506 

East  St.  Louis,  111...  15,169  29,655 

Eau  Claire,  Wis 17,415  17,517 

Elgin,  111 17,823  22,433 

Elizabeth,  X.  J 37.764  52,130 

Elmira,  X.  Y 30.893  35.672 

Erie,  Pa. 40,634  52,7X3 

Evansville,  Ind 50.756  59,007 

Fall  River,  Mass.  ..  74,398  104.863 

Findlav,  Ohio 18,553  17,613 

Fitchburg,  Mass.  ..  22,o37  31,531 

Fort  Smith,  Ark....  11,311  11,587 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind...  35.393  45,115 

Fort  Worth,  Tex...  23,076  26,688 

Galesburg,  111 15,264  18,607 

Galveston,  Tex 29,084  37,789 

Gloucester,  Mass...  24,651  26,121 

Grand  Rapids,Mich.  60.278  87,565 

Hamilton,  Ohio  ....  17,565  23,914 

Harrisburg,  Pa 39,1385  50,167 

Hartford,  Conn 53,230  79,850 

Haverhill,  Mass. ...  27,412  37,175 

Hoboken,  X.  J 43,648  59,364 

Holyoke,  Mass 35,637  45.712 

Houston,  Tex 27.557  44,6b3 

Indianapolis,  Ind... 105,436  169,164 

Jackson,  Mich.  ....  20,798  25.180 

Jacksonville.  Fla..  17.201  28.429 

Jamestown,  X.  Y._  16,038  22,892 

Jersey  City,  X.  J...  163.003  2  '6,433 

Johnstown,  Pa 21,805  35,936 

Johet,  111 23,264  29,353 

Joplin,Mo 9,943  26,023 

Kalamazoo,  Mich. .  17,853  24,404 

Kansas  City,  Kan.  .  38,316  51.418 

Kansas  City,  Mo.  ..132,716  163,752 

Kev  West,  Fla 18,080  17.114 

Kingston,  X.Y 21,261  24,535 

Knoxville,  Tenn.  ..  22,5:35  32,637 

La  Crosse,  Wis 25,090  28,895 

Lafayette,  Ind 16,243  18,116 

Lancaster,  Pa. 32.011  41 .459 

Lawrence,  Mass 44,654  62.559 

Leavenworth,  Kan.  19,768  20,735 

Lebanon,  Pa 14,664  17.628 

Lewiston,  Me 21.701  23.761 

Lexington,  Ky 21.567  26,369 

Lima,  Ohio 15,981  21,723 

Lincoln,  Xeb 55,154  40,169 

Little  Rock,  Ark  ..  25.874  38.307 

Loekport,  X.  Y.  ...  16,0:38  16,581 

Los  Angeles.  CaL..  50,395  102.479 

Louisville,  Ky 161,129  204,731 

Lowell,  Mass 77,696  94,969 

Lynchburg,  Va 19,709  18,891 


13 


J^Sfe 


Comparative  Heights  of  the  PRINCIPAL 


4  CO.   ENSR'S 


13 


«j£S53&fe, 


MOUNTAINS    in   Feet  above  Sea    Level 


Copyright,  1899,  by  Rand,  MoNally  4  Co 


POPULATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES—  Continued. 


CITIES.  p0p.  1890.  Pop.  1000. 

Lynn, Mass. ... 55,727  68,513 

McKeesport.Pa....  20  741  34.227 

Macon,  Ga 22,746  23,272 

Madison,  Wis.. 13,426  19,164 

Maiden,  Mass 23,031  33,664 

Manchester,  N.  H. .  44,126  56,987 

Memphis,  Tenn 64,495  102,320 

Meriden,  Conn 21.652  24,296 

Milwaukee,  Wis.. ..204,468  285,315 

Minneapolis,  Minn.  164,738  202,718 

Mobile,  Ala 31,076  38,469 

Montgomery,  Ala. .  21,883  30,346 

Muskegon,  Mich.  ..  22,702  20,818 

Nashua,  N.  H 19,311  23,898 

Nashville,  Tenn....  76,168  80,865 

New  Albany,  Ind...  21,059  20,628 

Newark,  N.  J 181 ,830  246,070 

New  Bedford,  Mass.  40.733  62,442 

New  Britain,  Conn.  16,519  25,998 

NewBrunswick,X. J. 18,603  20,006 

Newburg,  N.  Y 23,087  24,943 

Newcastle,  Pa 11,600  28,339 

New  Haven,  Conn..  81,29S  108,027 

New  Orleans,  La.  ..242,039  287,104 

Newport,  Ky 24,918  28,301 

Newport,  R.  1 19,457  22,034 

Newport  News,  Va.  4,449  19,635 

Newton,  Mass 24,379  33,587 

New  York,  N.  Y.  .2,492,591 3,437,202 

Norfolk,  Va 34,871  46,624 

North  Adams,Mass.  16,074  24.200 

Northampton,Mass.  14,990  18,643 

Norristown,  Pa 19,791  22,265 

Norwich,  Conn 16,156  17,251 

Oakland,  Cal 48,682  66,960 

Ogden,Utah 14,889  16,313 

Omaha,  Neb ..140,452  102,555 

Orange,  N.J 18,844  24,141 

Oshkosh,  Wis 22,836  28,284 

Oswego,  N.Y.. 21.842  22,199 

Ottumwa,  Iowa....  14,001  18,197 

Passaic,  N.J 13.028  27,777 

Paterson,  N.J 78,347  105,171 

Pawtucket,  R.  I 27,633  39,231 

Peoria,  111 41,024  56,100 

Petersburg,  Ya 22,680  21 ,810 

Philadelphia,  Pa.. 1,046,964  1,293,697 

Pittsburg,  Pa 238,617  321,616 

Pittsfleld,  Mass 17,281  21,766 

Portland,  Me 36,425  50,145 

Portland,  Ore 46.385  90,426 

Pottsville,  Pa 14,117  15,710 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  22,206  24,029 

Providence,  R.  I. .  .132,146  175,597 

Pueblo,  Colo 24,558  28,157 

Quincy,  111 31,494  36,252 

Quincy,  Mass 16.723  23,899 

Racine,  Wis 21,014  29,102 

Reading,  Pa 58,661  78,961 

Richmond,  Ind 16,608  18,226 

Richmond,  Va 81,388  85,050 

Roanoke,  Va 16,159  21,495 

Rochester,  N.  Y- .  .133,896  162,608 


V. 


CITIES.            Pop.  1890.     Pop.  1900. 

Rockford,  111 

23,584 

31,051 

Rome,  N.  Y 

14,991 

15,343 

Sacramento,  Cal.  . 
Saginaw,  Mich.  ... 
Salem,  Mass 

26,386 

29,2*2 

46,322 

42,845 

30.801 

35,956 

SaltLakeCIty.Utah  44,843 

53,531 

San  Antonio,  Tex.. 

37.673 

53,321 

San  Diego,  Cal.  ... 

16,159 

17,700 

Sandusky,  Ohio... 

18,471 

lit. Mil 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 298.997 

342,782 

San  Jose,  Cal 

18,060 

21.500 

Savannah,  Ga 

43,189 

54,244 

Schenectady, N.  Y 

19,902 

31,682 

Scranton,  Pa 

75,215 

102,026 

Seattle,  Wash 

42,837 

80,671 

Sedalia,  Mo 

14,068 

15,231 

Shamokin,  Pa 

14.4H3 

18,202 

Sheboygan,  Wis... 

16,359 

22.962 

Shenandoah,  Pa... 

15.944 

20.321 

Shreveport,  La 

Sioux  City,  Iowa  . 

11,979 

16,013 

37,806 

33,111 

Somerville,  Mass.. 
South  Bend.  Ind.  . 

40,152 

61,643 

21.819 

35,999 

South  Omaha,  Neb 

8,062 

26,001 

Spokane,  Wash 

19,922 

36,848 

Springfield,  111.  ... 

24,963 

34,159 

Springfield,  Mass.. 

44,179 

62,059 

Springfield,  Mo — 

21,850 

23,267 

Springfield,  Ohio  . 

31,895 

38.253 

St.  Joseph,  Mo.  ... 

52,324 

102,979 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

451,770 

575.238 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

133.156 

163.065 

Stockton,  Cal 

14,424 

17,506 

Superior,  Wis 

11.983 

81,091 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.  ... 

8S.143 

108,374 

Tacoma,  Wash.  ... 

36.006 

37,714 

Taunton,  Mass.  ... 

25.448 

31,036 

Terre Haute.  Ind.. 

30,217 

36,673 

Toledo,  Ohio 

81,434 

131.822 

Topeka,  Kan 

31,007 

33,608 

Trenton, N.  J 

57,458 

73,307 

Troy,  N.  Y. 

60.956 

60,651 

Utica,  N.  Y._ 

44,007 

56,383 

Vicksburg,  Miss... 

13,3;3 

14.8:54 

Waco,  Tex 

14,445 

20,686 

Waltham,  Mass 

18,707 

23,481 

Warwick,  R.I 

17.761 

21.316 

Washington,  D.  C. 

230,392 

278,718 

Waterbury,  Conn.. 

2S.646 

45,859 

Watertown,  X.  Y.. 

14.725 

21,6% 

Wheeling,  W.  Va,. 

34,522 

38,878 

Wichita,  Kan 

23.853 

24,671 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  . 

37,718 

51.721 

Williamaport.  Pa.. 

27,132 

28,757 

Wilmington,  Del. . 

61.431 

76,508 

Wilmington,  N.  C. 

20.056 

20,976 

Winona,  .Minn..   .. 

18^08 

19.714 

Woousocket,  R.  I. 

20.830 

28^04 

Worcester,  Mass. . 

84,655 

118,421 

Yonkers,  N.  Y.  ... 

32.033 

47,931 

York,  Pa 

20.793 

33,708 

Youngstown.  Ohio 

33.220 

44,885 

Zanesville,  Ohio.. 
4 

21,009 

23,538 

NORTH  AMERICA.  15 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

Historical.— Discovery  of  North  America  by  Norsemen  about 
1000,  and  destruction  of  settlements  by  SkriHinger  (Eskimo;  now  gen- 
erally conceded.  Continent  undoubtedly  visited  by  other  navigators 
and  forgotten  previous  to  rediscovery  by  Columbus,  who  reached  the 
Bahamas  Oct.  12,  1492.  Northern  coast  of  North  America  discovered 
by  Cabots  1497;  coast  of  Labrador  explored  by  Cortereal  1500;  south- 
eastern coast— Florida— discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon  1512;  eastern 
coast  explored  by  Verrazano  1524.  Mexico  conquered  by  Cortez 
1519-21.  California  coast  explored  by  Cabrillo  1542;  by  Drake  1578-79. 
French  settlements  established  in  Canada  1534;  English  colonies  on 
Atlantic  coast  early  in  17th  century;  in  1763  former  passed  under 
government  of  British;  latter  declared  independence  in  1776  and  at 
close  of  War  of  Revolution— 1775-1783— established  the  Republic  of  the 
United  States.  In  1822  Mexico  threw  off  the  Spanish  yoke  and  became 
a  republic.  Confederation  of  Central  American  States  1824;  dissolved 
1839.  Cuba  declared  independent  of  Spain  1S98.  Panama  seceded  from 
Colombia  1903.  Important  wars:  Great  Britain  with  France  1756-59; 
United  States  with  Great  Britain  1775-83  and  1812-15 ;  with  Mexico  1846-48; 
Civil  War  1861-65;  Spanish- American  War  1898. 

Area,  9.294.330  square  miles— with  Greenland,  46,740  Eng.  square 
miles;  Arctic  Archipelago, 502.440;  West  Indies,  91.078;  Newfoundland, 
42.200.    Greatest  distance  north  to  south.  4,500  miles;  east  to  west. 3. 100. 

Physical  Features.— Most  characteristic  features  of  continent: 
Cordilleran  Mountain  system  on  west,  embracing  Rocky,  Sierra,  and 
other  mountain  ranges  (Mount  McKinley,  20.464  feet,  and  Orizaba, 
18,314  feet,  volcanic  peaks  in  Alaska  and  Mexico,  highest  elevations); 
Appalachian  system  on  east— of  ten  called  Alleghany  from  chief  range 
(Mitchell's  Peak,  North  Carolina,  6,711  feet,  highest  point) ,  and  Great 
Central  Plain,  extending  from  Arctic  regions  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Principal  rivers:  Mississippi  and  tributaries;  St.  Lawrence,  with  Great 
Lakes,  belonging  to  Atlantic  basin;  Columbia  and  Yukon,  Pacific 
basin:  Mackenzie,  Arctic  basin.  Coast-line  24,500  miles;  eastern  coast- 
line, especially  in  north,  much  more  indented  than  western. 

Climate  of  North  America  slightly  colder  than  that  of  grand 
divisions  in  corresponding  latitudes  in  Eastern  Continent;  rainfall 
for  most  part  also  greater.  Climate  of  eastern  coast  of  North  America 
colder  than  western,  also  subject  to  greater  extremes  of  heat  and  cold 
at  opposite  seasons.  Arctic  regions  and  Labrador  extremely  cold; 
central  section  within  temperate  zone  characterized  by  cold  winters 
and  hot  summers;  extreme  south  tropical;  lowlands  of  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  West  Indies,  hot  and  unhealthful;  elevated  interiors 
temperate  and  equable.  Greatest  rainfall  in  southeast  and  along 
northern  portion  of  Pacific  coast;  scant  rainfall  in  Great  Basin. 

Forests  of  vast  extent;  timber  supply  one  of  most  valuable  com- 
mercial products  of  North  America.  In  the  north  conifers  prevail; 
forests  of  western  mountains  remarkable  for  giant  conifers  (sequoia, 
Douglas  fir,  etc.).  "\  ariety  of  deciduous  trees  very  great;  included  are 
oak — 15  varieties  exist  in  North  America— maple,  beech,  birch,  hick- 
ory, walnut,  etc.  In  the  warmer  temperate  regions  live  oak,  pine,  and 
palmetto  also  abound.  Forests  of  tropical  regions  rich  in  mahogany, 
logwood,  lignum-vitae,  and  other  rare  and  valuable  trees. 

Agriculture.— Vegetation  in  extreme  north  scanty.  Central  and 
southern  sections  fertile,  and  plant  life  in  general  varied  and  luxuri- 
ant. Characteristic  differences  between  plants  of  America  and  those 
of  Eastern  Continent,  slight  in  high  northerly  latitudes,  become 
marked  with  every  advance  toward  south.  Indian  corn,  or  maize,  the 
potato,  and  manioc— a  tuber  found  in  Central  America— native  food 
plants  of  North  America.  Tobacco  plant  also  indigenous  to  the 
country.  Many  of  most  widely  cultivated  plants  and  trees,  however, 
introduced  from  eastern  half  of  globe.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
potatoes,  and  hay  extensively  cultivated  in  central  and  northern  sec- 
tions; in  warmvtemperate  regions  sugar  cane,  cotton,  tobacco,  and 
rice  most  important;  tropical  regions,  sugar  cane,  sweet  potatoes, 
indigo,  tobacco,  coffee,  and  cacao. 

Minerals.— North  America  unsurpassed  in  variety  and  richness  of 
mineral  products,     Country   west   of   Rocky   Mountains  one  of  the 


16 


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18  UNITED  STATES 

richest  gold  regions  in  the  world;  extensive  deposits  of  gold  also 
worked  in  Mexico,  silver  widdv  distributed  and  extensively  mined 
In  Western  United  States  and  Mexico.    Richest  deposits  <>f  copper  in 

the  world  in  Montana  and  on  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  united 
States  contains  largest  and  most  valuable  coal  deposits;  Canadian  coal 
fields  also  valuable.  Iron  ores  of  United  state-  and  British  North 
America  of  vast  Importance.    Petroleum  wells  of  Appalachian  system 

most  productive  and  valuahlc  In  the  world.  Lead,  antimony,  quick- 
silver, salt,  cobalt,  nickel,  zinc,  platinum,  and  sulphur  mined.  Numer- 
ous varieties  of  excellent  building  stone,  beautiful  marbles,  and  fine 
roofing  slate  also  abundant. 

Population  1895  (estimated),  97,270,000.  Inhabitants  comprise 
whites,  chiefly  European  settlers  and  their  descendants;  nes 
descendants  of  slaves  introduced  from  Africa;  native  Americans, 
Indians;  and  mixed  races.  Origin  of  prehistoric  inhabitants  (cave 
dwellers,  mound  builders,  etc.)  variously  given.  Natives  now  number 
only  about  500,000;  negroes  on  Continent  and  in  West  Indies  12,800,000. 

Governments.— Politically  Continent  divided  among  8  indepen- 
dent republics— United  States,  Mexico,  Guatemala.  Honduras,  Salva- 
dor, Nicaragua,  Costa  Pica,  and  Panama-and  two  English  colonies- 
Dominion  of  Canada  and  British  Honduras.  The  principal  continental 
islands  include  the  Republics  of  Cuba,  Haiti,  and  Santo  Domingo;  United 
States  Territory,  Porto  Pico;  the  English  colonies,  Newfoundland, 
Jamaica,  and  Bahama;  and  the  Danish  dependency,  Greenland. 
British,  Dutch,  French,  and  Danish  colonies  exist  among  the  minor 
islands. 

UNITED  STATES. 

Historical.— Pegion  probably  visited  by  Northmen  about  1000;  by 
the  Cabots,  1497-8;  explorations  made  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  1512;  Ver- 
razano,  1524;  De  Soto,  1539-42,  etc.  Earliest  settlements  made  by  Span- 
iards at  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  1565;  by  English  at  Jamestown,  Vir- 
ginia, 1607;  landing  of  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth,  1620:  mouth  of  Missis- 
sippi reached  by  La  Salle,  1682;  river  and  surrounding  country  taken 
possession  of  in  name  of  King  of  France.  French  and  Indian  war, 
1754-63.  Stamp  Act  passed  by  English  Parliament,  1765,  taxes,  1767,  and 
Boston  Port  Bill,  1774,  lead  to  Revolution,  1775,  and  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  1776.  Independence  recognized  by  France,  1778;  by 
Great  Britain,  1783.  Constitution  adopted,  1787;  new  government  inaug- 
urated, 1789;  first  capital.  New  York;  removed  to  Philadelphia,  1790;  to 
"Washington,  1800.  Louisiana  purchased  from  France,  1803;  Florida 
ceded  by  Spain,  1819;  Texas  annexed,  1845:  Mexican  cession,  1848;  Gads- 
den Purchase,  1853;  Alaska  Purchase,  1867;  Hawaiian  Islands  annexed, 
1898;  Puerto  Rico,  Guam,  and  Philippine  Islands  ceded  bv  Spain,  1898. 
Historical  wars  after  Revolution  include  War  of  1812  with  Great 
Britain;  Mexican,  1846-8;  Civil,  1S61-5,  and  Spanish-American,  1898. 

Area  of  United  States,  excluding  Alaska  and  Hawaii.  3,025.049  square 
miles,  divided  among  45  States,  4  Territories,  and  the  Federal  District. 
Land  and  water  area,  exclusive  of  Alaska  and  Hawaii,  2,970.038  and 
55,562  square  miles;  extreme  length  Atlantic  to  Pacific,  2,780  miles; 
breadth,  1,600.    Total  area  of  national  domain.  3,742.231. 

Public  Domain,  Etc.— Area  of  lands  held  by  Government  for 
settlers  under  settlement  laws,  exclusive  of  Alaska.  525,971.970  acres; 
surveyed,  301,979.307;  unsurveved.  223.992.66:?.  Area  of  public  lands  in 
Alaska,  367,983.506,  all  unsurveyed.  The  undisposed  public  lands  lie  in 
22  States  and  4  Territories.  Lands  taken  up  under  Homestead  Act, 
1901,  4,342,747  acres:  disposed  for  cash  under  various  acts,  1.757.592. 
Public  forests,  exclusive  of  Alaska,  comprised  in  52  reservations; 
estimated  area,  55.265.S85  acres;  California  forest  reserves,  8,784,009 
acres;  Washington    6.920,800. 

Physical  Features.— Most  prominent  natural  features:  The 
Atlantic  Coast  Plain,  merging  into  the  Gulf  Coast  Plain  and  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi;  Appalachian  Mountain  Svstem  between  Atlantic 
Coast  Plain  and  Mississippi  Valley  <Mt.  Mitchell.  6.711  feet,  highest 
elevation) ;  Great  Central  Plain  drained  bv  Mississippi— most  important 
river  of  North  America— and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  Pacific  Highlands, 
including  Rocky  Mountains  (Massive  Mountain.  14.424  feet),  the  Great 


UNITED  STATES.  19 

Basin— a  dry,  arid  region  without  an  outlet  to  either  ocean— Great 
Salt  Lake,  and  Sierra  Nevada  (Mt.  Whitney,  14,898  feet);  and  the  Pacific 
Region.  Principal  rivers  of  eastern  section:  Connecticut,  Hudson, 
Delaware,  Susquehanna,  Potomac,  and  James;  chief  tributaries  of 
Mississippi:  Missouri,  Ohio,  Arkansas,  and  Red;  largest  rivers  west  of 
Rocky  Mountains:  Columbia,  Sacramento,  and  Colorado;  Rio  Grande 
forms  boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico.  Total  coast  line 
(straight),  5,715  miles;  Pacific,  1,810;  Atlantic,  2,349;  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
1,556;  shore  line  of  Great  Lakes,  3,450  miles. 

Forests,  exclusive  of  Alaskan,  cover  areas  aggregating  nearly  500,- 
000,000  acres;  seven-tenths  on  Atlantic  side.  Eastern  section  contains 
large  forests  both  of  deciduous  and  evergreen  trees;  included  are 
sugar  maple,  red  oak,  white  oak,  and  many  other  species  of  oak,  chest- 
nut, birch,  hickory,  and  black  walnut,  with  beech,  linden,  elm,  and 
locust;  characteristic  of  the  South  are  live-oak,  long-leaf  pine,  mag- 
nolia, and  palmetto.  Conifers  include  valuable  pines,  cypress,  spruce, 
hemlock,  cedar,  and  larch.  The  more  limited  forest  areas  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  ranges  afford  conifers,  aspen,  black  and  white  oak, 
etc.  Magnificent  forests  of  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  un- 
rivaled; trees,  chieflv  conifers,  include  Douglas  fir,  yellow  pine,  sugar 
pine,  and  the  valuable  redwood.  Standing  timber  in  United  States 
estimated  at  2,300  billion  feet,  B.  M.;  annual  cut,  40  billion  feet;  conifers 
constitute  three-fourths;  oak  and  other  hardwoods  remainder. 

Climate  varied,  owing  to  vast  extent  of  territory;  temperate 
throughout  greater  part  of  country;  in  general,  subject  to  sudden  and 
extreme  changes.  Extremes  of  heat  and  cold  more  marked  on  Atlantic 
Seaboard  and  Great  Central  Plain;  latter  open  to  cold  winds  from  Arc- 
tic regions;  in  extreme  south,  and  along  shores  of  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
summer  heat  intense;  winters  mild;  most  equable  climate  that  of  Pacific 
Coast.  Mean  annual  temperature,  53  degrees.  Rainfall  in  east  and 
Mississippi  Valley  abundant  and  evenly  distributed;  heaviest  along 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Atlantic;  range  25  to  63  inches  yearly.  Pacific  Coast 
characterized  by  wet  and  dry  seasons;  rainfall  increases  from  south  to 
north;  heaviest'in  northwest;  range  2.9  to  86.3  inches  yearly.  Plateau 
of  west  noted  for  dry  west  winds  and  lack  of  rain. 

Agriculture  leads  all  other  industries  in  importance;  employs 
nearly  one-half  the  labor  of  the  country;  vast  areas  naturally  adapted 
to  pursuit.  Staple  productions:  Cereals,  cotton,  tobacco,  sugar.  Soil 
of  eastern  half  of  country,  especially  in  Mississippi  Valley,  remarkably 
rich;  in  northern  portion  of  valley  extensive  crops  of  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  potatoes,  orchard  fruits,  etc.,  grown;  in  southern,  cotton,  sugar 
cane,  tobacco,  and  rice.  Western  States  have  made  notable  advance; 
cultivated  areas  yield  abundantly;  arid  lands  rapidly  being  reclaimed 
through  irrigation.  Fruits  common  to  temperate  and  semi-tropical 
zones  cultivated  extensively  in  Pacific,  Central,  and  Southern  States. 
Area  under  farms,  1890,  623,218,619  acres;  improved,  357,616,755.  Farm 
products,  1900:  Corn,  2,105,102,516  bushels;  wheat,  522,229,505  bu.;  rye 
23.995.927  bu.;  oats, 809,125,989  bushels;  barley,  58,925,833  bu.;  buckwheat, 
9,566.966  bu. ;  hops.  1899. 49,209.704  pounds;  flaxseed,  19,979.492  bu. ;  apples, 
175.397.626  bu.;  cranberries,  987.516  bu.;  peanuts,  11,964,957  bu.;  cotton, 
1900.9,142,838  bales;  hay,  50.110.906  tons;  potatoes, 210,926,897  bu.;  cane- 
sugar,  664,020,814 pounds;  molasses,  27,351,993  gallons;  tobacco,  3,608,- 
163,275  pounds. 

Live  Sjtock.— Rearing  of  live  stock  important  industry  in  almost 
every  State;  western  sections  especially  adapted  to  cattle,  sheep,  and 
swine.  Vast  numbers  annually  slaughtered  for  the  markets.  Enor- 
mous quantities  of  butter,  cheese,  and  wool  produced.  Number  of 
sheep,  1900,  61,605.811;  wool  clip.  288,636,621  pounds.  Value  of  all  live 
stock.  June  1,  1900,  §3.078,050.041.  Value  of  animals  and  fowls  ex- 
ported. 1900,  843.565,031;  butter.  $3,143,509;  cheese,  $4,943,609;  fresh  beef , 
829.6i3.830;  total  beef  products,  842,170,407;  hog  products,  8111.529,417. 

Fisheries  valuable.  Coast  fisheries  of  New  England  and  Middle 
Atlantic  States  lead  In  importance;  Pacific  Coast  fisheries,  including 
Alaska,  secoud;  those  of  South  Atlantic,  Gulf,  and  Great  Lakes  States 
important.  Average  annual  value  of  all  products,  845,536.219;  number 
engaged  In  industry,  212,428;  vessels,  excluding  boats,  6,486. 

manufactures  varied  and  conducted  on  an  extensive  scale. 
Country  second  only  to  England  in  textile  Industries;  New  England 
chief  seat  of  cotton  industry;  recent  marked  development  In  southern 


21 


85° 80° 


22  UNITED  STATES. 


section  near  cotton  fields;  total  number  of  spindles,  1900-01,  20,200,000; 
Northern  States,  14/700,000;  In  Southern,  5,500,000.  Woolen  manufactures 

largely  confined  to  North  Atlantic  States;  silk  to  Pater.-on.  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  and  Philadelphia;  number  of  silk  factories,  1900,488.  United 
States  leads  the  world  in  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel;  pig  Iron  pro- 
duced, l'.t(M),  13,7*9,242  tons;  rolled  iron  and  steel,  15,040.129  tons.  Total 
number  of  tin,  terue,and  black  plate  establishments,  1900,  66;  product, 
♦577.969,6(10  pounds;  imports  marked  by  steady  and  rapid  decline:  Imports 
of  tin  plate  in  1S'.mi,6so,()6(i,'J2~>  pounds,  value  §20,928, 15u;  in  I'.hhi,  147,963^04 
pounds,  value  ?4.799,796.  Country  excels  In  manufacture  of  machinery, 
electrical  appliances,  and  agricultural  implements;  leads  all  others  in 

E reduction  of  flour.    Liquor  manufacturing  establishments  1900, 
reweries,  1,509;  production,  39,330.849  barrels,  distilled  spirits,  109,245,187 
gallons;  domestic  wines,  23,425,567  gallons.    Among  other  Important 
industries  are  lumber,  leather,  glassware,  pottery,  etc. 

Commerce  of  vast  extent  and  importance.  In  foreign  commerce 
United  States  surpassed  only  by  Great  Britain  and  Germany.  In  1900-01 
balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  United  States;  total  value  of  exports  nearly 
twice  as  great  as  total  imports;  exports  of  domestic  manufacture  greater 
than  imports  of  foreign  manufacture.  Value  of  exports.  81.460.462.So6; 
unmanufactured  agricultural  products,  $943,811,020;  manufactures, $412,- 
155,066;  mining  products, §37,985,333.  Total  valueof  importsof  merchan- 
dise, $823,172,165.  Trade  with  the  United  Kingdom  amounted  to  $767,604,- 
905;  with  Germany,  $288,796,821;  with  France,  $151,890,117;  British  North 
America,  $142,574,763.  Of  imports  into  the  United  States  12.9  per  cent 
carried  in  American  vessels;  of  exports  7.1  per  cent. 

Minerals  a  chief  source  of  wealth.  Total  value  of  products,  1901, 
81,086,529,521;  metallic  products,  $518,268,377;  non-metallic,  $568,261,144. 
Gold  output,  3,805,500  fine  ounces;  Colorado  and  California  lead  in  pro- 
duction: silver,  55,214,000;  Colorado  and  Montana  leading;  iron  ore, 
28,887,479  long  tons;  chief  mining  centers,  Minnesota,  Michigan,  and 
Alabama;  total  copper  output, 602.072,519  pounds;  United  States  leads  all 
other  countries,  producing  more  than  one-half  the  total  product  of  the 
world;  richest  districts  in  Montana,  Lake  Superior  Region  andArizona; 
coal  mined,  261,873,675  long  tons;  Pennsylvania  most  prominent  pro- 
ducer; petroleum, 69,389,194  barrels;  chief  fields  lie  in  Ohio/West  Virginia, 
and  Pennsylvania;  salt  product,  20,566,661  barrels.  Among  other  impor- 
tant minerals  worked  are  lead,  zinc,  quicksilver,  building  stones, 
marbles,  slates,  etc. 

Population.— Immigration  to  colonies,  1624.9,000;  population,  1733, 
750,000;  United  States,  1800,5,308.483;  1850,23.191,876;  1900,76,303.387;  male, 
39,059,242;  female,  37,244,145;  native, 65,843,302;  foreign,  10,460.085;  white, 
66.990,788;  colored,  9,312,599— Africans,  8,840,789;  Chinese,  119,050;  Japa- 
nese, 86,000;  Indians,  226,760.  Number  of  Immigrants,  1821  to  June  30, 
1900,  19,023,356. 

Railways,  Etc.— Steam  power  first  employed  in  railway  service, 
1829.  Miles 'in  operation  1830,  23;  1850,  9,021;  1870!  52,922;  1880,  93.296;  1890, 
166,698;  1900, 193.346;  miles  of  line  to  each  100  square  miles  of  territory, 6.51; 
miles  per  10,000  inhabitants,  25.44.  Capital  invested.  $11,491,034,000;  net 
earnings, $557,622,217.  Telegraph  line,  open  1901,237,000  miles.  Bell  tele- 
phone wire,  1,961,801  miles;  Postal  telegraph  cable,  lS4,232  miles ;  long 
distance  telephone,  167,410  miles. 

Defense.—  Military  and  naval  service  voluntary.  Numerical 
strength  of  the  American  armv,  1902,  66,497;  officers,  3.820.  In  addition, 
the  States  militia  numbered  7,521  officers  and  9S,S18  men.  Number 
enrolled  in  various  wars:  In  Revolution  number  actually  engaged  in 
military  service  probably  about  250,000  ;  an  approximate  estimate, 
however,  places  it  at  376,771;  in  War  of  1812,  471.622;  in  Mexican  War, 
116,321  ;  in  Civil  War,  2,326,168;  in  Spanish-American  "War,  274,717.  In 
1901  navy  comprised  2,066  officers,  24,593  enlisted  men.  Number  of 
vessels  regular  navy,  252;  including  auxiliary  navy,  307. 

Government.— Executive  power  vested  in  President— elected  for 
a  term  of  four  years— assisted  by  Cabinet  of  nine  members;  Legis- 
lative in  Congress  consisting  of  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 
Each  State  represented  in  Senate  by  two  Senators  elected  by  Legisla- 
ture of  State;  in  House  of  Representativesby  members  electeddirectly 
by  people;  number  proportioned  to  population  of  State.  Judicial 
includes  Supreme,  Circuit,  and  District  courts,  and  Court  of  Claims. 
Supreme  Court  consists  of  Chief  Justice  and  eight  associate  justices. 


MAINE  23 


MAINE.  "%naeteT>5"ee 

Signifies  "  The  Main"  or  "  Mainland." 

Historical.— The  most  northeasterly  of  the  United  States  and  the 
New  England  group.  Coast  and  rivers  explored  hy  French,  1604  and 
1605.  Earliest  settlement  —  by  English  —  made  1607,  at  mouth  of  the  Ken- 
nebec. Gorgtana  (York)  chartered  1624.  Territory  first  called  Acadia. 
Known  as  "  District  of  Maine,"  1652  to  1819;  governed  by  Massachusetts. 
Long-standing  dispute  regarding  northeast  boundary  settled  in  1842, 
by  Webster- Ashburton  Treaty.  "Maine  Law,"  prohibiting  manufacture 
and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors,  passed  1851,  permanently  1858.  Tenth 
State  admitted  under  the  Constitution;  admitted  March  15, 1820. 

Area.— Total  area,  33,040  square  miles;  land,  29,895  square  miles,  or 
19,132.800  acres;  water,  3.145  square  miles;  extreme  length,  300  miles; 
breadth,  210.  About  equal  in  area  to  all  other  New  England  States 
combined.  Counties  number  16.  Mt.  Desert  Island,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery,  contains  64,000  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Atlantic  coast-line,  278  miles;  including  in- 
dentations, 2,486.  Over  1,600  lakes  cover  one-tenth  area  of  State;  eleva- 
tion 1,000  to  1,500  feet;  source  of  magnificent  water-power;  Moosehead, 
the  largest,  area  120  square  miles.  Watershed  extends  east  and  west  150 
miles  from  coast.  Highest  elevation,  Mt.  Katahdin,  5,200  feet.  Only 
about  one-third  of  State  in  south  and  in  valley  of  St.  John  in  north 
below  800  feet.  St.  John  River  drains  6,000,000  acres.  Penobscot,  the 
largest,  estimated  length  300  miles;  Kennebec,  150  miles.  State  con- 
tains numerous  summer  resorts.  Primeval  forest  covers  three-fourths 
of  State.  Unrivaled  scenery,  climate,  hunting,  and  fishing  afford  attrac- 
tions for  all  classes  of  tourists. 

Forests.— Chiefly  pine,  fir,  spruce,  and  hemlock.  Cedar,  beech, 
birch,  hard  maple,  and  black  and  white  ash  abundant.  "Wooded  area, 
23,700  square  miles.  Standing  timber  owned  by  lumbermen,  1900. 4.317.5 
million  feet;  spruce,  2.575.6  million  feet.  Total  cut,  849.686  thousand 
feet;  spruce,  425,148;  pine,  220,235.  Spruce-bearing  area  averages  6,000 
square  miles.    Pulp  industry  increasing. 

Climate.— Severe  frosts  extend  through  haif  the  year.  Summers 
short;  great  depth  of  snow  prevents  freezing  of  ground;  vegetation  in 
spring  rapid.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Portland,  42.3  inches;  mean 
annual  temperature, 43.3  deg.;  highest, 97.0  deg.;  lowest,  17.0  deg.  below. 

Game.— Deer  found  in  each  of  the  16  counties;  herds  frequently 
destroy  crops;  number  killed,  1901,  25,000;  no  apparent  decrease.  Vast 
extent  of  forests  renders  it  difficult  to  protect  game  in  summer. 
Numberof  moose  killed  by  visiting  hunters,  1901,  exceeded  200.  Caribou 
rapidly  approaching  extinction.  Streams  famed  for  excellent  trout. 
Inland  cultivation  of  trout,  salmon,  white  perch,  black  bass,  etc., 
important. 

Live  Stock.— One  of  the  foremost  Eastern  States  in  raising  live 
stock,  especially  horses.  Value  of  farm  animals,  1900  tl6,298,422. 
Number  and  value  of  live  stock,  June  1. 1900:  Horses,  106.299,  87.u58.989; 
sheep,  420.116,  81.116,483;  milch  cows.  173.592,  85.060,048:  other  cattle, 
165.255,  $2,523,497;  swine,  79,018,  8516,015.  Wool  clip,  1901, 1,509,594  pounds, 
washed  and  unwashed. 

Fisheries.— Among  Xew  England  States  Maine  ranks  second  in 
fisheries.  Capital  and  value  of  apparatus,  1898.  84.m3.053;  value  of  prod- 
ucts, 82.654.919;  lobsters  lead,  value  8992.855:  clams,  8323.453;  cod, 8314,255; 
herring, 8263.477;  smelts,  8139.345;  haddock, $132,351;  hake.sl.34.444;  mack- 
erel, 898,105;  1898,  fisheries  employed  16,954  persons.  Lobster  fisheries 
most  valuable;  Hancock  and  Washington  counties  chief  producers. 
Herring  industry  extensive  and  valuable;  greatest  catch  from  Wash- 
ington. Lincoln,  and  Hancock  counties.  Principal  salmon  fishery  on 
Atlantic  seaboard  centered  upon  Penobscot  Elver  and  Bay.  Canning 
Industries  of  great  importance:  capital  invested.  1898,8911.850.  Sardines 
first  canned  at  Eastport.  1875;  value  of  pack.  1898,  83,103.723, 

Agriculture.  — Hay  and  potato  crops  of  great  excellence  and 
quantity:  both  afford  a  large  surplus  for  export;  maize,  buckwheat,  and 
barley  are  grown.  Production  and  value,  1901:  Oats.  4,035,780  bushels, 
82,017,890;  corn,  522,720  bu.,  8397.267;  buckwheat.  807.399  bu. ,$387,562:  bar- 
ley,238.095  bu.,  8159.524;  wheat,  177,301  bu.,  $171,995;  potatoes.  1!H  10,6.200.208 
bu.,  $3,038,102,  hay,  843,997  tons,  $10,929,761.    Apples,  1899. 1,421,773  bushels. 


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26  UNITED  STATES. 

Aggregate  value  of  blueberries  and  huckleberries  gathered  from 
waste  laud  aud  exported  In  fresh  and  canned  state,  very  large. 

Manufactures.— Chiefly  cotton  goods,  lumber,  paper  and  pulp, 
woolen  and  leather  goods,  Hour,  etc.  Gross  value  of  products,  1900, 
$127,361,485.  Number  of  establishments  reporting,  6,702;  capital, 
1122,918,826;  employed 74,816  persons;  cost  of  material  used.  $68,863,408. 
Output  of  pulp  manufactories  In  19oo,  valued  at  $13.2J3,275;  cotton 
goods,  814,(131,086;  lumber  and  timber  products,  813.489,401;  woolen 
goods,  $18,412,784.  Stands  eighth  in  value  of  ships  built,  13,777,059. 
Tanning  and  finishing  of  leather  one  of  the  chiei  Industries.  Output 
of  tanneries,  §2,451,713;  fish  canning,  $4,779,733. 

Quarries.— Maine  ranks  second,  1901,  In  the  production  of  granite; 
value  total  output, $2,703,116;  value  of  granite  sold  In  rough  state,  $459,- 
340;  for  building  purposes,  si, 501,797:  cemetery  purposes.  876.276;  paving 
blocks,  $401,189;  crushed  stone.  £90,499;  riprap,  etc.,  S49.4SO;  curbing  and 
flagging,  §124,535.  Same  year  State  ranked  next  to  Pennsylvania  and 
Vermont  in  slate;  total  value  of  output,  $202,325;  roofing  squares,  20.791, 
value  $111,295.  In  the  value  of  all  limestone  products  Maine  ranked 
tenth;  in  the  manufacture  of  lime,  third:  total  value  of  limestone, 
8715,272;  lime.  $709,251  Value  of  clay  pmducts,  1901.  #7:34.678;  crude  feld- 
spar, Maine  and  New  York,  3,344  short  tons,  value  $20,600.  Apatite, 
mica,  monazite,  and  infusorial  earth  or  tripoli  are  known  to  exist. 

Population. -Hanked  eleventh, In  1790,  twelfth,  in  1820:  sixteenth, 
in  1850;  thirtieth.  1890and  1900.  Population  1790,96,540;  1820,298,335,  1850, 
5S3.169 ;  1S90, 661,0%.  Total  population  1900.  694,466.  Male, 350,995;  female, 
343.471;  native,  601.136;  foreign,  93.330;  white,  692.226;  colored,  2,240; 
Africans,  1,319;  Chinese,  119;  Japanese,  4;  Indians,  798. 

Cities.— Portland,  metropolis  and  seaport;  settled  by  the  English, 
1632.  Leading  Industrial  center  in  Maine:  has  flourishing  manufac- 
tories, coasting  trade,  and  fisheries;  population  1900,  50,145.  Lewiston, 
second  in  size;  fine  water  power;  $11,000,000  invested  in  manufactories; 
population  1900, 23,761.  Bangor,  port  of  entry  and  lumber  depot,  head  of 
steam  navigation  on  Penobscot  River;  population,  21.850.  Bidrtleford, 
on  Saco  River,  has  important  manufactures  and  large  lumber  trade; 
population,  16,145.  Augusta,  the  capital,  has  large  paper  and  pulp 
mills;  population.  11.6S3. 

Railways.- In  1840  there  were  11  miles  of  road;  In  1850,245;  1860, 
472;  1870. 7S6;  18%.  1,005;  1890,1.383;  1896, 1.718.53.  Total  number  of  passen- 
gers carried,  1900-01.6.171.014;  tons orfreight.S.387.688:  persons  emploved 
upon  steam  railroad,  7,573.  Mileage,  June  30,  1901,1.918.41  or  6.42  miles  to 
each  100  square  miles  of  territory  and  27.16  miles  per  10,000  inhabitants. 

Education  .-Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900. 130,918;  school  age, 
5-21:  compulsorv  school  age,  7-15;  expenditures,  $1,712,795;  value  of  school 
property,  $4,699,475;  textbooks  furnished.  Public  high  schools,  154; 
private  high  schools  and  academies.  33.  Public,  society,  and  school 
libraries,  111;  volumes,  701.9S2;  pamphlets,  115.915.  Bowdoin  College, 
Brunswick  (Congregational),  opened  1802  (Longfellow  and  Hawthorne 
graduated  here,  1825);  Colby  College, "Waterville  (Baptist), opened  1818, 
Congregational  Seminarv,  Bangor;  Wesleyan  Seminary,  Rents  Hill. 
Westbrook  Seminary  i  Uiiiversalist). Peering;  Bates  College. Lewiston, 
founded  1863;  Agricultural  College,  Orono;  Industrial  School  for  Girls, 
Hallowell. 

Political.— State  and  congressional  elections,  second  Monday  In 
September;  presidential  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November; 
number  of  Senators.  31;  Representatives,  151;  sessions,  biennial,  in 
odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday  in  January;  limit  of  ses- 
sion, none;  term  of  senators  and  Representatives,  2  years.  Number  of 
electoral  votes,  6.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  State, 
county,  town,  and  precinct.  3  months;  registration  required;  ballot 
reform;  women,  paupers,  and  untaxed  Indians  excluded. 

Lietral  Holidays.—  January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving,  December  25. 

Ijegal.—  Legal  rate  of  interest.  6  per  cent:  by  contract,  rate  unlim- 
ited. Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  witnessed  notes,  personal 
action,  20  years;  other  debts,  6  years.  Redemption  from  tax  sale: 
Residents,  2  years  after  collector's  return;  non-residents,  18  months 
after  sale. 


^ NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 27 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  S5SCSS*.- 

Named  after  the  County  of  Hampshire,  England. 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States-  adopted  and 
ratified  the  Constitution  June  21,  1783;  ninth  State  admitted.  First 
settlements  made  by  English,  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover,  1623;  Exeter 
and  Hampton  settled  1638  and  1639  It  was  united  to  Massachusetts 
1641;  made  a  royal  province  1679:  in  1685  again  united  to  Massachusetts, 
and  not  finally  separated  until  1741.  State  Constitutions  were  adopted 
1776,  1784.  and  1792;  the  latter  twice  amended,  1852  and  1877. 

Area.— Total  area,  9,305  square  miles;  land,  9,005;  water,  300;  great- 
est length,  180  miles;  breadth,  45  to  100      Counties,  10. 

Physical  Features.—  Surface  mountainous  in  the  north  and  west, 
and  nowhere  level  to  any  extent.  One-seventh  of  area  occupied  by 
White  Mountains,  the  "Switzerland  of  America."  Highest  elevation, 
Mt.  Washington,  6,293  feet  Numerous  beautiful  lakes;  area,  110,000 
acres;  Lake  Winnepesaukee  the  largest,  22  miles  long.  Coast  line,  18  miles. 
State  has  unlimited  water  power,  utilized  largely  in  manufactures. 

Climate.— Summer  heat  never  excessive;  winters,  long  and  severe. 
Scenery  and  extreme  healthfulness  attract  many  summer  tourists. 
Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Manchester,  43  1  inches;  mean  annual  temper- 
ature, 45.9  deg.;  highest,  96  deg.:  lowest,  11  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Hay  and  potatoes  are  staple  crops.  Tn  1900  there 
were 29,324  farms;  value  of  land  and  improvements,  sro.124.36u.  Value 
of  farm  products  average  $17,000,000  annually.  Productions  and  values, 
1900:  Corn,  934,768  bushels,  §523,470;  wheat,  8.085  bushels.  $7,438;  oats, 
995.148  bushels,  $378,156;  hav,  596.n76  acres.  518.586  tons,  $8 .038.083:  pota- 
toes, 17.916  acres,  1.809.516  bushels,  $959,043;  tobacco,  1399,  109  acres, 
181,644  pounds;  apples.  1899,  1.978.797  bushels.  Value  of  farm  animals, 
June.  1900.  $10,062,877.    Wool  clip,  1901,  424.567  pounds. 

Manufactures,  Etc. —  Manufacturing  the  prominent  industry 
Chief  manufactures  cotton, woolen,  and  worsted  goods.  In  1900, 67  shoe 
firms  employed  12,000  persons;  value  of  output  .$23,405,558.  In  1895,240,000,- 
UOO  feet  of  spruce  were  made  into  lumber  and  40,000,000 into  pulp.  Prod- 
uct of  fermented  liquor,  1900,  294.076  barrels.  Value  of  brick  and  tile, 
$435,013;  potterv,  $18,500.  Popular  name  of  State  derived  from  its  famous 
white  granite.  State  ranks  fifth  in  production;  value  of  output,  1900, 
1870,646;  for  building  purposes,  $299,418.  cemeterv  purposes.  $242,026. 

Population.— Total  population.  1790. 141.885. 1820. 244.161;  I860.  326,073; 
1890.  376.530.  Population,  census  of  1900,411,588.  Male,  205.379.  female, 
206.209;  native,  323.481;  foreign.  88.107-  white,  410.791,  colored,  797; 
Africans,  662;  Chinese,  112;  Japanese,  1;  Indians,  22. 

Cities. — Manchester,  largest  city,  and  one  of  largest  cotton  and 
woolen  manufacturing  centers  in  the  country.  Population,  census  of 
1900.56.987.  Nashua  has  various  important  manufactures;  particularly 
noted  for  cotton  goods;  population,  23,898.  Portsmouth,  only  seaport 
in  the  State;  noted  for  its  excellent  harbor;  has  ship-building,  a 
famous  summer  resort;  capital  until  1807,  population,  10.637  Concord, 
the  capital,  has  many  manufactories;  near  fine  granite  quarries;  popu- 
lation,19,632.  Dover,  important  manufacturing  center;  population, 13.207. 

Railways.— First  railway  chartered  In  1835:  number  miles  in  18*0, 
53;  1850.  467:  1855,  657;  1860,  661;  1865.  667,  1870,  736;  1875,  934,  1880,  1,015; 
1885. 1,004;  1890,  1,146;  July.  1900,  1,239.20. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment.  1898-9.  65,193;  expenditures, 
•1,051,265;  text-books  furnished;  school  age,  over  5;  compulsory  school 
age,  8-14.  Among  educational  institutions  are  included  Dartmouth 
College,  Hanover,  founded  by  Congregationalists  chartered  1769— 
Daniel  Webster  was  graduated  here  in  1802;  State  Normal  School,  Ply- 
mouth; College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  Durham. 

Political.— Number  of  Senators, 24;  Representatives,  393,  term,  2 
years;  number  electoral  votes,  4.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens; 
residents  of  the  State,  county,  and  town;  registration  required;  ballot 
reform. 

Holidays.— February  Z2.  fast-day,  May  30,  July  4.  first  Monday  in 
September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation  ;  Judgments,  sealed  instruments, 
mortgage  notes,  20  years;  accounts  and  promissory  notes.  6  years; 
legal  interest,  6  per  cent.    Redemption  from  tax  sales,  2  years. 


20 


£   1  £>,  >  V 


30  UNITED  STATES. 

VliiK-MO^I  1.    "Green' Mountain  state." 

From  French  words  "vert,"  green,  and  "mont,"   mountain. 

Historical.— One  of  the  New  England  States.  Admitted  to  the 
Union  March  4,  1791;  first  State  admitted  after  the  adoption  Of  the 
United  States  Constitution.  First  settlement  made  by  emigrants  from 
Massachusetts  at  Fort  Dummer,  near  site  of  Brattleboro,  1721.  "Green 
Mountain  Boys,"  under  Ethan  Allen,  bore  an  active  part  in  Revolu- 
tionary "War.  First  State  Constitution  adopted  1777,  second  17S6,  third 
1791;  amended  1793,  1836,  1850,  and  1870. 

Area.— Total  area,  9,565  square  miles;  land,  9,135;  water,  430; 
length,  158  miles  ;  breadth,  35  to  85  miles.    Counties,  14. 

Physical  Features.— Green  Mountains  traverse  the  State  cen- 
trally from  north  to  south;  highest  elevation,  Mt.  Mansfield,  4,430  feet. 
Over  100  miles  of  frontage  on  Lake  Champlain  ;  noted  for  its  scenery 
and  many  summer  resorts.  Connecticut  River  separates  Vermont 
from  New  Hampshire  ;  drains  3,500  square  miles. 

Climate.— Winters  long  and  usually  severe;  summers  short;  air  pure 
and  cool.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Burlington,  32.9  inches,  mean 
annual  temperature,  45.3  deg.;  highest,  97  deg.;  lowest,  25  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Agriculture  chief  occupation  of  State;  main  prod- 
ucts hay,  oats,  potatoes,  and  corn.  Excels  in" dairj  and  fruit  farming. 
State  exceeds  all  others  in  t*e  Droduction  of  maple  sugar.  Productions 
and  values,  1900,  oats,  3,719,677  bushels,  81,339,084;  corn,  1.939.080  bushels, 
$969,540-  wheat,  81.992  bushels.  363,954  ;  hay.  1.066.524  tons.  311,785,090. 
Potatoes,  3,305,244  bushels,  81,322,098,  tobacco.  1900.  158  acres.  291,390 
pounds,  apples, 1899, 1,176.822  bushels;  maple  sugar,  4,779,870 pounds.value 
$464,132  Value  of  live  stock,  June,  1900,  $17,373,169.  Wool  clip.  1901, 
1,226,880  pounds.  Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed  milk  factories.  1900, 
255;  value  of  products,  $5,656,265;  dairy  products  from  farms, 89,321, 389. 

Manufactures,  Etc.— In  1900,  $48,547,964  invested  in  manufacturing 
enterprises.  Chief  articles  produced:  Lumber,  dairy  products,  monu- 
ments, flour,  and  woolen  goods.  The  quarries  constitute  chief  wealth  of 
State.  In  production  of  slate  ranks  second  only  to  Pennsylvania.  Value 
1900,  $917,462 ;  roofing  slate,  282,820  squares,  value,  §795.474.  Leads  In 
marble;  value  $2,484,852.  over  half  value  of  all  the  States;  fourth  In 
granite,  $1,113,788;  value  of  limestone,  $188,100;  total  stone  output, 
$4,704,202. 

Population.— Total  population  in  1790.  85.425;  1820.  235.981;  1860, 
315,098;  1890.  332,422.  Total  population,  census  of  1900,  343,641.  Male. 
175,138;  female,  168,503:  native.  298,894;  foreign.  44.747;  white,  342,771 ; 
colored,  870;  Africans,  826;  Chinese,  39;  Indians,  5. 

Cities.— Burlington,  metropolis,  has  a  large  lumber  trade;  near  fine 
marble  and  limestone  quarries-,  population.  18,640.  Rutland,  second 
city  in  size,  noted  for  its  quarries  of  white  marble;  population,  11,499. 
Brattleboro  has  extensive  manufactures;  population,  5.297.  Jfontpeher, 
the  capital,  population^,  266.  Barre,  leading  center  of  granite  industry; 
population,  8,448. 

Railways. —  Railroad  construction  begun  in  1846;  in  December, 
1849,  two  lines  completed— Burlington  to  Connecticut  River.  Total 
number  miles  in  operation  1850,  290;  1860,554;  1870,614;  1880,914,  1890, 
991.42;  July,  1900,  1,012.11. 

Education.— Publicschoolenrollment.l899-1900,65,964;private.7.019; 
expenditure,  $1,074,222;  school  age,  5-21;  compulsory  school  age,  8-14; 
text  books  may  be  furnished.  Educational  institutions  include:  Nor- 
mal schools  at  Castleton,  Randolph  Center,  and  Johnson;  University 
of  Vermont,  Burlington;  Norwich  Universitv,  Northfield;  Middlebury 
College,  Middleburv;  Vermont  Industrial  School,  Vergennes. 

Political.— Number  of  Senators,  30;  Representatives,  246;  term,  2 
years.  .Number  of  electoral  votes,  4.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens; 
residents  of  the  State  1  year,  town,  3  months,  precinct,  30  days;  regis- 
tration required;  ballot  reform;  bribers  excluded. 

Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  May  30.  July  4,  August  16,  first 
Monday  in  September,  election  day,  Thanksgiving.  December  25. 

Legal.— Statute  of  limitations:  Judgments,  sealed  instruments,  8 
years;  simple  promissory  notes,  6;  notes  signed  in  presence  of  attest- 
ing witnesses,  14;  accounts.  6.  Legal  Interest,  6  per  cent.  Redemption 
of  tax  sale,  1  year. 


MASSACHUSETTS.  31 

MASSACHUSETTS.  SSSK* 

Indian  "About  the  Great  Hills." 

Historical.— Sixth  in  order  of  the  thirteen  original  States  to  adopt 
and  ratify  the  Constitution,  date,  February  6,  1788.  First  permanent 
settlement  made  by  English  (Pilgrims)  at  Plymouth,  1620;  by  Puritans 
at  Salem,  1628;  at  Boston,  1630.  Massachusetts  a  member  of  New  Eng- 
land Confederation,  1643  to  1684;  King  Philip's  war  occurred  1675  to 
1676;  witchcraft  trials  at  Salem,  1692,  twenty  persons  executed.  Leader 
in  revolutionary  movement  and  in  anti-slavery  agitation.  Boston 
Massacre  took  place  in  1770;  "Boston  Tea  Party,"  1773,  $100,000  of  tea 
destroyed;  April  19,  1775,  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord;  June  17, 
battle  Bunker  Hill.  First  State  Constitution  adopted  1780;  this,  with 
various  amendments,  constitutes  the  law  of  the  State. 

Area.— Total  area,  8,315  square  miles;  land.  8,040;  water,  275;  length, 
northeast  and  southwest,  160  miles;  breadth,  47  to  90  miles.  Of  the  69 
islands,  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  are  chief.    Counties,  14. 

Physical  Features.— Taconic  and  Hoosac  Mountains— "The  Berk- 
shires"— in  the  west.  Highest  altitude,  Mt.  Greylock,  3,500  feet;  other 
noteworthy  elevations,  Mts.  Wachusett,  Everett,  Tom,  Holyoke,  and 
Sugar  Loaf.  Southeastern  section  is  in  some  places  level  and  sandy, 
others  marshy  The  Merrimac,  a  tidal  stream  navigable  to  Haverhill, 
with  the  Connecticut,  Housatonic,  and  numerous  smaller  streams,  fur- 
nishes abundant  water  power  which  is  extensively  utilized.  Atlantic 
coast  line,  including  Cape  Cod  Peninsula,  300  miles.  Chief  harbors  at 
Boston,  Beverly,  Salem,  Marblehead,  and  New  Bedford. 

Climate.— Winters  severe;  sudden  climatic  changes;  chilling  east 
winds  prevail  along  the  coast;  droughts  uncommon.  Mean  annual 
rainfall,  Boston,  45  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  48.9  deg.;  highest, 
102  deg.;  lowest,  13  below. 

Population.— Ranked  fourth,  1790;  fifth,  1810;  eighth,  1840;  seventh, 
1870;  sixth,  1890;  seventh.  1900.  Population,  1790, 378.787;  1810,  472,040;  1840, 
737,699;  1870.  1.457.351;  1890,  2.238,913.  Total  population,  census  of  1900, 
1805.346;  male,  1.367.474;  female,  1,437,872:  native,  1.959,022;  foreign, 
846,324;  white.  2.769,764;  colored,  35,582;  negroes,  31,974;  Chinese,  2,968; 
Japanese,  53;  Indians,  587. 

Cities.— Massachusetts  has  the  second  largest  urban  population 
in  all  the  United  States.  Boston,  capital  and  metropolis,  one  of  the 
chief  commercial  and  literary  centers  in  the  country ;  has  an  extensive 
foreign  and  coasting  trade;  termimvs  of  many  railroads  and  steamship 
lines.  Population.  1900, 560.892;  area.  43  square  miles.  Worcester,  Taun- 
ton,and  Springfield,  centess  of  iron  and  steel  industries;  population, 
"Worcester.  118,421;  area.  36  square  miles.  Population  Taunton,  31,036; 
area,  about  50  sq.  miles.  Springfield,  seat  of  lareest  arsenal  and  armory 
in  United  States;  population,  62.059;  area,  38  square  miles.  Lynn, 
principal  center  of  boot  and  shoe  industry;  population,  68,513;  area, 
12  square  miles.  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Full  River,  and  Holt/oke,  chief 
centers  of  cotton  industries.  Cambridge,  seat  of  Harvard  University, 
the  oldest  college  in  America,  founded  1636,  chartered  1650.  First 
printing  press  in  America  established  at  Cambridge;  printing  still  a 
leading  industry  of  the  city.    Population,  91,886. 

Agriculture.— Staples  are  hay,  forage  crops,  and  potatoes;  corn 
and  wheat  grown  for  home  consumption;  land  more  profitably  used  for 
fruit  and  garden  products.  Connecticut  and  a  few  other  valleys  of  un- 
surpassed fertility.  Some  of  the  salt  marshes  near  the  coast  have  been 
diked  and  promise  to  become  good  farming  land.  Number  of  farms, 
1900,  37,715,  acreage,  3,147.064.  Production  and  value  of  crops,  1900: 
Corn,  1,545.346  bushels.  8834.487;  oats.  550,786  bushels,  $209,299;  rye, 
133,747  bushels,  $100,310;  potatoes,  2,261.454  bushels.  81.492.560;  hay,  567.079 
acies,  550,067  tons,  $9.571. 166;  tobacco,  1899.  3,827  acres;  6,406,570  pounds; 
apples,  1899,  3,023,436  bushels. 

Live  Stock.— Number  and  value  of  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses, 
75,034,  value  85.826,457;  sheep,  52,559.  value  8193,596:  milch  cows.  184,562, 
value,  $6,546,954;  other  cattle,  101. 382,  value  81,583,963;  swine,  78,925,  value 
$549,617.    Wool  clip,  1901,  200,670  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Massachusetts  leading  fishing  State  of  New  England. 
Offshore  bank  fisheries  most  Important;  shore  fisheries  vield  about  20 
per  cent  of  total  products.  Capital  invested,  1898,  113373,902.  Total 
value  of  catch,  $4,463,727;  cod,  $1,407,039;   halibut,  $547,410;  haddock, 


33 


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34  UNITED   STATES. 

$149,618;  mackerel,  $361, 864;  oysters,  lobsters,  scallops,  and  whales  also 
taken.  Gloucester  Boston,  Provlucetown.  and  ~Se\v  Bedford  chief 
fishing:  ports.  Boston  market,  1898:  Fresh  fish  sold,  111,212,669  pounds, 
14,118,922;  salted  and  boneless.  25.926.505  pounds,  81,150.185;  lobsters. 
9.096,572  pounds,  81. 230,210  Products  of  Gloucester  markets  embraced 
28,229,67?  pounds  of  fresh,  26.131,752  pounds  of  salted,  and  24,680,404 
pounds  of  boneless  fish. 

Manufactures.— Fourth  In  value  of  manufactures.  Number  of 
establishments  In  1900,  29,180;  capital,  $823,264,287;  wage-earners,  497,- 
448;  cost  of  material  used,  $552,717,955;  products,  81.035.  1'.iS,9S'.i.  Value  of 
woolen  manufactories,  881,041.537  Ranks  first  in  cotton.  First  cotton 
mill  established  at  Beverly,  1787.  One  of  the  first  woolen  mills  established 
at  Newbury,  1794.  Shipbuilding  is  carried  on  mainly  at  Boston,  Glou- 
cester, and  Quincy.  First  in  production  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes, 
value  816,490,015;  second  in  paper,  $22,141,461,  and  flax,  hemp,  and  jute 
products, 81 1,388 ,933.  Silk  factories,  191 K),  20.  Brick  and  tile  manufac- 
tured, $1,594,377;  common  brick,  81,123,586;  pottery,  $238,721;  earthen- 
ware, $101,364;  stoneware,  $22,198.  Distilled  spirits,  litOu-01,  1,681,812 
gallons;  fermented  liquor,  1,827,915  barrels. 

Quarries.  — Ranks  first  in  production  of  granite;  handsome  dark 
granite  found  near  Quincy;  that  located  near  Chester  is  suitable  for 
monumental  and  architectural  purposes.  Total  value  of  granite,  1900, 
$1,698,605;  granite  used  in  the  rough,  8569,119;  building  purposes, 
$429,077;  cemeterv  work,  880,573;  paving  blocks,  8267.148.  Marbles  and 
limestone  of  Berkshire  are  wrought  for  building  stone  and  manufac- 
ture of  lime.  New  discoveries  of  fine  marble  have  recently  been  made 
near  Westfield.  Total  value  of  marble,  1900.  $130,7:35:  marble  used  in  the 
rough,  $5,950;  for  interior  purposes,  810.961;  building.  8107,604;  cemetery, 
8300.  Value  of  limestone  increased  from  875,000  in  1895  to  8209.359  in 
1900;  most  of  the  product  made  into  lime.  Most  of  the  sandstone 
comes  from  "Worcester  and  East  Long  Meadow;  value  of  product,  1900, 
8153.427.  Slate  has  been  known  to  exist  for  some  time;  State  has  been 
a  producer  within  the  last  few  years  only. 

Railways.— First  railroad  in  the  United  States  was  constructed 
in  Massachusetts;  opened  for  traffic,  at  Quincy,  1827.  In  1840  there 
were  301  miles;  1850,  1,035;  1865,  1,297;  1875.  1,817;  1*92,  2,100;  July,  1900, 
2,118.58,  averaging  7.55  miles  to  each  10,000  inhabitants. 

Education,  Etc.— Foundation  of  present  system  established  1617. 
Public  school  enrollment  1899-1900.  474,891;  private,  79,295;  school  age  no 
limit;  compulsory  school  age,  7-14.  Expenditures, 813.826,243;  text-books 
furnished.  Normal  schools  at  Boston,  Bridgewater,  Frainingham, 
Salem,  Westfield,  Worcester,  Cambridge,  Fitchburg,  etc.  In  1900,  9 
universities  and  colleges.  Public  high  schools.  237;  private  secondary- 
schools^.  Among  the  educational  and  State  institutions  are:  Harvard 
University,  Cambridge;  Amherst  College,  Amherst;  Williams  College, 
Williamstown;  Clark  University,  Worcester;  Tufts  College,  Tufts 
College;  Boston  University,  Boston.  For  women:  Wellesley  College, 
Wellesley,  Smith  College,  Northampton;  Mt.  Holyoke  College, 
South  Hadley,  Radcliffe  College.  Cambridge,  all  of  first  rank. 
Perkins'  Institution  and  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Blind,  both  in 
South  Boston;  Massachusetts  School  for  the  Feeble-  minded  at 
Waverley,  besides  many  other  public  and  private  educational  and 
charitable  institutions.  Numerous  denominational  and  parochial 
schools  and  academies. 

Legal  Holidays.— February  22,  April  19,  May  30,  July  4,  first  Mon- 
day in  September,  Thanksgiving,  December  25. 

e  Political.— State,  congressional,  and  presidential  elections,  Tues- 
day after  first.  Monday  in  November.  Number  of  Senators,  40;  Repre- 
sentatives, 240;  term,  1  vear;  sessions,  annual;  meets  first  Wednesday 
in  January;  limit  of  session,  none.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  15; 
voters  must  be  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  county  and  town  6 
months,  precinct  30  days;  registration  required;  ballot  reform. 
Paupers,  non-taxpayers,  and  persons  unable  to  read  and  write  ex- 
cluded.   Women  vote  for  school  committees. 

Legal.—  Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  actions  upon  attested 
note,  6  years;  unlimited  contracts,  20  years;  contracts  not  under 
seal,  6;  legal  rate  of  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract  on  loans  less 
than  81,000,  18  per  cent;  over  $1,000,  no  limit.  Redemption  from  tax 
sale,  2  years. 


CONNECTICUT.  35 

CONNECTICUT.  S^glU,... 

Indian  "Quonektacat,"  upon  the  long  river. 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States.  First  settlements 
made  in  Connecticut  Valley  at  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  Wethersfield  by 
emigrants  from  Massachusetts,  163:3-3(5.  Sayhrook  Colony  founded  by 
John  Winthrop,  1635;  New  Haven  founded  1638.  Connecticut  and  New- 
Haven  Colonies  united  under  a  charter  granted  1662;  charter  adopted 
as  a  constitution  1776,  and  remained  in  force  until  adoption  of  present 
constitution  in  1818.  State  capitals  were  Hartford  and  New  Haven 
from  1701  to  1873,  when  Hartford  became  the  sole  capital. 

Area.— Total  area,  4,990  square  miles;  land,  4,84=5;  water,  145;  average 
breadth  east  and  west,  86  miles,  length,  55.    Counties  8. 

Physical  Features.— Highest  altitude,  Bear  Mountain,  2,355  feet. 
Atlantic  coast  line,  100  miles;  State  has  large  number  good  harbors. 
Connecticut,  Housatonic,  Thames,  Yantic,  and  other  rivers  provide 
excellent  water  power,  largely  utilized. 

Climate.— Lowest  temperature  at  New  Haven,  14  deg.  below; 
highest,  100  deg.;  mean  annual,  49.4  deg.;  mean  annual  rainfall,  in- 
cluding melted  snow,  49.7  inches. 

Agriculture.— Valley  of  the  Connecticut  the  most  fertile  region; 
famous  for  its  excellent  tobacco,  which  with  hay  forms  the  leading 
production.  Fruit,  potatoes,  dairy  products,  and  market  gardening 
are  important,  Corn,  1900,  1,771,180  bushels,  8974.149;  oats,  578,987  bu., 
1208,645;  rye.  239,802  bu.,  8155,871;  potatoes,  2,478.528  bushels.  sl.734.97U; 
hay. 427.411  tons.  S7.150.5S6;  apples.  1899, 3.7. '8,931  bu.;  tobacco.  10.120  acres, 
16,930,770  pounds.  83.074.f"r22.  Total  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900, 
$10,247,634.    Wool  clip,  1901,  126.616  pounds. 

Manufactures.— One  of  the  foremost  States.  Silk  industry  dates 
from  1732,  ranks  fourth  in  silk;  number  factories.  38;  value  of  products, 
812.378.9S1;  cotton  goods.  si5.5iW.842;  all  textile  products.  S49.265.T52:  brick 
and  tile,  including  Rhode  Island.  81.182,575;  potterv,  861.250.  Distilled 
spirits.  1900-01. 149,079 gallons, fermented  liquor,  787.411  barrels;  pig  iron, 
1901,  8,442  tons. 

Quarries.— Long  known  as  a  granite  State;  value,  1900,  8507,754. 
Noted  for  the  excellence  and  beauty  of  its  brown  sandstone;  value 
of  output,  8192,593;  limestone,  $148,060;  feldspar  and  quartz  quarried 
quite  extensively.  Value  total  stone  output.  $848,407.  Excellent  iron 
ore  mined;  first  forge  in  State  erected  near  Salisbury,  1734. 

Population.— Ranked  eighth,  1800;  twenty-first,  1850;  twenty-ninth, 
1900.    Population,  1800,  251.002;   1850,  370.792;  1890,  746,258.     Population  . 
1900.908.420      Male.   454.294;  female.  454,126;    native,  670,210;   foreign. 
238.210;  white,  892.424;  colored,  15,996;  Africans,  15,226;  Chinese,  599; 
Japanese,  18;  Indians,  153. 

Cities.— New  Haven,  metropolis,  and  important  commercial  and 
manufacturing  center,  often  called  the  '-Elm  City"  from  the  number 
and  beauty  of  its  elms;  population,  census  of  1900,  108,027.  Hartford, 
capital,  center  of  insurance  business,  book  publishing,  and  manufac- 
tures; population.  1900,79.850.  Bridgeport,  port  of  entry  and  one  of  the 
chief  manufacturing  centers  of  the  State;  population,  1900,  70,996. 

Railways.  — First  railroad  in  operation,  1838;  1840,  102  miles; 
1860,601;  1880,923;  1890.  1,006;  July,  1900,  1,023.62. 

Education.  — Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900, 155,228;  private, 
31,190;  expenditures,  $3,189,249;  school  age  not  fixed  bylaw;  compulsory 
Bchool  age,  7-16.  Text-books  may  be  furnished.  Normal  schools  at 
New  Britain,  New  Haven,  and  Willimantic.  Yale  College,  established 
1701;  Trinity,  1824;  Wesleyan,  1831;  Hartford  Theological  Seminary; 
Berkeley  Divinity  School. 

Political.— Number  of  Senators,  24;  Representatives,  255;  term,  2 
years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  7.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens, 
residents  of  State  1  year,  town  6  months;  registration  required;  ballot 
reform.    Persons  unable  to  read  and  convicts  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  12  and  22,  fast-day,  May  30, 
July  4,  first  Monday  In  September,  Thanksgiving.  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation :  Judgments,  no  law;  notes,  negoti- 
able, 6  years;  non-negotiable,  17  years;  accounts  and  contracts  not 
under  seal,  6  years;  verbal  executory  contracts,  3  years;  redemption  of 
tax  sales,  1  year;  legal  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  any. 


86 


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38  UNITED  STATES. 


RHODE  ISLAND.  S&Stffa.*- 

Named  after  the  Island  of  Rhodes. 
Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  the  last  to 
ratify  the  Constitution;  ratification  took  place  May  29,  1790.  Possibly 
visited  by  the  Northmen,  1000;  visited  by  Verrazzano,  1524;  first  settle- 
ment made  by  Roger  Williams  at  Providence,  1636;  Portsmouth  and 
Newport  settled  during  1688  and  1689.  ProUdence  Plantations,  In 
Narragansett  Bay.  Incorporated  1643;  charter  for"  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  obtained  1663;  present  state  Constitution  adopted  1842. 

Area.— Smallest  State  In  the  Union.  Total  area.  1,250  square  miles, 
or  800,01)0  acres;  land.  1.053  square  miles,  or  673,920  acres;  water,  197; 
length,  north  10  south,  48  miles;  breadth,  35;  counties.  5. 

Physical  Features.— Highest  altitude,  at  Durfee  Hill,  805  feet. 
Atlantic  coast-line  deeply  indented  by  Nat  ragansett  Bay.  which  covers 
an  area  of  300  square  miles,  and  contains  15  islands.  .Si any  good  har- 
bors; nearly  all  rivers  furnish  valuable  water  power  for  the  numerous 
manufactories;  many  notable  summer  resorts  along  the  coast. 

Climate  mild  and  equable,  being  modified  by  the  Atlantic.  Mean 
annual  rainfall  at  Block  Island, 44.2  inches;  mean  annual  temperature, 
49.3  deg.;  highest,  89  deg.:  lowest,  4  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Small  area  adapted  to  agriculture;  chief  products 
are  hay,  potatoes,  and  Indian  corn.  Corn.  1900. 262.3(4  bushels.  8175.744; 
potatoes, 698,232  bushels,  $488,762.  hay.  72.278  acres.  66,496  tons,  si. 243.475. 
Total  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  19(H),  $2,281,817.  Wool  clip,  1901, 
36,460  pounds. 

Fisberies.-Capital.1898  $957,142:  product, $955,058.  Clamsof  Xarra- 
gansett  Bay  renowned;  oyster  planting  in  Providence  River  an  impor- 
tant pursuit.    Quantities  of  fresh  fish  taken  for  the  New  York  market. 

Manufactures,  Etc.  Rhode  Island  exceeds  all  others  in  per 
capita  value  of  products.  Gross  value,  1900.  $184,074,378.  Number  of 
establishments,  4,189  ;  average  wage-earners.  96.528.  Ranks  second  In 
cotton  goods;  in  proportion  to  population,  ranks  first  in  production 
of  cotton,  woolen,  and  worsted;  cotton  industry  dates  from  1790-93.  In 
1900,218  establishments  in  textile  industries;  capital  employed  $97- 
383,015;  value  of  products,  $78,133,258.  Silk  factories,  1900,  6.  Value 
of  brick  and  tile,  with  Connecticut,  $1,038,722:  distilled  spirits,  1901, 
149,079  gallons.  Ranks  third  in  output  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes, 
value  $8,034,417.    Valut,  of  granite  in  1900  was  $444,316. 

Population.  — The  most  densely  populated  of  all  the  States; 
ranked  fifteenth  In  1790;  thirty-fourth  in  1900.  Total  population  in 
1790,  68,825;  1890,  34...506;  1900.428,556.  Male.  210.516;  female,  218  040; 
native,  294,037;  foreign.  134,519;  white.  419,050;  colored,  9,506;  Africans. 
9,092;  Chinese,  366;  Japanese,  13;  Indians,  a5. 

Cities. -Providence,  metropolis  and  capital:  second  city  In  New 
England;  manufacturing  center  with  considerable  coasting  trade; 
population,  1900.  175.597.  Paictucket,  has  important  manufactures  of 
cotton  goods,  engines,  etc.;  cotton  manufacturing  established  1790; 
population,  1900,  39.231.  Wbonsocket,  has  large  woolen  and  cotton 
mills,  population,  28.204.  Newport,  a  former  capital,  and  a  fashion- 
able w  atering  place  ;  population.  1900,  22.034. 

Ruilways.-Length  of  roads;  1840,  50  miles;  1850,68:1860.108;  1870 
136;  1875. 179:  1880,  210:  in  July,  1900,  the  total  length  was  211.79. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900.  67 .231 :  private 
16.162;  expenditure,  $1.7:33,488;  school  age,  over  5;  compulsorv  school 
age, 7-15;  text-books  furnished.  School  year  the  longest  of  the  States 
Public  high  schools,  19;  private  secondary  schools,  14;  free  libraries 
50.  Brown  University,  Providence,  founded  1764;  Normal  School 
Providence. 

Political.— State  elections,  annual.  Number  of  Senators,  39;  Rep- 
resentatives, ?2;  term,  1  year.  Number  of  electoral  votes.  4.  Voters 
must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  the  State  2  years,  town  6  months 
registration  required;  ballot  reform. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22.  State  election  day, 
May  30,  July  4,  labor  day.  Thanksgiving.  December  25.  Arbor  Day. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation  :  Judgments  and  sealed  instruments, 
20year8;  notes  and  open  accounts,  6  years;  redemption  of  tax  sales, 
1  year.    Legal  Interest  rate,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  any. 


^ 


NEW  YORK.  3d 


1>  Sh  VV      A  VJ-Ki^.    u Empire  State." 

Named  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  York. 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States;  ratified  the  United 
States  Constitution  July  26,  1788;  eleventh  State  to  enter  the  Union 
In  1609,  explorations  made  by  Champlain  in  the  north;  in  the  south 
Hudson  visited  New  York  Bay  and  explored  Hudson  River  as  far  as 
site  of  Albany.  First  settlements  made  by  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island, 
lb  14;  ^ew  York  (New  Amsterdam)  founded  1623.  Devastated  by 
Indian  warfare  1641;  captured  by  English  1664;  retaken  by  Dutch  1673; 
restored  to  England  1674.  State  played  an  important  part  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  and  the  War  of  1812.  State  Constitution  adopted  1777- 
present  Constitution  adopted  1846. 

Area.— Total  area,  49,170  square  miles;  land,  47,620;  water,  1.550- 
extreme  length  east  to  west,  412  miles;  north  to  south.  311.  Area  of 
Long  Island,  1,682  square  miles.    Number  of  counties,  61. 

Physical  Features.— Boundaries  comprise  over  800  miles  of  navi- 
gable waterway.  Lakes  Erie,  Ontario,  and  Champlain  furnish  352 
miles;  Long  Island  Sound  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  246;  river  boundaries 
231.  ;New  York  belongs  chiefly  to  the  Hudson  and  St.  Lawrence  river 
systems;  possesses  a  magnificent  system  of  inland  navigation  and  an 
extensive  water  power.  Surface  greatlv  diversified.  Adirondack 
Mountains  in  the  northeast;  Catskill,  Highlands;  Taconic,  etc  ,  in  the 
south  and  east;  highest  altitude,  Mt.  Marcy,  5,344  feet.  State  contains 
many  fine  lakes  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Possesses 
many  small  but  important  islands. 

Climate.— Winter  climate,  particularly  in  the  Adirondacks,  usually 
very  cold  but  healthful;  snowfalls  heavy;  rainfall  sufficient  but  not 
excessive.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Albany,  37.9  inches;  mean  annual 
temperature,  48.2  deg. ;  highest,  100  deg.;  lowest,  18  deg  below 
.  Agriculture.— State  ranks  fourth  in  value  of  farm  property;  first, 
1900,  in  production  of  potatoes,  buckwheat,  and  broom  corn,  and  pro- 
duces a  quarter  of  the  hops;  second  in  rye,  third  in  hay,  fifth  in  oats 
sixth  in  barley.  Sugar  beets,  2,800  acres."  Hav,  1900, 3.351.991  tons,  value 
$4<,09d  4,4;  corn,  17,236,032  bushels,  83.100,935;  wheat,  6,496,166  bushels, 
!?--cf:^;  barley.  3,751,734  bushels,  81.913,481.  rye,  3,189,165  bushels, 
$1,. 3d ,933;  buckwheat.  3,380.158  bushels.  81.869,690,  potatoes,  27  481  356 
bushels,  812,366,610,  oats,  44.53S.974  bushels,  814,252.472;  hops,  1599,17,332  • 
340  pounds;  tobacco,  11,307 acres,  13,958.370  pounds. 

Horticulture,  Etc.— State  leads  all  others  in  number  and  value 
of  its  nurseries.  First  nursery  established  previous  to  1800.  Apples, 
pears,  grapes,  plums,  and  small  fruits  are  grown  extensivelv.  Western 
.New  York  the  chief  fruit  district.  State  ranks  second  in"  the  Union 
in  grape  industry  and  third  of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  in  produc- 
tion of  apples.    Apples,  1899,  24.111,257  bushels. 

Live  Stock.— New  Tork  ranks  high  in  value  of  livestock.  Number 
and  value  of  farm  animals,  June.  1900:  Horses,  628.438. 847.977,931,  sheep 
1.745.746.85.921.941;  milch  cows,  1.501,608,848,694,512:  other  cattle,  1.094,781, 
814.040,662;  swine,  676,639,  83.794,332.  mules,  3,313,  8229,172.  Ranks  first  as 
a  dairy  State;  famous  for  its  cheese  and  butter.  Wool  an  important 
product;  clip,  1901,  5,840,784  pounds. 

Fisheries.-In  1898  State  fisheries  employed  9,185  persons,  667  ves- 
sels, and  3,970  boats.  Capital  invested,  87.589,787;  total  value  of  products, 
83,d45,189;  of  mollusks  and  crustaceans,  82,314,945.  Oyster  industry  most 
important;  value  of  yield,  81,985.029.  Menhaden  and  bluefish  valuable; 
shad  taken  from  Hudson  River.    Lobster  yield  increasing 

Manufactures.  — State  leads  all  others.  Establishments,  1900, 
78,6d8;  capital,  81.651,210,220;  products ,  82.175,726.900;  wage-earners,  849,- 
056 ;  wages,  8408,855,652.  Leading  industries:  clothing,  value  product, 
8233.370,447:  foundry  and  machine  products,  896,636,517;  printing  and 
publishing,  895,2:32,051;  textiles,  894,263.047;  refined  sugar  and  molasses, 
890,680,487;  liquors,  8-58.282,353;  slaughtering  and  meat-packing,  $57,431,- 
293;  tobacco,  etc..  §53,660,580;  lumber  products.  845  533,234  ;  paper  and 
wood  pulp,  826,715,628;  flour,  842.796,310.  Second  in  value  of  ships  built. 
18,647,371.  Pig  iron.  1901,  243,662  tons  ;  distilled  spirits,  1900-01,  3,240,021 
gallons;  first  in  fermented  liquor,  9,963,806  barrels;  second  in  cigars, 
1,291,273,550;  first  in  flax,  hemp,  and  jute  goods,  811,674,669;  third  In 
artificial  tee,  81,025,308,  and  oil  refining,  $27,184,524. 


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42  UNITED  STATES. 

Petroleum.— Western  New  York  ranks  among  prominent  oil- 
producing  localities.  New  York  production  Increased  from  912,948 
barrels  In  1895  to  1,300,928  barrels  In  1900.  Value  of  product,  1900, 
81,759,501;  of  natural  gas,  £535,367. 

Minerals.  —Iron  ore  Of  excellent  quality  mined  extensively.  Total 
output  for  the  State,  1900,  411.485  long  tons,  a  loss  of  0.5  percent  from 
that  of  1899.  Total  value  at  mines.  $1,103,817  New  York  ranks  second 
as  a  producer  of  magnetic  Iron  ore— discovered  on  Sterling  Mountain 
as  early  as  1750;  345,714  long  tons  mined  In  19oo  Ranks  first,  1900, 
among  salt-producing  States;  principal  districts.  Onondaga,  Warsaw, 
Genesee,  and  Ithaca.  Total  production.  7.897,071  barrels;  valuc$2,171,418; 
rock  salt,  1896,  173,663  tons.  Ithaca  district  produced  74,000  barrels. 
Has  extensive  quarries  of  stone  and  marble.  Thirty  counties  produce 
limestone;  total  value  of  output,  1900,  $1,730,162;  value  of  sandstone. 
81.467,496.  Total  value  of  slate,  $62,755,  Including  $58,360  for  roofing; 
marble.  $332,518;  granite,  $446,171.  Marble  especially  excellent  for  out- 
side building. 

Population.— New  York  ranked  fifth  in  population  in  1790,  third  In 
1800,  second  in  1810,  and  first  from  1820  to  1900.  Total  population  1790, 
340,120;  1830,1.918.60*;  1860.  3.^80.735:  1890,5,997,853;  1900,  7,268.894.  Classi- 
fication: Male,  3,614,780;  female,  3,654.114;  native,  5,368.469;  foreign, 
1,900,425;  white,  7,156,881;  colored,  112,013;  Africans,  99,232;  Chinese, 
7,170;  Japanese,  354;  Indians,  5,257. 

Cities.— New  'York,  largest  city  of  the  western  hemisphere  and 
after  London  the  largest  in  the  world;  as  a  commercial  and  financial 
center  ranks  second  only  to  London.  The  State  capital  from  17^4  to 
1797  and  United  States  capital  1785  to  1790;  population,  1900,  3,437,202. 
Buffalo,  second  city  in  State;  has  important  lake  commerce;  chief 
commodities,  grain,  live  stock,  lumber,  and  coal;  population,  352,387. 
Albany,  capital,  founded  by  Dutch,  1614;  on  Hudson  River  at  head  of 
navigation,  important  distributing  point  for  grain  and  lumber;  popu- 
lation, 94,151.  Rochester,  important  center  of  manufactures,  garden 
seeds,  and  nurseries;  population,  162,608.  Syracuse,  prominent  railway 
and  manufacturing  center;  population,  108,374. 

Railways,  Etc.— First  railroad,  Albany  to  Schenectady,  opened 
1831.  Canals  first  planned  1761;  Erie  Canal  begun  1817,  finished  1825; 
364  miles  of  canals;  cost,  $50,000,000.  Number  of  miles  of  railroad  in 
operation  1835,  104;  1850,  1,361;  1S&>,  2,682;  1875,  5,423;  1885,  7,370;  1890,  7,745; 
July,  1900,  8,121.03  miles. 

Education.— First  schools  est.  by  Dutch.  Academy  and  classical 
school,  est.  1659.  Free  grammar  school,  1702.  General  school  system 
org.  1812.  State  Normal  school  est.  1844.  Present  system  est.  1867. 
Compulsory  education, 1875.  Public  school  enrollment.  1899-1900. 1.209,574; 
expenditures,  $33,421,491.  School  age,  5-21;  compulsorv,  8-16.  School 
system  controlled  by  Board  of  Regents,  constituting  "Univ.  of  State  of 
N.  Y."  New  York  widely  noted  for  higher  institutions.  Columbia 
College,  formerly  Kings  College,  opened  1754;  Cornell  University, 
opened  1868 ;  New  York  University,  1831 ;  Military  Acadeinv.  West 
Point,  1802;  Union  College,  1795;  Hamilton.  1812;  Colgate,  1819;  Hobart, 
1822;  Rensselaer  Poly.  Inst..  1824;  Syracuse,  1871.  For  women:  Elmlra, 
1855;  Vassar,  1865;  Wells,  1868;  Barnard,  18S9  — all  of  first  rank.  The- 
ological seminaries  include:  Auburn,  1819;  General,  1817;  Union,  1836. 
There  are  16  State  Normal  schools. 

Political.— State  elections  annual.  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  of 
Senators,  50;  Representatives,  150.  Sessions  annual,  meet  first  Wednes- 
day in  January;  limit  of  session,  none;  term  of  Senators,  2  years; 
Representatives,  1  year;  number  of  electoral  votes,  39.  Term  of  Gover- 
nor, 2  years;  salary,  $10,000  annually;  residence  free.  Voters  must  be 
actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  county  4  months,  town  and 
precinct  30  days;  registration  required  in  cities  of  5,000;  ballot  reform. 
Election  bettors  or  bribers  and  convicts  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  12  and  '22,  May  30,  July  4, 
first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  Decem- 
ber 25,  Saturday  afternoon. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  recovery  of  real  estate, 
and  sealed  instruments,  20  years;  open  accounts  and  notes,  6  years; 
contracts  not  under  seal,  6;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  2  years.  Legal 
interest  rate,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  any. 


PENNSYLVANIA.  43 

PENNSYLVANIA.  IZSZStu*- 

Penn's  "Sylvania,"  forest  country. 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States.  Second  to  enter 
the  Union.  First  settlements  made  hy  the  Swedes  on  Tinicum  Island, 
1643,  and  at  Upland,  Chester,  1648;  passed  under  the  rule  of  the  Dutch 
of  New  Amsterdam,  1655.  Became  British  territory,  1664.  Permanently 
colonized  by  William  Penn,  1682;  land  granted,  1681,  by  Charles  II  of 
England.  Philadelphia  founded  1682.  Boundary  dispute  with  Maryland 
settled  by  establishment  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  1767.  First  Con- 
tinental Congress  met  in  Philadelphia,  1774.  State  Constitutions  adopt- 
ed 1776, 1190, 1838,  and  1873.  Constitution  of  the  United  States  adopted 
and  ratified  December  12, 1787.  State  was  the  scene  of  numerous  im- 
portant events  of  the  Revolutionary  and  Civil  wars. 

Area.— Total  area,  45.215  square  miles:  land,  44,985  square  miles. 
or 28,790,4»X)  acres ;  water,  230;  greatest  length,  east  to  west,  303  miles; 
north  to  south,  176  miles.    Counties  number  67. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  exceedingly  varied.  Appalachian 
Mountain  svstem  traverses  State  northeast  to  southwest;  covers  one- 
fourth  entire  area;  Allegheny  Range  the  highest,  elevation,  2,000  to 
2,800  feet:  southeast  comparatively  level  and  low-lying.  Principal 
rivers,  Ohio,  Susquehanna,  Delaware,  Allegheny,  and  Monongahela; 
Delaware  navigable  to  Philadelphia.  Only  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
States  without  sea  coast;  coast  line  on  Lake  Erie,  45  miles. 

Climate.— Central  and  Northern  uplands,  winters  long  and  cold, 
and  occasional  frosts  in  summer;  Ohio  Valley  and  southeast,  summers 
long  and  hot;  Susquehanna  Valley,  to  the  south,  more  equable  climate. 
Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Philadelphia.  39.8  inches;  mean  annual  temper- 
ature, 53.9  deg. ;  highest.  10.3  deg.;  lowest.  13  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Over  one-fifth  the  total  population  in  the  southeast 
engaged  in  agriculture.  A  leading  State  in  the  production  of  rye,  hay, 
buckwheat,  potatoes,  orchard  products,  and  tobacco.  First  in  rye, 
1900.  4.416.299  bushels,  82.340.638;  second  in  buckwheat,  3.188.402  bushels. 
gr.753.62l;  hav.  sixth,  2.672.561  tons. $37,148,598;  wheat.  20.281,334 bushels, 
814.602.560;  oat*,  38,000,872  bushels,  811,400,262;  corn.  32.707.900  bushels, 
814.71^.555;  potatoes.  10,921.748  bushels,  $5,788,526;  tobacco,  1899,  27.760 
acres,  yield,  41 .502.620  pounds;  second  of  Eastern  States  in  production 
of  apples,  yield,  24.060,651  bushels.  Market  gardening  and  floriculture 
profitable  industries.    State  contains  many  large  nurseries. 

Live  Stock.-  Of  the  North  Atlantic  States,  Pennsylvania  ranks 
second  only  to  New  York  in  number  and  value  of  farm  animals.  June, 
1900,  horses  numbered  590,981,  value  840.948,827;  mules.  38,059,  82.9u7.690; 
sheep,  1,531.066,  $4,642,606;  milch  cows.  943.773,  $29,141,561;  other  cattle, 
953.U74.  $13,921,630;  swine,  1.107.981.  $5,830,295.  Dairy  and  wool  products 
of  great  value;  butter.  1899, 111.358.246  pounds;  cheese,  11,124.210  pounds. 
Wool  clip,  1901,  4.650,750  pounds. 

Manufactures.— State  ranks  second  to  New  York  in  value  of 
manufactures.  In  1900,  52.185  establishments  employed  733,834  wage- 
earners;  combined  capital,  $1,551,548,712;  gross  value  of  products, 
81.834,790,860.  state  leads  all  others  in  iron  and  steel  industries.  In 
1900  produced  52  per  cent  of  all  steel  ingots;  46  per  cent  of  pig-iron,  54 
per  cent  of  total  iron  and  steel  products,  over  39  per  cent  of  tin  and 
terne  plate.  Output  of  pig-iron,  19oo,  6.778,584  tons;  value  8101.555,787; 
crude  steel  ingots.  6,361,586  tons.  Total  value  iron  and  steel  products, 
$434,445,200.  Active  tin.  terne,  and  black  plate  establishments.  47;  total 
value  of  products.  823,678,650.  Glass  factories.  119;  capital,  828.287.1S7; 
value  of  products.  $22.i ill.  1.30.  First  paper  mill  erected  1691 ;  paper  and 
pulp  mills.  73;  capital  invested.  816.424.107:  paper  produced,  197.586  tons; 
aggregate  value,  812.267.900.  Cigar  and  cigarette  establishments,  2.264; 
capital, *  13,836,368;  output,  1,633,281,905;  value  131,483,141.  State  leads 
in  output  of  coke;  ovens,  1900,  32.548:  product,  13,798,893  tons;  value 
$30,853,449.  Second  in  value  of  clay  products;  first  in  lire-brick;  total 
value  brick  and  tile.  85.954.415  ;  pottery,  terra  cotta,  etc.,  $8,127,429. 
Leads  in  Portland  cement;  output,  1899, 3.217,965  barrels;  value  $4,290.- 
620.    Total  value  liquor  products,  $34,520,358. 

Textile  Manufactu res.  —  Among  the  Middle  States,  Pennsyl- 
vania leads  in  cotton  manufactures;  is  second  in  the  I'nited  States  in 


44 


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46  UNITED  STATES. 

wool  and  Bilk  manufactures.  In  1900,  silk  manufactories  numbered 
121,  wltb  942,545  spindles,  12,949  looms,  value  of  products,  $31,072,096. 
Total  value  of  textile  products,  $158,782,087. 

Mineral*. -State  ranks  anions  the  lirst  In  mineral  wealth;  coal, 
Iron,  and  petroleum  lead  In  importance.  Coal  discovered  In  Schuylkill 
region  1790;  first  regular  shipment  made  In  1820  to  Philadelphia; 
leading  State  in  production;  output  always  exceeds  50  per  cent  of 
total  coal  product  of  the  United  States.  Coal  area:  Anthracite.  180 
square  miles;  bituminous,  9,ooo  square  miles.  Total  product,  1900, 
137.210,241  short  tons,  value  3103,096.396.  Anthracite,  57,367,915  tons, 
value  885,757,851;  bituminous,  79,842,326  tons,  value  $77,438,545.  State 
produced  51  per  cent  of  coal  mined  in  United  States.  Hanks  fifth  in 
production  of  iron  ore,  first  In  magnetite.  Output.  1900,  877,884 long 
tons.  Third  in  production  and  value  of  crude  petroleum;  output, 
13.258.202  barrels,  value  818,088,016.  First  in  value  of  natural  gas;  value 
of  output,  810,187,412.  Salt  in  the  northwest;  total  product,  981,770 
barrels,  value  8473,687. 

Quarries.— State  has  numerous  quarries.  Leads.  1900,  in  output  of 
limestone;  third  In  sandstone;  furnished  64  per  cent  of  total  output  of 
slate.  Value  of  limestone  product,  1900,83.800,318;  sandstone,  81,043,321; 
slate,  82,713.598,  including  82,277,192  roofing  slate.  Total  stone  product, 
$8,111,602. 

Population.— Ranked  second  in  1790  and  1800;  third  in  1810  and 
1820;  second  from  1830  to  1900.  Total  population  in  1790,  434.373;  1810, 
810.091;  1850,2,311,786;  1890. 5.258 .014;  1900,6.302,115.  Male, 3,204,541;  female, 
3.097,574;  native,  5.316^65;  foreign,  985.250;  white,  6,141,664;  colored, 
160,451;  Africans,  156,845:  Chinese,  1,927;  Japanese,  40;  Indians,  1,639. 

Cities.— Philadelphia,  "City  of  Brotherly  Love,"  founded  1682; 
capital  of  United  States,  1790  to  1S00;  of  State,  until  1790;  metropolis  of 
Pennsylvania;  third  city  in  the  United  States  in  population  and  manu- 
factures; a  leading  center  of  foreign,  domestic,  and  coastwise  trade; 
population,  1900, 1,293,697.  Pittsburg,  "  Smoky  City,"  second  in  size  and 
importance,  with  Allegheny,  opposite,  forms  a  leading  center  of  iron, 
steel,  copper,  and  glass  industries  of  the  countrv;  population,  1900, 
321,616;  Allegheny,  129,896.  Scranton,  fourth  city  In  size;  center  of 
great  anthracite  coal  region;  extensive  manufactures  of  Iron,  steel, 
machinery,  etc. ;  population,  102,026.  Reading,  flourishing  railway  and 
manufacturing  center;  population,  78,961.  Harrisburg,  capital,  has 
large  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel ;  population,  50,167.  Erie,  on  Lake 
Erie,  is  a  port  of  entry;  has  important  iron  manufactories  and  a  large 
trade;  population,  52,733. 

Railways.— Earliest  road  operated,  the  "Switchback,"  a  coal  road, 
opened  1826.  Philadelphia  &  Columbia  and  Portage  roads,  118  miles, 
opened  1833-34.  State  had  754  miles  in  operation,  1840;  1,240, 1850;  1,800, 
1855:2.598,1860;  3,728,  1865:  4,656.  1870;  5,868,  1875;  6,191,  1880;  7,746,  1885; 
8,700.1890;  July,  1900.  10.330.50  miles. 

Education. -Common  school  law  enacted  1834.  School  age,  6-21; 
compulsory,  8-16,  expenditure.  821.476.995;  text-books  furnished.  Public 
school  enrollment,  1,151,880.  Normal  Schools  at  Bloomsburg,  Califor- 
nia, Clarion,  East  Stroudsburg,  Edlnboro,  Kutztown,  Lockhaven.  Mans- 
field, Millersvllle,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Shippensburg,  Slippery 
Rock,West  Chester,  Indiana.  Univ.  of  Pennsylvania,  first  opened  1740, 
and  Girard  College,  Philadelphia:  Lehigh  University,  Bethlehem; 
Lafayette  College.  Easton,  Haverford  College,  Haverford;  Dickinson 
College,  Carlisle;  Bryn  Mawr  College. 

Political.— State  elections,  annual;  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November,  number  of 
Senators,  48;  Representatives.  202;  sessions,  biennial,  in  odd-numbered 
years;  meets  first  Tuesday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  none;  term  of 
Senators,  4  years;  Representatives^  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 
34.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  pre- 
cinct 2  months;  registration  required,  ballot  reform.  Non-taxpayers 
and  political  bribers  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  Februarv  12  and  22,  Good  Fridav. 
local  elections.  May  30.  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  general 
election  day,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  and  Saturday  afternoons. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  5  years;  contracts, 
notes,  instruments  not  under  seal,  6;  personal  action, 2;  redemption 
of  tax  sales,  2  years,  except  in  Incorporated  cities.  Legal  Interest 
rate,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  6. 


MARYLAND.  47 


MARYLAND.    Jf&S'S&e  State." 

Named  in  honor  of  Henrietta  Maria,  Queen  of  Charles  I  of  England. 

Historical.— Seventh  of  the  thirteen  original  States  ;  adopted  the 
Federal  Constitution,  April,  1T8S.  Charter  issued  to  Lord  Baltimore, 
June  20,  1632,  remained  in  force  until  1T76.  First  permanent  settlement 
made  at  St.  Mary's.  1634;  colony  noted  for  its  religious  toleration. 
Annapolis  founded  by  Puritan  refugees,  1649;  Baltimore  settled,  1730. 
State  Constitutions  adopted,  1776,  1851,  1864,  and  1867.  * 

Area.— Total  area.  12,210  square  miles;  land,  9,860;  water,  2,350; 
length,  east  to  west,  196  miles;  breadth,  9  to  120  miles;  counties,  24. 

Physical  Features.— State  naturally  divided  in  three  sections: 
Mountainous  region  of  Western  Maryland;  hilly  country,  Northern  and 
Central  Maryland;  level  areas  of  Eastern  and  Southern  Maryland. 
Greatest  altitude,  Great  Backbone  Mountain,  3,400  feet.  Chesapeake 
Bay  divides  State  in  two  parts,  Eastern  and  Western  Shore.  In  pro- 
portion to  area  leads  in  extent  of  navigable  waterways. 

Climate.— Mild  and  generally  healthful.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at 
Baltimore,  43.8  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  55.3  deg.:  highest* 
103  deg. ;  lowest,  7  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Tobacco  a  staple  crop  from  early  colonial  days. 
Eastern  Shore  seat  of  peach  industry;  small  fruits,  market  gardening, 
and  tobacco  culture.  Western  Shore.  Farm  products,  1900:  Corn,  15,232,- 
802  bushels. value  S6.245.449;  wheat.  15,187,848  bushels.  $10,783,352;  oats, 
1,783.116  bushels,  8552,859;  hay,  302,292  tons. $4,247 ,203;  potatoes,  1,269,455 
bushels.  $6S5,506;  tobacco,  1899,  24.589,480  pounds,  $1,438,169.  Value  of 
farm  animals,  S19,G36,844.    Wool  clip,  1901.  556.265  pounds. 

Fisheries.-Total  investment  in  fisheries,  1897.  nearly  $6,000,000. 
Leading  State  in  oyster  industry;  catch  comprises  about  80  per  cent 
of  total  product.  Crabs  taken,  28,347,585;  value  $217,586.  Shad  and 
alewives  most  valuable  fish.    Shrimp,  turtles,  and  terrapin  taken. 

Manufactures.— Among  the  most  important  are  clothing,  flour, 
,iion  and  steel,  and  shipbuilding.  Iron  works  opened  1715;  sugar  re- 
fineries, 1784;  glass  factories,  1789.  Important  State  in  canning  industry, 
has  nearly  300  establishments;  leads  in  tomatoes.  Has  387  tobacco, 
cigar,  and  cigarette  factories,  tobacco,  1900,  12,348,971  pounds:  cigars, 
403.548,626:  cigarettes,  1,423,850.  Ranks  first  in  manufacture  of  fertil- 
izers.   Pig  iron,  1900,  241,172  tons.    Value  brick  and  tile,  $844,335. 

Minerals,  Coal  area,  550  square  miles.  Output.  1900,  4,024,688 
short  tons.  Value  of  slate  quarried, $128,673;  roofingslate,  $126,271.  Value 
of  granite,  $486,822;  value  of  limestone,  $317,207.    Marble,  $70,000. 

Population. -Ranked  sixth  in  1790,  twenty-sixth  in  1900.  Total 
population,  1790,  319,728;  1S90,  1.042,390,  1900,  1,190,050.  Male,  589,275; 
female,  598,769;  native,  1,094,110;  foreign,  93,934;  white,  952,424;  colored. 
235,620,  African,  235,064,  Chinese,  544,  Japanese,  9;  Indians,  3. 

Cities.  —  Baltimore,  "Monument  City,"  metropolis  and  seaport ; 
principal  manufacturing  center;  large  export  trade  and  oyster  fisheries. 
Population,  1900, 508,957.  Annapolis,"  Clt&  ot  Anna,"  Queen  Anne,  cap- 
ital and  port  of  entry;  population  1900,8,525.  Cumberland,  second  city, 
important  railroad  terminus  and  manufactures;  population,  17,128. 

Railroads.— Baltimore  &  Ohio  road  begun  1828.  1830, 15  miles  of 
road;  1840,  including  District  of  Columbia, 213  miles;  1860,386;  1870,671, 
1885, 1,159;  January,  1892,  1,269;  July,  1900, 1,376.16. 

Education. -Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  345,350;  white, 
268,060;  colored.  72.290;  expenditures,  $2,912,527;  6chool  age,  6-20;  text- 
books furnished.  Johns  Hopkins  university  and  Peabody  Institute, 
State  Normal  School,  and  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore,  at  Baltimore; 
United  States  Naval  Academy,  established  1845,  Annapolis. 

Political.— State, congressional,  and  presidential  elections, Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number  of  Senators,  27:  Representa- 
tives^; electoral  votes,  8.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of 
State  1  year,  county  6  months;  registration  required;  ballot  reform. 

Letra  1  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  Good  Friday,  May  30, 
July  4,  first  Monday  In  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving, 
Dec.  25,  and  every  Saturday  afternoon  in  Baltimore  and  Annapolis. 

Liegal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  12  years;  notes  and 
open  accounts, 3  years;  tax  sales,  1  year;  legal  Interest,  6  per  cent. 


48 


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50  UNITED  STATES. 

DELAWARE.  ««B?ueaHen  state." 

Named  In  honor  of  Lord  dc  la  War,  Governor  of  Virginia. 

Historical.— First  of  the  thirteen  original  States  to  adopt  and 
ratify  the  Constitution;  ratification  December  7,  1787.  First  permanent 
settlement  made  by  Swedes  near  present  site  of  Wilmington,  1638, 
Swedish  settlements  captured  by  Dutch,  1655;  Dutch  conquered  by 
English,  1664.  Territory  included  in  the  grant  given  to  William  Penn 
1681.  In  1703  the  "Three  Lower  Counties"  were  recognized  as  a  separate 
colony  under  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania.  State  Constitution  formed 
1776,  new  one  adopted  1792;  twice  amended,  1831  and  1897. 

Area,  2,050  square  miles;  land,  1,960  square  miles, or  1,254,400  acres; 
water,  90;  extreme  breadth,  36  miles;  length,  110;  counties,  3. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  generally  level  but  hilly  in  the 
north;  greatest  altitude,  Dupont,  282  feet.  One-twentieth  of  surface 
composed  of  tidal  marshes,  partly  reclaimed.  Chief  river,  Delaware. 
Government  Breakwater,  Delaware  Bay,  begun  1828,  has  cost  82,721,992. 

Climate.— Peninsula  almost  surrounded  by  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware bays  and  Delaware  River.  Climate,  greatly  modified  by  the 
surrounding  waters,  is  mild;  winters  short.  Annual  temperature  at 
Wilmington,  53  deg.;  highest  temperature,  93  deg.;  lowest,  1  deg.; 
annual  rainfall  at  Delaware  Breakwater,  32.6  inches. 

Agriculture.— Soil  and  climate  especially  adapted  for  agricultural 
pursuits.  Market  gardening  and  the  growing  of  peaches  and  small 
fruits  for  northern  markets  leading  industries.  Total  value  of  farm 
property,  19*.  S40.697.654 ;  live  stock.  36.750.287.  Productions  and  values, 
1900:  Corn.  5.010.312  bushels,  value  $1,903,919;  wheat.  1.479.139  bushels, 
Si, 035,397;  oats,  332.724  bushels.  $99,817;  potatoes,  256.512  bushels.  $153,907; 
hay  crop,  44.441  tons,  s6l9,952.  Total  value  of  farm  animals,  1900,  $3,733,- 
335.    Wool  clip,  1901,  34.820  pounds. 

Manufactures  center  chiefly  at  Newcastle  and  Wilmington. 
Principal  Industries:  Shipbuilding,  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel, 
leather,  cars,  flour,  and  cotton  goods.  Number  of  establishments 
reported  in  1900  was  1.417;  capital,  $41,203,239;  value  of  entire  product, 
$45,387,630.  In  1901,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  District  of  Columbia 
produced  5,236,946  gallons  of  distilled  spirits.  There  are  numerous  can- 
neries for  fruit,  vegetables,  etc.;  peas  and  oysters  packed  extensively. 

Population.  — Population,  1890.  168,493;  1900,  184.735.  Male,  94,158; 
female.  90,577;  native,  170,925;  foreign,  13,810 ;  white,  153.977;  colored. 
30,758;  Africans,  30,697;  Chinese,  51;  Japanese,  1;  Indians,  9. 

Cities.—  Wilmington,  metropolis,  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
cars  and  car-wheels,  paper,  cotton,  and  machinery;  excellent  harbor 
and  large  yards  for  iron  and  steel  shipbuilding.  Noted  Dupont  Gun- 
powder Works  six  miles  distant.  Population.  1900, 76.508.  Dover,  the 
capital,  has  large  canning  factories  and  manufactures;  population, 
3,329.  Newcastle,  port  of  entry,  has  Important  cotton,  woolen,  and 
iron  manufactures;  population.  3.380. 

Railways.— In  1835.  State  had  16  miles  of  road;  1855,56;  1S65. 134; 
1875,  272;  18S5,  303,  January  1.  1892.  320;  July.  1900,  346.72.  Delaware 
&  Chesapeake  Canal.  18}$  miles  long;  finished.  1829. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollmentfor  1891-2.  33.174; school  age. 
6-21 ;  expenditure,  1899-1900.  $217,126.  Text-books  furnished.  Separate 
system  of  schools  provided  for  colored  children.  Among  various 
educational  institutions  are:  Delaware  College.  Newark;  Ferris 
Industrial  School.  Marshalltown;  Weslevan  Female  College.  Delaware 
Industrial  School  for  Girls,  and  Public  Normal  School,  Wilmington. 

Political.— Number  of  Senators,  17;  Representatives.  34;  term  of 
Senators,  4  years;  Representatives.  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 
3.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens  and  county  tax-payers,  residents  of 
State,  1  year,  county  and  town  l  month,  precinct  30  days.  No  registra- 
tion; ballot  reform.  Idiots,  insane,  paupers,  and  criminals  excluded. 
Women  may  vote  on  school  matters. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  12  and  22.  May  30.  July  4, 
first  Monday  In  September.  Thanksgiving.  December 25.  Notes  due  on 
any  holiday  must  be  paid  the  preceding  day. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments. 20  years:  contracts  not 
under  hand,  book  accounts,  3;  bills,  notes  under  hand,  6.  Legal 
interest  rate,  6  per  cent. 


NEW  JERSEY.  51 


NEW    JERSEY.     "ShaTpZBackS  State.'* 

Named  after  the  Isle  of  Jersey. 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States;  became  a  member 
of  the  Union  December  18, 1787;  third  of  the  States  in  point  of  order  to 
ratify  United  States  Constitution.  Earliest  settlements  made  by  Dutch, 
at  Bergen,  1617-20,  settlement  made  by  Swedes  on  Delaware  River,  1683; 
Fort  Nassau  on  Delaware  erected  by  Dutch,  1655,  who  compelled  Swedes 
to  acknowledge  their  rule;  country  passed  to  English  with  New  York, 
1664.  Became  a  royal  province,  1702.  Scene  of  numerous  battles  of  the 
Revolution,  1777-8,  State  hearing  a  most  patriotic  part  during  the  war. 
State  Constitution  adopted,  1776;  present  Constitution,  1844. 

Area.— Total  area, 7,815  square  miles,  divided  into  21  counties;  land 
area, 7,525  square  miles;  water,  290;  extreme  length  north  to  south,  167 
miles;  average  breadth,  50. 

Physical  Features.— Northern  part  of  State  traversed  by  Kitta- 
tinny,  or  Blue  Ridge,  and  Highland  ranges  of  Appalachian  system; 
altitude  1,000  to  1,750  feet  above  sea  level;  highest  elevations  in  the 
Kittatinny  range,  which  extends  continuously  from  extreme  north  to 
Delaware  Water  Gap.  Highland  range  comprises  numerous  detached 
ridges,  the  surface  of  which  varies  greatly.   Central  part  of  State  some- 


what rolling;  southern,  largely  a  sandy  plain,  sloping  to  the  sea  and 
partly  covered  with  pine  forests.  Besides  the  Hudson— locally,  North 
River— the  Delaware,  forming  most  of  the  western  boundary,  the  most 


important  river;  eastern  sections  of  State  drained  by  streams  flowing 
directly  into  Atlantic;  western,  by  tributaries  of  Delaware  River  and 
Bay  Coast  line,  120  miles;  including  bays,  540.  Tidal  streams  along 
eastern  shore,  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Cape  May,  afford  important  inland 
navigation  and  safe  harbors  for  light  draught  vessels;  Hudson  River 
and  Raritan,  Newark,  and  New  York  bays  provide  good  harbors  in  the 
northeast.  Points  of  interest:  Passaic  Falls,  Delaware  Water  Gap, 
Schooleys  Mountain,  and  numerous  small  but  beautiful  lakes  in  the 
northern  highlands. 

'Climate  temperate;  southern  part  of  State  influenced  bv  ocean;  sea- 
shore healthful;  Cape  May  to  Sandy  Hook  a  succession  of  noted 
summer  resorts;  Lakewood,  near  Trenton,  famous  winter  resort.  Mean 
annual  rainfall,  Atlantic  City,  42.7  inches.  Temperature,  51.9  deg.; 
highest,  99  deg.;  lowest,  7  deg.  below. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Agriculture  a  leading  Industry.  Market  gar- 
deningand  floriculture  flourish.  South  well  adapted  to  raising  of  grapes 
and  small  fruit.  State  especially  noted  for  its  sweet  potatoes— yield 
averages  over  2,000,000  bushels  per  vear— cranberries,  vegetables,  and 
small  fruits.  Productions  and  values,  1900:  Corn,  8.493,012  bushels, 
S3.821.855;  wheat.  2.344,582  bushels.  81,734,991:  oats,  2,812,089  bushels, 
1871.748;  white  potatoes,  3,342,015  bushels,  82.005,209,  rye,  1,029,000 
bushels,  3565,950;  buckwheat.  160,080  bushels,  894.447;  hay,  499,102  tons, 
88,010,587;  cranberries,  1899,  240.221  bushels. 

Live  Stock. —  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  June.  1900: 
Horses,  94,024,  value,  87,582.274;  mules,  4,931,  value,  §356,492;  milch 
cows,  157.407,  value,  85,840.288  ,  other  cattle,  82,577,  value,  81,358,879; 
sheep,  47,730,  value,  8202,480;  swine,  175,387,  value,  8926,179.  Total  value 
domestic  animals,  816,269,548.    Wool  clip,  1901, 131.815  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Mostly  deep  sea.  Menhaden  and  anchovy  abound; 
food  fish  taken  include  blueflsh,  sheepshead,  Spanish  mackerel,  and 
many  fresh-water  fish;  shad  fisheries  important;  many  oyster  beds; 
most  important,  those  in  Newark,  Raritan,  Barnegat,  and  Delaware 
bays.    Bushels  of  oysters  marketed.  1898,  1,342,021,  value,  81,309,411 

Manufactures  important.  In  silk  industry  State  leads  all  others 
in  investments  and  in  products.  Higher  grades  of  silk  manufactured 
almost  exclusively  in  New  Jersey.  Number  of  silk  factories,  1900, 180. 
Capital  nearly  330.ooo.o00;  number  of  persons  employed,  24.157;  wages 
paid,  39.232.5:32:  value  of  output,  839,966,602.  an  increase  of  89,200,000  in  a 
decade.  In  1900,  15,431  manufacturing  establishments  reported  an 
Invested  capital  of  35o2.824.oh2:  value  of  materials  used,  836o.945.s43; 
value  of  goods  produced,  8611,748,933;  wages  paid,  8110,088,605.  Capital 
and  value  of  products  of  reported  manufacturing  establishments, 
1900:  Brewing,  827,014,496,  value  115413,085;  foundry  and  machine  prod- 
ucts, 831,550,687,   value,   832.621,229;    woolen  and  worsted,  816,630,519, 


52 


54  ,  UNITED  STATES. 

value,  111.570,114;  cotton    poods,  including  small   wares,  114,899,291; 

value,  w;,!t:«  i, 7f><>;  capital,  Iron  and  steel  Industries,  #19,971  JOB?  pro-hut-, 
s21.:mi. i\W;  rubber  goods,  hard  and  soft,  #6,078,155,  Value,  #8,458,274: 
leather, #9,906,119, Yalue #13,747,155;  value  of  oil  refined,  ranking  second 
#29,649,460;  shoes,  #3,158,266,  value  #6,978,043.  Dyeing  and  finishing 
textiles,  #11,600,695;  value  $10,488,963.  In  1900 ranked  third  clay-working 
State.  Number  of  operating  firms  reporting,  149;  value  of  product, 
#10,786,678.  Common  brick.  894,654,000,  value,  $1,809,806;  pressed  and 
colored  brick,  37,825,000,  value  #609,819.  Value  of  pottery  produced, 
#5,070,566;  drain  tile.  $27,660.  Hanks  second  in  production  of  Portland 
cement;  output,  1899,  892.167  harrels,  value  #1,338.250.  Number  of 
tobacco  factories,  1900,  12  ;  cigar  factories,  486;  combined  output, 
calendar  year,  lln.285.085  cigars,  962,090  cigarettes,  6,068.400  pounds  of 
plug  tobacco,  4,313,628  pounds  line  cut,  7,925,606  pounds  of  smoking, 
and  4,182,573  pounds  of  snuff.  Output  of  pig  iron,  1900,  150,002  long 
tons,  value  #2,521.066. 

Minerals  abundant;  iron  and  zinc  ores,  green  sand,  glass  sand, 
fire  and  pottery  clays  worked.  In  1900  State  ranked  third  in  pro- 
duction of  magnetite  iron;  total  iron  output,  34-1.247  long  tons,  value, 
$956,711.  Output  manganiferous  zinc  residuum,  87.110  long  tons,  value, 
$34,844.  Value  of  granite  output,  $1,170,555;  of  this, $828,621  represents 
value  of  trap  rock.  Total  value  of  limestone,  #170.006;  sandstone, 
$198,234.  Production  of  raw  clay,  #467,881.  Mineral  springs  reporting,  9; 
product.  525.500  gallons,  value  of  waters,  $207,135. 

Population.— State  ranked  ninth  in  population  in  1790.  nineteenth 
In  1850,  twenty-first  in  1860,  eighteenth  in  1890,  and  sixteenth  in  1900. 
Total  population,  1790.  184.139;  1850,  489,555;  1860,  672.035;  1890,1,444,938. 
Population,  1900,  1,883.669.  Classification:  Male,  941,760,  female,  941,909; 
native,  1,451,785;  foreign, 431.884;  white,  1,812,317;  colored,  71,352;  Afri- 
cans, 69,844;  Chinese,  1,393;  Japanese, 52;  Indians, 63. 

Cities.— Newark,  metropolis,  important  railway  and  manufactur- 
ing center;  port  for  foreign  and  coasting  trade;  population,  census  of 
1900,246,070.  Jersey  City,  second  insize;terminusof  railway  andsteam- 
ship  lines;  hasfjlarge  tobacco  manufactories;  population, 206.433.  Pater- 
son,  "Lyons  of  America,"  third;  noted  for  manufactures  of  silk;  other 
prominent  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  iron,  steel,  and 
foundry  and  machine  shop  products;  population,  105,171.  Camden, 
flourishing  centerof  manufactures  and  shipbuilding;  population.  75,935. 
Trenton,  capital;  leading  industry,  manufacture  of  Iron  and  steel;  has 
extensive  rolling  and  woolen  mills,  iron  and  tool  works,  and  rubber  and 
chain  factories;  population,  73,307.    Hoboken,  59,364. 

Railways.— State  had  99  miles  of  road  in  1835;  186, 1840;  560, 1860; 
1,125, 1870;  1*684,  1880;  2.099, 1890;  January.  1901,  2,242.  Number  of  miles 
of  railway  to  each  36  square  miles  of  territory,  10.33;  number  of  miles 
to  each  10,000  inhabitants,  11.89. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899,  322.575;  total  expen- 
diture, $6,918,319;  school  age,  5-20;  compulsory  school  age,  7-15;  text- 
books furnished.  Public  high  schools,  1899-1900,96;  private  secondary 
schools,  74.  Princeton  University— opened  at  Elizahethtown.  1746— 
Princeton;  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  Seton  Hall  College, 
South  Orange;  Bordentown  Female  College,  at  Bordentown;  Normal 
Schools,  Newark,  Paterson,  and  Trenton.  Industrial  School  for  Girls, 
Trenton.  Baron  de  Hirsch  Agricultural  and  Industrial  School,  Wood- 
bine, opened,  1894. 

Political.— State  elections  annual.  State,  congressional, and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  of 
Senators,  21;  Representatives,  60;  sessions,  annual,  meeting,  second 
Tuesday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  none;  term  of  Senators,  3  years; 
Representatives,  1  year.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  10.  Term  of  Gov- 
ernor^ years;  salary, #10,000  annually  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens, 
residents  of  State,  1  year,  county,  5  months;  registration  required. 
Official  ballot  in  envelope,  each  party  having  a  ticket.  Paupers, 
Idiots,  insane,  and  convicts  excluded.    Limited  woman  suffrage. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  12  and  22,  May  30,  July  4, 
first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving.  De- 
cember 25,  and  every  Saturday  afternoon. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments.  20  years;  mortgage  notes, 
sealedcontracts,  16;  contracts  not  under  seal.  6;  notes  and  open  accounts, 
6 years;  redemption  of  tax  sales.  1  year.    Legal  interest  rate,  6  per  cent. 


V 


WEST  VIRGINIA.  55 

WEST  VIRGINIA.  JJEffiT^-i*.- 

Historical.— State  formed  from  western  and  northwestern  parts 
of  Virginia,  which  rejected  the  ordinance  of  secession  of  April  17,1861. 
Representatives  from  forty  counties,  repudiating  ordinance,  met  In 
convention  at  "Wheeling., June  11,  and  organized  a  State  Government. 
Provision  made  for  a  new  State  to  be  called  Kanawha.  Constitutional 
convention  met  at  Wheeling,  Nov.  24.  N  ame  of  proposed  State  changed 
to  West  Virginia,  Dee.  3.  Constitution  ratified  by  people.  May  3.  1862; 
consent  of  legislature  given  for  formation  of  new  State.  May,  13.  West 
Virginia  admitted  into  the  Union,  June  20,  1863.  Seat  of  government 
at  Wheeling  until  April,  1ST0;  Charleston  until  1875;  "Wheeling  until  1885 
when  Charleston  again  became  the  capital. 

Area.— Total  area,  24.780  square  miles;  land,  24,645;  water,  135;  ex- 
treme length ,  240  miles ;  breadth,  160.    Counties,  55. 

Physical  Features.— Surf  ace  largely  mountainous  or  hilly;  State 
traversed  by  numerous  parallel  ranges  of  Appalachian  system;  great- 
est altitude,  Spruce  Mountain,  4.860  feet.  Country  slopes  westward  to 
Ohio  River  which  forms  navigable  boundary  for  300  miles;  with  excep- 
tion of  Potomac,  forming  part  of  boundary  between  the  State  and 
Maryland,  and  its  affluents,  rivers  all  tributary  to  Ohio.  The  numer- 
ous streams  furnish  valuable  water  power  and  some  inland  navigation. 
State  famed  for  beauty  and  grandeur  of  its  mountain  scenery  and  val- 
uable mineral  springs. 

Forests.— Total  wooded  area,  18,400  square  miles;  comprises  about 
73  per  cent  of  land  area.  Timber  noted  for  its  magnificent  size,  excel- 
lent quality,  and  great  variety,  especially  of  hardwoods.  Chief  among 
hardwoods  are  oaks,  black  walnut  and  cherrv,  oaks  most  plentiful, 
covering  about  one-third  of  total  area.  Forests  of  white  pine  and 
spruce  on  mountain  ranges.  Timber  cut,  1900.  780,453,000  feet  B.  M.; 
sawed  lumber  produced.  773.161.000  feet  B.  M.;  hardwood,  570,208,- 
000  feet  Cs7.2o7.623i;  oak,  a54,443,000  feet.  Besides  timber,  forest  prod- 
.  ucts  include  sumach,  tanner's  bark,  charcoal,  and  valuable  medicinal 
'  plants. 

Climate  agreeable  and  healthful  without  great  extremes.  Winters 
generally  short  and  not  severe;  summers  long;  heat  of  valleys  modi- 
fied by  general  elevation  of  surface.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Parkers- 
burg,  42.0  inches  ;  mean  annual  temperature,  53.9  deg. ;  highest,  99  deg.; 
lowest,  11  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Agricultural  resources  extensive.  State  contains 
large  areas  of  arable  land.  Corn  the  leading  crop  of  the  State,  hay, 
etc.,  next  in  value.  Tobacco  an  important  crop;  large  areas  especially 
adapted  to  the  culture.  Grapes,  apples  of  superior  quality,  peaches, 
pears,  plums,  and  all  small  fruits  do  well.  In  1900  farms  occupied  10,- 
654.513  acres;  area  under  improvement  5.498,981  acres;  value  of  prod- 
ucts about  844.800.000.  Yield  and  value  of  farm  products,  1900:  Corn 
19.299.708  bushels,  value.  89.649.854;  wheat.  4,452,8!»5  bushels,  s3,428.729; 
oats,  2.768.451  bushels.  $941,273:  rve.  127.796  bushels.  881,789;  white  pota- 
toes, 3.029.120 bushels.  *1.544,S51;  hav  547 .600  tons.  s7.337.840;  buckwheat. 
223.953  bushels,  8125.416;  tobacco.  1899.  3.087.140  pounds,  value  8228,620. 

Farm  Animals.— Live  stock  interests  extensive;  State  particu- 
larly adapted  to  stock  raising,  especially  to  the  raising  of  sheep. 
Finest  grazing  region  in  the  valley  of  the  Kanawha  River.  Blue  grass 
indigenous  in  many  counties,  other  natural  grasses  cover  hill  and 
mountain  slopes.  Number  of  mules,  asses,  and  burros,  i9oO.  ll,470,value, 
8740.368;  cattle,  639.782.  value.  8!4.05S.427:  sheep.  963.843,  value.  82.664.556; 
hogs.  442,844,  value,  si .389.808.  Wool  noted  for  its  superior  quality; 
wool  clip,  19ul.  2.326.500  pounds.    Dairy  interests  advancing  rapidly. 

Manufactures.  —  Abundant  water-power,  timber,  and  minerals 
afford  excellent  natural  advantages  for  manufacturing  industries. 
Manufactures  include  iron  and  steel  products,  glass,  pottery,  leather, 
cotton  and  woolen  goods,  lumber,  tobacco,  wagons  and  carriages, 
canned  goods,  etc.  In  July,  1900.  State  had  23  cotton  looms.  296  woolen 
looms,  and  472  wool  knitting  machines.  In  1898.  woolen  industry  gave 
employment  to  5,000  people.  Output  of  pig  iron.  1901. 166.597  gross  tons; 
total  value  of  iron  and  steel  products.  1900,  was  116.514,212.  State  ranks 
second  in  production  of  coke;  coking  coal  among  the  most  valuable  i 
the  world;  product,  1900,  2,358,499  short  tons,  value  14,746,688;  establish 


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58      ;  UNITED  STATES. 

ments,  106;  ovens,  10,249;  coal  used  for  coke,  3,868,840  short  tons.  Value 
of  all  clay  products,  1900,  $1,451,239;  operating  firms  reporting,  55.  Num- 
ber of  common  and  pressed  brick  made,  105,370,000,  value $725, 658,  vitri- 
fied, 53,492,1  NO,  value  1474,880!  value  of  pottery,  1631341.  Number  of 
tobacco  manufactories,  1900,4;  cigar,  72;  output.  90,181,934  cigars  and 
4,185,504  pounds  of  manufactured  tobacco,  chlellv  smoking, 

Minerals.— Coal,  excellent  and  abundant.  Area  of  deposits,  16,000 
square  miles.  State  ranks  third  In  production.  Most  Important  fields 
Fairmont  and  Elk  Garden  In  northern  and  Pocahontas  and  New  and 
Kanawha  River  fields  in  southern  part  of  State.  Coal  output,  1900, 
22,647,207  short  tons,  value,  S1S.410.S71;  number  of  mines,  265;  employes, 
29,163.  Oil  fields  vast  and  rich.  State  ranks  second  in  country.  Man- 
nlngton,  Slstersville,  Tyler  and  Wetzel,  and  Pleasants  fields  are  most 
important.  Total  output,  1900,  16,11)5,675  barrels,  value,  $21,922,702, 
Production  has  increased  over  500  per  cent  since  1891.  State  ranks 
third  In  production  of  naturalgas.  Chief  producing  counties,  Wetzel, 
Marion,  Monongalia,  Harrison.  Wells  producing,  close  of  1900.  420; 
value  of  output,  82.959 ,032;  increase  in  value  as  compared  with  1899,26 
percent.  Valuable  deposits  of  iron  ores,  limestone,  and  sandstone; 
sandstone  used  largely  for  building  purposes.  Value  of  limestone, 
1900,  853,701;  sandstone,  value,  865,615.  Salt  springs  in  valleys  of  Ohio 
and  Kanawha  rivers.  Output  of  salt,  1900, 243,873  barrels,  value,  8118.407. 
Total  number  of  mineral  springs,  8;  value  of  waters,  810.723.  Black  mar- 
ble, glass  sand,  valuable  clays,  saltpeter,  ochre,  and  bromine  found. 

Population.— State  ranked  twenty-seventh  in  1870,  twenty-ninth  in 
1880;  twenty-eighth  in  1890  and  1900.  Total  population  1870,  442,014;  1880, 
618,457-,  1890,762,794;  1900,  958,800.  Classification:  Male,  499.242;  female, 
459,558;  native,  936,349;  foreign,  22.451;  white,  915,233;  colored,  43,567; 
Africans,  43,499;  Chinese,  56;  Indians,  12. 

Cities.—  Wheeling, metropolis  and  former  capital,  settled  1774;  lead- 
ing industrial  and  commercial  center  of  State;  noted  for  its  nail  facto- 
ries and  has  large  tobacco  works,  blast-furnaces,  and  breweries;  popu- 
lation, 1900,  38,878.  Huntington,  second  city  in  size,  has  petroleum 
refineries  and  manufactures;  lumber  interests  extensive;  population, 
11,923.  Parker sbur a,  center  of  petroleum  industry;  has  oil  refineries, 
iron  foundries,  lumber  mills,  and  machine  shops,  population.  11,703. 
Charleston,  capital,  center  of  rich  agricultural  district  and  outlet  for 
an  important  mining  territory;  population,  11,099. 

Railways.— Mileage,  1850;  97;  1860,  352;  1870,  576;  1880,  691;  1891, 1,547; 
June,  1896,  2,063.70;  January  1901,  2,456;  number  of  miles  to  each  thirty- 
six  square  miles  3.57. 

"Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  322,390;  in  1898-99 
was 236,188;  average  daily  attendance,  151,254;  teachers,  7,179.  Total 
expenditure,  $3,215,321;  teachers'  salaries,  81.213.491.  School  age,  6-21; 
compulsory  school  age,  8-14;  number  of  public  high  schools,  32;  secon- 
dary students,  1,955;  elementary,  112.  Private  secondary  schools,  13, 
secondary  students,  965;  elementary,  581.  West  Virginia  University, 
Morgan  town,  opened  1868.  Bethany  College,  Bethany;  Barboursville 
College,  Barboursville.  Public  normal  schools,  Athens,  Fairmont, 
Institute  (colored*,  Glenville,  West  Liberty,  Huntington,  and  Shep- 
herdstown.  Private  normal  schools, Harpers  Ferry  and  Summersville. 
School  for  Deaf  and  Blind,  Romnev;  Reform  School,  Pruntytown; 
Bluefield  Colored  Institute,  Bluefield. 

Political.— State  elections  quadrennial.  Congressional  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number 
of  Senators, 30;  Representatives,  86;  sessions,  biennial;  meets  second 
Wednesday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  45  days;  term  of  Senators.  4 
years;  Representatives,  2  years,  dumber  of  electoral  votes,  7.  Term 
of  Governor,  4  years;  salary  $2,700.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens, 
residents  of  State  1  year,  county,  60  days;  registration  prohibited. 
Lunatics,  paupers,  Idiots,  convicts,  bribers,  United  States  soldiers  and 
sailors  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  andDecem- 
ber  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  10  years;  open  ac- 
counts^; notes,  10;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  one  year:  sales  in  alternate 
years.    Legal  interest  rate,  6  per  cent . 


V 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA-VIRGINIA.       59 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Named  in  honor  of  Christopher  Columbus. 

Historical.— Federal  District  and  seat  of  national  capital  of  United 
States.  In  1738-89  Maryland  and  Virginia  ceded  100  square  miles  for  seat 
of  National  Congress;  territory  south  of  Potomac  retroceded  to  Vir- 
ginia 1S46.  Washington  laid  out  1791;  became  seat  of  government  i800; 
incorporated  1802.  Territorial  government  with  elective  institutions 
existed  1871-4.  Government  by  commissioners  under  congress  substi- 
tuted 1878.    The  three  commissioners  are  appointed  by  the  President. 

Area.— Total  area,  70  square  miles;  land,  60;  water,  10;  greatest 
breadth.  9  miles;  length,  10. 

Climate.— Generally  healthful  throughout  the  District.  Summers 
extremely  warm,  winters  in  general  mild,  though  subject  to  exceptional 
severity  of  cold.  Mean  temperature,  spring,  52  deg.;  summer,  75  deg  , 
autumn,  57  deg.;  winter,  31  deg.;  for  the  year,  54  5  deg.;  highest,  104 
deg.;  lowest,  14  deg.  below      Mean  annual  rainfall,  43  3  inches. 

Population.— Total  population,  1800, 14.093;  1890,  230,392;  1900,278,- 
718.  Male.  132.004;  female.  146.714;  native.  258.599;  foreign.  20,119; 
white.  191.532;  colored,  87,186— Africans,  86,702;  Chinese,  455;  Japanese. 
7;  Indians.  22. 

Washington.— Capital  of  United  States.on  Potomac  River,  at  head 
of  navigation.  Site  for  capital  chosen  1790.  City  contains  many  hand- 
some buildings;  among  the  most  notable  are  various  government 
buildings.  National  Museum  and  Smithsonian  Institution.  Seat  of 
United  States  Naval  Observatory.  Population.  1900  (old  limits),  218,196. 
Georgetown,  now  called  West  Washington,  founded  1751;  incorporated 
as  a  citv  1789:  incorporated  with  Washington  1878;  pop.,  1900,  14,549. 

Educational.  —Public  school  enrollment.  1899-19U0,  46.519;  white, 
31.261;  colored.  15.25S;  expenditure.  *  1.228, 133.  School  age,  6-17;  com- 
pulsory school  age,  8-14.  Educational  institutions  include  Georgetown 
Univ..  Columbian  Univ..  American  Cniv.. Catholic  Univ  of  America. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1.  February  22,  Inauguration  Day. 
July  4,  Thanksgiving.  December  25.  and  Saturday  afternoons. 

Legal.— Legal  rate  of  interest  6  per  cent ;  by  contract,  10.  Statutes 
of  limitation  Judgments,  specialties,  12  years;  contract  debts,  3  years. 

VIRGINIA.  «oid  Dominion. » 
Named  in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England.  "Virgin  Queen." 
Historical.— Tenth  of  the  thirteen  original  States  to  enter  Union. 
Federal  Constitution  ratified  June,  1788.  Oldest  successful  English 
colony;  settled  by  105  colonists  at  Jamestown  1607.  Slavery  intro- 
duced 1619.  Became  a  Crown  colony  1624.  Jamestown  first  seat  of 
government;  Williamsburg  became  the  capital  1700.  Richmond  founded 
1737;  became  capital  1779.  State  bore  an  active  part  in  the  Revolution; 
scene  of  closing  event — capture  of  Torktown  and  Cornwallis,  October 
19, 1781.  Seceded  April  17,  1861.  One  of  chief  seats  of  Civil  War;  final 
battle  of  war  occurred  at  Appomattox,  April  8. 1865.  State  Constitution 
adopted  June  29, 1776;  remained  in  force  until  1830;  present  Constitution 
adopted  1869. 

Area.— Total  area,  42,450  square  miles;  land,  40,125;  water,  2,325;  dis- 
tance east  to  west,  476  miles;  north  to  south,  192.    Counties,  100. 

Physical  Features.— State  level  and  swampy  in  southeast;  trav- 
ersed from  northeast  to  southwest  by  Blue  Ridge  and  other  ranges  of 
Appalachian  mountains;  highest  elevation,  Rogers  Mountain.  5,719  ft 
Borders  Atlantic  Ocean  110  miles;  tidal  frontage  1,500  to  2,000  miles. 
Principal  rivers,  Potomac,  Rappahannock,  York, and  James.  State  famed 
for  its  mountain  resorts  and  numerous  medicinal  springs  of  high  renute. 
Climate,  owing  to  diversified  surface,  varying.  Mountainous 
sections,  short,  severe  winters,  long,  delightfully  cool  summers;  tide- 
water country,  mild  winters  with  less  healthful  summers  and  autumns. 
Mean  annual  rainfall,  Lvnchburg,  42.8  inches;  mean  annual  temperature, 
57.3  deg.;  highest,  102  deg.;  lowest,  6  deg.  below. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— State  is  rich  in  agricultural  resources.  Total 
value  of  farm  property,  1900.  8323.515,977.  Principal  crop,  corn.  In  1900 
State  ranked  third  in  tobacco;  leads  in  production  of  peanuts;  fruits 
and  vegetables  largely  produced.    Productions  and  value,  1900;  Corn, 


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62 UNITED  STATES. 

28,183,760  bushels,  value  $13,810,042;  wheat,  9.421,932  bushels,  $6,7X3.791 ; 
oats,  5,167,568  bushels,  $1,912,000;  li ay,  5(17,878 acres, 689,183  tons, $7,835,469; 
potatoes,  38,341  acres,  yield  2,223.778  bushels, $1,312,029  Total  acreage 
under  cotton,  1899.  85,302,  yield  8,007  bales,  value  $293,669;  tobacco,  184,- 
a34  acres,  122,884,900  pounds,  value  $7,210,195  West  of  Piedmont  Belt 
State  well  watered  and  wooded,  affording  fine  pasturage,  number 
of  farm  animals,  June,  1900,  was  2,816,597,  value.  $39.*31, 552;  wool  clip, 
1901,  1,760,000  pounds.  Tide  waters  of  Virginia  afford  3,000  miles  of 
fishing  shores.  Crabbing  industry  on  east  shore  yields  over  $60,000 
annually.  State  has  204,000  acres  of  natural  oyster  beds  Total  value 
of  fishery  products,  1897,  $3,179,498;  oysters..  $2,041.6X3,  shad.  $304,448. 

Ma  mi  t"ac  III  res.-  Growing  rapidly  in  Importance  Chief  products 
are.  Tobacco,  flour,  lumber,  iron  and  steel,  cars,  leather,  fertilizers, 
and  textiles  Three  silk  factories.  Ranks  fourth  in  chewing  and 
smoking  tobacco.  In  1900,69  tobacco  plants  gave  employment  to  6,061, 
product  valued  at  $10,707,766.  or  one-twelfth  of  total  value  of  products 
of  State.  Cigars,  1900. 334,169,520;  cigarettes.  742,933.030;  pounds  smoking 
tobacco,  5,449,754;  plug,  2o.Slo.152.  Value  brick  and  tile  manufactured 
was  $1,302,085;  pottery,  $3,110.  Ranks  fourth  In  manufacture  of  coke; 
product,  685,156  short  tons,  value  $1,464,556.  Pig  iron.  428.117  long  tons. 
Distilled  spirits,  1900-01,  248.479  gallons;  fermented  liquor,  146,535  barrels. 
Manufactured  ice,  1900,  118,240  tons,  $417,052. 

Minerals.— Among  the  foremost  Srates  in  wealth  and  variety  of 
mineral  resources.  Coal  and  iron  lead  in  importance.  First  reported 
discovery  of  coal  1701,  first  systematic  mining  in  United  States  In 
Richmond  Basin,  output,  1822,  48,214  long  tons.  Coal  area,  2,000  square 
miles.  Output,  1900,  2.393.754  tons,  value  $2,123,222.  Output  of  iron  ore, 
921,821  long  tons— 918,157  tons  brown  hematite.  Salt,  copper,  gold,  lead, 
zinc,  and  tin  mined  to  some  extent.  Extensive  deposits  of  granite,  lime- 
stone, sandstone,  marbles,  and  roofing  slate.  Gray  granite  of  Virginia 
famed  for  its  beauty  and  excellence.  Value  of  slate  quarried.  1900, 
$190,211;  roofing  slate*.  $56,365;  limestone,  $403,318,  granite.  $211,080. 

Population. -Ranked  first  in  1790,  1800.  1810:  fourth  in  1840,  1850; 
seventeenth  in  1900.  Total  population  in  1790,  747.610;  1840,  1,239.797; 
1890, 1,655,980;  1900,  1,854,184.  Male,  925,897;  female,  928.287;  native.  1.834,- 
723;  foreign,  19,461;  white,  1,192,855,  colored,  661,329,  Africans,  660,722; 
Chinese, 243;  Japanese,  10;  Indians,  354. 

Cities.— Richmond,  capital  and  metropolis,  a  chief  commercial  and 
manufacturing  center  of  South;  population.  1900.  85.050  Norfolk,  cen- 
ter of  State's  foreign  commerce;  port  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth  an 
Important  naval  station;  population,  46,624.  Petersburg,  center  for 
manufacture  and  export  of  tobacco;  population,  21,810.  fioanokc,  Im- 
portant manufacturing  city;  population,  21.495.  Xeicport  News,  a 
flourishing  seaport  on  Hampton  Roads;  population,  19,635.  Lynchburg 
has  numerous  industries;  large  trade  in  tobacco;  population,  18,891 

Railways.— First— Petersburg  to  Weldon,  N.  C— chartered  1830. 
Number  miles  in  operation,  1835,  93;  1840,  147;  1850,384;  1855,912;  1860, 
1,379;  1870,1,486;  1880.1.893,  1885,2,692;  1890.3.367;  July,  1900.  3.779.15 

Educational.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900.358.825,  white, 
241,696;  colored,  117,129;  expenditures,  $1,971,264;  text-books  furnished; 
school  age,  5-21.  Educational  institutions:  University  of  Virginia  near 
Charlottesville;  Washington  and  Lee  University.  Lexington,  "William 
and  Mary  College,  Williamsburg,  opened  1693;  Virginia  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College.  Blacksburg;  normal  schools  at  Farmville 
(white),  Hampton,  and  Petersburg  (colored). 

Political.— State  elections,  quadrennial;  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  num- 
ber of  Senators,  40;  Representatives,  100;  sessions,  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years;  meets  first  Wednesday  in  December;  limit  of  session, 
90  days,  unless  extended  by  special  vote;  term  of  Senators,  4  years;  Rep- 
resentatives, 2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  12.  Voters  must  be 
actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  county  and  town,  3  months; 
registration  required.  Lunatics,  idiots,  convicts,  duelists  and  abbet- 
tors,  unless  pardoned  by  Legislature,  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1  and  19,  February  22,  July  4,  first  Mon- 
day in  September,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  Saturdav  afternoons. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Bond  contract  under  seal,  10  years; 
written  contract,  5;  merchants'  accounts,  2;  other  contracts,  3;  redemp- 
tion of  tax  sales,  no  limit.    Legal  interest  rate,  6  per  cent. 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  63 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  "?$£1&%&" 

Named  In  honor  of  Charles  I  of  England. 

Historical.— Twelfth  of  the  thirteen  original  States  to  enter  the 
Union:  National  Constitution  adopted,  November  21,  1789.  Attempts  to 
colonize  made  by  Raleigh,  158-1-7.  Albemarle,  first  permanent  settle- 
ment, founded  1653.  Clarendon  Colony,  real  foundation  of  State,  estab- 
lished 1665.  "Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence"  adopted 
Mav  20,  1775.  First  State  Constitution  1776.  Scene  of  various  battles 
of  the  Revolution,  1780-1,  and  engagements  and  military  operations  of 
Civil  War.    Seceded  May  21,  1861.     Readmitted,  July,  1868. 

Area,  52,250  square  miles;  land,  48,580;  water,  3,670;  extreme  length, 
east  to  west,  503  miles;  extreme  breadth.  1ST.     Counties,  97. 

Physical  Featares.—  Surface  mountainous  (Blue  Ridge)  and 
tableland  in  west;  hilly  and  undulating  in  center;  generally  level  in 
east  and  southeast.  Greatest  altitude,  Mt.  Mitchell,  6,711  feet.  Atlantic 
coast  line  about  300  miles.  Roanoke,  Cape  Fear,  Neuse,  and  Chowan 
rivers  are  navigable. 

Climate  of  middle  regions  warm,  equable,  and  healthful;  mountain- 
ous, cooler  and  subject  to  greater  extremes ;  lowlands,  sub-tropical, 
humid,  and  malarial.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Raleigh,  55.5  inches; 
mean  temperature,  59.3  deg.;  highest,  103  deg.;  lowest,  2  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Cotton  largely  cultivated:  tobacco,  corn,  and  hemp 
in  central  sections;  rice  in  southeast.  Sweet  potatoes  and  all  kinds  of 
fruit  thrive.  State  second  in  tobacco;  yield,  1900,  127.503,400  pounds. 
Corn,  1900.  29,790,180  bushels;  wheat,  5,960.803  bushels;  oats,  5.046.117 
bushels;  hay.  176,680 tons;  potatoes,  1,063.474  bushels;  cotton  product, 
1900, 509.341  bales.  Value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900, 828,242,147.  Wool 
clip,  1901.  930.750  pounds. 

Manufactures.-In  1900  there  were  177  cotton  mills,  employing 
30.273  hands;  value  of  product,  828.372,798.  State  has  3  silk  factories. 
State  third  in  value  of  chewing  and  smoking  tobacco;  output,  1900, 
24.144.270  pounds  of  plug  tobacco,  17,239.357  pounds  of  smoking  tobacco, 
17.37U.S74  cigars.  649.314,810  cigarettes.  Value  of  hrick  and  tile,  8797.112; 
pottery,  $18,863.  Sawed  lumber.  19oo,  1.286.638.0(10  feet ;  shingles,  212,467.- 
000.  value  8513,320.    Distilled  spirits,  1900-01,  760.437  gallons. 

Minerals.— Gold,  mica,  coal,  copper,  nickel,  iron,  and  lead  exist. 
Value  of  gold  product.  821500.  Bituminous  coal  mined,  1900.  17.7:34  short 
tons,  value  823,447.  Phosphate  rock,  1899,  440  long  tons;  granite,  1900, 
r257.962;  sandstone.  827,216. 

Population.— 1790.  393.751;  1890,  1,617,947;  1900,  1,893,810.  Male, 
938,677;  female.  955.133-  native.  1,889.318;  foreign.  4,492;  white,  1,263,603; 
colored.  630,207;  Africans,  624.469;  Chinese.  51;  Indians,  5,687. 

Cities.—  Wilmington,  metropolis  and  chief  seaport;  exports  naval 
stores,  lumber,  and  cotton;  population,  1900,  20,976.  Raleigh,  capital; 
has  important  trade  in  cotton  and  manufactures;  population.  13,643. 
Charlotte,  settled  in  1756;  flourishing  center  of  manufactures;  popula- 
tion, 18.091.  Asheville,  famous  as  a  well-known  health  resort;  popu- 
lation, 14,694. 

Railways.— State  had  in  1840,  53  miles;  1850,  384;  1860,  937;  1870, 
1,178;  1880.  1,486;  1«>90,  3,128.  July,  1901.  3.851.94. 

Education. -Public  school  enrollment.  1899-1900,  400,452:  whites, 
142.413;  colored,  64.505,  school  age. 6-21;  expenditure. 8931.143.  Six  State 
Normal  Schools  and  15  colleges,  including  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, North  Carolina  College,  Trinity  College,  Biddle  University, 
Davidson  College. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial;  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections  first  Thursday  in  August.  Senators,  50;  Representa- 
tives, 120;  term,  2  years;  sessions,  biennial.  Electoral  votes,  12.  Voters 
must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  county  90  days; 
registration  required.    Convicts,  Idioi  s,  and  insane  excluded. 

Legal  Holiday**.— January  1  and  19,  February  22,  May  10  and  20, 
July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving,  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  sealed  instruments, 
foreclosure  of  mortgage,  10  years;  contracts,  personal  actions,  3. 
Redemption  of  tax  sales— purchaser  can  demand  deed  1  year  after  sale; 
action  to  recover  land  must  be  brought  within  3  years  from  date  of 
sheriff's  sale.    Legal  Interest,  6  per  cent. 


64 


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66  UNITED  STATES. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  Bjfi2K8S> 

Named  in  honor  of  Charles  I  of  England 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  ratified  National 
Constitution  1788.  First  attempted  settlement  made  hy  French  Hugue- 
nots at  Port,  Royal  1562.  Earliest  permanent  settlement  made  hy 
English  in  1670;  Charleston  founded  1679-80.  Separated  from  North 
Carolina  1700;  became  a  royal  colony  1729.  First  State  Constitution, 
1776.  Scene  of  various  battles  and  military  operations  during  Revolu- 
tion and  Civil  War.    Present  Constitution  adopted  1896 ;  amended,  1901. 

Area.— Total  area,  30.570  square  miles;  land.  30,170;  water,  400;  aver- 
age length,  189  miles,  breadth,  160.     Counties,  41. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  mountainous  in  the  northwest; 
hilly  and  undulating  in  interior;  level  near  the  coast.  Atlantic  coast 
line,  200  miles.    Principal  harbors  Charleston  and  Port  Royal. 

Climate,  mild  and  genial;  sand  hill  belt  dry  and  equable;  Interior 
healthful;  rice  swamps  malarious;  mountain  region  exceptionable. 
Mean  annual  rainfall,  Charleston,  56.7  inches;  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture, 66.3  deg.;  highest,  104  deg.;  lowest,   7  deg.  above. 

Agriculture.— Products  include  cotton,  rice,  corn,  potatoes, 
tobacco,  fruit,  and  early  vegetables.  Sea  Islands  produce  superior  cot- 
ton. Figs  and  pomegranates  flourish  in  lower  counties;  peaches  and 
grapes  everywhere;  climate  adapted  to  ellk  culture  and  tea.  Rice, 
1899,  47,360,128  pounds,  $1,366,528.  Corn,  1900,  13,129,127  bushels,  value 
88,402,648;  wheat,  2,142,828  bushels,  82,164,256;  oats,  4,023,149  bushels, 
81,931,112,  hay,  145,798  acres,  192,453  tons,  §2,213,210;  potatoes,  335.946  bu., 
8335,946.  Cotton  area  exceeds  2,000,000  acres;  yield,  1900,  357.318.760 
pounds,  value  $32,515,054.  Value  of  farm  animals, $19,167,229.  Wool  clip, 
1901,  239,097  pounds. 

Manufactures  rapidly  increasing  in  importance,  particularly 
cotton;  aggregate  capital  of  mills,  1900.  $39,258,946;  value  of  output, 
$29,723,919;  number  of  mills,  80;  employes,  30,200;  wages.  $5,066,840.  Value 
of  brick  and  tile  manufactured  in  1900,  8573,438.  Lumber  mills,  729; 
value  of  products  $5,207,184.  Distilled  spirits,  1900-01,  142.007  gallons. 
Rice  hulling,  leather  tanning,  and  manufacture  of  phosphate  ferti- 
lizers important  pursuits 

Mines.  — In  the  southwest  are  immense  beds  of  finest  porcelain 
clay  with  large  deposits  of  glass  sand.  State  ranks  second  in  produc- 
tion and  value  of  phosphate  rock;  output  of  mines,  1900,  329,173  tons, 
lowest  in  many  years ,  total  value  $1,041,970.  Value  of  limestone,  $38,415; 
granite,  8500,802.    Coining  value  of  gold  mined,  $121,000. 

Population.-1790. 249,073;  1890,1,151,149;  1900,1,340,316.  Male, 664,895; 
female,  675,421;  native,  1,334,788;  foreign,  5.528;  white,  557,807;  colored, 
782,509;  Africans, 782,321;  Chinese,  67;  Indians,  121. 

Cities.  —  Charleston,  metropolis  and  one  of  chief  commercial 
centers  of  South;  numerous  fertilizer  manufactories  and  rice  mills, 
exports  cotton,  lumber,  rice,  tar,  etc.;  population, census  of  1900,  55,807. 
Columbia,  capital,  founded  1790;  seat  of  University  of  South  Carolina, 
opened  1805;  population,  1900,  21,108.  Greenville,  most  important 
point  in  northwestern  section;  population,  11,860. 

Railways.— Miles  in  operation,  1S35  and  1840,  137;  1850,  289;  1860, 
973;  1870,1,139;  1880,1,486;  1890,2,296;  July.  1900.  2,817.93. 

Educational. —  Present  school  system  organized  1868.  Public 
school  enrollment,  1900,  281,981;  colored,  110,947;  school  age.  6-21;  ex- 
penditure, $894,004.  South  Carolina  College  is  the  State  institution  of 
higher  learning     Public  Normal  Schools  at  Rockhill 

Political.— Number  of  Senators,  41.  Representatives.  124:  term  of 
Senators,  4  years;  Representatives, 2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 
9.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  2  years,  of  county 
1  year,  town  and  precinct  4  months;  registration  required. 

Legal  Holidays.—  January  1,  February  22.  May  10  or  Memorial 
day,  June  3,  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day. 
Thanksgiving,  December  25  and  two  succeeding  days. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments  and  sealed  instruments, 
20years;  recovery  real  property,  10;  contracts  not  under  seal, 6;  open 
accounts,  6;  notes,  6;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  6  months.  Legal  interest 
rate,  7  per  cent,  by  contract,  8. 


GEORGIA.  67 


GEORGIA,  ^jea 


8 


Cracker  State." 

Named  in  honor  of  George  II  of  England. 

Historical.— One  of  the  thirteen  original  States;  last  settled,  but 
fourth  in  point  of  time  to  ratify  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
Settled  by  English  colonists  under  Oglethorpe;  first  permanent  settle- 
ment made  at  Savannah  February  1,  1733;  became  a  Royal  Province 
1752.  First  State  Constitution  adopted  February  5,  17n;  others,  1785, 
1865,  1368,  and  1877.  Adopted  and  ratified  the  National  Constitution 
1783.  State  seceded  Januarv,  1361;  readmitted  December,  1870.  Popu- 
larly designated  the  Empire  State  of  the  South. 

Area.— Total  area,  59,475  square  miles;  land,  58,930  square  miles  or 
37,747,200  acres;  water,  495  sq.  miles;  extreme  length  north  to  south, 
320 miles,  breadth, 256,  contains  137  counties. 

Physical  Features.— State  naturally  divided  into  Upper  Geor- 

'a,  traversed  by  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  —  highest  altitude,  lit.  Enota, 
,,798  feet;  Middle  Georgia,  surface  hilly  and  undulating;  and  Lower 
Georgia  —  much  the  larger  part  of  the  State  —  level.  Numerous  navi- 
gable rivers  furnish  over  1,500  miles  of  inland  navigation;  Savannah 
and  Chattahoochee  most  important.  The  many  falls  and  rapids  afford 
abundant  water  power.  Atlantic  coast  line  128  miles,  with  bordering 
Islands  and  sounds,  480  miles.  Upper  Georgia  is  celebrated  for  its  fine 
mountain  scenery  and  numerous  beautiful  cascades. 

Climate,  varying.  Sub-tropical  in  the  south;  mild  and  invigorat- 
ing in  the  middle  section;  exceptionally  healthful  in  the  mountainous 
section,  where  among  the  lower  elevations  are  numerous  excellent 
winter  resorts.  Mean  annual  temperature  at  Atlanta,  61.3  deg.;  highest, 
100  deg.;  lowest,  8  deg.  below.  Savannah,  winter,  51  deg.;  extreme,  12 
deg.;  summer,  82  deg.;  exteme,  105  deg.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  At- 
lanta, 52  inches;  Savannah,  52.3  inches. 

Forestry  and  Lumber.— Valuable  forests  cover  a  large  area; 
resources  important  and  varied;  annually  supply  more  than  200,000,000 
feet  of  timber.  Georgia  yellow  or  pitch  pine  and  live  oak  the  most 
valuable  of  those  varieties  found  in  the  country.  Other  varieties  of 
oak,  cedar,  cypress,  hickory,  etc.,  abound.  Extensive  pine  forests 
one  of  chief  sources  of  natural  wealth;  besides  lumber,  over  $8,000,000  of 
naval  stores  —  resin  and  turpentine  — are  produced  annually.  Lumber 
Industry  important;  value  of  product,  19uo.  §13,704,923. 

Agriculture.— Nearly  all  productions  of  temperate  and  sub-tropic- 
al regions  are  cultivated  successfully.  Cotton  is  the  great  staple  and 
Georgia  one  of  the  foremost  cotton-producing  States;  ranked  second 
in  production  and  value  in  1900.  Other  staple  crops  are  corn,  rice- 
State  occupies  third  place  among  rice-producing  States— and  sweet 
potatoes,  annual  average  yield  about  5,000,000  bushels.  Diversified 
farming  becoming  more  general,  and  market-gardening  now  a  leading 
and  profitable  pursuit.  Over  120,000  acres  devoted  entirely  to  the 
growing  of  watermelons.  Sugar  cane  is  cultivated  in  Lower  Georgia, 
and  tooacco  and  peanuts  are  important  crops  in  many  parts  of  the 
State.  Yield  and  value  of  farm  products,  1900:  Corn,  39,114.5:30  bushels, 
value  al9.44S.132;  wheat.  5.011,133  bushels,  S4,760.576;  oats,  7,010,040 
bushels,  $3,434,920;  hav.  112,556  acres,  190.237  tons.  $2,425,522,  potatoes, 
5.762  acres,  391.816  bushels,  $301,698;  cotton,  574,846,470  pounds;  value 
$53,551,808;  rice,  11,174,562  pounds,  value  $338,567. 

Horticulture.— Georgia  leads  all  Southern  States  in  value  of  fruit 
products.  State  especially  famous  for  its  peaches ;  Georgia  com- 
mercial peach  orchards  largest  in  the  country;  industry  one  of  most 
prominent  in  State.  All  fruits  of  temperate  climate  grown  success- 
fully in  northern  sections;  sub-tropical  fruits  — figs,  oranges,  lemons, 
pineapples,  and  bananas  —  grown  in  south.  Viticulture  a  profitable 
«uid  rapic'ly  growing  industry  — large  areas  are  being  devoted  to  grapes 
and  wine-making  is  becoming  an  important  pursuit, 

Live  Stock.— During  the  past  decade  great  improvement  has  been 
made  in  all  grades  of  farm  animals,  and  dairying  has  become  an  in- 
dustry of  importance.  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals.  June,  1900: 
Horses,  127,407,  value  $7,092,228,  mules,  207,321,  $14,454,822;  sheep,  336,278, 
$438,363;  milch  cows,  276,024,  $4,658,971;  other  cattle,  623,467  $4, 169,527; 
swine,  1,424,298,  $2,577,950;  wool  clip,  1901, 1,086,136  pounds. 

Manufactures.— Fourth,  in  1900, of  Southern  States  in  Importance 


r 


69 


70  UNITED  STATES. 

of  manufacturing  industries;  interests  show  a  notable  development 
throughout  the  State,  particularly  cotton,  woolen,  and  Iron.  In 
1900,  State  had  over  $25,600,000  invested  In  cotton  and  woolen  In- 
dustries; mills,  98;  hands,  20,117;  output,  120,266,712.  Among  Southern 
cotton-manufacturing  States  Georgia  ranks  third.  Number  of  cotton 
mills  in  operation,  1900,  68;  knitting,  16;  woolen,  14.  In  1900,  43  mills 
engaged  in  manufacture  of  cotton-seed  oil  and  meal;  value  of  the  out- 
put was  $8,064,112.  Iron  and  steel  industries  developing  rapidly;  brick- 
making  and  manufacture  of  terra  cotta  attracting  much  attention: 
production  of  commercial  fertilizers  important.  Manufacture  of 
lumber  and  naval  stores  a  leading  industrv— first  in  turpentine  and 
rosin,  88,110,468.  Cigar  factories,  1900.34;  3,814,544  cigars;  manufactured 
ice,  131,236  tons,  $455,699;  distilled  spirits,  1900,  178,580  gallons;  fer- 
mented liquor,  124,025  barrels. 

Mineral  resources  varied  and  abundant,  though  largely  unde- 
veloped. Gold,  iron,  and  coal  lead  in  importance.  Output  of  gold 
mines,  1900.  5,644  fine  ounces,  value  $116,700.  Manganese  ore,  3,447  tons, 
value  $26,816.  Entire  coal  product  comes  from  the  northwestern 
section  of  State;  largest  output  in  1893,  372,740  short  tons.  In  1900, 
315.557  short  tons  were  mined,  value  $370,022.  Extensive  beds  of  fine 
marble  exist-output  of  quarries  ranks  second  only  to  that  of  Ver- 
mont in  value;  industry  one  of  the  most  flourishing  In  the  State. 
Marble  noted  for  beauty  and  durability.  Value  of  output,  1900, 
$631,241.  Building  stone  and  slate  are  abundant.  Granite  quarries  fur- 
nished products  valued  at  $380,434.  Mineral  springs,  Including  saline, 
sulphurous,  chalybeate,  and  other  medicinal  waters,  are  numerous. 

Population.— Ranked  thirteenth  in  1790;  tenth  in  1830;  twelfth, 
1890;  eleventh,  1900;  total  population  in  1790,  82,548;  1830,  516.823;  I860, 
1,057,286;  1890, 1,837,353;  1900,  2,216,331.  Male,  1,103,201;  female,  1,173,130; 
native,  2,203,928;  foreign,  12,403;  white,  1,181,924;  colored.  1,035,037; 
Africans,  1,034,813;  Chinese,  204;  Japanese,  1;  Indians.  19. 

Cities.— Atlanta,  the  capital,  founded  about  1845.  An  Important 
railroad  center,  with  a  large  trade  In  cotton,  tobacco,  etc.  Has  manv 
large  manufactories  of  cotton,  iron,  lumber,  etc.;  population,  census  of 
1900,89,872.  Savannah,  incorporated  as  a  city  1789;  tnird  cotton  port 
in  the  country;  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  South ;  large  trade 
In  rice,  resin,  turpentine,  and  lumber ;  population,  1900, 54,244.  ..4  ugusta, 
at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Savannah  River;  founded  1735;  third 
city  in  size  in  the  State;  important  railroad  and  cotton  manufacturing 
center;  population,  1900,  39,441.  Macon,  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing center.  Seat  of  various  educational  institutions ;  population,  23,272. 
Columbus,  large  cotton  market;  seat  of  largest  cotton  and  woolen 
manufactories  in  the  State ;  has  numerous  other  important  manufac- 
tures ;  population,  17.614. 

Railways.— Number  of  miles  in  1840, 185;  1850,  643;  1855, 1,020;  1865. 
1,420;  1875,2,264;  1885,3,116;  1891,4,826;  1896,5,335.36;  July,  1900,  5,651.72 
miles. 

Education.— Present  school  system  went  into  effect  1873.  Public 
school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  482,673;  expenditure,  $1,980,016:  school  age, 
6-18.  Among  educational  Institutions  are:  Mercer  University,  Macon; 
Emory  College,  Oxford;  Atlanta  University,  Atlanta;  Industrial  School 
for  Negroes;  State  School  of  Technology,  Atlanta;  State  University 
Athens,  organized  1785,  opened  1801,  has  branch  agricultural  colleges  at 
Hamilton,  Milledgeville,  Thomasville,  and  Dahlonega.  Public  Normal 
Schools  at  Athens  and  Milledgeville. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial,  first  Wednesday  in  October. 
Congressional  and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November;  number  of  Senators,  44;  Representatives,  175;  term,  2 
years;  sessions,  annual,  meeting  fourth  Wednesday  of  October;  limit 
of  session,  50  days.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  13.  Voters  must  be 
actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  county  6  months;  regis- 
tration required  in  some  counties.  Idiots,  insane,  and  criminals  ex- 
cluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1  and  19,  February  22,  April  26  (Memo- 
rial Day),  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving,  fourth 
Thursday  in  November,  December  25. 

.Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  7  years;  instruments 
under  seal,  20;  open  accounts,  4;  promissory  notes,  6;  personal  actions, 
2;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  1  year.  Legal  interest  rate, 7;  by  contracts. 


FLORIDA.  71 


FLORIDA.  S^-*** 


Peninsular  State." 

After  Easter  Sunday;  Spanish,  Paescua— Florida. 
Historical.— Mainland  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  Easter  Sun- 
day, 1513.  Explored  by  De  Narvaez,  1528;  by  De  Soto,  1539.  Settled  by 
Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  in  1565  :  Pensacola  founded  by  French,  1696. 
Florida  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  1763;  retroceded  to  Spain,  1783  ;  ceded 
to  United  States  1819.  Territory  organized,  1822;  admitted  as  a  State, 
March  3,  1845;  fourteenth  State  admitted;  seceded  January  10,  1861; 
new  Constitution,  1865;  readmitted,  1868. 

Area.— Total  area,  58.680  square  miles;  land, 54.240  square  miles,  or 
34,743,600  acres;  water,  4,440  sq.  miles;  extreme  length.  700  miles;  length 
of  peninsula. 275  miles;  average  breadth,  90  miles.  Contains  45  counties. 
Unappropriated  public  lands,  1,435,314  acres;  lands  reserved,  19,259. 

Physical  Features.— State  consists  largely  of  a  peninsula 
stretching  north  to  south,  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Surface  generally  level,  elevation  nowhere  exceeds  300  feet 
above  sea  level.  Lands  classified  as  high  and  low  hummock,  swamp, 
and  savanna,  and  covered  with  pine  forests.  Coast  line,  1,200  miles  j 
numerous  inlets  and  bays  and  good  harbors.  Most  important  rivers, 
Appalachicola,  Suwannee,  St,  John,  and  St.  Mary's. 

Forests.—  There  are  extensive  forests  of  long-leaved  pine,  live-oak, 
red  cedar,  cypress,  and  hickory.  In  the  extreme  south  many  varieties 
of  trees  are  found  which  grow  nowhere  else  in  the  United  States. 
Total  wood  area,  37.700  square  miles;  estimated  amount  of  standing 
yellow  pine  exceeds  6,000  miliion  feet;  timber  owned,  5,918,500,000  feet; 
cut,  1900,  824,328,000  feet.    Sawed  lumber  produced,  790,373,000  feet. 

Climate  in  general  mild  and  equablo.  Continuous  summer  heat  of 
Southern  and  Southwestern  Florida  tempered  by  constant  sea  breezes. 
Uniform  winter  climate  of  dry  pine  regions  especially  beneficial  to 
Invalids.  State  has  a  high  repute  »s  a  winter  health  resort.  Mean  annual 
rainfall  at  Jacksonville,  54.0  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  69.7 
deg.;  highest  temperature,  104  deg. ;  lowest,  10  deg.  above. 
'Agriculture.— Florida  is  essentially  an  agricultural  State;  corn 
and  rice  are  the  chief  cereals;  other  Important  crops  are  cotton,  sweet 
potatoes,  peanuts,  and  tobacco.  Value  of  farm  property,  190U,  $53,929,064; 
farm  products,  1899,118,309,104;  total  farm  acreage,  4,363,891;  improved, 
1,511,653.  Yield  and  value  of  principal  products:  Corn.  5,311,050  bush- 
els, value  82,»'69,509;  cotton,  23,419,607  pounds,  $3,254,279— sea-island 
r2,091, 936— Florida  producing  a  large  percentage  of  all  sea-island  cotton 
g.own;  sweet  potatoes,  2.049,784  bushels,  $398,282;  peanuts,  967,927  bush- 
els, $699,712,  tobaccd,  1,125,600  pounds,  $254,211.  Growing  of  vegetables 
and  garden  products  for  Northern  markets  a  leading  and  profitable 
pursuit.  Total  value  vegetables  raised,  $3,016,067;  sweet  potatoes  most 
valuable;  grown  chiefly  in  Alachua,  Marion,  and  Leon  counties.  Dry 
peas,  second  in  importance,  value  f  171.702.  Soil  and  climate  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  cassava  for  the  manufacture  of  starch, 
glucose,  and  tapioca,  and  that  of  sisal  hemp  for  making  rope,  cordage, 
and  bagging. 

Horticulture.— Florida  has  a  large  area  adapted  to  the  growth 
offrults.  Of  semi-tropical  fruits  grown,  the  orange  is  the  most  Im- 
portant, Pineapple  culture  has  assumed  large  proportions;  industry 
centeis  in  Brevard  and  Dade  counties.  Area  in  fruit  farms,  1900, 
235,120  acres,  value  of  property,  $11,503,696;  fruit  crop,  1899,  $1,384,787; 
tropical  fruit,  J945.607.  Large  decrease  in  production  of  fruit  due  to 
severe  cold  of  1894-5  and  1899.  Orange  trees,  1900,  2,552,541;  fruit  pro- 
duced, 1899,  273,295  boxes.  Pineapple  plants,  14,578,597;  fruit,  2,863,140. 
Number  of  orchard  trees  more  than  doubled  since  1S90;  value  of  prod- 
uct, 1899,  $192,893;  peaches  most  important.  Small  fruits  valued  at 
$189,867;  most  of  area  devoted  to  strawberries.  Other  products  are 
guavas,  pomeloes,  limes,  lemons,  and  nuts. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.— Special  attention  is  being  given  to  improvement 
of  live  stock.  Large,  well-watered  tracts  of  grazing  land  and  a  superior 
climate  render  stock-raising  one  of  the  most  promising  pursuits  of  the 
future.  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  1900:  Horses,  42,811,  value 
r2,290,139;  mules,  13,664,  $1,1/74,974;  stock  cattle.  672,131,  $5,295,500;  sheep, 
124,520,  Sift ,261;  goats,  21,054,  $43,705;  hogs,  4^4.277.  $7u2>27;  milch  cows, 
78,830,   $1,048,849;    wool  clip,    1901,   410,616    pounds,   $76,210.    Value   of 


72 


G      V     1     J? 


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FLORIDA. 

Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

0    10    %0  40  CO  8.0         ]Q0 

Copyright,  1904,T)y  JUn^.TVIc^Iallj  &  Co. 


,  It  CO.,  AENQH'S,  I 


73 


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ftt  from  Greenwich.  ^*-*«^>;.  "^W/S 


74  UNITED  STATES. 

poultry,  1899-00,  8574,703  Eggs  sold  and  used,  4,214,186  dozen,  value 
8553 ,52 >.  Value  of  dairy  products,  farm,  $1,468,603.  Milk,  9,640,434  gal- 
lons, butter,  1,386,445  pounds,  honey  and  wax,  709,830  pounds. 

Fisheries.— An  Important  source  of  wealth.  Coast  fisheries  have 
a  combined  capital,  1895.  of  $1,329,937  ;  fishermen,  6,154  ;  vessels,  21. ;  ; 
bouts,  2,379;  catch  87,086,768  pounds;  value  $1,209,725.  Fish  caught, 
1900, 177,950  barrels,  value  $983,000.  Catch  includes  red  snapper,  mul- 
let, trout,  shrimp,  green  turtle,  and  oysters.  Florida  the  only  State 
having  spouse  fisheries.  All  sponge  fisheries  employ  156  vessels,  228 
boats  and  2,245  men  ;  total  investment,  $594,598.  Yield  365,000  pounds, 
value  $567,600. 

Manufactures  are  chiefly  pine  lumber,  naval  stores,  cigars, 
palmetto  hats,  and  braid.  Value  of  tobacco,  cigars,  and  cigarettes 
manufactured,  1900,  $10,891,286.  In  1900,  400  single  account  cigar 
factories  produced  180,764,083  cigars,  and  712,320  cigarettes;  output 
of  11  other  factories,  17,975  pounds  of  smoking  tobacco.  Annual 
pioduction  of  cigars  manufactured  at  Key  "West  valued  at  about 
$5,000,000.  Output  of  all  the  manufacturing  industries  for  1900 
amounted  to  $38,189,894;  output  of  saw,  planing,  and  shingle  mills 
$777,782;  lumber  products,  $10,848,403;  ice  factories,  $437,382;  fertil- 
izer works,  $555,394;  tar  and  turpentine,  $7,794,101;  publishing,  etc., 
$603,410.  Total  value  of  brick  and  tile,  $140,604;  common  brick, $136,779; 
pottery,  with  Georgia,  $24,383. 

Minerals.— Phosphate  rock,  discovered  1888,  Is  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  mineral  resources.  Florida  has  been  the  chief  source 
of  the  world's  supply.  Output,  1900,  706,243  tons,  value  $2,983,312. 
Shipments,  1899-00,  348,556  tons.  Gold  exists  in  the  north.  Lime- 
stone or  coquina  stone  is  quarried  chiefly  for  making  lime;  numer- 
ous deposits  of  fuller's  earth  are  found  throughout  the  State. 

Population.— Total  population,  1880,  269,493;  1890,  391,422;  1900, 
528.542.  Male,  275,246;  female,  253,296;  native,  504,710;  foreign,  23.832; 
white, 297,333;  colored, 231 ,209;  Africans,  230,730;  Chinese,  120;  Japanese, 
1;  Indians,  358. 

Cities.— Jacksonville,  largest  city;  prominent  railway,  steamboat, 
and  commercial  center;  head  of  ocean  navigation;  favorite  winter  re- 
sort; population,  1900,28,429.  Key  West,  southernmost  town  of  United 
States;  important  naval  station;  has  extensive  cigar  manufactories; 
population,  17,114.  Pensacola,  seaport  and  one  of  largest  lumber 
markets  in  the  country;  other  exports— fish,  fruit,  and  vegetables. 
United  States  navy  yard  near  by;  population,  17,747.  Tampa  has  im- 
portant import  and  export  trade;  large  cigar  factories;  population, 
15,839.  St.  Augustine,  oldest  city  in  United  States;  notable  winter  resort; 
population,  4,272.     Tallahassee  is  the  capital;  population,  2,981. 

Railways.— Number  of  miles  of  road  In  1850-55,21;  1860,402;  1875, 
484;  1885,  1,654;  1891,  2.573;   1896,  3,125.65;  July,  1900,  3,299.06  miles. 

Education.— In  1899-00,  the  total  enrollment  In  the  public  schools 
of  the  State  was  108,874;  of  these  pupils,  67,077  were  white  and 
41.797  were  colored.  The  total  expenditure  for  schools  was  $765,777. 
School  age  6-21.  Public  high  schools,  33,  private  secondary  schools, 
9.  Among  educational  institutions  are:  John  B.  Stetson  University, 
now  affiliated  with  the  University  of  Chicago;  Rollln's  College. 
Winter  Park;  Florida  State  Agricultural  College,  Lake  City  ;  Senii- 
narv  West  of  the  Suwanee  River,  Tallahassee ;  East  Florida  Seminary, 
Gainesville;  State  Normal  School  for  colored  students,  Tallahassee; 
for  white  pupils,  De  Funiak  Springs. 

Political.— State,  congressional,  and  presidential  elections.  Tues- 
*day  after  first  Monday  in  November  ;  number  of  Senators,  32 ;  Repre- 
sentatives, 68;  sessions,  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meets  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  April  ;  limit  of  session,  60  days  ;  term  of  Senators, 
4  years ;  Representatives,  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  5.  Voters 
must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of 
county  6  months;  registration  required.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals, 
bettors  on  elections,  and  duelists  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1  and  19,  February  7  and  22,  April  26, 
June  3,  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanks- 
giving, December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  written  contracts 
under  seal,  20  years ;  written  contracts  not  under  seal,  5;  verbal  con- 
tracts, 3;  open  accounts,  4;  notes,  5;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  2  years. 
Legal  interest  rate,  8  per  cent ;  by  contract,  10. 


ALABAMA.  75 


ALABAMA,    "Cotton  State." 

Indian  — "  Here  we  rest." 

Historical.— Visited  by  Europeans  under  De  Soto,  1547.  First  set- 
tled by  French  near  Mobile  Bay,  1702;  Mobile  founded,  1711.  Part  of 
territory  ceded  to  England,  1763;  to  the  United  States,  1783;  remaining 
territory  ceded  by  Spain  to  United  States,  1819.  Originally  a  part  of 
Georgia,  became  part  of  Mississippi  Territory  1804;  Territory  of  Ala- 
bama organized,  1817;  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  14,  1819;  the 
ninth  State  admitted.    Seceded,  1861;  re-admitted,  July,  1868. 

Area.— Total  area,  52,250  square  miles;  water,  710;  land,  51.540;  ex- 
treme length,  336  miles;  breadth,  200  miles.  Counties,  67.  Reserved 
land,  52,820  acres. 

Physical  Features. —State  consists  of  four  distinct  divisions, 
widely  divergent  in  climate,  surface,  soil,  and  productions:  The  Cereal 
Belt— Valley  of  the  Tennessee;  Mineral  and  Cotton— Black— Belts;  and 
the  Forest  or  "Piny  Woods"  Region.  Allegheny  and  Cumberland 
mountains  traverse  State  in  northeast.  Highest  point  in  State,  Mt.  Che- 
aw-ha,  2,407  feet.  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers  traverse  the  State 
from  north  to  south,  Tennessee  River,  in  north,  from  east  to  west. 
State  excels  in  number  of  valuable  waterways.  Over  2,000  miles  of 
inland  steam  navigation.    Extent  of  seacoast,  58  miles. 

Forests.— The  magnificent  forests  form  one  of  the  most  valuable 
sources  of  wealth.  Area  under  timber,  24.512,000  acres.  Pine,  oak, wal- 
nut, poplar,  gum,  hickory,  cypress,  and  red  cedar  are  abundant.  North 
of  the  Gulf  are  vast  areas  covered  with  extensive  forests  of  long-leaf 
pine.  Large  quantities  of  lumber  and  turpentine  are  produced.  Cut 
of  pine,  19t)0,  exceeded  1,000,000,000  feet. 

Climate  comparatively  equable.  Summer  heat  in  northern  sec- 
tions tempered  by  the  mountains.  Sub-tropical  region  toward  south 
subject  to  perpetual  sea  breezes.  Hill  region  especially  healthful  and 
agreeable,  abounding  in  numerous  mineral  springs.  Unusual  dryness 
of  air  and  soil  in  Pine  district  renders  it  peculiarly  attractive  as  a  win- 
ter health  resort.  Average  temperature  Northern  Section:  Yearly,  60 
deg.;  summer,  75  deg.;  winter,  42  deg.  Central  Section:  Yearly, 63 deg.; 
summer,  81  deg.;  winter,  49  deg.  Southern  Section:  Yearly,  63  deg.,  sum- 
mer, 80  deg.;  winter,  52  deg.  Average  rainfall:  State,  52.5  inches;  North- 
ern Section,  50.5;  Central  Section,  50.3;  Southern,  56.6. 

Agriculture.  —  In  spite  of  its  great  mineral  wealth  Alabama  is 
essentially  an  agricultural  State.  The  development  of  the  industry 
commands  especial  interest  from  the  State,  ten  agricultural  stations 
and  schools  having  been  established  to  provide  instruction  in  scientific 
agriculture.  Cotton  the  great  staple,  Alabama  ranking  fourth  in  pro- 
duction. Indian  corn  is  second  in  importance.  Wheat,  oats,  barley, 
and  rye  produced  in  the  northern  sections.  Tobacco  culture  impor- 
tant in  the  north;  marsh  and  upland  rice  and  sugar  cane  grown  in  the 
south.  Sweet  potatoes  cultivated  throughout  the  State;  yield,  1900; 
nearly  3,5O0,OUO  bushels,  Alabama  occupying  fourth  place  as  a  producer. 
Yield  and  value  of  other  crops:  Corn,  29,355,942  bushels,  817,026,446, 
wheat,  916.a51bu., 8815.552,  oats, 4, 380,754 bu.,  81.927.532  ;  potatoes,  417,933, 
bu.,  8342,705;  hay,  94.061  tons,  8992.344.  Area  under  cotton,  1899,  3,202,1:35 
acres;  yield,  1,106,840  commercial  bales;  value,  with  seed,  842,069,677 
tobacco.31 1,950  pounds,  valued  at  855.581.  The  production  of  rice  in  1899 
was  926,946  pounds;  sugar,  13,765  pounds;  molasses,  2,672,4:38  gallons. 

Horticulture.— Large  areas  of  the  State  especially  adapted  to  the 
culture  of  tree  and  small  fruits  and  the  vine.  All  the  hardier  fruits- 
pears,  apples,  peaches,  plums,  grapes,  etc.— are  grown  to  perfection  in 
the  northern  section.  Soil  and  climate  of  the  hill  regions  singularly 
like  those  of  the  European  sections  famous  for  their  wines.  Large 
and  increasing  areas  are  devoted  to  culture  of  the  vine.  Manufacture 
of  wine  is  a  profitable  and  growing  pursuit.  Oranges,  figs,  and  other 
tropical  fruits  produced  along  the  Gulf  coast.  Total  value  of  fruit, 
1899.  8621,545;  nuts,  86,315. 

Live  rStock.— Of  late  years  the  improvement  of  breeds  and  enlarge- 
ment of  herds  has  shown  steady  and  notable  increase.  Numerous  fine 
herds  of  Jersey  cows  are  established.  Number  and  value  of  farm  ani- 
mals, June,  1900:  Horses,  152,643;  value,  17,906,121;  mules,  198,889, 
$13,239,368;  milch  cows,  279  263.  85,512.910;  other  cattle,  520.411,  84,280,616; 


N 


r 


• 


78  UNITED    STATES. 

Bheep,  219,356,  82~9,898;  swine,  1,848,158,  84,648,117.  Wool  clip,  867.004 
pounds. 

Manufactures.- Iron  manufactures  lead  In  Importance;  State 
ranks  fourth  In  production  of  pig  iron.  In  I'.mii,  45  furnaces  produced 
1,225,212  tons  of  pie  iron;  Birmingham  district  alone  had  about  four- 
teen furnaces;  daily  output  nearly  2.700  tons.  The  manufacture  of 
basic  steel  from  phosphoric  irou  is  likewise  an  important  industry  of 
Birmingham.  In  1901  Alabama  ranked  second  in  production  of  coke; 
production,  2, 148.911  short  tons, value 86.062,616.  Textile  manufactures 
are  being  extended  rapidly.  In  1890  State  had  13  establishments  for 
manufacture  of  cotton  goods.  In  1900,  number  of  cotton  mills,  31; 
looms,  8,549;  spindles,  411,328  ;  Alabama  ranking  fourth  in  lmportam-e 
among  Southern  States.  Cigar  factories,  1900,21;  output,  7.370.5V.) ; 
snuff  produced,  197.856  pounds.  Distilled  Bpirits,  1901,  160,409  gallons; 
fermented  liquors,  63,938  barrels.  Gross  value  of  manufactured  prod- 
ucts, census  reports,  882,793,804  ;  iron  and  steel, 817,392.483 ;  lumber,  etc., 
$12,867,551 

Minerals.— The  Mineral  Belt  is  the  largest  of  the  four  sections  into 
which  State  is  divided.  Mineral  deposits  practically  inexhaustible  and 
but  slightly  developed.  Almost  all  principal  minerals  exist.  Coal, iron, 
and  stones  most  important  of  those  worked.  Proximity  of  coal,  Iron, 
and  limestone  renders  Alabama  one  of  the  cheapest  fields  In  the  world 
for  manufacture  of  iron.  Coal  area,  8.650  square  miles ;  Warrior  field, 
7,800  square  miles;  Coosa,  415  square  miles;  Cahaba,  435.  State  ranks 
fifth  in  production.  Output  of  mines,  1897, 5.893.770  tons;  1901,  9,099,052 
tons;  value,  s  10.000,892.  Coal  largely  manufactured  into  coke  for  use 
in  production  of  pig  iron.  In  1901  State  ranked  third  in  production  of 
iron  ore.  Ore  mined,  2.801.732  tons;  red  hematite,  2,070,422  tons;  brown, 
731.310  tons.  Gold  mined,  150  ounces  ,  value  §3,100.  Valuable  deposits 
of  lead  ore  exist.  Other  minerals  are  copper,  ochre,  white  and  colored 
marble. 

Population.— Ranked  nineteenth  In  1820;  thirteenth,  1860;  seven- 
teenth, 1880  and  1890;  and  eighteenth  in  1900.  Population.  1820,  127.901: 
1860,  964.201;  1890,  1.513.017.  Population,  1900,  1.828,697;  male,  916.764; 
female, 911,933;  native.  1,814.105;  foreign,  14.592;  white.  1.001,152;  colored, 
827,545;  Africans,  827,307;  Chinese,  58;  Japanese,  3;  Indians,  177. 

Cities.—  Mobile,  the  metropolis,  founded  by  the  French,  1711;  only 
seaport  in  the  State;  one  of  the  chief  ports  in  the  country  for  export  of 
cotton;  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  naval  stores,  and  coal;  population, 
census  of  1900,  38,469.  Birmingham,  a  prominent  railway  center  and 
one  of  the  foremost  iron  manufacturing  cities  in  the  country;  popu- 
lation, 38,415.  Montgomery,  the  capital,  on  the  Alabama  River,  has  a 
flourishing  trade,  especially  in  cotton;  population,  30,346.  Anniston, 
a  manufacturing  town  in  an  important  iron  region;  population,  9.695. 

Rail  ways.— Number  of  miles  In  operation,  1850. 183;  1860,  743;  1870, 
1,157;  1880,  1,843;  1890,  3,422.20,  1S95,  3.664.45;  1896.  3.680  48;  June,  1901, 
4,415.78.    Assessment  value  of  railroads,  1900.  850,577,913. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-00. 376.423,  white,  234,- 
000;  colored,  142.423;  school  age,  7-21;  public  high  schools,  62;  private 
secondary  schools,  92.  Educational  institutions:  University  of  Ala- 
bama, Tuscaloosa,  has  an  endowment  of  8300.000.  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  for  Negroes,  Normal;  Industrial  School,  Monte- 
vallo;  Normal  Schools,  Florence,  Jacksonville,  Livingston,  and  Troy 
(white);  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Industrial  College  and  Huntsville 
and  Montgomery  Normal  Schools  for  colored  students. 

Political.— State  elections,  quadrennial,  second  Tuesday  in  Janu- 
ary. Congressional  and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  November ;  number  of  Senators,  33;  Representatives.  105, 
term  of  Senators,  4  years;  Representatives,  4  years;  sessions,  quad- 
rennial, meeting  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  January ;  limit  of  session, 
60  days.  Number  electoral  votes,  11.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens 
or  declared  intention,  resident  of  State  2  years,  of  county  1  year,  pre- 
cinct or  ward  3  months;  registration  required;  convicts,  idiots,  and 
the  Insane  excluded.    Ballot  reform. 

Legal  Holidays.—  January  1  and  19.  Mardi  Gras,  February  22, 
April  26.  Good  Friday,  June  3,  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September, 
Thanksgiving,  and  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  20  years  ;  sealed  in- 
struments, real  actions,  10:  open  accounts,  3,  notes,  stated  accounts, 
6  ;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  2  years.    Legal  interest  rate,  8  per  cent. 


MISSISSIPPI.  79 


> 


MISSISSIPPI.    S^atoT&ate." 

Indian  Origin  —  "  Great  Long  River." 

Historical.— First  visited  byDe  Soto,  1540;  by  Joliet  and  Marquette, 
1673 ;  La  Salle,  1682.  First  settlement  made  at  Biloxi  by  Iberville,  1699. 
Natchez  founded  1716.  Territory  ceded  to  English  by  France,  1763: 
part  ceded  to  United  States,  1783;  remainder  acquired,  1811.  Mississippi 
Territorv  organized,  1798.  Admitted  as  a  State,  December  10,  1817; 
the  seventh  admitted  to  the  Union;  seceded  January,  1861;  readmitted, 
1870.  Various  events  of  Civil  War  occurred  within  its  borders,  notably 
the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  Present  Constitution  adopted  1890;  limits  right 
of  suffrage  to  those  who  can  read  the  Constitution. 

Area.— Total  area, 46,810  square  miles ;  land.  46.340,  or  29.657.600 acres ; 
water  470  square  miles;  extreme  length  north  and  south,  330  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  188  miles.    Counties,  75. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  hilly  in  part,  but  generally  level, 
State  consisting  largely  of  an  undulating  plateau  sloping  gently  to  the 
south  and  west.  The  "Yazoo  Delta"— the  low  alluvial  region  lying 
along  and  between  the  Yazoo  and  Mississippi  rivers— contains  7,000 
square  miles.  Coast  line  on  Mississippi  Sound,  85  miles;  water  frontage 
on  Mississippi  River,  500  miles.  Mississippi  drains  a  large  portion  of 
State— with  Yazoo,  Tallahatchie,  Yalobusha,  and  others,  furnishes  a 
large  amount  of  navigable  waterway. 

Forests.— Nearly  one-half  the  State  is  still  under  forest.  Yazoo 
Delta  alone  contains  over  4,000.000  acres  of  land,  covered  by  a  dense 
growth  of  timber.  Stand  of  yellow  pine  about  24,000,000,000  feet.  Oak, 
cypress,  pine,  and  black  walnut,  with  numerous  other  varieties  of  wood, 
furnish  unlimited  supplies  of  raw  materials  for  manufactures.  The 
amount  of  lumber  and  timber  manufactured  and  exported  from  Pasca- 
goula,  1901-02,  was  valued  at  82.834 .291. 

Climate  nearly  sub-tropical.  Summers  long— heat  tempered  by  sea 
breezes  in  south  and  variable  winds  prevailing  throughout  the  State. 
Winters  colder  than  those  in  same  latitude  on  Atlantic  Coast,  but  only 
in  exceptional  seasons  does  frost  occur  in  south.  Mean  annual  rainfall 
at  Vicksburg.  55.7  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  65.9  deg.;  highest, 
101  deg. ;  lowest,  1  deg.  below. 

A  griculture  the  chief  industry;  61  per  cent  of  total  area  of  State 
included  in  farm3.  Mississippi,  in  1900,  ranked  third  in  production  and 
value  of  cotton  Otner  staple  productions  are  corn  and  sweet  potatoes, 
corn  ranking  second  in  importance  to  cotton.  Rice  and  sugar  cane  are 
grown  in  the  south.  Hay,  oats,  peas,  cotton-seed,  and  peanuts  are 
also  produced.  Truck-farming  is  an  important  and  growing  industry. 
Strawberries,  melons,  and  vegetables  are  produced  for  Northern  mar- 
kets. The  cultivation  of  jute  promises  to  be  a  successful  and  profit- 
able pursuit.  Land  under  improvement,  1900,  7,594.428  acrec,  average 
sizeof  farms,  82.6  acres.  Productions  and  values,  1900:  Corn,  25,231 ,998 
bushels,  value  814,634.559;  oats,  2.390,052  bushels,  81,099,424;  hay, 
57,098  acres,  yield  99.922  tons,  8994,224;  potatoes,  5.259  acres,  347,094 
bushels,  8288,088.  Cotton  produced.  1900,  500,838,425  pounds;  value  844,- 
918,946;  value  of  cotton-seed,  88,015,408. 

Horticulture.— Orchard  products  of  "Western  Mississippi  long 
famous  for  superior  qualities,  especially  peaches  and  pears;  industry 
has  attained  new  prominence,  large  areas  being  devoted  to  extension 
of  orchards.  Plums,  pears,  apricots,  grapes,  nectarines,  and  peaches, 
with  many  varieties  of  apples,  may  be  grown  successfully  throughout 
the  State.  In  the  Gulf  region  oranges,  ttgs,!:nd  olives  reach  perfection. 
Large  quantities  of  figs  are  canned;  cultu  e  of  figs  and  pomegranates 
is  a  growing  source  of  wealth.  Pecan  culture  also  becoming  a  profit- 
able industry.    Value  of  fruit  raised,  1899,  8621.630. 

Liive  Stock.— Excellent  pasturage  abounds  throughout  the  State. 
During  the  past  decade  live  stock  and  dairying  have  rereived  constantly 
increasing  attention.  Native  cattle  have  been  greatly  improved,  and 
numerous  herds  of  full-blooded  Jersey  and  other  tine  cattle  are  to  be 
found.  Dairy-farming  has  become  a  profitable  industry;  native  milk 
and  butter  now  constitute  Important  articles  of  trade.  Number  and 
value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses.  229,311,  value  810.8^2.851; 
mules,  214.259,  $14,128,807;  sheep,  312,632,  8534,935;  milch  cows,  299,318 


80 


81 


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J 


82  UNITED    STATES. 

§6,403,246;   other  cattle,  574,038,   $5,662,675;    swine,    1,290,498, '$2,963,573. 
Wool  clip,  1901, 1,148,958  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Commercial  fishing  conducted  in  interior  waters  and 
along  the  Gulf  Coast.  Salt  and  fresh  water  fish  ahundant ;  among  the 
more  important  are  trout,  red  snapper,  hlue  fish,  pompano,  Spanish 
mackerel,  and  shad.  Oysters,  shrimp,  and  soft  and  hard  shell  crabs  are 
abundant  and  are  an  important  source  of  wealth.  Diamond-hack  ter- 
rapin are  f  ound'in  the  marshes.  The  canning  of  oysters  and  shrimp  la 
a  growing  and  profitable  pursuit.  Yearly  output,  about  5,000,000  cans  of 
oysters  and  500,000  cans  of  shrimp.  Gulf  fish  of  superior  quality;  fisheries 
constitute  an  important  industry,  employing  about  1,800  persons. 

manufactures  as  a  whole  are  as  yet  of  minor  importance.  Pro- 
duction of  cotton  goods,  cotton-seed  oil  and  meal,  and  sawing  and 
planing  of  lumber  the  chief  industrial  pursuits.  Production  of  naval 
stores,  brick  and  tile,  and  agricultural  implement  manufactories,  and 
flouring  mills  offer  employment  to  increasing  numbers.  Value  lumber 
and  timber  products,  1900,  815,656,110.  Number  of  cotton  mills,  6, 
number  spindles,  75,122;  aggregate  capital,  $2,210,000;  total  number 
employes,  1,675.  Value  of  all  clay  productions,  1900,  $546,741.  Value  of 
common  brick,  8510,600;  pressed,  812.775,  vitrified,  81,750;  drain  tile, 
81,035;  pottery,  $20,201.  Distilled  spirits,  Mississippi  and  Louisiana, 
1900-1901, 848,549  gallons;  fermented  liquor,  220,604  barrels. 

Population.  —  Ranked  twentieth  in  1800;  twenty-second  In  1830; 
fourteenth,  I860:  twenty-first,  1S90;  twentieth,  1900.  Total  population 
in  1800,  8,850;  1830,  136,621;  1860,  <79 1,305;  1890,1,289,600;  population  cen- 
sus of  1900,  1.551,270.  Male,  781.451,  female,  769,819;  native,  1,543,289; 
foreign,  7,981;  white,  641,200;  colored,  910,070;  Africans,  907,630 ;  Chi- 
nese, 237 ;  Indians,  2,203. 

Cities.—  Vtetoburg,  metropolis  of  the  State  and  chief  city  on  Mis- 
sissippi River  between  Memphis  and  New  Orleans;  has  large  export 
trade  in  cotton  and  important  and  growing  manufactures;  population, 
1900, 14,834  Jackson,  the  capital,  on  the  Pearl  River,  183  miles  north 
of  New  Orleans;  important  railway  and  manufacturing  center,  with  a 
large  trade  in  cotton;  population,  7,816.  Natchez,  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  State;  has  large  export  trade  in 
cotton;  population,  12,210.  Meridian,  railway  center;  leads  in  value 
of  manufactured  products;  population,  14,050.  Greenville,  popularly 
known  as  the  "  Queen  City  of  the  Delta;"  flourishing  industrial  and 
railway  center  and  important  river  port  in  the  great  cotton  region; 
has  large  cottonseed-oil  and  saw  and  planing  mills, and  ice  and  brick 
manufactories;  population,  7,642. 

Railways.—  First  railroad  built,  1840.  Number  of  miles  in  opera- 
tion, 1850, 75;  1860,  862;  1870,  990;  1880, 1,127,  1891,  2,471;  July,  1900,  2,919.90 
miles,  averaging  18.82  miles  per  10,000  inhabitants  and  6.30  miles  per 
100  square  miles. 

Education.  — Public  school  enrollment,  1899,  360,177;  private, 
14,021;  school  age,  5-21;  expenditure,  81,306,1S6.  Public  high  schools, 
100;  private  secondary  schools,  43.  Among  educational  institutions  is 
the  University  of  Mississippi,  opened  1848,  University.  Public  Normal 
Schools  are  maintained  at  Holly  Springs,  Abbeville,  Louisville,  Blue- 
springs,  Sherman,  and  "Walnutgrove;  Alcorn  Educational  and  Mechan- 
ical College  (colored);  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Agricul- 
tural College;  Tougaloo  University,  with  normal,  industrial,  model, 
intermediate,  and  primary  departments,  instructing  colored  stu- 
dents mostlv;  Mississippi  College,  Clinton;  Rust  University,  Holly 
Springs. 

Political.— General  elections,  quadrennial, Tuesday  after  first  Mon- 
day in  November;  number  of  Senators,  45;  Representatives,  133,  ses- 
sions biennial,  in  even-numbered  years;  meets  Tuesday  after  flrst  Mon- 
day in  January;  limit  of  session,  30  days  ;  term  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives, 4  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  9  Voters  must  be 
actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  2  years,  county,  town,  and  precinct  1 
year;  registration  required;  ballot  reform.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals, 
Indians  not  taxed,  and  delinquent  taxpayers  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  July  4,  Thanksgiving,  and  Decem- 
ber 25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  7  years ;  open  ac- 
counts, verbal  contracts, 3;  notes,  6;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  2  years. 
Legal  interest  rate,  6  per  cent ;  by  contract,  10. 


KENTUCKY.  83 


KENTUCKY.    "Blue  Grass  State.- 

Indian  origin— At  the  head  of  the  river. 

Historical.—  Earliest  explorations  by  John  Findlay,  1767.  First 
visited  bv  Daniel  Boone,  1769.  Harrodsburg,  first  settlement,  founded 
1774;  Boonesboro  laid  out,  April,  1775;  became  a  county  of  Virginia, 
1776;  part  of  United  States  Territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  1790.  Admitted 
as  a  State,  June  1, 1792:  second  State  admitted  after  formation  of  Gov- 
ernment.   Four  constitutions,  1792,  1800,  1S50,  and  1891. 

Area.  — Total  area,  40,400  square  miles;  land,  40,000;  water,  400; 
length,  east  to  west,  458  miles;  extreme  width,  171.    Counties,  119. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  an  elevated  plain  sloping  from 
southeast  to  north  and  west;  average  elevation  over  1,000  feet;  great- 
est, 3,500.  Navigable  waters  form  813  miles  of  boundary.  State  contains 
many  natural  curiosities;  Mammoth  Cave  most  widely  known. 

Climate  mild  and  healthful.  Annual  average  rainfall  for  State,  48 
Inches.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Louisville,  45.8  inches;  mean  annual 
temperature,  57.1  deg. ;  highest  107  deg. ;  lowest,  20  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  a  leading  pursuit.  Foremost  State  in  tobacco  and 
hemp.  Farm  products,  1900:  Tobacco.  314,28S,050  pounds;  hay,  390,064 
tons;  barley,  37.523  bushels;  potatoes,  2.SO7.490  bushels;  cotton.  39.500 
pounds;  wheat.  12,442,846  bushels;  oats,  9,309.293;  corn.  69,267.224. 
Hemp,  in  1899, 10,303,560  pounds;  grass  and  clover  seed,  278,680  bushels. 
Apples,  peaches,  grapes,  and  small  fruits  abundant 

Live  Stock.— Breeding  of  fine  cattle,  horses,  and  mules  an  im- 
portant industrv ;  Kentucky  famous  for  its  trotting  and  running 
horses.  Value  of  thoroughbreds,  1897, 8717.483.  Value  of  farm  live  stock, 
1900, $73,739,106;  wool  clip,  1901.  2.323.215  pounds. 

Manufactures  show  notable  advance.  State  first  in  output  of  fine 
whiskies— 1900,  21,511,608  gallons;  third  in  chewing  and  smoking  to- 
bacco. Value  of  all  products,  1900.  §154,605,115.  Louisville  alone.  1900, 
nearly  880.000,000.  Value  of  manufactured  tobacco,  total  $21,922,111; 
flouring  mill  products,  814,515,161;  lumber  and  timber  products, 
$13,774,911. 

Minerals.— Coal  most  important;  area,  15.680  square  miles— east- 
ernfield,  11,180;  western, 4.500.  Output,  1900,  5,328,964  tons.  Fields  rich 
in  cannel  coal.  Output  of  iron  ore,  1901,  68,462  tons;  value  of  natural 
gas,  $194,032.  Gold,  silver,  and  zinc  found.  Vast  beds  of  onyx,  sand- 
stone, and  limestone  exist.  Mineral  springs  numerous;  many  are 
f  amouB  health  resorts. 

Population,  1790.73,677;  1890,1.858.635;  1900.2,147,174.  Male.  1,090,227; 
female,  1,056.947;  native,  2.096.925;  white,  1,862.309;  colored,  284,865. 

Cities.— Louisville,  chief  city  In  State  and  largest  tobacco  market 
in  Union;  population,  1900,  204.731.  Covington,  population,  42,938.  JVeic- 
port,  population.  28,301;  on  Ohio  River  opposite  Cincinnati.  Lexington, 
chief  railroad  center  of  interior  Kentucky;  population,  26,369.  Frank- 
fort,  capital;  large  trade  in  tobacco,  whisky  and  lumber;  population, 
9,487.  Bowling  Green,  largest  city  in  Southern  Kentucky;  large  export 
trade  in  mules  and  fine  horses;  population,  8,226. 

Railways.— First  railway— Lexington  to  Frankfort— 15  miles, 
completed  18:35.    Mileage,  1850,  78;  i860,  534;  1890,  2.946;  1900,  3,059. 

Education.— Enrollment  in  public  schools,  1900-01,  438,322;  expendi- 
tures exceed  82,500,000.  School  age,  6-20;  compulsory  law  age.  7-14. 
Educational  institutions:  Georgetown  College,  Georgetown;  Central 
University,  Richmond;  Centre  College,  Danville;  Kentucky  Univer- 
sity, and  S'tate  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College— its  farm  the  home 
of  Henry  Clay,  Lexington;  Normal  Schoql  for  Colored.  Frankfort. 

Political.— Number  of  Senators,  38;  Representatives,  100;  term  of 
Senators, 4  years;  Representatives,  2  years.  Electoral  votes,  13.  Voters 
must  be  actual  citizens;  residents  of  State  1  year,  county  6  months, 
precinct  60  days-,  limited  registration. 

Legal  Holidays.— February  22,  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September, 
Thanksgiving,  December  25,  and  public  fast  days. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments, written  contracts  except 
negotiable  instruments,  15  years;  verbal  contracts,  negotiable  instru- 
ments, 5;  merchants*  accounts,  2.  Redemption  of  tax  sale  made  by 
paying  15  per  cent  penalty  on  tax  and  additional  30  per  cent  interest 
per  annum  from  sale.    Legal  interest,  6  per  cent, 


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UNITED  STATES. 


TENNESSEE.  T8""os' 


"  Volunteer  State." 

Indian  —  signifies,  "  River  of  big  bend." 

Historical.— Permanent  colony  established  at  Fort  Loudon,  on 
Little  Tennessee  River,  1756.  Leading  settlements  by  colonists  from 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  1769.  Territory  of  Tennessee  formed, 
1794;  admitted  as  a  State,  June  1,  1796,  third  State  to  enter  Union  after 
adoption  of  Federal  Constitution.  Scene  of  many  important  events  of 
Civil  War.    Seceded  February,  1861.    Readmitted  February,  1870. 

Area.— Total  area,  42,050 square  miles;  land,  41,750;  water,  300;  ex- 
treme length,  432  miles  ;  width,  109.    Counties,  96. 

Physical  Features.— Naturally  divided  Into  three  parts,  East, 
Middle,  and  West  Tennessee.  Surface  mountainous  in  East,  Alleghanies 
(height  5,000  to  6,000  feet),  and  Cumberland  Plateau  (elevation  2,000 
feet);  lower  in  Middle  and  West.  Highest  altitude  in  State,  Mount 
Guyot,  6,636  feet.  Extent  and  importance  of  navigable  waters  notable : 
over  2,200  miles  of  available  waterway.    Forest  lands,  17,000,000  acres. 

Climate.— Winters  generally  short  and  mild  ;  summers  long  ;  heat 
tempered  by  general  elevation  of  State.  Rainfall  plentiful.  Mean 
annual  rainfall  at  Nashville,  50.1  inches ;  mean  annual  temperature, 
59.4  deg  ;  highest,  104  deg  ;  lowest,  10  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.  — Principal  products:  Cotton,  In  1900,  106,267.060 
pounds,  value  39,530,826;  wheat,  11,696,088  bushels;  oats,  5,810,166;  corn, 
56,997,880;  hay,  313,432  tons;  tobacco,  49,157.550  pounds,  peanuts,  1899, 
747,668  bushels,  $392,648  ;  sweet  potatoes,  1,571,575  bushels,  $883,620  To- 
tal value  of  fruit  crop,  $2,193,318  ;  orchard,  $1,479,915.  Apples  and  small 
fruits  grown  in  abundance.  Value  of  all  live  stock,  1900,  $60,818,605. 
Poultry,  1899,  $4,282,740.  Estimated  value  of  milk,  butter,  and  cheese, 
on  farms,  $8,028,466.    Wool  clip,  1901, 1,253,032  pounds 

Manufactures.  —  Iron  industries  include  blast  furnaces,  foundry 
and  machine  shops,  rolling  mills,  and  nail  factories.  Value  of  manu- 
factured products,  1900,  $108,144,565.  Pig  iron  produced  in  year  1901, 
337,139  long  tons,  coke,  404,017  tons,  value  $952,782.  Ammoniated  phos- 
phate, 409,653  tons,  $1,192,090.    Value  of  sawed  lumber,  1900,  $11,832,596. 

Minerals. —  Gold  discovered  1831;  output  to  1900  about  8200.000. 
Coal  area, 5, 100  square  miles;  output,  1900,3,708.562  tons,  value  $4,223,082. 
Iron  belt,  5,400  square  miles  along  Tennessee  River;  output,  1900, 
594,171  tons,  value  $669,087;  copper,  116,000  tons.  State  leads  in  mar- 
ble for  Interior  decoration;  value  of  output,s424.054,liine8tone,8238,505; 
output  of  phosphate  rock,  1900,  454,491  long  tons,  value  $1,328,707. 

Population. -1790,  35,691;  1890.  1,767,518;  1900,  2,020,616.  Male, 
1,021,224;  female,  999,392,  native,  2,002,780;  white,  1,540,186,  colored, 
480.430;  Africans,  480,243;  Chinese,  75,  Japanese,  4;  Indians,  108. 

Cities.— Nashville,  capital,  chief  center  of  manufactures  and  third 
hardwood  market  in  the  world ;  prominent  educational  center ;  pop- 
ulation, 1900,  80.865.  Memphis,  largest  city  and  largest  commercial 
center  on  Mississippi  River  between  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans  ; 
population,  102,320.  Knoxrille,  leading  commercial  and  industrial 
centerofEa6t Tennessee  ;  population, 32.637  Chattanooga,  important 
commercial,  railway,  and  manufacturing  city  ;  population,  30,154. 

Railways.— First  railroad -Nashville  to  Chattanooga— completed 
1853.  Miles  open,  1855,  466;  1865, 1,296;  1875, 1,630;  1885,  2,151;  July,  1900, 
3,136.95. 

Education.  — Enrollment.  1899-00,  485.354;  expenditure,  81,751,047; 
school  age,  6-21.  Educational  institutions:  University  of  Tennessee, 
Knoxville,  Vanderbilt  University  and  University  of  Nashville,  Nash- 
ville; and  University  of  the  South,  Sewanee. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial;  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Senators, 
33;  Representatives,  99;  term,  2  years;  sessions  biennial.  Electoral  votes, 
12.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  county 
6  months;  limited  registration;   ballot  reform.    Convicts  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  Februarv  22,  Good  Friday,  May  30, 
July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day.  Thanksgiving, 
December  25. 

Legal.—  Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  10  years;  open  ac- 
counts, contracts,  6 ;  notes,  6 ;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  2  years.  Legal 
interest  rate,  6  per  cent. 


OHIO.  87 


OHIO. 


O-hi'-o. 

"  Buckeye  State." 

Indian—"  Beautiful." 
Historical.— Earliest  explorations  made  by  French  under  La  Salle 
about  1680.  In  1748,  English  traders  established  themselves  near  pres- 
ent site  of  Piqua.  Territory  claimed  by  both  French  and  Eugllsh 
1751-63;  ceded  to  Great  Britain  1763;  became  part  of  United  States  1783. 
First  permanent  settlement  made  at  Marietta  1788.  Columbia  estab- 
lished 1188,  Fort  Washington  1789,  Losantiville  1790,  the  three  now  in- 
cluded in  Cincinnati.  Became  part  of  Northwest  Territory  1787;  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union  1803;  fourth  State  admitted  after  formation  of 
Government;  present  limits  established  1836. 

Area.— Total  area,  41,060  square  miles;  land,  40,760;  water,  300; 
breadth,  225  miles;  length,  205.    Counties,  88. 

Physical  Features.— General  surface  an  undulating  plain  divided 
by  main  watershed  into  two  unequal  slopes;  waters  of  the  northern  and 
smaller  slope  flow  into  Lake  Erie;  the  southern  into  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers.  State  has  a  large  extent  of  lake  and  river  frontage. 
Frontage  on  Lake  Erie,  230  miles;  on  Ohio  River,  436.  Muskingum 
River  navigable  for  hX>  miles.  Highest  elevation.Bellefontaine, Logan 
County,  1,540  feet;  lowest  in  the  southwest,  440  feet;  mean,  750  feet. 

Climate  of  Northern  Ohio  modified  by  influence  of  Lake  Erie. 
Mean  average  temperature, 48  deg.  to  50  deg.;  Southern  Ohio  mild  and 
healthful,  though  subject  to  sudden  and  severe  changes;  average  tem- 
perature, 52  deg.  to  54  deg.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Columbus,  38.9 
Inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  52.3  deg.;  highest,  103  deg.;  lowest, 
20  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— One  of   the  leading  agricultural   States.    In  1900 
ranked    third    in   production   of   winter   wheat,   sixth   in   potatoes, 
seventh    in    corn.      Area    under   cultivation,   1899,   10.239.866    acres 
Crops,  1900:    Corn,  106.890,188  bushels,  value  S36.342.664;  wheat,  8,523,876 
bushels,   value   $6,051,952;    oats,   40.340.534    bushels,   value   $10,488,539; 
barley,   622.566  bushels,   value  $267,703;    rye,  513,023   bushels,   value 
$282,163,  buckwheat,  147.632  bushels,  value  $85,627;  potatoes,  12,561.584 
bushels,   value  $5,024,634,    hav.  1.559.242   acres,  1,652.797   tons,   value 
$18,263,407.    Tobacco  crop,  1399."was  56.242  acres.  52.484.457  pounds  :  flax, 
I  3.500  acres,  31,797  bushels  of  seed,  1,838,781  pounds  of  fiber;  broom  corn, 
907  acres,  669,475  pounds  of  brush. 
Horticulture,  Etc.— Extensive  capital  invested  in  horticulture, 
|  floriculture,  and  viticulture.    Ohio  wines  rank  high  among  American 
I  vintages.    Total  value  of  fruits,  1899,  $8,901,22(1;  orchard  fruit,  $6,141,- 
118;  small  fruit.  $1.767.:357;  grapes,  $992,745.     Fruit  trees,  21,832,223;  in- 
crease, 60.3  per  cent  since  1890.     Area  under  orchards,  370,769  acres. 
Products:     Apples,  20,617.480  bushels;  pears,  244,565;  peaches,  240,686; 
|  cherries,  192.954;  plums, 81,435.    Vineyards,  22,955  acres;  grapes  gath- 
|  ered,  79.173.900  pounds.    Strawberry  most  important  small  fruit;  prod- 
uct, 17,916,080  quarts.    Value  of  maple  sugar  and  syrup,  $665,226. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.— Live  stock  and  live-stock  products  of  great 
value;   State  ranks  second  in  number  and  value  of  swine.    Area 
under  pasture,  5,?22,389  acres.    Number  and  value  of  farm  animals, 
June,  1900:    Horses,  878,205.  s5h.15D.245;  milch  cows,  818.239,  S24.725.S82; 
other    cattle,    1,235,074,    $21,834,864;     mules,    16,771,    $941,211;    sheep, 
!  4,1/20.628.  $10,956,308;   hogs,  3.188,563.  $11,813,168;  wool  clip,  1901, 13.370.553 
|  pounds    Milk  sold  for  family  use,  1900,  40.590.560  gallons.    Milk  pro- 
duced, 425.870.394  gallons;  butter  on  farms,  79.551,299  pounds;  cheese, 
1,167.001  pounds;  total  value  dairv  products.  $25,383,627-    Eggs  gathered, 
91,766,630  dozens;  value.  $10,280,769;    poultry,  $8,847,009.     Honey    pro- 
!  duced,  1.980,530  pounds;  wax.  34,620  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Ohio  occupies  first  place  in  Lake  Erie  fisheries. 
I  Interest  in  fish  culture  increasing  rapidly  In  1901,  85,000,000  pike 
;  perch  were  hatched  and  liberated  in  Lake  Erie  waters.  Black 
I  bass,  marble  cat,  and  crappies  are  hatched  for  inland  waters.  Total 
i  Lake  Erie  catch,  1899.  58,393,864  pounds;  Ohio  boats  employed,  1896, 
I  179;  men,  463.  Interior  fisheries  in  Grand,  Licking,  Lewistown, 
I  and  Loramie  reservoirs,  and  in  Ohio  River.  Catch,  1896,  1,239.308 
!  pounds;  black  bass.  185.853  pounds.  Fisheries  of  Grand  Reservoir  — 
i  largest  artificial  body  of  water  in  the  world— equal  in  extent  all  others 
I  In  State. 


90  UNITED  STATES. 

Manufactures. —  One  of  the  foremost  manufacturing  States. 
Many  prominent  and  growing  Industries.  Growth  due  to  great  natural 
advantage*  and  wealth  of  raw  material.  Industrial  establishments 
Include  rolling  mills,  agricultural  implement,  Iron  and  paper 
manufactories,  glass  factories,  breweries,  distilleries,  etc  In  i'.too, 
32,398  establishments  report  a  combined  capital  of  $605,792,266;  value 
of  products  manufactured,  8S32.43s.ll3.  Capital  Invested  In  brew- 
eries, $31,444,509;  agricultural  Implements,  823.628,442.  Output  of  Iron 
and  steel  manufactures.  8138,985,256.  In  1900,  State  ranked  first  In 
value  of  pottery  produced;  ranked  second  introduction  of  pig  Iron. 
Output  of  pig  Iron,  2,559,691  tons;  coke,  72,116  short  tons,  value 
8194,042.  Lime  and  cement,  12,709,481:  brick  and  tile,  $9,731,305;  pottery, 
36,994,805  — white  granite,  81,143,990;  art  pottery,  8428,795.  Portland 
cement  works,  6;  534,215  barrels,  $667,769.  Cigars  made,  658,819,883; 
tobacco,  19,818,539  pounds.  In  1900  the  State  ranked  third  in  produc- 
tion of  distilled  spirits,  and  fifth  in  fermented  liquors.  Output  distilled 
spirits,  9,518,850  gallons;  fermented  liquor,  3.1/28.116  barrels;  vinous, 
2,131 ,908  gallons.    Oleomargarine,  1901  16,436.961  pounds. 

Uliuerals.— Sandstone  underlies  over  one-half  the  total  area.  State 
leads  all  others  in  value  of  sandstone  quarried;  limestone,  quarried  in 
thirty-two  counties,  second  in  importance;  minerals  Include  coal, iron, 
glass  sand,  clays,  salt,  oil,  and  gas.  Coal  area,  10,000  square  miles;  out- 
put, 1900,  18,988,150  short  tons,  value  819.292.246.  Valuable  deposiis  of 
clay  worked  for  pottery,  earthenware,  and  brick.  Value  of  limestone 
quarried,  1900,  81,969,387;  sandstone,  81.(583,980;  salt  (fourth  State), 
1,425.283  barrels,  8696,326;  iron  ore,  61,016  tons;  crude  petroleum,  22.362,- 
730  barrels,  value  824.091,601.  Ranks  third  in  production  of  natural 
gas;  value  of  output,  82.178,234.    Mineral  waters,  1901,  6,431,410  gallons. 

Population.—  Ranked  eighteenth  in  1800;  fourth,  1830;  third, 
1870;  fourth,  1890  and  1900;  population,  1800,  45.365;  1830,  937,903;  1870, 
2,665.260:  1890,8,672,316,  1900,  4.157,545  Male,  2.102.655,  female,  2,054.890; 
native,  3,698,811,  foreign,  458,734;  white,  4,060,204:  colored,  97,341 ;  Afri- 
cans, 96,901;  Chinese,  371;  Japanese,  27;  Indians,  42. 

Cities.— Cleveland,  metropolis  of  Northern  Ohio,  settled  1796;  an 
Important  railroad  and  steamboat  center;  has  large  iron  and  steel 
manufactories  and  oil  refineries;  population,  1900,  381,768.  Cincinnati, 
metropolis  of  Ohio  Valley,  founded  1788;  has  extensive  trade  by  rail- 
road and  river;  population,  325,902.  Toledo,  on  Lake  Erie,  has  a  fine 
harbor;  an  important  commercial  center;  population,  131,822.  Colum- 
bus, capital,  prominent  railroad  center;  population,  125,560.  Dayton, 
on  Great  Miami  River,  in  vicinity  of  important  limestone  quarries; 
population,  85,333.  Youngstown,  flourishing  manufacturing  town,  out- 
let of  region  rich  in  iron,  coal,  and  limestone;  population,  44,885. 

Railways.— First  railroad  built  and  operated  west  of  New  York- 
Erie  &  Kalamazoo, Toledo  to  Adrian,  Mich.— constructed  1836.  Number 
miles,  1840,  30:  1850,575;  1855,  1,486;  1860,  2.946;  1865,3,331:  1870,3.538;  1875. 
4,461;  1880,  5,792;  1885,7,304;  1890,  7,988;  June,  1896,  8.726.29;  June,  1900, 
8,807.27,  averaging  21.18  miles  to  each  10,000  inhabitants.  In  1896  there 
were  600  miles  of  canals  in  Ohio. 

Education.  — Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  829,160;  expendi- 
ture, 813,335,211;  school  age,  6-21;  compulsory  school  law  age,  8  to 
14-16,  unless  at  work;  text-books  may  be  furnished.  Publ'c  high 
schools,  67S;  private  secondary  schools,  49.  Ohio  State  University, 
Columbus;  Ohio  University,  Athens;  Oberlin  College,  Oberlln;  Miami 
LTniversity,  Oxford,  Western  Reserve  University  and  Case  School 
of  Applied  Science,  at  Cleveland. 

Political.— State  elections  annual  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November,  number  of 
Senators,  33;  Representatives,  110;  term,  2  years;  sessions,  biennial,  in 
odd-numbered  years,  first  Monday  in  Januarv;  limit  of  session,  none. 
Number  of  electoral  votes,  23.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents 
of  State  1  year,  county  30  days,  town  and  precinct  20  days;  limited 
registration;  ballot  reform.  Idiots,  insane,  and  convicts,  unless  re- 
stored to  citizenship,  excluded.    Women  may  vote  on  school  matters. 

.Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  Dec.  25. 

Legal.— Judgments;  Recovery  of  real  estate, 21  vears;  written  con- 
tracts, 15,  unwritten,  6 ;  personal  actions,  1.  Redemption  of  tax  sales, 
2  years.    Legal  Interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  8. 


INDIANA.  91 


INDIANA.  Sjj&E?- 


State.' 


Derived  from  "Indian." 

Historical.— Originally  apart  of  New  France.  Visited  by  Jesuits, 
1672.  First  permanent  settlement  made  by  French  at  Vincennes,  1702. 
Ceded  to  Great  Britain,  1763;  Vincennes  captured  by  Colonel  Clark  of 
Virginia,  1779;  ceded  to  United  States,  1783;  became  part  of  Northwest 
Territory.  1787.  Indians  defeated  by  Harrison  at  Tippecanoe,  1811. 
Indiana  Territory  organized,  1800;  admitted  into  the  Union,  December 
11,  1816.  State  constitutions  adopted  1816  and  1851,  the  latter  having 
since  been  modified. 

Area.— Total  area,  36,350  square  miles;  land,  35,910;  water,  440; 
extreme  length,  276  miles;  average  breadth,  145  miles.    Counties,  92. 

Physical  Features.— Surf  ace  generally  level  and  undulating,  State 
occupying  a  broad  table-land  inclining  gradually  toward  the  south- 
west. Highest  altitude  in  Randolph  County,  1,208  feet;  lowest  at 
Deeds,  Miami  County,  83  feet;  mean  average,  735  feet.  Has  60  miles  of 
coast-line  on  Lake  Michigan  and  550  miles  of  navigable  river  boundary. 
Ohio  River  forms  entire  southern  boundary;  Wabash,  most  important 
river,  drains  three-fourths  of  entire  area. 

Climate.— Generally  healthful  but  variable;  northerly  and  north- 
westerly winds  prevail  in  winter.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Indianapolis, 
43.0  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  52.7  deg. ;  highest,  106  deg.; 
lowest,  25  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  leading  industry.  Valleys  of  Wabash,  White,  and 
Whitewater  rivers  most  fertile  sections.  In  1900  Indiana  ranked  next 
to  Kansas  in  production  of  winter  wheat,  sixth  in  corn,  and  fourth 
in  oats.  Crops,  1900:  Wheat,  6,411,702  bushels,  value  84,488,191;  corn, 
153.200.800  bushels,  value  $49,024,256;  oats,  44,866,035  bushels,  value  $10,- 
319,188;  rye,  485,722  bushels,  value  8242,861;  barley,  185,533  bushels, 
value  887.201;  buckwheat,  70,154  bushels,  value  $42,794;  hay,  1,663,452 
tons,value  816.218.657,  tobacco, 6,882,470 pounds, $445,658;  Irish  potatoes, 
9,060,529  bushels,  $3,443,001;  sweet  potatoes,  1899,  3,989  acres,  239,487 
bushels;  sorghum, 7,955  acres;  peppermint,  879  acres. 

Horticulture.— Apples,  pears,  plums,  peaches,  and  small  fruits 
cultivated  extensively.  Peach  district  along  the  Ohio  and  in  south- 
western and  eastern  sections.  Wine  culture  begun  by  Swiss  settlers  of 
Vevay,1813.  Value  of  fruit  crop,  1899,  $4,630,169;  orchard  fruit,  83,166,338; 
smallfruit, $1. 113,527;  grapes,  $350,304.  Total  number  orchard  trees,  1900, 
14,048,345;  apples,  8,624,593;  peaches,  2,925.526;  cherry,  896,641,  pear,  868,- 
184;  plum,  723,815;  apricot,  9,586.  Fruit  produced  in  bushels,  1899: 
Apples, 8,620,278,  pears, 231 ,713,  cherries, 228,485,  plums,  131,529;  peaches, 
69.333;  apricots,  757.    Dried  and  evaporated  fruit,  494,860  pounds. 

Live  Stock.— Stock  raising  and  dairy  farming  important  indus- 
tries. Acres  under  pasture,  including  woodland,  3.506,7:38.  Amount  of 
milk  produced  on  farms,  1899, 263,457.239  gals.,  butter,  51,042,396  pounds; 
cheese,  178,733  pounds;  total  value  of  poultry,  $8,172,993;  eggs,  $7,441,- 
944.  Number  and  value  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses,  751.715,  value 
$40,641,988;  mules,  66,717,  $3,717,083;  sheep,  l,742.0u2,  85,794.976;  milch 
cows,  574,276,  818,285,504;  other  cattle,  1,110.202,  $22,678,940;  swine,  3,763,- 
389,813.804,893,  wool  clip,  1901,  6,635,837  pounds. 

Manufactures.—  The  notable  growth  in  manufacturing  industries 
has  been  due  largely  to  the  discovery  and  development  of  natural  gas. 
Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  most  important  industry  in  State. 
Number  of  glass  factories,  1900, 110;  capital, $12,775,389,  value  products, 
$14,757,883;  wages  paid,  $7,226,1)47;  employes  numbered  13,015.  Tin  and 
terne  plate  establishments^;  daily  capacity  tin  plates,  380,050  pounds; 
terne,  71,950  pounds.  Refineries:  Petroleum,  1;  linseed  oil,  2;  lard,  3; 
sugar  and  molasses,  19;  zinc, 3.  Number  of  woolen  mills,  1900, 22;  prod- 
uct, $1,658,965;  cotton  mills,  5,  81,341,597.  Value  of  pottery,  $325,900; 
total  brick  and  tile,  $3,532,450.  State  ranks  third  In  production  of  dis- 
tilled spirits;  output,  1900-01,  18,885.398  gallons,  fermented  liquor,  892,- 
277 barrels;  still  wines, 35.500  gallons  valued  at  $18,400,  value  of  vinegar 
and  cider,  $105,745.  Value  of  agricultural  implements,  manufactured, 
1900,  about  $6,500,000,  engines,  etc.,  $17,228,096,  furniture. $8,769 ,500;  iron 
and  steel  products,  $19,388,481;  paper  and  paper  goods,  84 ,556,020;  railway 
construction,  etc.,  $20,000,000;  wagons,  etc.,  $12,742,243;  meat  packing, 
etc.,   $43,862,273;    planing    mills,   $5,088,669,    flouring    and   grist    mill 


94  UNITED  STATES. 

products,  $30,150,766;  factory-made  clothing,  14.824,547;  printing  and 
publishing,  88,427,763.    Value  all  textile  goods,  85,561,460.    Maple  syrup, 

1899,  179,576  gals.;  maple  sugar,  51,900  pounds.  Rough  lumber,  1900, 
977,878  thousand  feet,  1*.  M.;  sawed,  1,036,999  thousand  feet,  B.  M.  In 
1900  State  ranked  fifth  In  fruit  and  vegetable  packing.  A  large  pottery 
baa  recently  been  established  at  Brazil. 

Mineral  Resources.— Coal  mines,  quarries  of  building  stone, 
clay  deposits,  petroleum,  and  natural  gas  wells  are  the  State's  most 
valuable  resources.  Salt  and  medicinal  springs  are  found  in  the 
south.  Coal  measures  are  bituminous.  Including  Indiana  block— 600 
square  miles— coking  and  cannel  coals;  total  area,  6,450  square  miles. 
In  1900  State  ranked  second  in  natural  gas,  fourth  in  petroleum, 
and  sixth  in  production  of  coal.  Coal  mines,  1897,  115,  output,  1900, 
6,484,086  short  tons,  value  86,687, 137.  Area  of  natural  gas,  2,850  square 
miles,  value  of  output,  87,254,539.  Development  and  output  of  oil 
fields  increasing  steadily.  Number  of  wells  producing,  1900,6,113;  total 
production  valued  at  84,693,983.  New  developments  in  Grant  and 
Blackford  counties. 

Quarries.— In  1900  State  ranked  sixth  In  clay  products  and  building 
stone.  Number  of  stone  quarries,  1897,  37,  2.494  acres;  stone  quarried, 
30,079  carloads;  employes,  4,386.  In  1900,  Indiana  ranked  next  to  Penn- 
sylvania in  total  value  of  limestone,  but  first  in  value  of  stone  for 
building  and  (1901)  flagging  and  curbing;  value,  82,344,818;  for  road- 
making,  81,639,985.    Value  of  oolitic  limestone  output,  1897,  82,300  .om. 

Population.— Ranked    twenty-first   in   1800;   eighth   in   1890  and 

1900.  Total  population  in  1800,  5,641;  1890,  2.192,404;  1900,  2,516,462. 
Male,  1,285,404,  female,  1,231,508,  native,  2.374,341;  foreign,  142,121; 
white,  2,458,502,  colored,  57,960;  Africans,  57,505;  Chinese,  207,  Japanese, 
5;  Indians,  243. 

Cities.— Indianapolis,  capital  and  metropolis,  one  of  most  Im- 
portant distributing  points  in  Central  States;  chief  industries,  meat 
packing,  manufactures  of  iron,  flour,  furniture,  wagons,  and  liquors. 
Population,  1900,  169,164.  Emnsrille,  second  city  in  size,  commer- 
cial center  of  southwestern  part  of  State;  has  important  manu- 
factures; population,  59,007.  Ft.  Wayne,  on  the  Maumee,  leading 
Industrial  and  business  center  of  Northeastern  Indiana;  population, 
45,11s."  Terre  Haute,  commercial,  manufacturing,  and  educational 
center,  population,  36,673.  South  Bend,  important  manufacturing 
town  on  St.  Joseph  River;  population,  35,999.  New  Albany,  flourishing 
manufacturing  town,    large  glass  manufactories;  population,  20,628. 

Railways.— Miles  in  operation,  1846,  22;  1850,  111;  1855,  1.406;  1860, 
2,163,  1865,2.217;  1870,3,177,  1875,3,963;  1S80,  4.373,  1885,  5.614;  1890,  6,106; 
June,  1896,  6,373;  June,  1900,  6,470.61,  18.02  miles  per  100  square 
miles. 

Education.-  Common  school  system  in  operation  since  1853.  Public 
school  enrollment,  1900,564,807,  school  buildings, 10.038;  value  823.244.630; 
compulsory  school  age,  8-14.  Text-books  furnished  to  Indigent  chil- 
dren. Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  opened  1874;  State  University, 
Bloomington,  opened  1824;  De  Pauw  University,  Greeucastle;  Rose 
Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute:  University  of  Notre  Dame,  Notre 
Dame;  Public  Normal  Schools,  Indianapolis  and  Terre  Haute. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  num- 
ber of  Senators,  50;  Representatives,  100;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-num- 
bered years,  Thursday  after  first  Monday  in  January;  limit  of  session, 
61  days;  term  of  Senators,  4  years;  Representatives,  2  years.  Number 
of  electoral  votes,  15.  Voters  must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention, 
residents  of  State  6  months,  county  and  town  60  days,  precinct  30  days; 
registration  not  required;  ballot  reform.  Convicts  excluded.  Limited 
woman  suffrage. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  public  fast,  and 
election. 

JLegal.-Statutes  of  limitation:  Personal  actions,  2  years;  open 
accounts,  contracts  not  in  writing,  6;  promissory  notes,  written  evi- 
dence of  debt,  10;  other  written  contracts,  judgments,  real  actions,  20. 
Redemption  of  tax  sal**-  2  years.  Legal  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  con- 
tract, 8. 


ILLINOIS.  95 


J- J-jIj-LN  Olo.  "Prairie  or  Sucker  State." 

From  Indian  "  Illini,"  men,  and  French,  "  ois,"  tribe  of  men. 

Historical.— Eighth  State  admitted  into  the  Union.  First  visited 
bv  Marquette  and  Joliet  in  1673.  Fort  St.  Louis  founded  by  La  Salle  in 
1679.  French  settled  at  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia,  1682  ;  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  1763  ;  United  States  17S3  ;  became  part  of  Northwest  Territory 
1787;  Indiana  Territory  1800.  Illinois  Territory  organized  1809;  State 
admitted  to  the  Union  1818;  Kaskaskia  first  capital;  seat  of  government 
removed  to  Vandalia  1818  ;  to  Springfield  1837.  Black  Hawk  War  1832. 
Mormon  troubles  1840-44.  Second  constitution  adopted  1848 ;  present 
constitution  ratified  1870. 

Area.— Total  area,  56,650  square  miles;  land,  56,000;  water,  650; 
greatest  length,  385  miles  ;  breadth,  218.    Counties,  102. 

Physical  Features.— One  of  the  most  level  States  in  the  Union. 
Occupies  a  great  plain,  sloping  almost  imperceptibly  from  highest 
section  in  north  on  Lake  Michigan  to  southern  extreme,  350  feet  abov?) 
sea  level.  Greatest  elevation  in  the  State  is  about  1.145  feet;  average 
for  State,  500  feet.  Mississippi  River  forms  entire  western  boundary; 
extent  of  frontage,  700  miles;  Wabash  River  on  the  east  and  Ohio  on 
the  south.  Illinois  has  4.000  miles  of  navigable  streams ;  Illinois  River 
the  largest  within  the  State.  Important  artificial  waterway  —  Chicago 
Drainage  Canal.  Chicago  to  Joliet,  40  miles  — affording  Lake  Michigan 
an  outlet  to  Mississippi  River  through  channel  of  Illinois,  opened 
January  2,  1900.  Estimated  minimum  discharge,  300.000  cubic  feet 
per  minute;  maximum.  600.000  cubic  feet.  Cost  of  work,  $33,000,000. 
Coast-line  on  Lake  Michigan,  60  miles. 

Climate,  throughout  the  State,  generally  healthful  and  bracing. 
Mean  annual  ra'nfall  at  Springrfield.  38.0  inches;  mean  annual  temper- 
ature, 52.8  deg.,  highest  temperature.  107  deg. ;  lowest.  22  deg.  below. 
Mean  annual  rainfall  Chicago,  37.57 inches;  mean  annual  temperature, 
49.4  deg.;  January,  25.5  deg.;  July,  72.9  deg.  Annual  rainfall,  Cairo, 
46.74  inches;  tempeiature,  57.8  deg. 

.Agriculture.— State  has  42.(100  square  miles  of  land  suited  to 
growth  of  cereals.  In  1900,  first  in  production  of  oats,  second  in  corn, 
fourth  in  potatoes.  Winter  wheat  in  south  and  southwest;  central 
sections  produce  most  corn.  Soil  especially  adapted  to  culture  of 
sugar  beet;  beet-sugar  factorv,  with  a  capacity  of  700  tons,  estab- 
lished at  Pekin.  Area  and  vield  of  farm  products.  1900:  Corn,  264,- 
176.226  bushels,  value  $84,536,392;  oats,  133.642.884  bushels,  value  $30,- 
737.S63;  wheat.  17.982,068  bushels,  value  811.5(J8.524;  broom  corn.  21.590 
acres,  value  §575,7:32;  Irish  potatoes.  15,296.104  bushels,  value  $6,271,403; 
sweet  potatoes.  300.570  bushels,  value  $216,984;  tobacco,  4.474  acres, 
2,689.306  pounds,  value  8197.425;  hay.  2.119.419  tons,  value  817,803,120; 
honey,  421.469  pounds,  value  856.540;  bee-hives.  55,101. 

Hoi'ticulture  established  1840-50.  One  of  the  foremost  States 
engaged  in  the  industrv.  Most  productive  fruit  areas  are  toward 
the  southern  section.  Apple  trees,  13.430.006;  peach,  2.448.013;  pear, 
795.551;  cherrv.  727,973.  Fruit  produced.  1899 :  Apples,  9,178. 15U  bushels; 
cherries,  2< 4.279  bushels;  plums,  157.941  bushels;  pears,  133,745  bushels; 
peaches,  66.805  bushels.  Value  of  strawberries,  1901,  848,707;  water- 
melons, $46,759. 

)Live  Stock  and  Dairy.— Area  under  pasture,  4,669,270  acres 
Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses.  1.350,219,  value 
869.698,100;  mules,  124.644.  $7,420,511;  sheep,  1,030,581,  83,076,642;  milch 
cows.  1.007.604,  $34,279,218;  other  cattle.  2.096.346,  847,891.689;  swine, 
5,915.468.823,616,781.  Total  value  $186,856.o2u.  Wool  clip.  1901,  4,103,021 
pounds.  Value  of  dairy  products,  1899,  $29,638,619;  milk  produced, 
457.106.995  gallons;  butter,  52.493,450  pounds;  cheese,  323.485  pounds. 
Eggs,  86.402.670  doz«ns;  value,  $8,942,401;  poultry.  $11,307,599. 

Fisheries.— The  large  water-courses  within  the  State  or  along 
its  boundaries  afford  an  abundant  and  varied  supply  of  food-fishes. 
Among  the  interior  States  Illinois  leads  all  others  in  extent  and  value 
of  fisheries.  Ranks  first  in  fishing  population,  capital  invested,  and 
extent  and  value  of  catch.  Number  of  persons  employed,  1,650;  capi- 
tal invested, $156,000; catch,  11. 500,000  pounds;  value  •883,000. 

Manufactures.— Chief  manufacturing  cities  of  Illinois  are  Chi- 
cago,  Peoria,  East  St.  Louis,  Joliet,  Kockford,  Pekin,  Moline.    In  1900 


UNITED  STATES. 


there,  were  88,860  establishments  In  State,  employing  489,452  pernors; 
capitalization,  $776,829,598;  wages  and  salaries  paid.  $284,848,426;  value 
of  products,  $i,25'.).57i.in5.  Total  value  of  manufactured  products  of 
Chicago,  1900,  was  $888,736,811.  In  1901,  41,610,286  pounds  of  oleomar- 
garine manufactured  in  stale,  state  leads  all  others  In  manufacture 
Of  distilled  spirits;  product,  1900-01,  39,357,780  gals.;  ranks  third  In  fer- 
mented liquor;  product,  3,680,323  barrels:  value  of  wine  produced, 
census  report,  $13,265:  sorghum  syrup.  903,369  gallons,  value  $309,127. 
Illinois  one  of  the  foremost  States  in  production  of  steel;  output 
of  Bessemer  steel  Ingots,  1900, 1,115,571  long  tons:  rails,  about  iun.ijuu 
tons;  wire  nails.  Indiana  and  Illinois.  2,195,672  kegs.  Ranks  third  In 
production  of  pig  iron,  output  1,469,530  tons.  Value  of  brick  and 
tile,  S6,932.ns6:  common  brick,  83,981,577;  fire  proofing,  §76,347;  pottery, 
$776,773,  lime.  $246,575. 

Minerals.— Coal  first  discovered  near  Ottawa,  1698.  Illinois  sec- 
ond only  to  Pennsylvania  In  production  of  bituminous  coal;  area, 
37,000  square  miles,  dumber  of  counties  producing  coal  In  1900,  58; 
mines  and  openings,  915;  total  output  of  all  mines.  25,767,981  short 
tons;  number  of  shipping  mines,  350;  output.  26.635.319  tons;  output 
of  local,  mines,  l.liis.r,u:;  tons;  total  tons  of  lump  coal,  13.321,124.  The 
aggregate  home  value  of  total  product,  s25.4is.its3.  Total  number  of 
employes,  44.143.  In  1900  Illinois  ranked  fourth  in  total  value  of 
limestone  and  second  in  value  of  limestone  for  building  purposes; 
total  value,  $1,881,151;  sandstone,  819,141.  Petroleum,  250  barrels, 
value  81  500;  spelter.  Indiana  and  Illinois.  38,750  short  tons. 

Population.— Kanked  twentv-fourth  in  1810 and  1820;  eleventh  in 
1850,  fourth  in  1880;  and  third  in*  1890  and  1900.  Total  population,  1810, 
12.282:  1S50.  851.470;  ISSii.  3.077.S71 :  1890.3.s26.351.  Population,  census  1900, 
4.821.550.  Male,  2,472,782;  female.  2.348.768:  native,  3.854.803:  foreign, 
966,747;  white,  4.734.S73;  colored,  86,677;  Africans,  85,073;  Chinese, 
1,503;  Japanese,  80;  Indians,  16. 

Cities.—  Chicago,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  metropolis  of 
Illinois  and  second  city  in  size  In  the  United  States;  has  avast  lake 
commerce  and  large  export  trade  by  rail;  extensive  manufacturing 
industries.  Population,  1900, 1,698,575  ;  area,  189  square  miles.  Spring- 
field, capital;  manufactures  include  cars,  tobacco,  and  foundry  and 
lumber  products  ;  center  of  coal  industry.  Population,  1900,  34.159. 
Peoria,  second  city  in  size,  has  an  extensive  grain  trade  ;  chief  indus- 
tries, distilling  and  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements  and 
glucose.  Population,  1900,  56,100.  Quincy,  population,  1900,  36,252. 
Bockford,  population,  31.051. 

Railways.— Illinois  ranks  first  in  railway  mileage.  State  has  6  per 
cent  of  total  mileage  of  United  States.  Number  of  miles  of  railway  in 
1850,111;  1860,  2,790;  1870,  4.823;  lSSo.  7.S.Y1;  1890.  10,115.90;  1895,  10.620.19, 
July,  1900. 11,002.93.    Per  100  square  miles  of  territory.  19.65. 

Education.— School  system  founded  1855:  township  high  schoois 
first  established  1867.  Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900.  958,911;  pri> 
vate,  142,496,  expenditure,  817.757.145.  School  age.  6-21:  compulsory 
school  age,  7-14.  Text-books  furnished  to  indigent  children.  Public 
high  schools,  344.  Northwestern  University,  Evanston;  University  of 
Chicago, 1892:  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana;  Illinois  College,  1829;  oth- 
ers: LakeForest;  Lincoln;  Knox; Roekford  (women);  i  normal  schools. 

Political.— State,  congressional,  and  presidential  elections,  Tues- 
day after  first  Monday  in  November:  number  of  Senators,  51:  Repre- 
sentatives, 153;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  Wed- 
nesday after  first  Monday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  none;  term  of 
Senators  4  years;  Representatives  2  years.  Electoral  votes,  27.  "">  oters 
must  be  actual  citizens;  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  county  90  days, 
town  and  precinct  30  days;  registration  required:  ballot  reform;  con- 
victs, unless  pardoned,  excluded.    Women  vote  on  school  matters. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1st,  February  12th,  February  22d, 
May  30th,  Julv  4th,  first  Monday  in  Sentember,  any  day  appointed  by 
Governor  or  President  for  Fast  or  Thanksgiving.  December  25th.  If 
Sundav,  then  Monday  is  holiday.    Notes  payable  on  Saturday. 

Legal. —Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  actions  for  recovery  of 
land,20years;  written  evidence  of  indebtedness,  10  years;  unwritten 
contracts,  personal  actions,  5 ;  redemption  of  tax  sales.  2  years.  Legal 
Interest,  5  per  cent;  by  contract,  7;  usury  forfeits  entire  interest, 


MICHIGAN.  99 


MTnTTTfl  A  AT         Mish'-e-gan. 
±U,Al_y_Ll.HJr^l>  •       "Wolverine  State." 

Indian— signifies  "Great  Sea." 

Historical.— Explored  by  Champlain  1615.  Colonized  by  Jesuit 
missionaries  under  leadership  of  Marquette,  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  1668. 
French  formed  treaty  of  friendship  with  Indians  and  took  formal  pos- 
session of  country  1671;  ceded  it  to  Great  Britain  1763;  British  held  ter- 
ritory after  the  Revolution  until  1796.  Detroit  founded  1701.  Michigan 
formed  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  organized  1787;  became  a  part 
of  Indiana  Territory  1802;  Michigan  Territory  formed  1805.  Scene  of 
active  warfare  during  "War  of  1812-15;  Detroit  surrendered  to  British 
1812;  abandoned  by  them  1813.  Michigan  became  a  State,  January  26, 
1837— the  twenty-sixth  State;  thirteenth  admitted  under  the  Federal 
Constitution.    Present  constitution  adopted  1850. 

Area.— Total  area,  58,915  square  miles;  land,  36,755,200  acres,  or  57,430 
square  miles,  water,  1,485  square  miles.  Average  width  of  Lower  Pen- 
insula, 200  miles;  length  north  to  south,  300.  Upper  Peninsula  — area, 
22.580  square  miles:  length  east  to  west,  318  miles;  width,  30  to  164  miles. 
Total  number  of  counties  in  State,  83. 

Physical  Features.—  State  consists  naturally  of  two  peninsulas 
separated  by  Straits  of  Mackinac— width  four  miles  — and  surrounded 
in  great  part  by  Lakes  Superior,  Huron,  and  Michigan.  Entire  coast 
line,  1,600  miles.  Surface  of  Upper  Peninsula  rugged  and  mountainous, 
especially  in  the  west;  eastern  portion  heavily  timbered  or  covered  with 
grasses,  and  interspersed  with  numerous  lakes;  the  Tahquamenon,  the 
largest  river,  enters  Lake  Superior  from  the  east.  Numerous  streams 
in  the  west  contain  many  falls  and  rapids,  affording  much  valuable 
water-power.  Menominee  River  largest  and  most  important;  Michi- 
gamme  and  Sturgeon  next  in  importance.  Highest  elevation  Porcupine 
Mountain,  2,023  feet.  Surface  of  Lower  Peninsula  generally  undulating; 
in  the  south  and  west  are  prairie  lands;  northern  portion  hilly;  highest 
elevation  574  feet;  lakes  and  streams  abound;  principal  rivers,  Muskegon, 
Grand,  Kalamazoo,  St.  Joseph,  and  Saginaw;  all  furnish  much  valuable 
wjater-power,  largely  utilized.  State  has  many  natural  lake  harbors. 
Michigan  includes  a  large  number  of  islands,  chief  of  which  are  Isle 
Royal  and  Grand  Island  in  Lake  Superior;  Drummond  and  Sugar, 
Lake  Huron,  and  the  Manitou  group,  Lake  Michigan.  Throughout  the 
islands,  shores,  and  inland  lakes  are  located  many  attractive  and  nota- 
ble summer  resorts. 

Forests  and  jL umber.— Forests,  one  of  the  most  important 
sources  of  wealth.  Second  to  Wisconsin  in  the  lumber  industry.  In- 
terests have  chiefly  centered  in  Lower  Peninsula,  which  contained 
most  extensive  pine  forests  in  the  country,  with  large  tracts  of  cedar 
and  hardwoods.  Four-fifths  of  entire  area  of  Upper  Peninsula  heavily 
timbered.  Pine  and  white  cedar  cut  extensively.  The  large  and  valu- 
able tracts  of  hardwoods  practically  untouched;  spruce  and  white 
poplar  furnish  wood  pulp  for  extensive  paper  manufactures,  and  some 
maple  or  birch  are  cut.  Among  the  leading  lumber  centers  of  Lower 
Peninsula  are  Bay  City,  Saginaw,  Muskegon,  Manistee,  and  Traverse 
City;  Upper  Peninsula  — Menominee,  Escanaba,  Manistique,  St.  Ig- 
nace,  Ford  River,  and  Munising.  Estimated  amount  of  standing  tim- 
ber in  pine  and  hemlock,  1896,  18  billion  feet;  white  pine,  6  billion. 
Timber  owned,  14.546.KJO.000  feet  B.  M.  Cut,  1900,  3.462,152,000  feet. 
Sawed  lumber  produced.  3,018.338.000  feet;  value  §35.865,616.  Aggre- 
gate rough  lumber,  3,012.057.000  feet;  total  value  $35,784,606. 

Climate  of  Lower  Peninsula  greatly  influenced  by  surrounding 
lakes;  winters  milder  than  in  States  in  same  latitude  on  west  side  of 
Lake  Michigan.  Climate  of  Northern  Peninsula  cold  and  rigorous,  but 
more  uniform  than  in  Lower  Peninsula,  where  sudden  changes  are  not 
rare;  atmosphere  clear,  bracing,  and  invigorating.  Healthfulness  of 
region  attracts  many  visitors  afflicted  with  bronchial  and  pulmonary 
diseases.  Rainfall  abundant  and  very  evenly  distributed  throughout 
the  year.  Mean  annual  temperature:  Detroit,  48.3  deg.;  highest,  101  deg.; 
lowest,  24  deg.  below;  annual  rainfall,  32. :J.  inches.  Highest  temperature: 
Marquette,  100  deg.;  lowest,  27  deg.  below;  precipitation,  32.4  inches. 

Agriculture  the  leading  occupation  in  Lower  Peninsula.  In 
Upper  Peninsula  industry  has  received  less  attention,  but  number  of 
farms  and  cultivated  area  are  steadily  increasing.    Total  number  of 


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102  UNITED  STATES. ■ 

farras  In  State,  1900,  203,261 :  total  area,  17,561,698  acres;  average  number 
of  acres  In  each  farm, 86.40.  Area  of  Improved  land.  11,799.250  acres; 
unimproved,  5,762,448  acres.  All  cereals  yield  abundantly  In  the 
Lower  Peninsula,  and,  with  the  exception  of  cirri  are  grown  success- 
fully in  Upper  Peninsula.  Root  crops  of  superior  quality  are  pro- 
duced in  large  quantities.  Michigan  is  especially  famous  for  potatoes 
grown,  particularly  those  from  Lake  Superior  and  Grand  Trs 
Bay  regions.  Culture  of  sugar  beet  has  proven  highly  successful; 
second  producing  State.  Area  devoted  to  beet  culture,  1900.  was  37.034 
acres;  yield,  205,925  tons;  total  cost  of  beets  grown.  $9u2..7.)2.  In  1901, 
Michigan  ranked  eighth  in  production  of  oats,  third  in  rye,  and  fourth 
In  buckwheat.  Other  products,  flax,  hops,  sorghum.  Farm  products, 
1900:  Wheat,  9,271,764  bushels,  value  86,397.517;  barlev.  904,806  bushels, 
value  $425,259;  corn,  38,888,460  bushels,  value  $14.3S8,730 ;  oats,  33,689,536 
bushels,  value  $8,759,279,  hay,  1,727,617  tons,  value  $16,325,981;  potatoes, 
16.6:30,941  bushels,  value  84,324,025  ;  rye.  1,041.068  bushels,  value  $499,713; 
beans,  1899, 1,806,413  bushels,  value  $2,361,020. 

Horticulture  one  of  the  most  profitable  industries  in  the  State. 
Soil  and  climate  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of 
all  orchard  and  garden  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone.  "Fruit  Belt" 
comprises  particularly  the  western  counties  bordering  on  Lake  Michi- 
gan, where  peaches  are  largely  grown.  Apples  the  most  important 
crop;  pears,  plums,  and  cherries  abundant;  grapes  flourish  throughout 
the  State.  Berries  yield  large  annual  crops;  constantly  increasing  areas 
devoted  to  the  culture;  strawberry  ranks  first;  raspberry,  red  and 
black,  and  blackberry  following.  Cranberry  acreage  large,  especially 
around  St.  Joseph.  Market  gardening,  truck  farming,  commercial 
floriculture,  and  the  nursery  industry  important  and  growing  pursuits. 
Value  fruit  crop,  1899,  S5.S59.362;  orchard,  $3,675,845;  small,  $1,680,840; 
grapes,  $503,268.  Fruit  produced:  Apples,  8,931,569  bushels;  peaches, 
339.i:3;;  plums.  213,682;  cherries,  194.541 ;  pears.  170,702.  Strawberry  area, 
10.837  acres;  product,  18,384,340  quarts.  Trees,  1900,  22,502,414;  apple, 
10,927.899;  peach,  8,104,415. 

Live  Stock.— Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900: 
Horses,  586,559,  835.903.557;  sheep,  2,747.609.  $7,162,664:  milch  cows,  563.905, 
817.281,805:  other  cattle,  812,503,  $10,883,451;  swine.  1.165,200,  $4,588,898; 
mules,  2.916,  8158,475.    Wool  clip,  1901,  10.555,942  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Commercial  fisheries  of  Michigan  among  the  most 
important  in  the  country.  Industry  employs  4.500  men ;  annual  catch 
nearly  3,3000,000  pounds.  Whitefish  and  lake  trout  most  valuable  of 
food-fish  taken;  other  important  varieties  found  in  the  bordering 
lakes  and  inland  waters  are  pike-perch,  herring,  suckers,  perch,  and 
sturgeon.  Report  for  1897  gives  total  catch  for  year,  32.602,745  pounds, 
value.  $709,831;  whitefish,  4.639,014  pounds,  £136.777;  lake  trout.  6,580.454 
pounds,  8246,121;  herring,  12,957,646  pounds,  898,510;  sturgeon,  184,881 
pounds,  $64,030.  Fish  culture,  under  management  of  State  Fish  Com- 
mission, has  become  an  important  enterprise.  State  has  stations  at 
Northville, Detroit,  Alpena,  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  Eggs  collected  at  North- 
ville  and  sub-stations,  1900-01.  218.546,092:  lake  trout,  13.779,000;  white- 
fish,  203,560,000;  brook  trout,  1,019.442.  Eggsand  fish  shipped.  189.919,627; 
whitefish,  177.495,000;  lake  trout,  11,280.000;  brook  trout,  1,001,3S0. 

Manufactures  include  lumber,  salt, furniture,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, carriages,  wagons,  sash,  doors,  fiour,  etc.;  shipbuilding  an  im- 
portant factor  in  Industries  of  State.  1900  reports  give  total  value  of 
manufactured  articles  as  $.356,944,082.  Lumber  the  most  prominent 
of  the  manufacturing  interests.  Michigan.  Wisconsin,  and  Minne- 
sota produce  over  one-fourth  the  total  output  of  the  United  States, 
Value  of  sawmill  products,  over  $42,500,000:  planing-mill  products, 
$18,292,013.  Furniture  manufactories  among  the  most  extensive  in  the 
country.  Manufacture  of  salt  an  important  industry.  First  salt 
made  in  I860;  State  ranked  first,  1901,  with  37.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
amount;  output,  7,729,641  barrels,  value  $2,437,677.  Output  of  pig  iron, 
1901,  170.762  tons;  production  Bessemer  pig,  39.941  tons.  Brick  and 
tile  manufactured,  1900,  $1,147,378;  common  brick.  $863,250;  pressed, 
848,411;  vitrified  paving  brick,  860.000;  drain  tile,  8114.747:  pottery, 
$34,317;  Portland  cement,  775 .(XX)  barrels.  Amount  of  malt  liquors, 
produced,  1900,911,268  barrels;  total  value  exceeds  $5,290,000.  Xumberof 
silk  factories,  1900,  2.  In  1900  there  were  9  beet-sugar  establishments, 
capitalized  at  over  $4,000,000.    Production,  33,708,283  lbs;  value  $1,600,284. 


MICHIGAN.  103 


Minerals.— Michigan  has  an  inexhaustible  store  of  mineral 
wealth.  Iron  ore?  the  most  valuable,  ranked,  1901,  next  to  Minnesota 
in  production.  Iron  country  consists  of  three  well-defined  districts— 
Marquette.  Menominee,  and  Gogebic  ranges,  deposits  lie  in  western 
half  of  Northern  Peninsula,  ranges  treacling  nearly  east  and  west. 
First  shipments  of  iron  ore  made  in  1856.  Total  output  of  iron  ore, 
1895.  5312,444  tons-  1901,  9,654,067  tons,  or  33.42  per  cent  of  total 
product  of  United  States.  Of  this  amount  about  97.23  per  cent  was 
red  hematite  ore.  2.42  per  cent  was  magnetite,  and  .34  per  cent  was 
brown  hematite.  Copper  mines  in  State  next  in  importance  to 
the  iron.  Mineral  or  Copper  range  extends  from  Keweenaw  Point, 
Northern  Peninsula,  southwesterly  parallel  with  Lake  Superior  Dis- 
trict contains  some  of  the  richest  copper  mines  in  the  world  ;  Lake 
Superior  ores,  unexcelled  in  quality,  command  the  highest  prices  in 
home  and  foreign  markets.  First  mention  of  Lake  Superior  copper 
mines  made  bv  Legarde  1636.  Attention  first  directed  to  Isle  Royal 
1640.  First  attempts  at  copper  mining  1770-2.  Lake  Superior  region 
first  visited  by  Dr.  Houghton  1830.  Organization  of  companies  and 
location  of  permits  began  in  1842.  Lake  Portage  region,  explored  1846-7, 
became  prominent  1860.  Mining  on  Ontonagon  range  began  in  1S43 ; 
output  unimportant  until  1847.  In  Is")  district  yielded  largest  mass  of 
native  copper  ever  discovered  :  weight  of  nugget  over  563  tons  ;  value 
over  1500,000.  Calumet  and  Hecla.  the  largest  and  richest  copper  mines 
in  the  world,  discovered  1866.  From  lSs}  inclusive  to  1901  inclusive, 
Lake  Superior  mines  produced  2,124.323,652  pounds  of  copper,  1883, 
59,702,404  pounds  :  1893, 112,605,078  pounds  ;  1901. 156.289.481  pounds.  Coal 
area  comprised  6,700  square  miles:  total  product.  1901,  1.241.241  tons, 
11,753,064.  Salt  wells  opened  in  Saginaw  Vallev.  1859,  State  greatest 
producer  in  1901 ;  output.  7,729,641  barrels,  value  82,437.677.  Gold  dis- 
covered 1881.  near  Ishpeming:  regular  mining  begun  1882;  1900,  1,403 
fine  oz.  $29,000.  Vein  discovered  at  Michipicoten.  r  97.  Silver  occurs 
with  copper  mined.    Gypsum,  1900, 129.654  short  tons.  $285,119. 

Building  Stones.— Large  quantities  of  sandstone,  unsurpassed 
for  building  purposes,  are  found  along  Lake  Superior  coast;  in  1900 
the  value  of  sandstone  quarried  was  81:52.650.  Beautiful  serpentines 
are  quarried  near  Marquette.  Limestone,  granite,  mica,  marble,  glass 
sand,  and  asbestos  deposits  are  found  Brick  and  tile  clays  exist 
throughout  the  State,  and  are  largely  utilized.  Total  value  of  lime- 
stone, $425,636;  used  for  road-making.  §62.815. 

Population.— Total  population,  1810,  4.762;  1840.212.267;  1860,749.113; 
1890.  2.003.889.  1900,  2,420.982.  Male.  1.248.905;  female,  1.172.077;  native, 
1.879.329;  foreign.  541.653;  white.  2.398.563;  colored,  22,419;  Africans, 
15316:   Chinese,  240;  Japanese.  9;  Indians.  ^354. 

Cities.— Detroit,  port  of  entry  on  Detroit  River,  largest  city  in  the 
State,  and  an  important  railway  center;  has  an  extensive  American 
and  Canadian  trade  in  grain,  wool,  copper,  pork,  etc.  State  capital 
1837  to  1847  ;  population.  1900,  285.704.  Grand  Rapids,  at  head  of  navi- 
gation on  Grand  River,  second  city  in  size  ;  fine  water-power,  utilized 
largely  in  t'.e  manufacture  of  lumber,  furniture,  wagons,  woodenware, 
etc.;  population,  87 ,565.  Saginaw,  prominent  railway  center.with  flour- 
ishing industries,  lumber  and  foundry  products  lead ;  population,  42,345. 
Bay  Citif,  an  important  lake  port  on  Saginaw  River  near  its  mouth; 
most  important  industrial  enterprises,  lumber  and  salt;  one  of  the  six 
principal  lumber  centers  of  the  Xorthwest;  population,  27.628.  Jack- 
son.  a  nourishing  city  on  Grand  River;  population,  25.180.  Muskegon, 
on  Muskegon  River,  near  Lake  Michigan,  has  large  trade  by  water  and 
rail;  chief  export  lumber;  population,  20,818.  Lansing,  capital,  on 
Grand  River;  center  of  a  fine  agricultural  region  and  has  important 
manufacturing  industries:  population,  16.485.  Menominee  has  large 
lumber  and  planing  mills;  population.  12,818.  Ishpeming,  in  vicinity  of 
extensive  iron  mines,  one  of  chief  centers  of  iron  industry,  has  smelting 
works,  foundries,  etc.;  population.  13.255.  Sault  8te.  Marie,  at  rapids 
Of  St.  Mary  River,  near  outlet  of  Lake  Superior.  Here  is  the  famous 
Soo  Canal  and  a  great  international  bridge;  Falls  furnish  magnificent 
water-power;  principal  manufactures,  lumber  and  its  products;  popu- 
lation. li>..~>.;>.  Marquette,  on  Lake  Superior,  has  a  good  harbor  and  Is 
the  principal  port  for  the  great  iron  district:  population,  10,058.  Esca- 
naba,  on  Green  Bay,  one  of  the  largest  ore  shipping  ports  in  the  world; 
Important  trade  in'lumber  and  fish;  population,  9,549. 


104 


Lougitnde  West  fro 


106  UNITED  STATES. 

Railways,  Etc.— First  railroad  chartered  1832.  Michigan  Central 
completed,  Detroit  to  Ypsllanti,  1838  Miles  in  operation.  1840.  59;  i860, 
779;  1870,  1,638;  1880,  8,988;  1890.  7,108;  July,  1900,  8,195.18.  Sault  Kte. 
Marie  Canal,  over  1  mile  long,  100  feet  wide,  21  feet  deep,  begun  1853; 
first  used  1855;  extensions  were  opened  in  lsk^i  and  In  18  o. 

Education,  Etc.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899,  198,665;  private, 
15,568;  expenditure,  s6 .539,1 46;  school  age.  5-30;  compulsory,  7 -15;  text- 
books furnished.  Educational  Institutions  include  University  of 
Michigan,  Ann  Arbor;  Detroit  College,  at  Detroit;  Normal  schools 
at  Ypsllanti.  Marquette,  and  Mt.  Pleasant;  Agricultural  College  near 
Lansing;  Michigan  Mining  School,  Houghton. 

Political.— State  elections,  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Num- 
ber of  Senators,  32;  Representatives,  100:  term,  2  years;  sessions  biennial, 
first  Wednesday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  none  Number  of  elect- 
oral votes,  14.  Voters  must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents 
of  the  State  and  county  6  months,  district  20  days;  registration  required; 
ballot  reform.  Aliens  who  have  not  declared  intention  6  months  pre- 
vious to  election,  Indians,  and  duelists  excluded.  Women  vote  on 
school  matters. 

Legal  Holidays.- January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving,  December  25.  When  holiday 
falls  on  Sunday  the  following  Mondav  is  observed. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  10  years;  open  accounts, 
6;  notes,  6,  redemption  of  tax  sales,  1  year.  Legal  interest  rate,  5  per 
cent,  by  contract,  7. 

Production  of  Iron  Ores  in  United  States  in  1900. 

TON'S.  TOSS. 

Michigan    9,926,727  Montana,  Nevada,   Utah, 

Minnesota     9,834.399  N.Mexico,  andWyoming    132.277 

Alabama .2,759.247      Ohio... 61,016 

Virginia   and  West  Vir-  Kentucky 52,920 

ginia 921,821      Missouri 41,366 

Pennsylvania  877,684  Connecticut  and  Massa- 

Wisconsin     746,105         chusetts 31,185 

Tennessee 594.171      Maryland 26,223 

New  York 441.485      Texas 16,881 

Colorado. 407,084      Iowa •_ 2,137 

New  Jersey 344.247  

Georgia  and  N.Carolina      336,186  Total  27,553,161 

World's  Production  of  Iron  Ore,  1895. 

TONS.  TONS. 

United  States ...15,957,614        Sweden 1,904,662 

Great  Britain.... 12,615,414        Belgium. 312,637 

Germany    and    Luxem-  Italy 183,371 

burg 12,349,600        Canada 91,783 

Spain 5,514,339  Cubaand  other  countries  1,386,044 

France 3,679,767  

Faissia 2,700,000  Total 59,035,404 

Austria-Hungary 2,340,173 

Copper  Production  of  Michigan   for  Ten  Years. 

Tons.  TONS. 

1891  ...: '-  50,992       1896 64,073 

1892  54,999       1897 64,858 

.1893  ".... 50,270      1898 66.291 

1894"     51.031       1899 65,803 

1895  " 57,137      1900 64,938 

The  World's  Copper  Production,  1900. 

TONS.  TONS. 

UnitedStates  270.588      British  America 10.346 

Spain  and  Portugal 53.522      Peru 

Japan       27,840      Russia 8.000 

Chile       25.7(H)      South  Africa 6,720 

.Australia 22.500      All  other  countries 11,435 

Mexico 22,050  — -— - 

Germany  2o,410            Total... 487,331 


WISCONSIN.  107 


WISCONSIN.  5S8ESW" 

Indian— "Wild  Rushing  Channel." 

Historical.— Earliest  explorations  made  by  French,  1634;  Jesuit 
missions  founded  at  La  Pointe,  1665;  Green  Bay,  1669.  First  settlers 
located  on  present  site  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  1726;  trading  post  estab- 
lished at  Milwaukee,  1785;  citv  founded,  1835.  Portage  City  founded,  1793. 
Lead  regions  discovered  by  Le  Sueur,  1700;  developed,  1822-32.  Region 
included  in  Northwest  Territory,  1787,  and  afterward  in  Indian  Terri- 
tory; became  part  of  Illinois  Territory,  1809;  Michigan  Territory,  1818. 
Wisconsin  Territory  organized  April  20,  1836.  Admitted  into  the  Union, 
May  29,  18J8.  Seventeenth  State  admitted  and  the  last  formed  out 
of  the  old  Northwest  Territory. 

Area.— Total  area,  56,040  square  miles;  land,  54,450;  water,  1,590;  ex- 
treme length,  north  to  south,  300  miles;  east  to  west,  250.  Counties,  71, 
Reserved  land,  365,353  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  an  elevated  rolling  plain  of  wood- 
laud  and  prairie,  sloping  generally  to  the  south  and  east.  Elevation  of 
State  ranges  from  610  feet  to  about  1,800.  Shore  line  on  Lakes  Superior 
and  Michigan  over  500  miles.  Wisconsin  remarkable  for  number  of 
interior  lakes;  eastern  and  western  portions  of  State  contain  2,000. 
Many  of  them  are  noted  summer  resorts.  Mississippi  River  forms  the 
southwestern  boundary  for  250  miles;  Fox,  Wisconsin,  and  Chippewa 
rivers  furnish  extensive  and  valuable  water  power. 

Climate.— Winters  long  and  somewhat  severe;  severity  tempered, 
however,  by  the  healthful  character  of  the  dry,  stimulating  atmos- 
phere. Summers  warm.  Mean  summer  temperature  varies  from  70 
deg.  In  south  to  about  60  deg.  in  north;  winter,  25  deg.  in  south  to  15 
deg.  in  north.  Average  annual  rainfall  about  30  inches.  At  Milwaukee, 
32.1  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  45.2  deg.;  highest,  100  deg.; 
lowest,  25  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— State  well  adapted  to  the  growing  of  cereals;  third, 
1900,  in  oats,  rye,  and  potatoes,  fourth  in  barley.  Cereals:  Corn, 
49.547.240  bushels;  wheat  crop.  13.166,599  bushels;  barley  crop.  6,259.179 
bushels;  oats,  61.971.552  bushels.  Excellent  tobacco,  hops,  and  tlax, 
and  large  crops  of  hav  and  potatoes  are  grown.  Area  under  grass, 
1900,  1,059,438  acres;  hay  produced,  1,218,354  tons;  potatoes,  151,647 
acres,  15,619,641  bushels;  rve,  3.010,437  bushels:  flaxseed,  1899,  140,765 
bushels,  8143,239;  tobacco,  45,500.480  pounds.  $2,898,091. 

Horticulture.— Total  value  of  fruit  crop,  1899,  81,117,683;  small 
fruit,  88:35,119;  orchard  fruit,  S267,391  Apple  trees,  1900.  2.557,265; 
cherry,  273.740;  plums  and  prunes,  94.338;  pear,  26,766.  Fruit  produced, 
1899:  Apples,  303,373  bushels;  cherries,  31,067  bushels;  plums,  12,166 
bushels;  cranberries,  111,098  bushels;  strawberries,  7.343,740  quarts. 

Live  Stock  and  Dairy.— stock-farming  is  a  leading  and  profit- 
able pursuit.  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  1900:  Horses,  555.756, 
value  $34,316,475;  mules,  4.490.  8243,495;  sheep,  1,675.453,  84,510,350:  milch 
cows,  998.397,  829.642,522;  other  cattle.  1.315.7ns,  8 17. 206 .893;  swine,  2.014,- 
631, 87.580,423.  Wool  clip,  1901,  4,712.500  pounds.  Dairying  an  important 
industry;  second  in  list  of  cheese-producing  States  and  second  in 
number  of  creameries.  Value  of  dairy  products  on  farms,  1899, 
826,779,721;  value  of  factory  products,  $20,120,147. 

Fisheries.— Inland  lakes  and  streams  contain  numerous  varieties 
of  excellent  fish.  Wisconsin  Fish  Commission,  established  1874,  an- 
nually stocks  the  waters  with  trout,  whitefish,  pike,  and  carp.  Hatch- 
eries located  at  Madison,  Milwaukee  and  Bayfield.  Wall-eyed  pike  the 
most  valuable.  Number  pounds  whitefish,  lake  trout,  herring,  blue 
fins,  etc.,  taken  in  Lake  Michigan,  1896,  9,953,000;  in  Lake  Superior, 
7,8SO,200;  Green  Bav,  26.32s.ooo.  Total  pounds  taken  in  Wisconsin 
waters,  46,361. -jo1),  value  81.015,595. 

Manufactures.— Chief  manufacturing  cities  are  Milwaukee,  Su 
perior,  La  Cross-,  Oshkosh,  and  Racine  Principal  products  lumber, 
flour  and  feed,  machine  Bhop  and  foundry  products,  beer  and  malt 
liquors,  wagons  and  carriages,  packed  meats,  and  leather.  Number  of 
manufacturing  establishments  in  1900  was  16,187;  capital.  8X30,588,779; 
value  of  products,  $360,818,942;  employes,  152,836;  wages  paid,  870,000.- 
000.  State  ranked  eighth.  1900,  in  manufacture  of  flour;  fourth  In 
fermented  liquor.     Pig  iron  manufactured,  about  217,451  tons.    Coke, 


108 


109 


*    9 


,  9J*h  the  I ,  i  %  t 

{till  §1      51  if   I  I  <  1  gg-S  5       & 


I 


110  UNITED  STATES. 

48,000  short  tone,  value  $240,000.  Value  of  brick  and  tile,  $1,072,179;  pot- 
tery, $293,395;  lime.  $442,5%.  Fermented  liquor,  L900-0! .  3,240,71 1  barrels; 
distilled  spirits, 2,426 ,613  gallons.  In  1900,  flouring  mills  yielded  an  out- 
put valued  at  82(5.327,942;  value  lumber  and  timber  products.  157,684,816; 
tanneries,  value  $20,074,373;  malt  liquors,  value  119394,709;  textiles, 
$4,238,242;  boots,  etc., $4,791,684;  foundry  and  machine  shop  products, 
value  $22,252,730;  meat  packing, $13.601 425;  paper  and  wood  pulp  i  ranks 
fifth),  110,895.576;  planimr  mills,  value  $s. 400.695;  iron  and  steel,  value 
$8,905,226;  furniture,  value  $8,721,823;  agricultural  implements,  value 
$7,886,363 ;  railway  shop  construction,  value  $6,956,341  ;  carriages, 
wagons,  etc.,  value  $6,306,823. 

Lumber.— Lumbering  next  to  agriculture  the  leading  Industry; 
became  prominent  about  1870.  In  1880  Wisconsin  ranked  next  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Michigan;  1890  occupied  second  place;  1900  first.  White 
pine  forms  two-thirds  of  total  cut;  estimated  stand  white  pine,  1S97, 
17,000.01)0,1)00  feet;  cut  since  1897,  7,500,000,000  feet.  Timber  owned, 
10,387,800,000  feet;  white  pine,  4,747,600,000 feet;  Norway  pine, 2,518,700,- 
000  feet;  hemlock,  1,718,200,000  feet;  white  oak,  813,600,000  feet.  Cut, 
1900,  $3,560,828,000  feet.  Output  of  hardwood  rough  lumber  was  570,00  '.- 
000  feet  valued  at  87.207.623. 

Minerals.  — Wisconsin  ranks  high  among  iron-producing  States. 
Magnetic  ores  are  found  in  the  Menominee  Region,  while  ores  mined 
in  the  north  are  peculiarly  well  adapted  for  making  Bessemer  steel. 
In  1900  State  ranked  fourth  in  production  of  red  hematite;  all  iron 
ores,  746,105  tons,  $2,081,2?2.  Lead,  zinc,  and  copper  are  found;  good 
building  stone  and  excellent  clay  are  abundant.  Xearly  one-half  the 
counties  produce  limestone.  Value  of  output,  $989,685.  Value  of 
granite,  $407,711;  sandstone,  $81,571;  raw  clay,  $40/723;  mineral  waters, 
$1,261,312. 

Population,  1840,  30,945;  1870,  1,054,670;  1890,  1,686,880.  Population, 
census  of  1900,2,069.042;  the  classification  was:  Male,  1,067,562;  female, 
1,001,480;  native,  1,553,071;  foreign,  515.971;  white,  2.057,911;  colored, 
11,131 ;  Africans,  2,542.    Chinese,  212  ;  Japanese,  5  ;  Indians,  8,372. 

Cities.— Milwaukee,  largest  city,  prominent  railway,  manufactur- 
ing, and  commercial  center;  has  immense  flour  mills,  numerous  brew- 
eries, and  pork-packing  establishments;  population,  1900,  285,315. 
Superior,  second  city,  prominent  industrial  and  commercial  center; 
chief  manufactures,  iron  and  steel;  shipbuilding  important  industry; 
a  leading  port  for  shipments  of  iron  ore,  lumber. and  grain:  population, 
31,091.  Racine,  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  a  flourishing  trade  in  grain; 
manufactures  farm  implements,  etc.;  population,  29,102.  La  Crosse 
has  numerous  manufactories  and  an  important  trade  in  lumber,  pop- 
ulation, 28,895.  Madison,  capital;  well-known  summer  and  health  re- 
sort, seat  of  State  University;  population,  19,164.  Oshkoxh,  on  Lake 
Winnebago,  at  mouth  of  Fox  River;  prominent  lumber  center:  popula- 
tion, 28,284.  Sheboygan,  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  extensive  manufac- 
tures, large  export  trade  in  grain,  and  dairy  interests;  population. 22 ,962. 

Railways.— First  railway  in  State,  20  miles  in  length,  constructed 
1850;  number  of  miles  in  operation,  1855,  187;  1860,  905;  1870,  1,525; 
1880,  3,155;  1890,  5,615.    July,  1900,  6,530.52  miles. 

Education.— In  southern  and  central  parts  of  the  State,  outside 
of  cities,  the  district  system  is  universal;  in  newer  counties,  town- 
ship system  common.  Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900.  445,142,  pri- 
vate, 52,658;  expenditure,  $5,493,370;  school  age,  4-20;  compulsory  school 
age  7-14;  text-books  may  be  furnished.  Public  high  schools,  231;  pri- 
vate secondary  schools, 23.  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  opened, 
1849;  State  Public  School,  Sparta. 

Political.— Number  of  senators,  33;  Representatives,  100;  term  of 
Senators,  4years;  Representatives.  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 
13.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents  of 
State  1  year,  county,  town  or  precinct  10  days;  registration  required  in 
larger  cities;  ballot  reform. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22.  May  30,  July  4.  first 
Monday  in  September.  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  and  general  elec- 
tion. Arbor  Day  and  Bird  Day  by  proclamation. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  sealed  instruments.  20 
years;  recovery  real  property,  10;  unsealed  contracts.  6;  personal 
action,  2.  Redemption  of  tax  sale,  3  years.  Legal  interest,  6  per  cent; 
by  contract,  10. 


MINNESOTA.  Ill 


MINNESOTA.  g^ggS.  £2Z2S5Si 

Indian— " Minne  Sotah,"  signifies  "Cloudy  "Water." 

Historical.— Section  east  of  Mississippi  River  formed  part  of  North- 
west Territory,  acquired  1783;  .section  west  part  of  Louisiana  Purchase. 
Visited  by  French  fur  traders  1659;  explored  by  Hennepin  1680;  forts 
established  on  Lake  Pepin  1688  and  1727.  Explorations  by  Major  Long 
1817-1823;  Fort  Suelliug  established  1819.  Minnesota  Territory  organized 
with  nearly  twice  its  present  area  1849.  Entered  Union  under  present 
limits  l-.5<.'thirty-secoud  State.    Scene  of  Indian  massacres  1861-5. 

Area,  S3.365  square  miles;  land,  79,205;  water,  4,160;  extreme  length, 
north  and  south,  380  miles;  breadth  varies  from  337  in  north  to  183  in 
center  and  282  in  south.  Counties,  83.  Unappropriated  land,  3,553,143 
acres,  unsurveyed  2,019,508  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  in  general  an  undulating  plain; 
elevation  varies  from  about  2,400  feet  in  Mesabi  Range  in  the  north 
to  602  feet,  base  level  of  Duluth  ;  average  elevation  of  State,  1,000  feet. 
Mississippi  River  rises  in  State,  flows  through  or  alone  border  797  miles; 
forms  134  miles  of  eastern  boundary;  navigable  within  the  State,  540 
miles.  Red  River  <  of  north)  constitutes  C79  miles  of  western  boundary; 
navigable  250  miles.  Minnesota  River  most  important  tributary  of 
Mississippi  in  State;  length  about  450  miles.    Estimated  lakes, 7,000. 

Climate  extremely  healthful;  winters  usually  long  and  cold; 
severity  markedly  tempered  by  extreme  dryness  of  the  atmosphere; 
summers  warm  and  comparatively  moist.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at 
St.  Paul,  27.5  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  43.6  deg. ;  highest,  104 
deg. ;  lowest,  41  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  the  leading  industry,  two-thirds  of  State  adapted 
to  pursuit.  Wheat  occupies  largest  acreage;  other  cereals  and  root 
crops  largely  grown.  Over  one-third  of  flaxseed  produced  in  United 
States  grown  in  vicinity  of  St.  Paul,  Duluth,  and  Minneapolis.  Culture 
of  sugar  beet  advancing;  area  devoted  to  industry  1899,2,114  acres; 
quantity  produced,  15,959  tons,  valued  at  $59,826.  In  1900  State  ranked 
second  in  wheat,  third  in  barley,  sixth  in  rve,  seventh  in  oats.  Area 
and  vield  of  products  19oo:  Wheat  crop.  51. 50j ,251  bushels,  value  $32,450,- 
829;  buckwheat.  143.460  bushels,  value  . 3-81, 772;  corn,  31.794,703  bu.,  value 
$9,220,465;  oats,  41,907,046  bushels,  value  SIO.u57.691;  potatoes.  8.636.053 
bushels,  value  $2,590,817;  barley  crop,  7,275.251  bushels,  value  $2,764,595: 
hay,  1,423,344  tons,  value  S9.892.241;  rye,  1.036,444  bushels,  value  *435,306. 

Horticulture,  Etc  —Fruit  culture  receiving  increased  attention; 
apples,  plums,  grapes,  and  small  fruits  do  well.  Chief  grape-producing 
counties,  Cottonwood,  Hennepin,  Houston,  and  Nicollet;  apple  coun- 
ties, Freeborn,  Goodhue,  Houston,  Olmsted,  and  Winona.  Area  under 
grapes,  1899,  230  acres;  product,  573.300  pounds.  Apple  trees,  1900, 
875,905;  plums,  etc.,  191,313.  Fruit  produced,  1899:' Apples,  120.143 
bushels;  plums,  21,820;  strawberries,  2,506,(20  quarts.  Total  value  of 
fruit  crop,  8464,212. 

Live  Stock  and  Dairy  interests  Important.  Value  of  animal 
products,  1899,  $45,522,367;  eggs.  $4,437,148.  Cattle,  horses,  sheep,  and 
swine  largely  raised;  southwestern  sections  particularly  adapted  to 
wool  growing.  Slaughtering  and  pork  packing  important  industries. 
Farm  animals  June,  1900:  Horses, 696,409.  value $42,255,044:  sheep,  589.878, 
$1,740,088;  milch  cows.  753.632,  $21,513,337:  other  cattle,  1,118.693,  $14,735,- 
621;  swine,  1,440,806,  $5,865,590;  mules,  8.339,  $436,580.  Wool  clip,  1901, 
2,679.978  pounds.  Great  progress  in  dairying.  In  1893,  201  creameries 
and  93  cheese  factories  produced  35 .864 .832  pounds  of  butter  and  1,675,- 
525  pounds  of  cheese.  Butter  factories,  1900,  538;  cheese,  47;  factory 
butter,  41,174,469  pounds;  value  $7,735,345;  cheese,  3,285,019  pounds, 
value,  $245,954.    Butter,  cheese,  and  milk  on  farms  valued  at  $16,623,460. 

Fisheries*— Among  the  interior  states  commercial  fisheries  of 
Minnesota  next  in  importance  to  those  of  Illinois  and  Louisiana.  Most 
extensive  fisheries  m  Mississippi  River  and  Lake  of  Woods,  fisheries  of 
St.  Croix  River,  Big  Stone,  and  many  other  lakes  also  important. 
Catch  chiefly  sturgeon,  buffalo-fish,  catfish,  and  pike.  No  reliable 
statistics  to  date.  Men,  1894.  936;  catch,  6,401,280  pounds,  value  $162,782. 
Lake  sturgeon.  1,137,053  pounds.  $34322;  buffalo-fish,  1,587,802  pounds, 
$31,228;  wall-eyed  pike,  651,850  pounds,  $20,128;  catfish,  747,274  pounds, 


V 


113 


/ 


114  UNITED    STATES. 

$18,200;  common  whitefish.  413,119  pounds,  $10,359;  pike, 896,165  pounds, 
«io,o42;  shovel-nose  sturgeon,  443,893  pounds.  $8,868;  sauger,   150595 

pounds,  $<i,250;  suckers, 324.999  pounds.  $6,081 ;  black  bass,  102,500  pounds; 
$4,061.   Trout,  whitefish.  and  berring  taken  In  Lake  Superior 

Manufactures.— Minneapolis,  St.  Paul,  and  Duiuth  principal 
manufacturing  centers;  Hour  and  lumber  load  in  Importance;  brewing 
and  manufacture  of  agricultural  machinery,  furniture,  wagons,  etc, 
prominent  Industries.  Utilization  of  flax  fiber  for  manufacture  Of 
tow,  twine,  cordage,  bagging,  paper,  etc.,  receiving  attention.  Beet 
sugar  factory  at  St.  Louis  Park;  daily  capacity,  350  tons  of  beets ; 
amount  of  refined  sugar  produced.  1900,  1,947,200  pounds.  Sorghum 
syrup  made,  1899,  157.6  5  gallons;  maple  svrup.  1.079  gallons;  maple 
sugar,  29,581)  pounds.  Output  of  pig  iron  in  19(>0,  29.269  tons;  brick  and 
tile  manufactured  was  si,  103 .302 ;  potterv,  $293,395.  Manufacturing 
establishments,  1900,11.114;  employes;  84.553.  Fermented  liquor,  1900-01, 
738,325  bbls.     Gross  value  of  products,  $262,655,881. 

Lumber.- -Industry  started.  1821;  became  important,  1880-1890. 
Estimated  stand  of  white  pine.  1899, 11  or  12  billion  feet.  Timber  owned, 
7,991,100,000  feet;  white  pine,  4,29o,ooo.oo  '  feet;  Norway  pine,  2,623,300,- 
000  feet;  spruce,  894.000,000  feet:  hardwoods,  1S3.ooo.ikk)  feet.  Cut,  1900, 
2.441,198.000  feet;  white  pine,  2.250.841,000  feet.  Sawed  lumber  pro- 
duced, 2,312.: .38.000  feet,  value  $28,637,800;  conifer— rough.  2,279,663,000 
feet,  value.  $27,863,684;  shii.gles,  49S.Suo.oiki,  value  s6S3,2o7.  Production 
of  lumber  at  Minneapolis,  1870  to  1900.  8.77o,590.4(K)feet :  shipments,  1899, 
492,975.000  feet.  Total  lumber  cut,  Duiuth  District,  1881  to  1900,5,634,- 
364,800  feet:  1899,  731,600,000  feet. 

minerals.— In  1900  second  in  production  of  iron  ore;  output  9,834,- 
399  long  tons,  or35.70  per  cent  of  entire  product  of  United  States,  valu- 
ation $24,384,393,  all  red  hematite,  in  which  State  ranks  first  with  43  per 
cent  total.  Copper  along  Lake  Superior;  salt  springs  in  Red  River  Val- 
ley; peat  deposits  throughout  State.  Quarrying  important  industry. 
In  1900  fourth  in  output  of  sandstone.  $267,000:  limestone.  8441.554; 
granite,  $221,684;  rock  cement  manufactured,  1^99,113.98'i  bb Is.,  $56,793. 

Population.— Total,  1850.  6.077:  1S90,  1.301,826;  1900,  1.751.394:  Male, 
932,490:  female,  818,904;  native,  1.246.076;  foreign. 505.318:  white. 1.737,- 
636;  colored,  14,358;  Africans,  4,959;  Chinese, 166;  Japanese, 51;  Indians, 
9  182 

Cities.— Minneapolis,  on  Mississippi  River  at  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
largest  city;  has  large  lumber  and  flour  mills,  latter  most  extensive  in 
the  world;  population,  202,718.  St.  Paul,  capital,  second  city  in  size; 
head  of  uninterrupted  steam  navigation  on  Mississippi  River ,  extensive 
commercial  and  manufacturing  interests;  population,  163,065.  Dnhith, 
on  Lake  Superior,  head  of  navigation  on  Great  Lakes  and  prominent 
railway  terminus;  large  grain  trade  and  important  shipbuilding  inter- 
ests; valuable  deposits  of  iron,  granite,  and  freestone  near  by;  popu- 
lation, 52,969.  Winona,  on  Mississippi  River,  has  large  trade  in  wheat; 
has  flour  and  sawmills,  foundries,  etc.;  population.  19,714.  Stillwater, 
on  St.  Croix  River,  seat  of  State  Penitentiary;  population,  12,318. 

Railways. -First  railroad,  St.  Paul  to  St.  Anthony-10  miles- 
completed  July.  1862.  Mileage,  1870, 1,092;  1SS0,  3,151;  1390,  5,545  ;  June, 
1896,  6,155.85;  July,  1900,  6,942.57.  Mt 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  399.20 1 ;  expendi- 
ture, $5 .630,013:  pupils  in  private  schools. 20.073.  School  age.  5-21.  compul- 
sory, 8-16.  Public  high  schools,  115.  University  of  Minnesota.  Minne- 
apolis, opened  in  1S6S;  State  public  school,  Owatonna.  established  1885. 
Normal  Schools  at  Winona.  Mankato,  St.  Cloud,  Moorhead.  and  Duiuth. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November:  Senators.  64; 
Representatives,  114;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years:  meet 
first  Wednesday  in  January;  limit  of  session.  90  days;  term  of  Senators, 
4  years;  Representatives.  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes, 9.  A  oters 
must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents  of  State  6  months, 
precinct  30  davs:  registration  required;  ballot  reform.  Idiots,  insane, 
and  convicts  excluded.    Women  vote  on  school  matters. 

Legal  Holidays. -January  1,  February  12  and  22,  Good  Friday, 
May  30,  Arbor  Day,  July  4.  first  Monday  in  September,  general  election 
day,  Thanksgiving.  December  25. 

Legal.- Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments.  10  years;  foreclosure  of 
mortgage,  real  actions,  15;  contracts,  6;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  3  years; 
legal  interest  rate,  7;  by  contract,  10, 


IOWA.  115 


lO  W  A  •    «  Hawkeye  State. » 
Indian— From  Algonquin  ajawa,  "Across  "  or  "  Beyond." 

Historical.  —Visited  by  Marquette  and  Joliet  in  1673.  First  at- 
tempted settlement  made  near  present  site  of  Dubuque  by  French, 
1783.  Formed  part  of  Louisiana  purchase  of  1803  and  of  Missouri  Ter- 
ritory. First  permanent  settlements  made  at  Dubuque,  Fort  Madison, 
and  Burlington,  1833.  Des  Moines  established  1843.  Iowa  Territory 
organized  June,  1S38.  State  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  28, 1846. 
Twenty-ninth  State;  sixteenth  admitted  after  adoption  of  the  Constitu- 
tion.   State  Constitution  adopted  1S46;  present  Constitution,  1857. 

Area.— Total  area,  56.025  square  miles;  land,  55,475  square  miles,  or 
85,856,000 acres;  water,  550;  length,  east  and  west,  300  miles;  breadth, 
2u3;  99  counties. 

Physical  Features.— Iowa  lies  entirely  within  the  Frairie  Region 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley;  surface  generally  undulating;  mean  eleva- 
tion, 9-25  feet;  highest,  near  Spirit  Lake,  1,694  feet;  lowest,  444  feet. 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers  form  the  eastern  and  western  bounda- 
ries, Doth  navigable.  Principal  interior  rivers:  Des  Moines,  draining 
10,000  square  miles,  Iowa,  and  Little  Sioux.  Many  of  the  streams  pro- 
vide good  water  power. 

Climate.— Winters  severe,  with  heavy  snowfalls;  summers  short 
and  not.  Dry,  clear  atmosphere  modifies  severity  of  seasons  and 
renders  climate  unusuallv  healthful.  Rainfall  abundant  but  not  always 
evenly  distributed.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Des  Moines,  33.1  inches; 
mean  annual  temperature,  49  deg. ;  highest,  104  deg.;  lowest,  30  deg. 
below;  average  summer  temperature,  70.5  deg. 

Agriculture  the  main  occupation  of  the  people.  Iowa  one  of  the 
leading  agricultural  States.  Soil  and  climate  particularly  adapted  to 
the  industry.  Ranked  first  in  1900  in  corn  and  hay.  second  in  oats 
and  barley,  fifth  in  potatoes  and  rye,  seventh  in  wheat.  Number  of 
acres  under  crop,  17.504.840;  meadows,  1901,  2,691,550;  pasture,  8,107.440 
Crops,  1900:  Corn,  305,859,948  bushels,  value  882,582.186;  wheat,  21,798, 
223  bushels,  value  $12,860,952;  oats.  130,572,138  bushels,  value  $26,114,428; 
barley.  11.7U8.S22  bushels,  value  $4,332,264;  rye,  1.806,570  bushels,  value 
$74u.094;  buckwheat.  148.800  bushels,  value  195,232:  potatoes,  14.004.576 
bushels,  value  85.181.693;  hay.  5.006,470  tons.value  $34.043.996— U.  S.  agri- 
cultural returns.  State  reports  for  1900  give  the  production  of  flax 
as  1.222.980  bushels,  value  $1,834,470;  sweet  potatoes,  value  $275,000;  tim- 
othy and  clover  seed,  value  $1,175,000;  sorghum,  value  S275.OO0:  corn 
fodder,  value  $9,500,000;  pasturage,  $30,000,000;  straw  and  other  forage, 
$4,000,000.    Less  than  1  per  cent  of  soil  unfit  for  cultivation. 

Horticulture.— Apples  grown  in  abundance;  pears,  grapes,  and 
small  fruits  cultivated  successfully  Value  of  orchard  and  vine- 
yard products.  1899.  $2,016,127;  small  fruits,  $878,447.  Area  devoted  to 
nurseries,  1899,  6.285  acres;  value  of  trees  and  plants  sold,  $619,092. 
Number  of  orchard  trees  in  the  State  in  19o0,  with  yield  in  1899:  Apple 
trees,  6,869.588,  3.129.862  bu.;pear  trees,  104.046.  5,014  bu.;  peach  trees, 
516.145,  6.481  bu.;  plum  trees.  1.302.217,186,312  bu.;  cherry  trees. 791.327, 
118.743  bu.;  apricot  trees,  6.809.378  bu.  Grapes.  740.390.fKK)  lbs.;  raspber- 
ries and  Logan  berries,  3,604,210  qts.    Fruit  culture  is  growing  rapidly. 

Live  £lock  interests  of  great  importance  and  increasing  annu- 
ally in  value.  State  leads  in  number  of  swine.  Number  and  value  of 
farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses,  1.392.573.  value  877.72o.577;  mules, 
55.747,  13,586,761;  sheep,  1,056,718.  83,956.142;  milch  cows.  1,423.648,  $46,- 
349.012;  other  cattle,  3,943,982,  $96,116,890;  swine,  9,723,791,  $43,764,176: 
wool  clip,  1901,  4,726.599  pounds. 

Dairy  and  Poultry.— These  pursuits  rank  among  the  most  Im- 
portant in  the  State.  The  number  of  creameries  in  1900  was  816;  the 
amount  of  butter  shipped,  85,380,154  pounds.  Value  of  dairy  product, 
factory . output,  was  $15346.077:  capital  employed  was  $3,459,017.  Out- 
put from  farms.  1899,  61 .789 .288  pounds;  cheese.  306,429  pounds:  value 
of  poultry.  $9,491,819; eggs,  99,621,928  dozen,  value  •10,016,707;  honey, 
2^39,784  pounds,  $305,183;  all  milk  produced,  535,872,240  gallons. 

I'i-lieries.— Among  interior  States  Iowa  commercial  fisheries 
occupy  a  prominent  place.  Industry  especially  important  on  the 
Mississippi  River:  catfish  most  valuable.  Capital  invested  1894,  $46,710; 
total  catch.  4.079,704  lbs.,  value  .$124,851;   catfish,  985,983  lbs.,  $43,931/ 


116 


XongHuae"West  from  C 


117 


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fa 


118  UNITED  STATES. 

buffalo  fish,  1,350,144  pounds,  $33,209;  drum,  704,744  pounds,  815,917;  wall- 
eyed pike,  98,823  pounds,  86,117;  carp,  203,377  pounds,  15,218;  blacS 
37,635  pounds,  12,445;  pearl  shells,  148,000  pounds,  82,072,  eels 

pounds,  41,612. 

Man u Iju-i  u  r«*s.— Manufacturing  industries  important.  Principal 
articles  manufactured:  Flour,  packed  meats,  dairy  products,  lumber, 
etc., cars, etc., printing. foundry  products,  carriages,  food  preparations, 
etc.  Number  of  establishments,  1900,  14,819-  total  value  products  manu- 
factured, $164,617,877.  Slaughtering  most  important;  value  of  product, 
$25.<;95.o44;  product  of  dairy  factories,  $15,846,077.  Value  of  brick  and 
tile  manufactured,  §2,254,662;  pottery,  836,589;  stoneware.  125,739.  Fer- 
mented liquor,  1900-01,  259,336  barrels;  distilled  spirits,  321  gallons. 
Number  of  cigar  factories  having  one  account,  661;  pounds  of  tobacco 
used  for  cigars,  1,001,363,  number  of  cigars  made,  90.976,313. 

Minerals.— Coal  and  lead  are  the  chief  minerals,  coal  leading 
in  importance.  Fields  underlie  one-third  of  total  area;  chief  mining 
regions  extend  across  southern  section  of  State.  Twenty-four  coun- 
ties produce  commercial  quantities;  output,  19ol,  5.617.499  tons,  value, 
87.822,605;  employes,  12.653;  average  number  days  mines  were  active, 
218.  Lead  district  in  northeastern  part  of  State  covers  700  square 
miles.  Mines  near  Dubuque  have  been  most  productive,  ores  yield- 
ing 70  per  cent  of  lead.  Limestone  quarried  chiefly  in  eastern 
and  southeastern  parts  of  State  ;  value  of  output,  1900,  8586.410. 
Gypsum  worked  near  Ft.  Dodge.  Iowa  and  Kansas.  160.620  tons,  value 
8543,910.  Total  value  of  sandstone  quarries,  over  819,000.  Total  value 
of  all  stone  produced,  1901,  8791.825. 

Population.  —  Kanked  twenty-ninth  in  1840;  twentieth,  1860; 
tenth,  1880  to  19(.)0.  Total  population,  1900,  2,231,853:  Male,  l,156.vl'.»; 
female,  1.075.004;  native.  1.925,933;  foreign,  305,920;  white,  2,218,667;  col- 
ored, 13,186;  Africans,  12,693. 

Cities.— Des  Moines,  capital  and  largest  city;  prominent  railway 
and  manufacturing  center  with  an  important  trade;  population,  1900, 
62,139.  Dubuque,  second  city  in  size  and  oldest  place  in  State:  exten- 
sive commercial  and  manufacturing  center  in  a  lead  mining  district; 
population,  1900,  36.297.  Davenport,  on  Mississippi  River,  is  a  large 
distributing  center  with  flourishing  manufacturing  industries;  popula- 
tion, 35,254.  Sioux  City,  on  Missouri  River,  88  miles  northwest  of 
Omaha,  important  railway,  trading,  and  manufacturing  center;  popula- 
tion, 33,111.  Council  Bluffs,  a  flourishing  city  on  Missouri  River,  is 
center  of  several  trunk  line  railways;  population.  25,802.  Cedar 
Rapids,  &  city  of  rapid  growth  and  with  an  extensive  trade;  population, 
25,656.  Burlington,  on  Mississippi  River,  an  important  manufacturing 
and  railway  center  in  vicinity  of  coal  fields;  population,  23,201. 

Railways.— In  1855  there  were  68  miles  of  railroad;  1860,  655;  1865, 
891;  1870,2,683;  1875,3,850;  1880,5,400;  1885,  7,525;  1892,  8,506;  July,  1900, 

'Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1898-99,  554.992:  average 
attendance.  364,409;  expenditure,  $7,9  "8.060;  school  age  5-21.  Public 
high  schools,  344;  private  secondary  schools,  35.  Among  educational 
institutions  are:  State  University,  Iowa  City;  Agricultural  College 
at  Ames;  Iowa  College,  Grinnell;  Cornell  College,  Mount  'S  ernon; 
Drake  University,  Des  Moines.  Public  Normal  Schools  at  Boones- 
boro,  Cedar  Falls.  Dexter.  Hawarden,  and  Rockwell  City. 

Political.— State  elections  annual:  State,  congressional  and  presi- 
dential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number 
of  Senators.  50;  Representatives.  KX);  term  of  Senators.  4  years;  Rep- 
resentatives. 2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes.  13.  Voters  must  be 
actual  citizens;'  residents  of  State  6  months,  of  cunty  60  days;  Legis- 
lature meets  biennially  in  even  years:  registration  required;  ballot 
reform.  Idiots,  insane,  and  criminals  excluded.  Women  vote  on 
school  matters. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1.  February  22.  May  30.  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  general  election  days.  Thanksgiving,  Decem- 
ber 25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Unwritten  contracts,  open  ac- 
counts, 5  years;  written  contracts,  action  to  recover  real  estate.  10; 
judgments,  20;  redemption  from  tax  sale,  3  years.  Legal  interest,  7 
per  cent ;  by  contract,  8. 


MISSOURI.  119 


MISSOURI.    Mi9.8oo'.ree. 
Indian— signifies  "  Muddy." 

Historical.— French  settled  at  Fort  Orleans  (near  Jefferson  City), 
1719;  St.  Genevieve  founded  by  French  1755;  St.  Louis  founded  1764. 
Ceded  to  Spain  in  1763;  retroceded  to  France  1800;  formed  part  of 
Louisiana  Purchase  of  1803;  included  in  Louisiana  Territory  1805;  Ter- 
ritory of  Missouri  organized  1812.  Act  enabling  Missouri  to  enter  the 
Union  as  a  slave  State— known  as  Missouri  Compromise  — approved 
June,  1821.  Eleventh  State  in  order  of  admission.  Received  present 
limits  1835.    Constitutions  adopted  1820,  1865;  amended  18>i9  and  1875. 

Area.— Total  area,  69,415  square  miles;  land,  68.735  square  miles, 
or  48,796,000  acres;  water,  680;  extreme  length,  north  and  south,  275 
miles;  average  breadth,  245 miles;  counties,  115. 

Physical  Features.— Missouri  River  principal  natural  feature; 
crosses  the  State  in  an  easterly  direction,  dividing  it  into  two  sections. 
Surface  of  Northern  Missouri  broken  and  hilly,  with  many  fine  valleys. 
Southern  Missouri  crossed  by  Ozark  Mountains;  surface  east  of  ele- 
vated region  generally  fertile  lowlands,  well  timbered;  west  consists 
of  prairie  lands.  Highest  altitude,  Mansfield,  1,697  feet.  Principal 
rivers,  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  affording  nearly  1,000  miles  of  navi- 
gable waterway;  frontage  on  Mississippi,  500  miles. 

Forests,  Etc.— State  is  well  wooded,  except  in  the  northern  and 
western  sections.  Oak,  walnut,  sycamore,  hickory,  locust,  and  pecan 
are  found.  Shipments  of  lumber  1897.  3ti5.32o.523  i'eet;  loes,  14,742,ooo, 
walnut  logs,  3,168,000;  piling,  13.986,000;  cross-ties,  4,053,686.  About 
27U.OOO  acres  of  unappropriated  land  subject  to  entry ;  largely  underlaid 
with  minerals  and  covered  with  good  timber;  lands  especially  adapted 
to  stock-raising  and  the  growing  of  fruits,  vegetables,  aud  tobacco. 

Climate,  in  general  mildly  temperate  and  healthful;  subject  at 
times  to  extreme  and  rapid  changes.  Average  temperature  usually 
ranges  colder  in  north  than  south.  Summer  temperature  75  deg.  in 
northwest  to  78.30  deg.  in  southeast;  winter  28.30  deg.  in  northwest  to 
39.30  deg.  southeast.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  St.  Louis,  41.1  inches; 
temperature,  56.1  deg.;  highest,  106  deg.;  lowest,  22  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Staple  products:  Cereals,  tobacco,  and  fruit.  Ranks 
fourth  State  in  the  country  in  production  of  corn.  Other  products: 
Sorghum,  hay,  potatoes,  flax,  and  castor  beans.  Cotton  raised  in 
the  southeast.  Area  and  yield  of  farm  products.  1900:  Corn,  6,453,943 
acres,  180,710,404  bushels;  oats,  901,291  acres,  24.695.373  bushels;  wheat 
crop,  1,507,737  acres,  18.S46.713  bushels;  hay,  2,145.748  acres,  2,768,015 
tons;  potatoes.  108.677  acres.  10.106.961  bushels;  Max,  60,000  acres,  54U,ooo 
bushels;  barley,  14,830  bushels;  tobacco,  7,585,000  pounds:  cotton,  13,362,- 
789  pounds,  value,  §1,198,475;  seed,  13,362  tons;  rye,  9,607  acres,  134,498 
bu.,  value  §21.51!);  buckwheat,  2.399  acres,  31,187  bushels,  value  868,594. 
Shipments:  1898,  flax,  34.512,810  lbs.;  cotton,  24.0lo,9oo  lbs. ;  cotton-seed 
products,  15,844,000  lbs.;  castor  beans.  1.114.055  lbs;  hay, 2,919,4:35  bales. 

Horticulture  one  of  the  most  profitable  pursuits  in  the  State. 
Fruit  farms  in  Southwestern  Missouri  important  source  of  wealth; 
apples  and  peaches  grown  extensively.  Great  increase  in  number  of 
trees  since  1890:  Apples  trees, 20,040,399,  show  an  increase  of  145.9  per 
cent;  peach,  4.557,365,  an  increase  of  127.9  per  cent;  apricot,  16,190,  an 
Increase  of  15.9  per  cent;  cherry,  679,985,  an  increase  of  78.4  per  cent; 
Pear  trees  (548,202)  have  increased  more  than  sixfold,  and  plum  and 
prune  trees  (745.187)  nearly  fivefold  since  1890.  Total  value  fruit  crop, 
1899,  $4,309,813;  orchard  fruit,  82.944,175;  small  fruit,  81,050,811;  grapes, 
8314.807,  including  raisins,  etc.  Fruit  produced,  1899:  Apples,  6,496.136 
bushels;  plums,  111.603;  cherries,  62.708;  peaches,  61,006;  pears,  58,449; 
apricots, 583.  Area  under  small  fruit,  14,860  acres;  strawberries  most 
important.  Viticulture  revived  with  notable  results.  Area  in  nurser- 
ies, 9,650  acres. 

Live  Stock.— Stock  raising  one  of  the  most  prominent  Industries 
of  Missouri.  Poultry  farming  a  profitable  and  growing  pursuit  in 
southwestern  section.  Dairy  farming  a  constantly  increasing  source 
of  wealth.  Number  and  value  of  domestic  animals,  June,  1900:  H  rees, 
967.0.-;;,  si-ji9l.SH;  mules.  283,519,  »15,482,282;  sheep,  1  087,213,  18,850,846; 
milch  cows,  765,386,  ?23.:>14.794.  Total  neat  cattle.  2.97X.5S9.  $75,656,807; 
swine,  4,524,604,  $16,533,935.     Wool  clip,  1901,    3,938,935  pounds,  value 


120 


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122  UNITED  STATES. 

1763.172.  Value  of  animal  products,  1899,  997,841,  944;  dairy  products 
115,042,860;  poultry,  19,525,252;  eggs  gathered,  85,203,290  dozen,  value 
18,815,871.    Value  of  honey  and  wax,  $:;i8,6ol. 

Fisheries.— Missouri  Is  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  fishing  States 
of  the  Interior.  The  waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers 
afford  the  principal  sources  of  supply.  One-half  the  catcli  is  repre- 
sented by  buffalo-fish;  next  in  order  of  Importance  are  catfish,  crapple, 
drum,  black  bass,  suckers,  and  paddlefish.  Total  catch  for  year  3.-21,- 
054  pounds,  value  $119,786;  buffalo-fish,  1,72 1,078  pounds,  value  $11,354. 

Manufactures  are  among  the  most  extensive  in  the  Union.  St. 
Louis,  chief  seat  of  the  industries.  Greatest  amount  of  capital  invested 
in  flouring  mills,  packing-houses,  breweries,  manufactories  of  ma 
chlnery,  tobacco, lumber  and  timber,  clothing  factories,  car  and  print- 
ing works.  Ranks  first  in  manufacture  of  chewing  and  smoking 
tobacco;  output,  78,472,546  pounds.  Ranks  sixth  in  production  of 
fermented  liquor.  Pig  Iron  product,  1900,  with  Colorado,  159,204  tons. 
Brick  and  tile,  $8,665,093.  Common  brick,  $1,057,497;  pressed,  1228,070; 
vitrified,  $252,783;  fancy,  $42,096;  fire  brick,  $510,166.  Pottery, $71. 471. 
Manufacturing  establishments,  19Ui»,  18,754;  capital  Invested  $249,888,- 
581;  gross  value  of  products,  $385,492,784.  Values:  Slaughtered  prod- 
ucts, $43,040,885;  tobacco,  $27,847,432;  flour,  etc.,  $26,393,928. 

Minerals.— State  is  rich  in  mineral  wealth;  coal,  lead,  Iron,  and 
zinc  are  mined;  quarries  of  limestone  and  sandstone  are  worked; 
glass  sand,  kaolin,  and  fire  clay  are  plentiful.  Deposits  of  onyx  found 
in  Ozarks.  Gold  has  been  discovered  in  St.  Charles  and  Montgomery 
counties;  pearls  in  Ponime  de  Terre  and  Osage  rivers.  Total  value  of 
stone  output,  1900, $1,272,747;  limestone,  $1,079,343:  granite.  $139,103;  sand- 
stone, $53,401;  raw  clay,  $247,204;  mineral  waters,  $138,820.  Coal  area, 
26,700  square  miles;  output,  3.540,103  tons,  value  $4,280,328.  In  1901  State 
ranked  third  in  production  of  zinc;  output,  26.166,000  pounds;  total.1882- 
1901  inclusive,  483,146,000  pounds.    Value  of  natural  gas,  1901,  $1,328. 

Population.— Ranked  twenty-third  in  1S10  and  1820;  thirteenth, 
1850;  fifth,  1870  to  1900.  Total  population,  1810.  20.845;  1850,  682.044;  1890, 
2,679,184;  1900,3.106.665:  Male,  1,595,710;  female,  1.510,955;  native.  2.890,- 
286;  foreign,  216,379;  white,  2,944.843;  colored,  161,822;  Africans,  161,234; 
Chinese,  449;  Japanese,  9;  Indians,  130. 

Cities.— St.  Louis,  metropolis,  financial,  commercial,  and  manufac- 
turing center  of  State  and  Mississippi  Valley ;  fourth  city  of  the  Union. ' 
Population, 575,238.  Kansas  City,  second  city  in  size  and  commercial 
importance,  has  a  large  wholesale  trade  and  extensive  meat  packing 
industry;  population,  163,752.  St.  Joseph,  on  Missouri  River  in  north- 
western part  of  State;  important  railroad  and  commercial  center;  pop- 
ulation, 1890,  52,324;  1900,  102.979.  Joplin,  enterprising  citv  in  center  of 
great  zinc  and  lead  mining  district;  population,  26,023;  increase  since 
1890,  161.7  per  cent.  Springfield,  principal  citv  in  Southwestern  Mis- 
souri; population,  23,267.  Jefferson  City,  capital,  population,  9,664. 

Railways.— First  road  operated  in  State,  1849— Independence  & 
Missouri-4  miles.  Mileage,  185%  139;  1860,  817;  1870,2,000;  1880,3,965; 
1890,  6,142;  June,  1896,  6,608.47;  July,  1900,  6.875.04  miles. 

Education.— Public  school  system  adopted  1839;  public  school 
enrollment,  1899-1900,719,817;  white,  685,276;  colored.  34,540: private,  15 ,000; 
expenditure,  $7,816,050;  school  age, 6-21;  public  high  schools,  234.  State 
University  at  Columbia  opened  1841;  Lincoln  Institute,  Jefferson  Citv, 
for  education  of  colored  teachers.  Normal  Schools  at  Kirksville,War- 
rensburg,  and  Cape  Girardeau. 

Political.— State  elections,  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  num- 
ber of  Senators,  34;  Representatives,  142;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd 
numbered  years,  meets  first  Wednesday  in  January:  limit  of  session, 
70  days;  term  of  Senators,  4  years;  Representatives,  2  years.  Number 
of  electoral  votes,  18.  Voters  must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention: 
residents  of  State  1  year,  county,  town,  and  precinct  60 days;  registra- 
tion required  in  cities  of  100,000  or  over;  ballot  reform.  United  States 
soldiers,  inmates  of  asylums,  poorhouses,  and  prisons  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  Labor 
Day,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  and  any  general  or  State  election. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation  :  Judgments,  action  on  written  evi- 
dence of  debt,  10  years;  contracts,  5;  personal  action,  2.  Legal  interest, 
6  per  cent;  by  contract,  8. 


ARKANSAS.  123 


ARKANSAS .      « 'Bear^State. » 

Arc,  a  bow— prefixed  to  Kansas. 

Historical.— Originally  a  part  of  Louisiana  cession  of  1803.  Visited 
by  De  Soto  1541:  by  Marquette  1673.  Settled  by  French  16S5;  claimed 
by  Spain  1763-1800.  Formed  part  of  Louisiana  Territory  until  1812;  of 
Missouri  Territory  until  1819,  when  Arkansas  Territory,  then  including 
Indian  Territory,  was  organized.  Became  a  State  June  15,  1836;  the 
twelfth  State  admitted  to  the  Fnion.  Scene  of  active  military 
operations  during  Civil  War;  seceded  May  6,  1801;  readmitted  1868. 

\rea,  53.850  square  miles;  land,  53,045;  water,  805;  length,  north  to 
south,  -240  miles;  average  breadth,  228  miles.  Public  lands  subject  to 
entry,  3.00S.215  acres.    Reserved  land,  2.560  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  generally  rolling;  slopes  gradually 
from  swampy  valley  of  Mississippi  in  east  to  hilly  section  in  west,  cul- 
minating in  Ozark  Mountains.  Highest  altitude,  Mt.  Magazine  and  Mt. 
Fourche,  2.800  feet  each.  Mississippi  frontage,  300  to  400  miles  Arkan- 
sas River  flows  southeasterlv  through  state,  700  milts,  draining  an  area 
of  11,270  square  miles;  navigable  465  miles.  White  River  drains  17,400 
square  miles.  Ouachita  drains  11,800;  state  has  about  3.000  miles  of 
waterway  navigable  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  Numer- 
ous mineral  springs  are  found ;  the  most  famous,  Hot  Springs,  in  Gar- 
land County,  temperature,  93  deg.  to  168  deg.;  elevation,  60u  feet. 

Forests.— Large  part  of  State  heavily  wooded;  estimated  area  of 
forest  lands,  2S.8iXi,ij()0  acres.  Pine  lands  cover  one-fourth  the  total  area. 
Pine  and  oak  the  most  abundant  and  useful  woods;  black  walnut  the 
most  valuable;  excellent  cypress,  largely  used  for  shingles,  found  along 
swampy  river  bottoms  ;  ash  and  yellow  poplar  abundant;  sweet  gum  on 
bottom  lands  of  southern  section. 

Climate  temperate,  and,  throughout  the  highlands,  healthful;  low- 
lands subject  to  malaria.  Extremes  of  heat  and  cold  not  great,  yet 
sudden  and  considerable  variations  of  temperature  not  uncommon. 
Southerly  winds  prevail.  Rainfall  abundant.  Mean  annual  rainfall, 
,Little  Rock,  53.6  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  62.2  deg.;  highest, 
106  deg. ;  lowest,  12  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  a  leading  industrv ;  farm  lands  unexcelled ;  arable  area, 
28,490,980  acres,  in  farms,  16.636.719:  chief  productions,  cotton,  corn,  hay, 
and  cereals.  Cotton  grown  for  shipment  in  southern  and  southeast- 
ern sections.  Large  area  devoted  to  corn;  estimated  area  adapted  to 
Its  growth,  6,000,01  A)  acres.  Wheat  successfully  grown  throughout  the 
State;  large  proportion  of  crop  produced  in  northern  section;  oats, 
barley,  millet,  sorghum,  cowpeas,  buckwheat,  rice,  broom  corn,  etc., 
grown.  Market  gardening  profitable.  Farm  productions.  1900:  Corn, 
2.380.313  acres,  45.225.947  bushels,  value  *19.447,157:  wheat,  266.279  acres, 
2,639,418  bushels,  sl.748.122:  oats,  317.1)57  acres,  7,038.665  bushels.  82.463,- 
533,  rye,  1,715  acres.  19.722  bushels.  $14,200;  potatoes.  29.553  acres.  2,127.816 
bushels,  si. 212.855:  hav.  140.233  acres.  22.8.5-0  tons.  82.022,933;  cotton, 
1899,  1.641.855  acres.  709.880  bales.  824.671,445;  tobacco,  l.s.87  acres,  831,700 
pounds,  885,395;  cotton  seed,  340,530  tons,  value  83,382,368. 

Horticulture.— Arkansas  ranks  high  among  the  fruit  States.  Hor- 
ticulture a  prominent  pursuit.  Area  especially  adapted  to  fruit  cul- 
ture, 19,000,000  acres.  Fruits  common  to  temperate  zone  successfully 
grown  in  all  sections,  cultivation  extending  rapidly.  State  especially 
famous  for  its  apples,  varieties  grown  in  northwestern  section  unex- 
celled in  quality  and  size.  Peaches,  pears,  plums,  grapes,  melons,  and 
berries  flourish.  Strawberries  of  tine  flavor  and  unusual  size  grown 
extensively;  large  shipments  made  to  Northern  markets.  Hillsides  and 
valleys  produce  fine  grapes.  Viticulture  a  promising  industry.  Com- 
mercial vineyards  show  a  steady  and  notable  increase. 

Live  Stock.— During  recent  years  improved  breeds  of  cattle  have 
b^en  introduced.  Excellent  tame  grasses  are  grown,  and  much  has  been 
done  to  encourage  the  commercial  manufacture  of  butter  and  cheese; 
several  successful  creameries  have  been  established.  Farm  animals, 
June,  19D0:  Horses.  253,590,  value  110,164,494;  mules,  177,480.  810,212.889- 
Bheep,  256,929,  $437,317;  inUch  cows,  312.577.  ~i.U.»>ni;  other  cattle.. 5.81,958, 
$5,535,826;  hogs,  1,713,307,  82,981.3 09:  wool  clip,  19ol,  717.234  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Natural  fishery  advantages  excellent;  numerous  large 
water  courses  abounding  in  food  fishes.  Waters  of  Arkansas  and 
"White  rivers  afford  most  extensive  fishing.  Buffalo  fish  and  other  suck- 


124 


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ENGB'S,  CHICAGO.      90' 


126  UNITED  STATES. 

era  constitute  about  half  the  catch ;  next  In  Importance  are  catfish  and 
drum.  Total  Investment  In  fisheries,  1894,136,564.  Total  catch,:; 
pounds,  value  91164)11;  black  bass,  160,271  pounds, value. -vim-,:  buffalo- 
nsh.  1,626,290  pounds,  930,828;  catti-h.  >mh. :,<:•>  pounds.  983,007:  crapple, 
158,078  pounds,  18.121;  fresh-water  drum,  579,642  pounds,  $15,053,  white 
bass,  64,690  pounds,  $3,797 

Manufactures.— Manufacturing  establishments,  1900,  1,794,  capi- 
tal Invested,  $35,960,640;  gross  value  of  products,  $44.  (3,783.  Leading 
Southern  state  in  lumber;  manufacture  of  lumber  and  timber  products 
gives  employment  to  15,895  wage-earners,  or  60  per  cent  of  total  wage- 
earners  of  State;  capital  invested.  1900,  $21. 727 .710;  value  of  products, 
$23,959,983  or  53. 1  per  cent  of  total  products.  Sawed  lumber  produced, 
1,623.987.000  feet.  B.  M.;  rough  lumber,  1,151,831,000  feet,  hardwood 
rough  lumber,  444. 102.000  feet;  shingles,  3-19.522,oo<».  Value  of  Hour,  etc., 
S3.los.709;  cotton-seed  oil  and  cake,  $2,874,864;  planing  mill  products, 
$2,266,522;  cars  and  general  shop  work.  $2,095,447;  cotton,  ginning  si. 261,- 
097;  printing  and  publishing,  9839,787;  brick  and  tile,  9351,732. 

Minerals.— State  especially  rich  in  minerals.  Coal  area,  5.824,000 
acres;  large  deposits  of  cannel  coal  in  western  and  northwestern  dis- 
tricts; undeveloped  deposits  of  anthracite  in  Ozark  and  Kavanaugh 
mountains.  Zinc  is  found;  marble,  limestone,  granite,  and  other  build- 
ing stones  cover  vast  areas;  whetstone, oilstone,  grindstone,  and  chalk 
deposits  worked.  Value  of  granite,  1900.  $62,500.  Acres  containing 
iron,  manganese,  zinc,  copper,  antimony,  and  other  ores.  7,124,000;  con- 
taining ocher,  clays,  kaolin,  gypsum,  slate,  etc.,  3450,000.  Production 
of  manganese,  145  long  tons,  value  $1.5:50;  value  of  limestone.  971,407. 
Total  production  of  coal  mines,  1900,  1.447,945  tons,  value  .■sl.653.6i*. 
Gold  and  silver  recently  found  in  paying  quantities  near  Eureka; 
pearls  found  in  Saline.  St.  Francis,  and  other  rivers. 

Population.— Total.  1820.14.255:  I860.  435,450,  1890,  1.128,179;  1900, 
1.311.564;  male.  675.312:  female.  636.252;  native.  1.297.275;  foreign.  14.289. 
white,  944,580,  colored,  366,984;  African,  366,856;  Chinese,  62;  Indians 
taxed,  66. 

Cities.— Little  Rock,  on  Arkansas  River,  capital,  and  most  impor- 
tant railway  and  commercial  center  of  State;  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
cotton  and  manufactures  of  cotton-seed  products.  Population,  census 
of  1900,  38,307.  Fort  Smith,  on  Arkansas  River,  in  western  part  of 
State,  second  city;  outlet  for  extensive  coal  mines;  center  of  im- 
portant fruit-growing  district;  population,  11,587.  Pine  Bin  if.  on 
Arkansas  River,  near  Little  Rock,  has  large  trade  in  cotton;  population, 
11,496.  Hot  Spring*,  60  miles  southwest  of  Little  Rock,  famous  health 
resort;  noted  for  thermal  springs;  population,  9,973.  Eureka  Springs, 
well-known  health  resort,  in  a  picturesque  region  of  the  Ozark  Moun- 
tains; population, 3,5?2.   Helena,  on  Mississippi  River:  population.  5.550. 

Railways.— State  tributary  to  the  St.  Louis  system.  Main  line  of 
Missouri  Pacific  runs  diagonally  through  State.  Miles  in  operation, 
1860,38;  1875,  740;  1855.  1,792;  1S94,  2,343.91-  July,  1900.  3,350.86  miles. 

Education.-Enrollment  in  public  schools,  1899-1900,  314.662:  white, 
230,345;  colored,  84,317 ;  expenditure,  $1,369,810;  school  age.  6-21.  Pub- 
lic high  schools,  61;  private  secondary  schools.  21.  Enrollment  private 
schools,  1899-1900,  7,808.  Educational  institutions  include  the  Univer- 
sity of  Arkansas,  Fayettevitle,  first  opened  in  1872,  with  an  experi- 
mental farm  of  more  than  200  acres.  Branch  Normal  School  at  Pine 
Bluff. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial,  first  Monday  in  September; 
congressional  and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
November;  Senators,  32;  Representatives.  100;  term  of  Senators,  4 
years;  Representatives,  2  years;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered 
years;  meets  second  Monday  in  January  :  limit,  60  days.  Number  elec- 
toral votes,  9.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens  or  declared  intention, 
residents  of  State  1  year,  county  6  months,  of  precinct  1  month;  regis- 
tration prohibited  by  constitution;  ballot  reform.  Idiots,  and  convicts 
unless  pardoned,  excluded.  .   . 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  July  4,  Thanksgiving, 
December  25,  and  any  day  appointed  for  fast. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation :  Judgments,  10  years ;  action  for  pos- 
session of  real  estate,  7;  written  instruments.  5;  unwritten  contracts, 
personal  actions,  3.  Redemption  of  tax  sale.  2  years.  Legal  interest,  6 
per  cent ;  by  contract,  10. 


LOUISIANA.       ,  127 


LOXJIblArS  A.    "Creole  State." 
Named  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV  of  France. 

Historical.— Visited  by  De  Soto,  1541;  Marquette,  1673;  La  Salle, 
1682;  settled  by  French  under  Iberville  and  Bienville  about  1700;  first 
settlement  in  present  State  at  New  Orleans,  1718.  Territory  reverted 
to  French  crown  1732,  ceded  by  France  to  Spain  1763;  retroceded  to 
France  1800;  purchased  by  United  States  18u3;  Territory  of  Orleans 
organized  March,  1804;  admitted  to  the  Union  April  30,  1812;  fifth  State 
admitted  after  formation  of  Government;  seceded,  1861;  New  Orleans 
taken  by  Federals,  1862;  State  readmitted,  1868. 

Area.— Total  area,  4S,720  square  miles;  land,  45,420;  water,  3,300; 
extreme  length  east  to  west,  300  miles;  breadth,  240.  Counties,  59. 
'Unsurveved  land,  65,0is  acres,  reserved,  1,468,434 acres. 

Physical  Features.—  Surface  chiefly  a  great  plain  sloping  from 
north  and  northeast  to  Mississippi  Delta.  State  naturally  divided  into 
two  parts  — the  uplands  and  the  alluvial  and  swamp  regions  of  the 
coast.  Delta  occupies  about  one-third  of  total  area.  Coast  Belt- 
marshy  region— extends  inland  about  30  miles.  Highest  point  at  New 
Arcadia,  362  feet  above  sea  level;  average  elevation,  75  feet .  •  Mis- 
sissippi River  flows  through  and  along  border  of  State  600  miles.  Total 
river  navigation,  3,782  miles,  Louisiana  surpassing  all  other  States  in 
extent  of  navigable  waterways.    Gulf  coast  line,  1.250  miles. 

Forests.— Extensive  area's  throughout  State  densely  wooded;  esti- 
mated area,  18,000,000  acres.  Of  merchantable  woods  pine  most  im- 
portant; lumber  in  great  demand  for  shingles,  car  and  bridge  building. 
Swamp  regions  of  Mississippi  River  contain  large  areas  of  valuable 
cypress.  Along  gulf  coast  are  numerous  groves  of  live  oak,  timber 
especially  valuable  for  shipbuilding;  several  tracts  reserved  by  United 
States  for  repair  of  navy-  Other  woods  include  gum,  walnut,  ash, 
hickory,  and  magnolia.  Lumber  is  shipped  to  the  Western  States, 
Mexico,  Central  and  South  America. 

,  Climate  is  semi-tropical;  in  the  lowlands  unhealthful.  Summers 
long  and  hot;  winters  more  severe  than  in  corresponding  latitudes  on 
Atlantic  Coast.  Rainfall  abundant  everywhere;  on  the  coast  annually 
exceeds  60  inches;  decreases  toward  interior,  averaging  50  inches  in 
northern  section.  Mean  annual  temperature  at  New  Orleans,  69.2 
deg.;  highest,  102  deg.;  lowest,  17  deg.  above.  Shreveport,  winter,  45 
deg.;  extreme,  1  deg.;  summer,  83  deg.;  extreme,  107  deg.  Average 
annual  rainfalrat  New  Orleans,  60.5  inches;  Shreveport,  52.2  inches. 

Agriculture  the  leading  pursuit.  Sugar,  rice,  cotton,  and  Indian 
corn  the  6taple  crops.  Sugar  cane  first  cultivated  in  United  States 
near  New  Orleans,  1751.  Louisiana  foremost  State  in  Union  in  pro- 
duction of  sugar  and  rice;  produces  nearly  all  cane  sugar  and  molasses 
of  United  States  and  more  than  two-thirds  total  yield  of  rice.  Area 
under  susrar  cane,  1899, 276,966  acres.  Sweet  potatoes  an  important  crop; 
yield,  1899,  1,865,482  bushels.  Tobacco  of  superior  quality  grown. 
Market  gardening  a  profitable  pursuit ;  early  vegetables  in  large  quanti- 
ties produced  fur  Northern  markets;  increasing  areas  devoted  to  the 
industrv.  In  1900,  25,151  acres  were  devoted  to  hav;  vield,  50,302  tons, 
value  $473,839;  potatoes,  7,709  acres,  5.19,630  bushels,  $436,308;  area  under 
corn  crop.  1,453.094  acres,  yield  24,702.598  bushels,  value  812.351,299; 
oats,  34.119  acres,  614,142  bushels,  $245,657;  cotton,  337,516,078  pounds, 
value  $30,270,973. 

Horticulture.— Fruits  common  to  temperate  regions  grown  in 
north.  Oranges  and  figs  lead  in  commercial  importance;  peaches  and 
most  other  semi-tropical  fruits  cultivated  successfully  in  south.  Truck 
fanners  produce  large  quantities  of  strawberries  for  market.  Figs 
grown  extensively  for  canneries;  one  of  most  valuable  crops;  yield  of 
matured  flgtrees  averages  from 20  to  50  bushels  each.  Large  areas  being 
set  to  pecans;  industry  a  promising  one;  nuts  are  of  superior  quality. 
Orchard  trees.  1900,  1,168,792;  peaches  produced,  1899,  153,808  bushels; 
apples,  68.735  bushels. 

lave  Stock.— Louisiana  especially  adapted  to  raising  live  stock; 
has  large  areas  of  excellent  pasturage  well  watered  by  numerous 
streams.    Owing  to  mild  winters,  stock  kept  on  range  throughout  the 

J  ear.  The  value  of  farm  animals  in  June,  1900,  was  placed  at  $27,757,301: 
Lorses,  194,372,  value  $6,624,617;   mules,  143,970,  $10,636,982;  sheep,  219,- 


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130 UNITED  STATES. 

844,  8333,040;  milch  cows,  184,815,83,067,033;  other  cattle,  485,480, $4,973,- 
963;  swine,  788,425, #1,494,484,    Wool  clip,  1901,  422,484  pounds. 

Fisheries.—  The  numerous  water-courses  of  Louisiana  abound  In 
excellent  food-fish.  Commercial  fishing  In  interior  waters  a  prominent 
industry,  Louisiana  ranking  second  to  Illinois.  Annual  yield  of  cat- 
fish nearly  5,000,000  pounds;  next  in  Importance  are  buffalo-fish,  fresh- 
water drum,  crappy,  and  black  bass.  Shrimp,  terrapin,  and  turtles  are 
abundant.  Official  reports  give  shrimp  taken  as  21,702  pounds;  ter- 
rapin, 68,940  pomids;  turtles,  50,855  pounds.  Value  of  alligator  hides 
secured,  $23,334. 

Manufactures  during  the  past  decade  made  a  notable  advance. 
Leading  industrial  establishments:  Su^ar  refineries,  lumber,  planing, 
rice,  and  cotton-seed  oil  mills,  bag  factories,  and  foundries.  Brick, 
rosin,  and  turpentine  are  also  manufactured.  New  Orleans  chief  cen- 
ter of  industries.  State  leads  all  others  in  production  of  raw  BUgai 
and  molasses.  First  sugar  mill  established  1758.  In  1899-00,  about  156.- 
072,199  pounds  of  sugar  was  made  In  Louisiana,  and  6.213,859  gallons  of 
molasses  manufactured.  Manufacture  of  ice,  especially  at  New 
Orleans,  important;  in  1900, 139,654  tons,$3nx,6s3.  Cigar  manufactories 
consumed  787.271  pounds  of  tobacco,  producing  56.093.K91  cigars:  number 
cigarettes,  48,249,800;  smoking  tobacco.  2,031.525  pounds.  Distilled 
spirits,  Louisiana  and  Mississippi,  1900-01,  848,549  gallons;  fermented 
liquor,  220,61)4  barrels. 

Minerals  include  sulphur,  rock  salt,  iron  ores,'ocher,  lignite  gyp- 
sum, and  fertilizing  marls.  Deposits  of  sulphur  in  Calcasieu  Parish, 
believed  to  be  largest  in  country;  output  1900,  Louisiana  and  Utah, 
3,525  tons,  value  $88,100.  Salt  deposits  on  Petite  Anse  Island  discovered 
1791;  rock  salt  produced  excels  in  purity  the  famous  Turk's  Island  or 
Mediterranean  salt  of  commerce;  output.  1X95, 159,771  bbls., value  $78,169. 
Population.  — Ranked  eighteenth  in  1810;  twentv-fifth,  1890; 
twenty-third,  1900.  Population,  1810,  76.556;  1890,  1,118,587;  1900,  1,381,- 
625:  Male,  694,733;  female,  686,892;  native,  1.328.722;  foreign,  52.903; 
white,  729,612;  colored,  652,013;  African,  650,804;  Chinese,  599;  Japa- 
nese, 17;  Indians,  593. 

Cities.— New  Orleans,  largest  city  of  the  State,  commercial  metrop- 
olis of  the  Gulf  States  and  principal  seaport  of  Mississippi  Valley. 
Leading  cotton  market  of  United  States;  has  large  export  trade  In 
sugar,  molasses,  rice,  tobacco,  etc.;  population,  1900,  287,104.  Shreve- 
port,  on  the  Ked  River,  second  city  in  State  in  commercial  importance; 
nas  manufactures  of  lumber  and  cotton-seed  oil;  population,  16,013. 
Baton  Rouge  (red  staff),  capital,  on  Mississippi  River,  advancing  rap- 
idly in  commercial  importance;  population,  11,269.  Alexandria,  a 
flourishing  town  in  center  of  State;  population,  5,648. 

Railways.— Number  of  miles  of  railwav  in  operation,  1835  and 
1840,  40;  1850,  80;  1855,  203;  1S60  and  1865,  335;  1870,  479;  1875,  539;  1880, 652; 
1885,  1,370;  1890,  1,749;  June,  1896,  2,236;  Julv,  1900,  2.824.U8  miles. 

Education. -Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  196,169;  white, 
121,936;  colored,  74.233;  expenditure,  SI. 135. 125;  school  age,  6-18.  Pub- 
lic school  buildings.  3.302,  81.01i6.iXRJ.  Educational  institutions  include: 
State  University  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Baton 
Rouge;  Fiske  Free  and  Public  Library;  Tulane  University;  Straight 
University  (colored);  and  Sophie  Newcomb  College  (for  women, 
affiliated  with  Tulane),  New  Orleans;  Normal  Schools  at  Natchi- 
toches and  New  Orleans. 

Political.— All  the  State  elections  third  Tuesday  in  April;  con- 
gressional and  presidential  election*,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
November;  number  of  Senators,  39;  Representatives,  114:  term.  4  years. 
Sessions  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years;  meets  second  Monday  in 
May  limit  of  session,  60  days.  Number  of  electoral  votes.  9.  Voters 
must  be  citizens;  residents  of  State  1  year,  of  county  6  months,  of  pre- 
cinct 30  days;  registration  required.  Idiots,  insane,  and  criminals 
excluded 

JLeo-al  Holidays.— January  1  and  8.  February  22.  Mardi-Gras.  Good 
Friday,  March  4.  June  3,  Julv  4.  Labor  Day  (In  Orleans  Parish) .Thanks- 
giving, November  1  and  25.  December  25.  ^ 

JLeo-al.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  accounts  acknowledged 
In  writing,  10  years;  open  accounts,  3;  promissory  notes,  5,  personal 
action,  1;  redemption  of  tax  sale,  1  year.  Legal  interest,  5  per  cent; 
by  contract,  8. 


TEXAS.  131 


TFY   V  Q  Tex'-as. 

IIjAAOi         "T.onp 


Lone  Star  State." 

Indian,  "Tachies"— signifies  "friends." 

Historical.— Upper  Rio  Grande  visited  by  Spaniards,  1585-33;  vari- 
ous Spanish  missions  established  among  the  Indians,  153:5-1794.  First 
white  settlement  made  by  French  under  La  Salle  at  Lavaca,  1685. 
Country  formed  part  of  the  Spanish  province  of  Mexico.  Declared  its 
independence  of  Spain  and  with  Coahuila  formed  a  state  of  Mexico, 
1S2T.  Seceded  from  Mexico,  March  2, 1336.  Battle  of  San  Jacinto  fought 
April  21,  1836.  Independent  republic  1836  to  1845,  when  it  was  annexed 
to  the  United  States  and  admitted  to  the  Union.  The  fifteenth  State 
in  order  of  admission.  Seceded,  February,  1861;  re-admitted,  1870. 
Present  Constitution  adopted,  1876. 

Area.— Largest  State  in  the  Union;  total  area,  265,780  square  miles; 
land,  262,290  square  miles  or  167,865,600  acres;  water,  3,490  square  miles; 
extreme  breadth,  825  miles;  length.  740.    Counties,  232. 

Puvsical  Features.— Surface  slopes  from  northwest  to  south- 
east and  is  exceedingly  varied.  State  comprises  a  mountainous  region 
west  of  the  Pecos  River;  high,  treeless  plains— including  the  Llano 
Estacado  (.Staked  Plains;— of  the  northwest;  a  central  hilly  region; 
the  prairie  country:  and  the  low  coast  region.  Greatest  altitude,  at 
present  known  in  the  State.  Baldy  Peak,  8,382  feet.  Coast-line  along 
Gulf  of  Mexico  about  400  miles.  Principal  rivers,  Rio  Grande,  Red, 
Sabine,  Colorado  Trinity.  Brazos,  and  Canadian. 

Forests.— Eastern  Texas  a  great  timber  belt.  Its  extensive  forests 
of  pine  and  oak  an  important  source  of  wealth.  Estimated  forest 
area,  64,000  square  miles.  Estimated  stand  yellow  pine.  67,5os;.5  million 
feet;  9,750  million  feet  owned  by  lumbermen.  Cut,  1900,  1,246,178,000 
feet,  mostly  yellow  pine:  sawed  lumber,  l,232,404,0uO  feet,  B.  M. 

Climate  mild  and  healthful  except  occasionally'  in  lowlands  along 
the  coast  Texas  most  healthful  of  the  States  bordering  the  Gulf. 
Summers  long;  continuous  heat  tempered  by  cool  breezes  from  the 
Gulf.  Winters  genial;  occasional  "Northers"  bring  severe  weather; 
cold  of  short  duration;  numerous  winter  health  resorts  due  to  delight- 
ful winter  season.  Coast,  central,  and  eastern  sections  well  watered; 
western  section  extremely  dry.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  San  Antonio, 
29.7  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  68.8  deg.;  highest,  108  deg.;  low- 
est, 4  deg.  above. 

Agriculture  the  principal  pursuit;  cotton  the  leading  crop,  Texas 
surpassing  all  other  States  in  production.  Other  staples  corn  and 
wheat.  Sugar  cane  cultivated  successfully,  plantations  chiefly  on 
Brazos  River ;  area  under  culture,  1899-00, 17,824  acres.  Tobacco  grow- 
ing a  profitable  pursuit ;  special  attention  given  to  cigar  leaf  tobacco; 
acreage  increased  from  600  acres  in  1897  to  1.443  acres  in  1899.  Area 
devoted  to  market-gardening  in  Pecos  Valley  and  along  the  Gulf  Coast 
increasing  steadily:  occupation  important.  Farm  products:  Cotton, 
1900,  1.649.274,598  pounds,  value  8147,919.315;  seed,  826,388,384.  Corn, 
81,962.910  bushels,  value  $38,522,568;  wheat.  23.395.913  bushels,  value 
814.973.384;  oats,  28.278.232  bushels,  value  $8,483,470;  hav,  304,933  acres, 
yield 548,879  tons,  value  83.732,377:  potatoes,  14.789  acres/916.918  bushels, 
value  8806,888.    Sweet  potatoes,  3.299,135  bushels,  value  $1,689,015. 

H  orticult  ure.— Excellent  fruit  and  nuts  grown  in  many  localities. 
Texas  peaches  and  pecans  of  superior  quality;  extensive  shipments 
made  to  Northern  markets.  Apples  grown  in  north,  figs  and  oranges 
in  south.  Mustang  and  other  native  grapes  abundant;  European 
varieties  flourish  in  northwest.  Total  value  fruit  crops,  1899,  $1,789,454; 
orchard.  81.345.423;  small,  $304,680;  tropical.  812,996.  Peaches  produced- 
1,400,240  hushels;  apples,  591,985;  pears,  166,418. 

Live  Stock.— Grazing  as  an  industry  second  only  to  agriculture  in 
Importance.  Owing  to  character  of  climate  and  vast  extent  of  excel- 
lent pasturage,  State  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  pursuit.  Western  Texas 
abounds  in  nutritious  grasses,  affoiding  pasturage  for  Immense  herds 
of  cattle  and  Hocks  of  sheep;  horses  in  large  numbers  are  reared  also; 
Texas  foremost  State  in  Union  in  cattle  industry-  Number  and  value 
of  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses,  1.269,432.  value  834.497.083;  mules, 
507,281,  825.121.619;  stock  cattle,  8.567,173.  8143.233,577.  milch  cows, 
861,023, »19,995,327;  sheep,  1389,298,  $3,982,117:  swine,  2.665.614,  17,606,687. 


132 


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134  UNITED  STATES.      - 

Anions  wool-producing  States,  TexaH  ranks  high;  clip,  1901,  15,061,634 
pounds;  scoured  wool,  4,519,390  pounds. 

Manufactures*— State  has  great  natural  advantages  and  abun- 
dance of  raw  material  for  manufactures.  Numerous  Industries  i  eceiv- 
lng  Increased  attention.  In  1900,  12,289  manufactories  in  the  State: 
value  of  material  used,  167,102,769;  products,  1119,414,982;  employ's, 
51,712.  Leading  products:  Lumber  and  planing  mill,  cotton-seed  oil 
and  cake,  flour,  harness,  etc.  Largest  cotton-seed  oil  mills  in  coun- 
try. Cotton  mills  have  been  opened  ;  those  at  Galveston  the  most 
Important.  In  1899,  sugar  product  2.789,250  pounds,  $134,074.  Pig  Iron, 
1900,9,78!)  tons;  Portland  cement,  1900,  26,000  barrels,  $52.ooo,  brick  and 
tile,  $1,083,553;  brick,  $964,743;  pressed,  $36,605;  pottery,  $81,464.  Dis- 
tilled spirits,  1901,  10.382  gallons;  fermented  liquor.  385,443  barrels 
Second  in  value  of  artificial  ice,  1900,  231.450  tons.  $1,168,640. 

Minerals. —  Though  largely  undeveloped  the  mineral  resources 
are  among  the  richest  In  the  country.  There  are  extensive  deposits 
of  iron  and  coal.  Large  iron  furnaces  established  at  Rusk  and  New 
Birmingham.  Coal  output,  1900,  968,373  tons,  value  $1,581,914.  Copper, 
lead,  and  silver  ores  are  found  most  abundantly  in  trans-Pecos 
region;  gold  exists,  also,  and  new  discoveries  have  been  made  near  Dal- 
las. In  1900,53  ounces  were  mined;  value  $1,100;  silver,  447.400  ounces, 
value  $295,988.  Salt  springs  and  lakes  numerous,  salt  product,  1899, 
312,436  barrels.  Oil  exists  in  large  quantities;  fields  near  Corsicana 
and  Beaumont  especially  valuable;  total  output,  1901,  4,393,658  barrels, 
value,  $1,247,351.  Quicksilver,  Brewster  Countv,  3,4<io  flasks,  value, 
$159,800.  Tin  ore  in  Franklin  mountains,  north  of  El  Paso,  sulphur  in 
El  Paso  County;  asphalt  rocks  in  various  localities.  Total  value  stone 
output,  1900,  $237,835;  limestone,  $124,728;  granite,  $76,069. 

Population.— Ranked  twenty-fifth  in  1850;  seventh,  1890,  sixth, 
1900;  total  population,  1850.  212.59*2;  is««_».  2.235.523;  1900.3.048.710:  Male, 
1.578.900;  female.  1.469,810;  native,  2,869,353;  foreign,  179.357;  white. 
2.42<i.669;  colored,  622,041;  Africans,  620,722;  Chinese,  836;  Japanese,  13; 
Indians,  470. 

Cities.— San  Antonio,  metropolis  of  the  State  and  chief  commercial 
center  of  Western  Texas.  Interesting  historically;  occupies  site  of 
Fort  Alamo ;  is  a  great  railroad  center;  population,  1900, 53.321 .  //"  u-ston , 
second  city  in  size;  population,  44,633.  Dallas,  important  railroad  and 
business  center  in  Northern  Texas;  has  numerous  manufactures  and  a 
large  trade;  population,  1900,  42,638.  Galveston,  chief  seaport,  has  an 
immense  foreign  and  interior  trade;  especially  notable  for  Its  cotton 
exports;  population,  37.789.  Fort  Worth,  live  stock  center;  26,688. 
Austin,  capital,  on  the  Colorado  River,  is  a  railroad  center  and  seat  of 
State  University;  population,  22,258.  _._ 

Railways.-Nuuiberof  miles  in  1854,32;  1860,  307;  1865,  465;  18.0,711: 
1875, 1,685;  1880,  3,244;  1885,  6,370;  1890,  8,709;  1891,  8,854;  1895  9.290.70. 
July,  1900,  9,886.49  miles,  averaging  32.43  miles  to  each  10,000  inhabi- 

Etl'ucation.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-00,  578,418;  expendi- 
ture, *4,469,014;  school  age,  8-17.  Public  high  schools  240;  private 
secondary  schools,  62.  Educational  institutions:  University  of  lexas, 
opened  in  1883;  Sam  Houston  Normal  Institute  for  white  teachers, 
Huntsville;  Prairie  View  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College  (col- 
ored teachers) ;  Detroit  Normal  School,  Detroit;  Henry  College;  Bay- 
lor University,  and  others.  .       ,        . 

Political.— State  elections  biennial;  State,  congressional,  and  pres- 
idential elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  of 
Senators, 31;  Representatives,  131;  sessions  biennial;  in  odd-numbered 
years;  meets  second  Tuesday  In  January;  no  limit  of  session;  term  of 
Senators,  4  years;  Representatives, 2  years.  Electoral  votes,  18.  \  oters 
must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention;  residents  of  State  1  year,  of 
countv  and  town  6  months;  registration  limited.  Lunatics  idiots, 
naupers,  convicts,  and  U.  S.  soldiers  and  seamen  in  service  excluded 

"Leual  Holicra vs.- January  1,  February  22,  March  2,  April  21, 
July  4  first"londay  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving, 

DLeffaL-Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  10  years;  written  con- 
tract 4  open  accounts,  2;  notes,  4;  redemption  of  taxes, 8 years; 
extensions  made  when  State  is  purchaser.  Legal  Interest,  6  per  cent; 
by  contract,  10. 


OKLAHOMA. 135 

OKLAHOMA.    Ok-lah-hO'-mah. 

Indian— signifying,  "  Beautiful  Land." 

Historical.— Oklahoma  mainly  comprised  in  western  half  of  Indian 
Territory.  Lands  acquired  by  treaty  and  purchase  from  Indians.  Thrown 
open  to"  settlement,  April  22,  1889;  Territory  organized  May  2,  1890; 
embraced  Cherokee  Outlet  and  Public  Land  Strip;  Iowa  and  Potta- 
watomie reserves  acquired  1S91;  Greer  Countv  territory  acquired  1896. 
In  19()1,  3,000.000  acres  of  Indian  lands  were  opened. 

Area,  39.030  square  miles.  Breadth,  365  miles;  length,  210.  Public 
land  subject  to  entry,  June  30,  1901,  4.653.605  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Polling  and  hilly;  slopes  toward  south  and 
southwest.  Elevation  generally  over  1,000  feet.  Greatest  altitude  in 
Beaver  Countv.    Red  River  forms  southern  boundary. 

Climate  mild;  occasionally  subject  to  cold  northerly  winds;  winters 
delightful:  summers  long  and  hot,  heat  modified  by  almost  continual 
breezes.  Rainfall  slight  in  winter;  usually  abundant  in  summer.  Mean 
annual  temperature.  59  cleg. ;  highest,  1 15 ,  lowest,  25  below. 

Agriculture.— Farm  area.  1900. 15.719.258  acres;  improved,  5.511.994 
acres.  Value  farm  propertv.  8185.343. *1S:  products,  1899,  $45,447,744. 
Principal  crops,  corn,wheat.  hay .  cotton,  and  oats;  Kaffir  corn,  potatoes, 
barley,  castor  beans,  peanuts,  and  broomcorn  also  important  crops. 
Area  devoted  to  cereals.  1899.  2.776.91S  acres:  bushels  produced,  61.840.- 
450  or  more  than  180  times  the  amount  of  1889.  Cotton  area,  240,678 
acres,  product,  1900,  51.297.178  pounds,  value  84.600.715;  cotton-seed,  51,- 
297  tons,  value  $820,752.  Corn.  1899.  3s.239.^u  bushels;  wheat,  18,124,520 
bushels:  hay  and  forage,  1.146.455  tons;  oats,  5.087.930  bushels. 

Horticulture.— Nearly  all  fruits  of  temperate  region  successfully 
grown;  some  semi-tropical  fruits  and  nuts  reach  perfection;  orchard 
trees,  1899.  8.962,971;  peaches  produced,  255.933  bushels:  apples,  111.2:35; 
plums.  7,986;  cherries.  1.766.  Value  orchard  products.  8245.990;  grapes, 
8128,500,  small  fruits,  863.519.  Number  of  apple  trees,  1900,  2,054,894; 
peach,  5,519,072;  cherry, 404,758;  plum,  403.317:  apricot,  231.268. 
'  Live  Stock.— Extensive  natural  pasturage  and  favorable  climate 
afford  ideal  stock-raising  country.  Cattle-grazing  chief  interest  of 
western  section,  eastern  engaged  largely  in  swine-raising:  poultry 
succeeds  throughout  Territory.  Value  of  farm  animals.  190O.  853.92L- 
827,  including  303.631  horses.  r>5.t>77  mules.  l.7o9.752  neat  cattle.  71,358 
sheep,  and  584.878  hogs.    Wool  clip,  1901,201.500  pounds. 

Minerals.— Coal  mined  in  Pawnee  and  other  counties.  Good 
building  stone  and  excellent  clay  abound;  immense  gypsum  beds  in 
Blaine  County;  valuable  salt  deposits;  asphaltum  near  Fort  Sill:  exten- 
sive deposits  of  cement  being  worked.    Gold  found  in  Wichita  Mts. 

Population,  1890.61.834:  19m.  398.331:  Male.  214.359;  female,  183.972; 
native.  382.651;  foreign.  15.680:  white,  3*37 .524;  colored,  30,807;  African, 
18.831:  Chinese.  31;  Indians.  11.945. 

Cities.—  Oklahoma,  a  flourishing  city  on  North  Fork  of  Canadian 
River:  population,  19oo,  10.037  Guthrie,  capital,  on  Cimarron  River; 
population.  1900, 10,006.  Shawnee,  3,462.  Military  posts  at  Fort  Reno 
and  Fort  Sill. 

Kailways.-Mileage.  1895,463;  July,  1900,  827.88;  2.13  miles  per  100 
square  miles;  20.79  per  l.oOo  inhabitants. 

Education.— School  population.  1900,  99,602:  total  expenditures, 
$686,019:  value  of  school  propertv.  8760.973.  School  age.  6-21.  Territorial 
University,  Norman:  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Still- 
water; Normal  Schools.  Edmond  and  Alva.  Colored  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College ,  Langston ;  Chillocco  Indian  School .  Kay  County. 

Political.— Number  of  Assemblymen.  26;  Councilmen,  13;  term  of 
each,  2  years.  Sessions  biennial;  term,  60  days;  meets  first  Tuesday  in 
January.  One  delegate  in  Congress.  Voters  must  be  residents  of 
Territory  6  months,  county  60  days,  district  30  davs.  Registration  re- 
quired.   Indians  holding  tribal  relations  are  disqualified. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1.  February  22,  Arbor  Day,  May  30, 
July  4,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  and  all  elections. 

Legal.— Statutesof  limitation:  Written  contracts, Syears;  unwritten 
contracts,  3;  personal  actions,  2.  Redemption  of  tax  sale,  2  years. 
Taxes  are  perpetual  lien  on  real  property.  Legal  rate  of  interest,  7  per 
cent;  by  contract,  12. 


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188  UNITED  STATES. 

INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Historical.— Territory  formed  part  of  Louisiana  purchase  in  1803, 
and  Texas  acquisition,  1815;  portion  of  a  much  larger  area  of  public 
lands  set  apart  for  the  Indians  by  Congress  in  1834.  Five  Civilized  Tribes 
removed  from  their  original  homes  as  follows:  Cherokee  (from 
Georgia),  Creek  (Alabama  and  Georgia),  Choctaw  (Southern  Alabama 
and  Mississippi),  and  Chickasaw  (Northern  Alabama  and  Mississippi), 
1833-1838;  Seminole  (Florida),  1846.  Various  small  tribes  of  Reservation 
Indians  have  been  settled  in  extreme  northeast  of  Territory. 

Area.— Total  area,  31,400  square  miles;  31,000  square  miles,  or  19,840,- 
000 acres,  of  land,  and  400  square  miles  of  water. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  generally  level  or  undulating,  with 
many  fertile  prairies  and  rich  valleys;  in  the  south  are  Sansbois,  Shaw- 
nee, and  Wichita  Hills,  continuations  of  Ozark  Mountains.  Highest 
altitude,  Sugar  Loaf,  2,600  feet.  Chief  rivers— Arkansas,  draining  the 
north;  Red  River,  draining  the  south,  navigable  along  entire  southern 
boundary. 

Climate.— Mild  and  healthful;  summers  lonr  and  hot,  with  ample 
rainfall;  winters  usually  short,  with  little  snow.  Mean  annual  tempera- 
ture at  Fort  Gibson,  60  deg.    Mean  annual  rainfall,  33.3S  inches. 

Agriculture  the  chief  industry;  next  in  importance  are  herding 
cattle  and  lumbering.  Large  portions  of  Territory  are  fertile,  well 
watered,  and  timbered.  Principal  agricultural  products  are  Indian 
corn,  cotton,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  potatoes,  flax,  sorghum  cane,  and  fruit. 
Cotton,  cultivated  south  of  Canadian,  on  Arkansas  and  Red  Rivers, 
next  to  corn  the  most  important  crop;  area,  1897,  141,124  acres,  yield 
46,308,240  pounds,  value  $2,986,881;  area.  1898,  459.19?  acres.  Shipments 
of  baled  hay  are  important;  supply  inexhaustible.  North  of  Canadian 
and  Arkansas  rivers,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  and 
small  f  ruits  flourish. 

Minerals  and  Manufactures.— Coal  area,  20.000  square  miles; 
mining  centers  within  the  Choctaw  Reservation.  Output,  1900, 1,922,- 
298  tons,  value  $2,788,124.  Chickasaw  Nation  leads  in  manufacturing 
industrv;  total  capital  in  Territory,  1900,  S2.624.265;  value  products, 
$3,892, ILL  Manufacture  of  flour,  etc.,  most  important;  product  of  61 
mills  valued  at  $1,198,472.  Value  cotton-seed  oil  and  cake,  $451,656; 
planing  mill  products,  $424,399;  cotton  ginneries,  187;  value  products, 
$345,751. 

Population.  —  Total  population  of  the  Five  Civilized  Tribes, 
1890.  66.289.  Population  of  Territory,  1890,  180,182;  1900,  392.060;  male, 
208.952,  female,  183.108,  native,  387.202:  foreign,  4.858;  white,  302,680; 
colored,  89,380;  negro,  36,853;  Chinese.  27;  Indians.  52.500. 

Cities.—  Tah lequa/i,  capital  of  Cherokee  Nation;  population,  1,482. 
Okmulgee, Creek;  Atoka,  Choctaw;  Tishomingo,  Chickasaw;  Wewoka, 
Seminole;  Muskogee,  Creek  Nation  (4.254)  and  Ardmore,  Chickasaw 
(5,681),  important  trading  centers. 

Railways.— In  1896.  there  were  1,182  miles  of  road;  in  1900,  1,323 
miles,  4.27  miles  per  1(H)  square  miles. 

Education  well  advanced.  Number  public  high  schools,  1899-00. 4; 
secondary  students,  157;  elementary  pupils,  349.  Private  secondary 
schools,  11;  secondary  students,  381;  elementary  pupils,  1,450.  There 
are  several  colleges.  Indian  schools,  under  supervision  of  general 
superintendent,  with  supervisors  in  Choctaw,  Chickasaw,  Creek,  and 
Cherokee  Nations.  Two  boarding  schools,  maintained  by  federal  gov- 
ernment, at  Quopaw  Agency  and  Wyandotte. 

Political.— Territory  unorganized.  Five  Civilized  Tribes  practic- 
ally self-governing.  Each  Nation  has  a  principal  or  governor,  elected 
for  2  to  4  years.  There  is  a  Legislature  or  National  Council  consisting 
of  2  houses,  meeting  annually,  and  a  judiciary.  Tribal  courts  have 
been  abolished  in  the  Creek  and  Cherokee  Nations.  Tribal  govern- 
ments will,  as  the  law  exists  to-dav,  terminate  March  4,  19o6.  All  the 
Indians  in  Indian  Territory  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  having 
been  made  so  by  the  act  approved  March  3,  190L 

liesal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Action  on  unwritten  contract,  3 
years;  promissory  notes  not  under  seal,  5;  promissory  notes  under 
seal,  10.  Execution  on  judgment  within  10  years  from  decree  neces- 
sary to  fix  lien.    Legal  rate  of  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  10. 


KANSAS.  139 


KANSAS.  Kan'-zas- 


"  Sunflower  State." 

Indian— signifies,  "  Smoky  Water." 

Historical.— Country  visited  by  Spaniards,  1541:  by  French,  1719; 
part  of  it  included  in  Louisiana  purchase  of  1803.  Southwestern  Kansas 
Mexican  territory  until  1848.  First  trading  post  established,  1800.  From 
1821  to  1834  constituted  portion  of  Indian  Country.  Kansas  Territory 
organized,  1854.  Admitted  into  the  Union  January,  1861 ;  the  twenty- 
first  State  admitted.  Kansas  bore  a  prominent  part  during  the  Civil 
War  and  suffered  greatly  from  border  raids. 

Area.— Total  area.  82,080  square  miles;  land,  81,700,  water,  380; 
average  length.  400 miles,  breadth,  200;  has  105  counties.  Reserved 
land.  987,875  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Geographical  center  of  the  United  States 
exclusive  of  Alaska  and  newly  acquired  territory.  Surface  mostly 
rolling  prairie,  sloping  to  the  Missouri  River;  soil  generally  fertile. 
Elevation  ranges  from  700  feet  in  the  east  to  about  4,000  feet  in  the 
west.  The  Missouri— only  navigable  river— forms  the  eastern  boundary 
for  150  miles;  an  Important  commercial  highway.  Principal  rivers, 
Kansas  and  Arkansas.  Former  with  its  tributaries  drains  more  than 
half  the  State.  The  numerous  streams  afford  abundant  water  power  for 
factory  and  irrigation  purposes. 

Climate  exceptionally  healthful.  There  is  wide  range  of  tempera- 
ture. Winters  short;  severity  tempered  by  unusual  dryness  of  the 
atmosphere.  Summer  heat  modified  by  constant  breezes ;  nights  uni- 
formly cool.  Rainfall  relatively  small  but  evenly  distributed;  average 
for  year  increasing.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Leavenworth,  38.4  inches; 
temperature.  53.5  deg.;  highest,  107  deg.;  lowest,  29  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— State  ranks  high  in  all  agricultural  products;  in 
1900,  first  in  wheat,  second  in  hay,  fourth  in  rye,  fifth  in  corn  and  bar- 
ley, and  sixth  in  oats.  Area  and  production  of  farm  products,  1900: 
Wheat,  4.660.376  acres,  82,488.655  bushels;  hay,  3,054,137  acres,  4,031,461 
tons;  barley,  194,7a5  acres,  4,186,802  bushels;  rye,  126,479  acres,  1,922,481 
bushels;  corn,  8,624.770  acres,  163,870,630  bushels;  oats,  1,362,783  acres, 
43,063.943  bushels;  potatoes,  100.642  acres,  7.246.224  bushels;  flax,  4,186,- 
802  busnels,  1,693,238  bushels  flaxseed.  Soil  and  climate  favorable  to 
the  growing  of  tobacco,  castor  beans,  cotton,  sugar  beets,  and  alfalfa; 
constantly  increasing  areas  are  being  devoted  to  these  pursuits.  Silk 
culture  is  receiving  attention.  Sorghum  produced,  1900,  1,622.963 
gallons,  valued  at  §551,807;  Kaffir  corn,  1,966,217  tons,  value  $5,756,285; 
alfalfa,  276,008  acres;  acres  under  cotton,  163;  product,  48,400  pounds, 
value  $2,420.  Irrigators,  1899,  929;  area  irrigated,  23.620  acres.  Value 
farm  products,  1899,  $209,89.->.542;  live  stock,  1900,  $190,956,936. 

Horticulture.— In  1900,  7.430.767  bearing  apple  trees,  3,196,790 
peach,  880,670  cherry.  690,930  plum.  205,388  pear  There  were  2,792  acres 
in  nurseries,  3.833  under  blackberries,  2,655  raspberries.  1,818  straw- 
berries. There  were  5,664  acres  vineyards,  producing  118,000  gals  wine, 
$88,540.   Garden  products  marketed,  $818,663;  horticultural,  $457,725. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.— Stock-raising  ranks  second  only  to  the  growing 
of  cereals  as  a  source  of  wealth.  State  well  adapted  to  sheep  husbandry 
and  dairy-farming  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900: 
Horses,  979,695,  value  843,758,334;  mules,  118,704,  $6,507,916;  sheep,  262,- 
013,  $833,827;  milch  cows.  676.456,  $22,191,123;  other  cattle,  3,814.622, 
$95,449,678;  swine,  3,594.859, $17,076,904;  wool  clip,  washed  and  unwashed, 
1901, 1.495.896  pounds:  scoured.  493,646.  Total  value  of  domestic  animals, 
1900,  8186.317,248;  dairy  products,  $7,459,693.  Dairy  interests  date  from 
1882-3.  Industry  a  profitable  and  growing  pursuit.  First  separator 
creamery  established  1886.  Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed  milk 
factories,  1900, 171;  capital,  $1,139,595;  value  of  products,  $3,652,530. 

Manufactures.— Though  not  distinctly  a  manufacturing  State 
Kansas  has  many  important  industrial  establishments.  In  1900,  7.830 
manufacturing  establishments  reported  a  combined  capital  of  $66,- 
827,362;  employes,  39,053;  annual  wages,  816.317,689.  Meat-packing 
houses,  flouring  mills,  car  works,  foundries,  zinc  smelting  and  refin- 
ing, creameries,  and  soap  factories,  etc.,  lead  in  importance.  Value 
of  the  productions  of  11  meat-packing  establishments,  $76,829,139;  of 
533  flouring  mills,  $21,926,768.  Oleomargarine  manufactured,  1901,  16,- 
360,484  pounds.    Capital  invested  in  94  foundries,  82,450,324;  value  of 


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142  UNITED  STATES. 

products,  $2,804,268.  The  total  output  of  Kansas  salt  plants  was 
2,238,878  barrels,  value  81,076,945;  third  salt-producing  State.  Value  of 
brick  and  tile,  $1,012,689;  lime,  $3,192.  Value  of  hydraulic  cement, 
1900  $100,000.  Kansas  and  Indian  Ter.  (1900-01)  produced  22,468  gals,  of 
distilled  spirits  and  9,022  bbls.  of  fermented  liquor.  In  1900,  169  cigar 
factories  used  461,120  lbs.  of  tobacco;  output,  25,275,533  cigars;  tobacco 
factories  manufactured 2,818  lbs.of  plug  and  42.051  lbs.  smoking  tobacco. 

Minerals.— Lead,  zinc,  and  coal  are  the  chief  minerals.  In  1900 
Kansas  ranked  first  in  output  of  zinc;  largest  lead  and  zinc  mining 
camp  in  the  world  Is  in  Cherokee  County.  Bituminous  coal  area, 
17,000  square  miles;  centers  of  industry,  Cherokee,  Crawford,  Leaven- 
worth, and  Osage  counties.  Petroleum  and  natural  gas  industries  of 
southeastern  sections  growing  rapidly  in  importance;  estimated  area 
of  fields  8,500  square  miles,  lola  and  Coffeyville  gas  fields  most  profit- 
able. An  inexhaustible  supply  of  glass  sand  exists  near  Atchison. 
Value  of  zinc  and  lead,  1899,  Galena-Joplin  mines,  $10,715,307.  In  1900, 
Kansas  produced  62,136  short  tons  of  zinc  spelter,  or  50  per  cent  of 
total  product  of  United  States.  Output  of  zinc  ore  from  the  Galena 
(Kansas)  district  in  1900,  45,043  short  tons,  valued  at  $1,202,054;  lead 
output,  5,059  tons,  valued  at  $245,905  ;  production  1894-1900:  Zinc,  1.359,258 
tons;  lead,  201 ,070  tons,  value  both  ores,  $41,717,118.  Value  of  natural 
gas  in  1900,  $356,900,  yield  of  petroleum,  74,714  barrels,  value  $69,142. 
Petroleum  produced  from  1889  to  1900,  inclusive,  516,593  bbls.  Value  coal 
mined,  190). $5,454,691;  salt, $1,076,945;  clay  goods,  $1,016,750;  gypsum,with' 
Iowa,  $904,263;  limestone,  $339,466;  sandstone,  $55,173. 

Population.— Ranked  thirty-third  In  1860,  twentieth,  1880;  nine- 
teenth, 1890;  twenty-second,  1900.  Total  population  in  1860, 107.206;  1880, 
996,096,  1890,  1,427,096.  Total  population,  1900,  1,470.495:  Male,  768.719; 
female, 701,779;  native,  1,343,810,  foreign,  126,685;  white.1,416,319;  colored, 
54,176;  Africans,  52,003;  Chinese,  39;  Japanese,  4;  Indians,  2,130. 

Cities.— Kansas  City,  commercial  metropolis  of  the  State,  and  a 
prominent  railroad  center ;  has  extensive  stock  yards,  meat-packing 
establishments,  smelters,  foundries,  etc.;  population,  1900,  51,418. 
Topeka,  the  capital,  is  an  important  railway  center,  with  extensive 
manufactures;  population,  33,608.  Wichita,  on  the  Arkansas  River, 
leading  city  of  Southern  Kansas;  has  glass  factories,  flour,  planing, 
and  woolen  mills,  carriage  factories,  etc. ;  population,  24,671.  Leaven- 
worth, on  the  Missouri  River,  railway  and  commercial  center,  with  ex- 
tensive manufacturing  industries;  population,  20,735.  Atchison,  has 
an  important  trade  by  rail  and  river,  and  many  flouring  industries; 
population,  15,722.  Lawrence,  seat  of  University  of  Kansas;  popula- 
tion, 10.862.  Fort  Scott,  center  for  mining  and  shipping  of  bituminous 
coal;  population,  10,322.  Pittsburg  has  Important  zinc  and  silver 
smelting  works  ;  population,  10,112. 

Railways.— The  Union  Pacific  first  line  to  enter  State;  completed 
40  miles  of  road  in  1863-4.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  reached 
Kansas,  1873.  Road  in  operation,  1870,  1,501  miles;  1875,  2,150;  1880, 
3,400;  1885,  4,520;  in  July,  1900,  8,719.36  miles. 

Education.— Free  schools  have  been  conducted  since  1855.  Public 
school  enrollment,  1899-00,  389,583;  expenditure.  $4,622,364:  school  age, 
5-21;  compulsory  school  age, 8-14.  Educational  institutions:  University 
of  Kansas,  Lawrence,  opened  1866 :  State  Normal  School  at  Emporia, 
opened  1865;  State  Agricultural  College  near  Manhattan;  Industrial 
School  for  Girls  at  Beloit. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Num- 
ber of  Senators,  40;  Representatives,  125;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-num- 
bered years;  meets  second  Tuesday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  50 
days;  term  of  Senators,  4  years;  Representatives,  2  years.  Number 
electoral  votes,  10.  Voters  must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention-  resi- 
dent of  State  6  months;  county,  town,  and  precinct,  30  days;  registration 
requirea  in  cities  only.    Idiots,  insane,  and  convicts  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.-January  1,  February  22.  Arbor  Day.  May  30, 
July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiv- 
ing, and  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  5  years;  actions  for  re- 
covery of  real  property  sold  on  execution,  5  years;  all  others,  15;  writ- 
ten contracts,  5;  others,  3;  personal  action,  2.  Redemption  from  tax 
sales,  3  years.    Legal  rate  of  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  10. 


NEBRASKA.  143 


NEBRASKA.  S'iteS^ 


'Black- water  State." 

Indian— "Water  Valley." 

Historical.— Country  probably  visited  by  Spaniards  In  sixteenth 
centurv.  French  missionaries  and  traders  entered  the  Territory  about 
the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Formed  part  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  of  18*13  and  of  Missouri  Territory.  Visited  by  Lewis  and 
Clarke  1804-5.  Government  exploration  by  way  of  Platte  Valley  made 
under  Major  Long  in  1820.  First  settlement  made  by  whites  at  Belle- 
vue  1847.  Nebraska  Territory  organized  1854;  admitted  Into  the  Union 
1867,  the  twenty-fourth  State  admitted.  Bellevue  the  first  capital;  seat 
of  government  removed  to  Omaha  1855;  to  Lancaster— now  Lincoln— 
1867. 

Area.—  Total  area,  77,510  square  miles;  land,  76.840,  or  49.177.600  acres ; 
water,  670  square  miles  ,  length  from  east  to  west,  413  miles  ;  north  to 
south,  208.    Counties,  90,    Reserved  land,  69,642  acres. 

Physical  Features.— The  surface  Is  an  undulating  plain  sloping 
gently  toward  the  east.  Highest  altitude  is  Niobrara  Summit,  5,323 
feet.  Average  eastern  elevation,  1,400  feet;  western,  2,312  feet.  State 
notable  for  its  numerous  broad  shallow  streams.  Characteristic  feature 
of  the  surface,  many  fertile  bottom  lands  and  valleys;  one-fourth  the 
entire  area  consists  of  well-watered  valleys.  The  Missouri  Elver, 
the  only  navigable  stream,  forms  the  entire  eastern  and  northeastern 
boundary,  frontage,  500  miles;  Platte  River  crosses  the  State  from  west 
to  east.    Next  in  importance  are  the  Niobrara  and  Republican  rivers. 

Climate  usually  temperate  throughout  the  State.  Elevation  of 
surface  and  purity  of  the  clear,  dry  atmosphere  render  it  unusually 
healthful.  Average  summer  temperature,  eastern  section,  73  deg., 
western  slightly  higher;  winter  about  20  deg.,  though  somewhat  lower 
In  northwest  and  higher  in  southeast,  Mean  annual  rainfall,  Omaha, 
31.7  inches;  rainfall  favorably  distributed  for  farmer,  no  rain  falling  in 
winter;  mean  annual  temperature  varies  from  46  to  51  deg;  highest,  106 
deg.;  lowest,  32  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  the  leading  industry.  Soil  in  eastern  section  natur- 
ally adapted  to  agriculture  ;  irrigation  rapidly  developing  western  sec- 
tions. Total  miles  of  ditch  supplied  by  gravity  in  1899  was  1,701;  area 
irrigated,  148,5:38  acres;  value  of  crops  raised  under  irrigation  amounted 
to  $982,615.  Farm  area,  1900:59.911,779  acres  ;  improved,  18.432, 595  acres; 
value  farm  property,  $747,950,057 ;  products  (1899),  $162,696,386.  Total 
area  devoted  to  crops  comprised  15,153, 956  acres  of  which  79.7  per  cent 
was  devoted  to  cereals ;  value  of  crops,  892.469.326  ;  81.9  per  cent  value 
of  cereals.  Nebraska  is  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  production  of 
corn.  Yield  and  values,  1901:  Corn,  109,141,840  bushels,  858,936.594 ; 
wheat,  42.006.885  bushels,  122,683,718  ;  oats,  39,065,222  bushels,  S14.454,132; 
barley,  1,188,688  bushels,  $487,362  ;  rye,  2,332,125  bushels,  81.072,778;  hay 
and  forage,  1899,  3,517.495  tons,  $11,230,901 ;  potatoes,  7,817,438  bushels, 
$1,734,666;  sweet  potatoes,  48.224  bushels,  827,933  ;  flax-seed,  54,394  bush- 
els, $53,793  ;  broom-corn,  2,733,290  pounds,  8106,252.  Soil  and  climate  are 
especially  adapted  to  the  culture  of  sugar  beets  ;  tbis  industry  is  im- 
portant and  extending  rapidly;  area  under  beets,  8.662  acres;  value  of 
product,  $222,258.  Alfalfa,  castor  beans,  tobacco,  hemp,  and  chicory  are 
grown  with  excellent  results.  Honey  produced,  1899,  866,200  pounds  ; 
wax,  16,090  pounds  ;  total  value  8105,676. 

Horticulture.— Fruit  growing  an  important  and  growing  Indus- 
try. All  fruits  indigenous  to  temperate  climates  grown  under  natural 
conditions  in  eastern  and  southeastern  sections,  under  Irrigation  in 
central  and  western  sections.  Apples  the  chief  crop  ;  plums,  peaches, 
and  small  fruit  may  be  raised  in  abundance.  Area  under  grape  vines, 
2,766  acres  ;  small  fruits,  1,171  acres.  Estimated  number  of  fruit  trees, 
1900,  6,240,118.  Apple  trees,  3,877,329  ;  peach,  1,055,959  ;  cherry,  607,017; 
plum,  542,450,  pear,  58,047.  Fruit  produced,  1899  :  Apples,  1,343,497  bush- 
els ;  cherries,  54,047 ;  plums,  42,314 ;  peaches,  8,753. 

Live  Stock  and  Dairy.—  Large  proportion  of  area  specially 
adapted  to  grazing.  Stock-raising  an  industrial  pursuit  second  only 
to  agriculture  In  Importance.  State  ranks  among  the  prominent  meat- 
producing  States  of  the  West,  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals. 
June,  1900:  Horses,  795,318,  value  836,663,359;  mules,  55,124,  $3,171,460; 
sheep,  511,273,  $1,678,498;  milch  cows,  512,544;  817,192,120;  total  neat 


144 


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146  UNITED  STATES. 

cattle,  3,176,243,  $82,409,498  ■  swine,  4,128,000,  $18,660,932.  Wool  clip,  1901, 
2,471,153  pounds,  value  $365,731.  Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed  milk: 
factories, 93.  Milk  produced  on  farms,  190,477,911  gallons;  butter,  34,- 
518,659  pounds  ,  cheese,  264,430  ;  total  value,  $8,595,408.  Eggs,  41,132,140 
dozen,  value  $4,068,002  ,  poultry,  $3,499,044.  Value  animals  slaughtered, 
$4,508,457. 

Manufactures.— Milling  and  packing  of  meat  and  meat  products 
leading  pursuits,  engaging  extensive  capital;  factory  dairy  prod- 
ucts, saddlery,  liquors,  and  lumber  and  planing  mill  products  also  im- 
portant. Beet  sugar  factories  at  Norfolk,  Grand  Island,  Ames,  and 
Leavitt;  sugar  produced,  1902-3,  22,890.000  pounds;  area  In  beets.  11,193 
acres.  Manufacture  of  chicory  a  new  and  promising  pursuit;  under 
plant,  1899, 124  acres ;  quantity  produced,  1 ,314,000  pounds.  Value  of  brick 
and  tile,  1900,  $839,815;  product  of  391  harness  and  saddle  manufac- 
tories, $1,783,712;  19  breweries,  $1,433,501;  8  meat-packing  establish- 
ments, $71 ,018,339;  141  cigar  factories,  $702,037;  45  carriage  and  wagon 
factories,  $248,182.  First  iron  works  at  Omaha,  1879.  Capital  invested 
In  brick  and  tile,  1900,  $1,275,5X3;  railroad  shop  construction,  $3,635,267, 
printing  and  publishing,  $2,885,583;  saddlery  and  harness,  $1,340,511;  dairy 
factories,  $952,185;  planing  mill  products,  $378,966;  in  flour  and  feed 
mills,  $4,335,934.    Malt  liquors  produced,  1900,  218,161  barrels. 

Minerals.— Coal  mined  in  the  southwestern  and  northeastern 
parts  of  the  State.  Output  comparatively  small.  Limestone  quarried 
chiefly  in  Cheyenne,  Gage,  and  Pawnee  counties;  value  of  output, 
1900,  $107,305.  Salt  basin  near  Lincoln  covers  an  area  of  twelve  by 
twenty-five  miles;  waters  of  springs  contain  29  per  cent  of  pure  salt. 

Population.— Nebraska  ranked  thirty-ninth  in  population  in  1860, 
thirty-sixth  in  1870,  twenty-sixth  in  1890,  and  twenty-seventh  in  1900. 
Total  population,  1860,  28,841;  1870,  122.993;  lssn.  452.'4o2;  1890,1,058,910; 
1900,1,066,300:  Male,  564,592;  native,  888,953;  white,  1,056,526;  colored, 
9,774;  Africans,  6,269;  Chinese,  180,  Japanese,  3;  Indians,  3,322. 

Cities.—  Omaha,  metropolis  and  former  capital,  founded,  1854;  has 
flourishing  trade;  manufactures  include,  malt  liquors,  lumber  and 
planing  mill  products,  bakery  goods,  etc.;  population,  1900,  102,555. 
Lincoln,  capital,  railroad  center  with  good  trade  in  grain  and  cattle; 
population,  1900,  40,169.  South  Omaha  is  one  of  the  largest  stock  mar- 
kets in  the  United  States;  population,  1900,26,001.  Beatrice,  railroad 
center  in  good  farming  region;  near  magnesian  limestone  quarries  and 
deposits  of  brick  and  earthenware  clay;  population  7,875. 

Railways.— First  road  to  enter  the  State,  Union  Pacific,  chartered 
1862;  work  begun  1863,  and  by  May,  1S66,  75  miles  had  been  completed 
west  of  Omaha;  in  July,  125  miles;  May,  1869,  the  entire  road  was  open 
to  Ogden,  Utah.  Burlington  &  Missouri  was  completed  to  Kearney 
Junction,  1872.  Mileage,  1870,  705;  1875, 1,127;  1880,  1,953;  1885,  2,963;  1890, 
5,407;  June,  1900,  5,684.85,  averaging 53.31  miles  to  each  10,000  inhabitants. 

Educational.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-00,  288,227,  expendi- 
ture, $4,403,222;  school  age,  5-21;  compulsory  school  age,  8-14;  text-books 
furnished.  Nebraska  claims  lowest  rate  of  illiteracy  of  any  State  In 
the  Union.  "Free  attendance"  law  provides  for  education  of  pupils 
in  neighboring  high  schools  whose  education  can  not  profitably  be 
continued  in  home  district.  The  University  of  Nebraska  Is  at  the 
head  of  the  State  educational  system,  with  Agricultural  College, 
Lincoln;  State  Normal  School,  Peru;  Boys'  Industrial  School,  Kear- 
ney; Girls'  Industrial  School,  Geneva. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  num- 
ber of  Senators,  33;  Representatives,  100;  term,  2  years ;  sessions 
biennial,  in  odd-numbered  vears,  meets  first  Tuesday  in  January;  limit 
of  session,  60  days.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  8.  Voters  must  be 
citizens  or  declared  intention;  residents  of  State  6  months,  of  county  40 
days,  town  10  days,  precinct  10  days;  registration  In  all  the  large  cities. 
Idiots,  insane,  and  convicts,  unless  pardoned,  excluded.  Women  vote 
at  school  elections.  ■ 

Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  April  22  or  Arbor  Day,  May  30, 
July  4,  Labor  Day,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  and  Fast  days  when  so 
appointed.  T    ^  , 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  5  years;  foreclosure 
mortgage,  recovery  real  property,  10;  personal  actions,  1.  Legal  in- 
terest rate,  7  per  cent;  by  contract,  10. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 147 

SOUTH  DAKOTA.  ^^^^SZ 

Indian— Dahkotah,  "Leagued." 

Historical.— Territory  originally  part  of  Louisiana  purchase  of  1803; 
became  part  of  Minnesota  Territory,  1849;  from  1854-64  a  portion  was 
Included  in  Nebraska.  First  explorations  made  by  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
1804-5.  First  settlement  made  at  Sioux  Falls,  1856.  Dakota  Territory 
organized  March  2,  1861.  State  Constitution  adopted  October  1,  1889. 
Twenty-seventh  State  admitted  to  the  Union;   admitted  Nov.  2,  1889. 

Area.— Total  area,  77,650  square  miles;  land,  76.850  square  miles, 
or  49.696.iX»0  acres;  water,  800  sq.  miles  ;  breadth,  380  miles,  length, 
245.  Counties,  59.  Appropriated  land,  24.534,450  acres;  ansurveyed 
land,  397,866;  reserved  land,  12,802.946. 

Physical  Features.— The  surface  of  South  Dakota  is  an  undu- 
lating plain  about  equally  divided  by  the  Missouri  Paver;  eastern  sec- 
tion generally  level  or  rolling;  western,  rolling,  with  numerous  hills 
and  buttes.  terminating  in  the  southwest  in  the  Black  Hills.  Highest 
altitude,  Harney  Peak,  7.216  feet.  Elevation  of  Big  Stone  Lake,  967 
feet.  Western  and  central  sections  drained  by  the  Missouri  and  its 
tributaries;  within  the  eastern  section  lie  mainly  the  valleys  of  the 
James  and  Big  Sioux  rivers.  The  most  characteristic  of  the  "  Bad 
Lands"  or  "Mauvaises  Terres"— so  called  because  of  the  difficulty  with 
which  they  are  traveled— covering  an  area  of  100  square  miles,  are  be- 
tween the  Cheyenne  and  White  rivers,  east  of  the  Black  Hills.  Among 
notable  natural  features  are  the  well-known  Hot  Springs  in  Fall  River 
County  and  Wind  Cave,  said  to  rival  in  extent  the  famous  Mammoth 
Cave  of  Kentucky. 

Forests.— Black  Hills  area  well  wooded;  Norway  pine  most  abun- 
dant and  valuable ;  black  and  white  spruce  in  the  valleys  of  the  north- 
ern and  central  sections  of  this  locality.  Black  Hills  forest  reserve, 
967,680  acres.  Outside  the  Black  Hills  there  is  little  timber  except  the 
woodlands  bordering  the  streams  and  lakes.  Much  attention  is  being 
given  to  tree  planting  and  there  are  now  more  than  130,000  acres  planted 
with  elder,  ash,  maple,  and  other  trees. 

Climate  drv,  healthful,  and  bracing;  sunshine  almost  incessant;  aver- 
age number  cloudy  days  in  year,  60.  Variations  in  temperature  greater 
than  in  Atlantic  States  in  same  latitude.  Winters  long,  but  severity 
modified  by  dryness  of  the  atmosphere;  summers  mild  and  pleasant. 
Rainfall  sufficient  to  mature  crops,  but  uncertain  in  distribution. 
Underground  supply  of  water  usually  abundant;  artesian  wells  numer 
ous,  especially  in  James  River  Valley.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Tank 
ton,  26.8  inches;  mean  annual  temperature,  46.3  deg.;  highest,  103  deg 
lowest,  34  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Agriculture  the  leading  industry;  value  farm  prop- 
erty, 1900,  $297,525,302.  Soil  especially  adapted  to  the  production  of  the 
cereals;  wheat  the  staple  crop;  finest  wheat  grown  in  the  James  River 
Valley.  Corn  an  important  crop,  particularly  in  the  South;  oats  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Sioux  and  James  rivers.  Excellent  flax,  barley,  hay,  sor- 
ghum, potatoes,  and  garden  vegetables  are  produced.  The  hardier  fruits 
are  successfully  grown,  especially  in  the  Black  Hills  section.  From  the 
more  favored  sections  are  exported  apples,  grapes,  currants,  goose- 
berries, etc.  Much  attention  is  given  fruit  culture;  horticulture  inter- 
ests promoted  by  organized  societies.  Many  of  the  river  valleys  and 
the  lowlands  of  the  Black  Hills  yield  annually  large  crops  of  wild 
hops.  Production  of  corn,  1900, 1,200.697  acres,  32,418,819 bushels;  wheat, 
2,920,244  acres,  20,149.684  bushels;  oats,  588,524  acres.  12.653.266  bushels; 
hay,  1,749.319  acres, 2,064.1% tons;  potatoes. 55.217 acres,  4.030,841  bushels; 
flax,  1898.  300,000  acres.  2,550,000  bushels  flaxseed. 

Live  Stock.— Stock-raising  a  profitable  industry  throughout  the 
State.  Cattle  and  horses  of  South  Dakota  of  superior  quality,  owing 
to  an  invigorating  climate,  abundance  of  pure  water,  and  excellent 
character  of  native  grasses.  Sheep  husbandry  and  the  raising  of  swine 
are  promising  pursuits  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  Number  and  value  of 
farm  animals.  June,  1900:  Horses.  480.768,  value  820.085,687;  mules.  6,804, 
value  8345.609;  sheep,  775,236,  value  82,434,206;  milch  cows,  270,634, 
value  88.400.H18;  other  cattle,  1,276,166,  value  829,447,115;  swine,  823,120, 
value  83,540,072;  wool  clip,  1901,  2,777,190  pounds. 

Manufactures.— Great  natural  advantages  and  a  wealth  of  raw 


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materials  afford  superior  facilities  for  pursuit  of  Industrial  enterprises. 
The  milling  industry  Is  the  most  extensive  and  Important  in  the  State. 
Number  and  capacity  of  flouring  mills  extending  rapidly.  Dairying  Is 
a  prominent  pursuit  and  a  growing  source  of  wealth.  The  State  has 
122  creameries  and  14  cheese  factories.  Manufacture  of  brick  and 
terra  cotta  is  becoming  a  profitable  Industry.  Value  brick  and  tile 
manufactured,  1900,  846,150.  Cement  and  lime  are  made  from  rock 
found  In  different  localities  throughout  the  State.  Portland  cement 
manufactured,  1900,  88,000  barrels,  value  876,000.  Number  of  manu- 
facturing establishments,  1900,  1,639;  value  of  land  and  buildings, 
82,180,472,  assessed  value  of  real  estate,  8132,562.815;  average  number 
of  employes,  3,432;  total  wages,  si  ,730,642;  cost  of  material  used,  87,827,- 
110;  value  of  entire  product,  812,231,239. 

Minerals.— The  BlackHllls  region  Is  exceedingly  rich  In  minerals; 
wealth  of  resources  largely  undeveloped.  Gold  mining  began  in  the 
Hills  in  1873;  value  of  production,  1900,  86,177,600;  silver,  8332,444.  In 
1900  State  ranked  fourth  In  production  of  gold  and  eighth  In  silver. 
Gold  output,  298.842  line  ounces,  year's  decrease  of  14.120 ,  silver, 536,200 
fine  ounces,  year's  Increase  of  390,600;  coinage  value,  1900 product, $693,- 
269.  Valuable  deposits  of  tin  have  been  located  around  Harney's  Peak 
and  in  Nigger  Hill  region;  Black  Hills  produced  first  metallic  tin  in 
America.  Copper,  lead,  mica,  cement,  gypsum,  clays,  and  building 
stones  also  found  in  abundance.  Most  extensive  beds  of  fuller's  earth 
yet  opened  In  the  West  are  in  South  Dakota.  Natural  gas,  petroleum, 
and  coal  exist ,  salt  is  found  in  the  oil  district.  Productive  limestone 
quarries  are  in  Lawrence  and  Custer  counties;  value  of  output,1900, 
847,762.  Inexhaustible  quantities  of  the  finest  granite  exist  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  State.  Total  value  of  granite  quarried, 
8114,115.  Output  of  mica,  123,090  pounds  sheet. 80  tons  scrap.  Copper 
output,  15,147  pounds,  value  of  sandstone,  $12,675 

Population.  — Ranked  thirty-seventh  in  1900.  Population,  1890, 
328,808;  1900,401,570:  Male,  216,164, female,  185,406;  native,  313,062,  white, 
380,714,  colored,  20,856;  African,  465;  Chinese,  165;  Japanese,  1;  Indians, 
20,225. 

Cities.— Siotix  Falls,  commercial  metropolis  and  largest  city  in 
State.  Situated  at  falls  of  Big  Sioux  River,  near  important  granite 
quarries;  has  numerous  industrial  establishments;  population,  1900, 
10,266.  Yankton,  on  the  Missouri  River,  200  miles  by  water  above 
Omaha,  has  flour  and  steam  saw  mills,  breweries,  machine  shops,  etc.; 
steamboats  ply  the  fiver  to  Fort  Benton ;  population,  4,125.  Lead,  pop- 
ulation 6,210,  and  Deadwood,  3,498,  in  the  heart  of  the  Black  Hills,  are 
flourishing  towns  with  important  mining  interests.  Pierre,  the  capital, 
a  thriving  city  in  center  of  the  State,  on  the  Missouri  River;  an  im- 
portant live-stock  market;  population,  2,306. 

Railways.— First  railroad  entered  the  State,  1872.  Mileage,  1890, 
2,610.41;  1893,2,792.15;  July,  1900,  2,849.83. 

Education.  — Public  school  enrollment,  1899-00,  96,822;  Private, 
1893-4,  1,888,  school  age,  6-21;  compulsory  school  age,  8-14;  expenditure, 
81.598,757.  Public  high  schools,  61;  private  secondary  schools,  t.  Edu- 
cational institutions  Include  University  of  South  Dakota,  opened  at 
Vermilion,  1882;  State  Normal  Schools  at  Madison,  Spearfish,  and 
Springfield;  Agricultural  College  and  farm  of  320  acres  is  located  at 
Brookings;  School  of  Mines,  Rapid  City;  School  for  Deaf  Mutes, 
Sioux  Falls;  State  Reform  School,  Plankinton.  . 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November,  Num- 
ber of  Senators,  45;  Representatives  87;  sessions  biennial  in  odd- 
numbered  years;  meets  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  m  January;  limit 
of  session,  60  days;  term  of  Senators  and  Representatives,  2  Years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  4.  Voters  must  be  citizens  or  declared  mten- 
Son  residents  of  State  6  months,  county  3  months  town  and  precinct 
10  days     registration    limited.    Idiots,    insane,  and  convicts,  unless 

Pa£e°gal'HoCiiaays.-January  1,  February  2-2,  July  4,  first  Monday  in 
September general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  December  2a. 

Teeal.-Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  recovery  real  prop- 
er^? sealed  instruments,  20  years;  contracts.  6;  personal  actions,  2; 
redemption  of  taxes,  2.    Legal  interest  rate,  7  per  cent;  by  contract,  12. 


NORTH  DAKOTA.  151 

NORTH  DAKOTA.^£e»t££ 

Indian— Dahkotah,  "Leagued." 

Historical.—  Xorth  Dakota  formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase 
of  1803.  Exploring  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  spent  the  winter  of 
1804-5  among  the  Mancian  Indians,  near  the  present  site  of  Bismarck, 
Pembina  settled  by  Lord  Selkirk,  1812.  American  Fur  Company  domi- 
nant factor  in  this  section  from  1832.  Dakota  Territory,  including 
parts  of  Wyoming  and  Montana,  organized  1861;  area  reduced,  1868. 
Admitted  to  the  Union  Xovember  2,  1889.  The  twenty-sixth  State  to 
enter  after  tlie  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

Area.— Total  area,  70,795  square  miles;  land,  70,195  square  miles, 
or  44,924,8)30  acres;  water,  600  square  miles;  breadth,  360  miles;  length, 
210.  Counties.  45.  Unappropriated  lands,  16,956.491  acres;  surveyed, 
11.973.738  acres:  reserved.  3.370.491.  Lands  already  taken  up,  24.583.u98 
acres.  Government  land  offices  at  Minot,  Devils  Lake,  Grand  Forks, 
Bismarck,  and  Fargo. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  is  mostly  level  and  rolling,  with 
many  fertile  hills  and  broad  alluvial  valleys.  In  the  west  and  south- 
west are  the  "Bad  Lands."  Country  well  watered.  Missouri  River  and 
its  tributaries  drain  the  western  and  southwestern  sections;  northern 
and  eastern  sections  drained  by  the  Mouse  and  Red  rivers.  Greatest 
elevation,  at  Fryburg  Spur.  2.768  feet.  Between  the  Red  and  Missouri 
rivers  is  a  grassy  plain— the  Coteau  du  Missouri— of  30,000  square  miles. 
Lakes  abound  in  almost  every  county.  Devils  Lake,  a  picturesque 
sheet  of  salt  water  in  the  northeast,  with  no  visible  outlet,  has  an  ele- 
vation of  1,434  feet  above  sea  level.  Length  nearly  50  miles;  greatest 
width.  12  to  15  miles.  On  tbe  north  shore  are  the  Chautauqua  grounds, 
on  the  south,  historical  Fort  Totten,  now  occupied  by  an  Indian  indus- 
trial school. 

Timber.— Wooded  area  of  State  covers  about  384,000  acres;  timber 
found  mostly  on  Turtle  Mountains  and  a  few  other  hills  and  in  narrow 
strips  along  the  Missouri  River  and  other  streams.  Government 
'greatly  encouraging  planting  of  trees. 

Climate  remarkably  healthful.  Atmosphere  dry  and  stimulating, 
with  generally  clear  skies  and  brilliant  sunshine.  "Winters  sometimes 
severe  with  occasional  blizzards.  Summer  and  autumn  peculiarly 
delightful.  Rainfall  sufficient  if  distribution  is  seasonable;  greatest  in 
south  and  west.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Bismarck,  18.4  inches;  mean 
annual  temperature,  39.9  deg.;  highest,  106  deg. ;  lowest,  44  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  the  chief  source  of  wealth.  State  noted  for  pro- 
duction of  wheat.  Wheat  farms  of  30,000  acres  not  uncommon.  Other 
cereals,  flax,  and  all  root  crops,  especially  potatoes  yield  abundantly. 
About  three-fourths  of  wheat  produced  in  State  grown  In  James  River 
Valley.  Flax  cultivated  for  seed  and  oil.  Area  in  farms,  1900.  15.542 
acres;  under  improvement,  9.644.520  acres,  chief  products:  Wheat, 
2,689.1/23  acres,  13.176.213  bushels;  oats.  611,581  acres,  6,299.284  bushels; 
barley.  243.761  acres,  1.998.840  bushels;  rye,  16.152  acres,  83,990  bushels; 
corn,:23.824 acres. 381. 184 bushels;  potatoes, 29.555  acres,  1,536.860 busheis, 
flax.  1899,  773,999  acres;  7.766,610  bushels  of  flaxseed;  hay  and  forage, 
1,748.213  tons,  value  $5,182,917.  Value  of  farm  products,  $64,252,494-,  of 
farm  property,  1900.8255 .266 .751,  an  increase  of  164  per  cent  in  ten  years. 
Orchard  fruits  grown  almost  exclusively  in  eastern  half  of  State;  total 
number  of  trees,  7.329,  one-third  in  Walsh  County.  Currants  the  most 
important  among  the  small  fruits. 

Live  Stock.— Stock-raising  second  only  to  agriculture  in  impor- 
tance. Estimated  area  of  natural  grazing  lands.  40,000,000  acres.  Live 
stock  — particularly  cattle  and  sheep  —  and  dairy  interests  centered 
mostly  in  the  Mouse  River  country  and  the  grassy  hills  to  the  south- 
west Particular  attention  given  to  breeding  of  cattle  and  horses. 
Number  and  assessed  valuation  of  farm  animals,  1900:  Horses.  359.948, 
value  822.72s.5ll .  mules.  6,880, 1476,366;  cattle,  657434,  815.810,637;  sheep, 
681,952.  $1,967,136;  bogs,  191,798, $930,470;  total  value  of  live  stock,  $41,951,- 
659;  of  this  amount  53.6  per  cent  represents  the  value  of  horses.  Wool 
Clip,  1901, 2.921,204  pounds. 

Dairies,  Etc.— Introduction  of  creameries  and  cheese  factories 
increasing  the  value  of  cows  and  giving  new  impetus  to  the  dairy 
Interests  of  State.  Increased  wealth  of  State  through  dairies  on  farms. 


152 


Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

10      20      30      40      50      60      70 
Copyright,  1904,~l>j  Sand.  ^TrNilly  £  Co. 

103° 


153 


RAND,  MO  NAUY  *  CO.,  £HGH't>,  CHICAGO.    97" 


m  UNITED   STATES. 

12,858.  Receipts  from  factory-made  cheese,  $21,291;  creamery 
butter,  $95,232.  During  the  year,  8  cheese  factories  produced  225,899 
pounds  ut  cheese,  and  18  creameries  produced  463,188  pounds  of  butter. 
Value  of  milk  and  milk  products,  1697,  $2,500,000.  Mill?  Bold  to  cream- 
eries and  cheese  factories,  ll.ssi.liil  pounds,  value  $66316.  Home 
products,  1899:  Butter,  9,178,815  pounds;  cheese, 70.881  pounds,  eggs, 
;.1:',s,ihii»  dozen;  value  of  poultry,  $594,751:  animals  sold,  $3,902j074; 
Slaughtered,  $1,578,588:  honey  and  wax,  81,149. 

Manufactures.— Production  almost  entirelv  domestic  and  for 
local  consumption.  Report  of  1900  gave  number  of  Industrial  firms  as 
1,130;  capital  employed,  85,396,490;  employes,  2,5(56;  value  of  materials 
used,  $5,615,792;  products,  $9,183,114.  Flouring  and  grist  mill  products 
the  most  important;  total  number  of  mills  In  State,  1900,  97.  Flour, 
lumber,  and  woolen  mills  located  at  Grand  Forks.  Development  of 
the  valuable  clay  deposits  a  growing  occupation;  value  of  brick  and 
tile  manufactured.  1900,  $92399. 

minerals.— Entire  country  west  of  Missouri,  and  large  part  of 
total  area  underlaid  with  deposits  of  lignite  coal.  Coal  excellent  for 
heating  purposes  and  possesses  superior  qualities  for  gas  making. 
Mining  operations  are  mainly  along  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  west 
of  the  Missouri  River.  Output  of  mines  for  1900,  129.883  short  tons, 
value  $158,348,  an  increase  of  one-third  over  the  output  of  1899.  Salt 
springs  exist  in  the  Red  River  Valley. 

Population.— North  Dakota  ranked  forty-second  In  1860;  fortieth, 
1880,  forty-first,  1890  and  1900.  Total,  I860. 4.837;  1880. 135,177:  1890, 182,719. 
Population,  1900.  319,146:  Male.  177.493;  native.  206,055;  white,  311,712; 
colored,  7,434;  African,  286;  Chinese,  32,  Japanese,  148;  Indians,  6,968. 

Cities.— Fargo,  on  the  Red  River,  is  the  metropolis  and  railroad 
center,  with  good  trade;  manufactures  agricultural  implements; 
population,  1900, 9,589.  Grand  Fork*,  commercial  center  of  Northeast 
Dakota;  has  large  lumber  mills  and  Is  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
North  Dakota;  population,  7,652.  Bismarck,  capital,  a  thriving  city 
on  Missouri  River,  population,  3,319.  Jamestown,  98  miles  east  of 
Bismarck,  railway  junction  in  artesian  well  belt  of  James  River  Valley; 
population,  2,853. 

Railways.— The  first  railway— the  Northern  Pacific— entered  the 
State  January  2, 1872;  miles  of  road  completed  that  year,  272.  Miles  of 
road  January  1,  1892,  2,218.  June  30,  1900,  2.731.22,  being  3  89  miles  of 
line  to  each  100  square  miles,  85.59  miles  to  each  lo.ooO  inhabitants. 
In  1901,  railroad  property  was  valued  at  $19,970,000.  During  certain 
seasons  the  Missouri  and  Red  rivers  afford  important  highways  for 
commerce  and  trade. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-00,  77,686;  private, 
1893-4,  400;  expenditure,  81.440,892:  school  age,  6-20;  compulsory,  7-14. 
Public  high  schools,  1899-00.  27;  private  secondary,  2.  Among  the  edu- 
cational institutions  are  the  University  of  North  Dakota  at  Grand 
Forks,  opened  1884;  State  Normal  Schools  at  May ville  and  Valley  City; 
State  Agricultural  College,  Fargo;  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
Devils  Lake;  School  of  Mines,  Grand  Forks;  Fargo  College,  Fargo, 
Red  River  Valley  Universltv,  Wahpeton;  State  Manual  Training 
School,  Ellendale,  School  of  Forestry,  Bottineau;  School  of  Science, 
Wahpeton;  Reform  School,  Maudan.  About  100  traveling  libraries  in 
use  In  schools 

Political.— State  elections   biennial.     State,  congressional,   and 

Presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Num- 
er  of  Senators,  40;  Representatives,  100;  term  of  Senators,  4  years; 
Representatives,  2  years;  sessions,  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years, 
meets  first  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  60 
days.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  3.  Voters  must  be  citizens  or  de- 
clared intention,  or  civilized  Indians,  residents  of  State  1  year,  of 
county  6  months,  of  precinct  90  days;  registration  required  in  cities  of 
3,000  or  over  Idiots,  insane,  convicts,  and  U.  S.  soldiers  excluded. 
Women  may  vote  on  school  matters. 

Legal  II oil  days.—  January  1,  February  12  and  22,  May  30,  July  4, 
Thanksgiving  and  public  fast,  December  25,  and  general  State  or 
National  election. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  10  years:  contracts, 
obligations,  liability ,  6,  redemption  of  tax  sales,  3  years.  Legal  interest 
rate,  7  per  cent;  by  contract,  12. 


MONTANA.  155 


ArOYT  A  \T  A      Mon-ta'-nah. 

UJ-VALN  J-j^^^Jl.  "Stubtoe"  or  "  Treasure  "  State. 

Spanish— "Mountainous." 

Historical.— First  explored  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  1804-6.  Trading 
post  established  on  Yellowstone  River,  1809;  Fort  Union  built  by 
American  Fur  Company,  1S27;  Fort  Benton,  1846.  First  settlers  located, 
1862.    Territory  organized,  1864.     Admitted  to  Union,  November  8,  1889. 

Area,  146,080  square  miles;  land,  145,310;  water, 770;  average  length, 
east  to  west,  over  535  miles;  breadth,  275.  Counties,  27.  Area  of  forest 
reserves,  4,348,800  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Two  natural  divisions:  Western  Montana, 
traversed  by  Rocky  Mountains,  contains  many  broad,  fertile  valleys 
and  basins;  Eastern  Montana  comprises  plateaus  and  undulating  plains. 
Elevation  of  plains,  2,000  feet  above  sea  level;  mountain  valleys,  3,000  to 
5,000  feet.  Highest  altitude,  Mount  Douglas,  11,300  feet.  Chief  rivers, 
Yellowstone  and  Missouri. 

Climate,  dry,  healthful,  exhilarating;  sunshine  almost  c.ontinu- 
ous.  Winters  generallv  mild,  but  subject  to  extreme  and  rapid  changes. 
Snowfall  light  except  on  mountains.  Mean  annual  rainfall,  Helena,  13 
inches;  temperature,  43deg.-,  highest,  103;  lowest,  42  below. 

Agricultnre,  etc.— Farms.  1900.  13.370;  area.  11.844.454  acres;  im- 
proved, 1,736,701.  Irrigation  is  necessary  in  many  sections.  Cereals, 
vegetables,  and  fruits  nourish.  Value  wheat  crop,  190u.  81.177.277; 
oats.  81.U78.869;  hay.  85.138. 725;  potatoes.  8339,547.  Live  stock  second 
only  co  mining  in  importance.  In  1901.  Montana  ranked  first  in  num- 
ber of  sheep  and  extent  of  wool  clip  Cattle.  1900,  96S.387,  825.362,016; 
sheep.  6.170,453.  81S.165.404;  wool  clip,  1901,  3ii.553.990  lbs. 

Horticulture  receiving  increased  attention.  Flathead.  Missoula, 
Ravalli,  and  Madison  counties,  chief  fruit  districts.  Orchard  trees, 
1900,579.874;  apple.  5:30.976;  cherry,  20,164:  plum,  18.449,  pear,  8,422.  Ap- 
ples produced.  1899,  43,939  bushels;  strawberries,  532,260  quarts. 

Manufactures.—  Natural  advantages  great.  Establishments,  1900, 
1,080,  capital.  84u.945.846;  gross  value  products,  857,075,824.  Copper 
snielting  and  refining  most  important;  capital  invested,  826,824.298. 
Lumber  and  timber  products,  malt  liquors,  foundry  products,  and 
slaughtering  important. 

minerals.— Mineral  resources  inexhaustible.  Mining  chief  indus- 
try. In  1900,  Montana  fourth  in  lead,  fifth  in  gold,  second  in  silver. 
Leads  all  other  States  in  production  of  copper.  Gold  mined.  1900, 
277.266  Ounces,  value  $4,698,000;  silver,  14.195.4(H)  ounces.  818.353,648; 
copper.  27u.738.489  pounds,  over  $44,000,000;  lead  smelted,  1899.  10.277 
shorttons,  coalouiput.  1900. 1,661,775 tons, $2,713,707:  limestone. 8141.093. 

Population,  187U.  20.595;  1890.  132.159:  1900,  243.1329:  Male.  149,842; 
lemale  93.487;  native.  176.262;  foreign.  67.067;  white.  226.283;  colored, 
17,U46,  African,  1,523;  Chinese.  1.739;  Japanese.  2,441;  Indians,  11,343. 

Cities.— Butte,  important  railway  center,  second  in  manufactures; 
city  one  of  the  greatest  mining  camps  known ;  population,  1900,  30,470. 
Helena,  capital,  third  city  in  size;  seat  of  United  States  assay  office; 
population,  10.770.  Great  Falls,  second  city;  many  flourishing  indus- 
tries, population.  14.930.  Anaconda,  seat  of  large  copper  smelting  and 
refining  works,  population,  9.453.  Missoula,  population,  4,366. 

Railways.— First  railroad  entered  Territory,  March,  1880,  number 
of  miles  completed,  1880.  1U6:  1890.  2.195;  July.  19ou.  3.ulu.32. 

Education.— Public  school  system  established  1872.  Number  of  dis- 
tricts. 1899-00.696;  total  enrollment, 39.430;  expenditure. $854,069  School 
age.  6-21:  compulsory  school  age,  8-14.  State  University,  Missoula; 
Agricultural  College.  Bozeman:  Indian  School,  Fort  Shaw;  School  of 
Mines.  Butte;  State  Normal.  Dillon. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  Senators, 26;  Representatives, 
78;  sessions  biennial,  first  Mondav  in  January:  limit,  60  days.  Electoral 
votes,  3.  Voters  must  be  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  county  6 
months,  town  and  precinct  30  days;  registration  required. 

Legal  Holidays.—  January  1,  February  22,  Arbor  Day,  May  30, 
July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving, 
December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  10  years;  contracts,  8; 
open  accounts,  3;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  3;  legal  interest,  10  per  cent; 
by  contract,  any. 


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158  UNITED  STATES. 

IDAHO,     l'-dah-ho. 
Indian— "Gem  <>f  the  mountains." 

Historical.— Formed  part  of  Oregon  Country  acquired  1792-1819. 
Coeurd'Alene  Mission  established  1842.  First  permanent  settlements, 
I860,  when  gold  was  discovered  <>n  Oro  Fino  Creek.  Originally  a  part 
of  Oregon  Territory  ami  later  of  Washington  Territory.  Idaho  Terri- 
tory. Including  what  is  now  Montana  and  part  of  Wyoming,  organized 
1868;  present  limits  established  1888.  state  Constitution  adopted  1889. 
Admitted  Into  the  Union.  July  3,  L890     Forty-third  state. 

A  rea.— Total  area.  SI, sou  square  miles;  land,  84,290;  water,  510,  length 
of  western  border,  485  miles;  Wyoming  border,  13o  miles;  southern 
Border,  800  miles;  northern,  4.">  miles.     Counties,  21. 

Pnysica  I  Features.— Country  a  vast  plateau.  Surface  diversified 
by  numerous  mountain  ranges,  broad  and  fertile  hills  and  valleys,  and 
extensive  prairies.  Altitude  varies  from  647  feet  at  Lewiston,  to  13,691 
feet  In  Teton  Mountains;  mean  elevation  of  State,  4,700  feet.  Snake 
River  drains  two-thirds  the  area  of  the  State.  Othei  large  rivers  fur- 
nish abundance  of  water  for  irrigating  purposes.  Great  Shoshone, 
American,  and  Salmon  Falls  notable  natural  features  Estimated  area 
of  wooded  lands, 22,400,000  acres,  vellow  pine  predominates. 

Climate  invigorating  and  healthful.  Intensity  of  heat  and  cold 
markedly  influenced  by  the  dry,  rarefied  atmosphere.  Mean  annual 
rainfall  at  Boise,  18.1  inches;  temperature,  50.9  deg.;  highest,  107  cleg.; 
lowest,  28  deg  below. 

Agriculture.— Soils  of  Idaho  among  the  most  productive  in  the 
world.  In  southern  section  irrigation  generally  necessary  to  success- 
ful plant  growth.  Irrigated  area  under  cultivation, 5t)8,lS3 acres.  South- 
eastern section  best  suited  to  general  farming.  Products.  1900:  Wheat, 
8,104,029  bushels;  oats,  1,849,845  bushels;  hay.  659.108  tons;  potatoes, 
684,080  bushels.    Culture  of  sugar  beet  successful. 

Horticulture  an  important  pursuit;  rapidly  extending  in  com- 
mercial importance.  Fruits  unexcelled  in  quality  and  flavor;  all  de- 
ciduous varieties  of  temperate  zone,  grown.  Area  under  orchards, 
1890,  2,640  acres;  1900,  35,284.    Value  of  orchard  products.  1899,  $365,224. 

Live  Stock  industry  important.  Estimated  area  of  grazing  land, 
25,ixiO,(ioO  acres.  Value  of  farm  animals,  1900,  $21,389,853;  wool  clip,  1901, 
20.836.250  pounds. 

Minerals.— Mining  the  chief  industry.  Value  of  ores  produced 
since  1860.  nearly  $200,000,000.  Coeur  d'Alene  district  the  richest.  State 
leads  in  production  of  lead  ranks  ninth  in  gold,  and  fourth  In  silver. 
Output  of  four  leading  metals,  1900,  about  114,000,000;  gold,  83.433  fine 
ounces,  value  sl.724.7(Hi;  silver, 6,429,100  ounces,  value  $3,986,042.  Out- 
put of  lead,  85,444  short  tons:  copper,  290,162  pounds. 

Population,  1890,84.385,  1900,161,772;  native,  137.168;  white,  154,495; 
negroes,  293,  Chinese,  1.467;  Japanese,  1,291;  Indians.  4.226. 

Cities.  —  Boise,  capital  and  chief  city;  in  vicinity  of  rich  gold  and 
silver  mines;  seat  of  United.  States  assay  office;  population,  1900,  5,957. 
Poattello,  4,046;  Moscow,  2,484;  Lewiston,  on  Snake  River,  important 
trading  center;  population.  2.425.  Wallace,  2,265.  Montpelier,  outlet 
for  Bear  Lake  Valley;  population.  1.444. 

Railways.— Miles  in  operation,  18S0,  206;  1885,  794;  1S90,  946;  July, 
1900, 1,261.28  miles. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900.  36.669;  expendi- 
ture, $400,043;  school  age, 5-21;  compulsory  school  age. 8-14;  text-books 
furnished.  University  of  Idaho  at  Moscow;  Normal  Schools  at  Lewis- 
ton  and  Albion. 

Political.— State  elections,  biennial.  Number  of  Senators,  21:  Rep- 
resentatives, 49;  term,  2  years;  sessions,  biennial  in  odd-numbered 
years,  meets  first  Monday  after  January  1st:  limit  of  session,  60  days. 
Electoral  votes.  3.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  State 
6  months  and  of  county  3  months,  town  30  days,  precinct  10  days;  regis- 
tratlon  required.    Women  may  vote. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  Arbor  Day,  July  4, 
general  election  day,  Thanksgiving.  December  25. 

L.earal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  6  years;  instruments  in 
Writing,  5;  contracts  not  in  writing.  4;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  2  years. 
Legal  interest  rate,  7  per  cent;  by  contract,  12. 


WYOMING.  159 


WYOMING,  wio  mtag 

Indian— Maughwanwame— signifies  "Broad  Valley." 
,  Historical.— Territory  taken  mainly  from  Louisiana  purchase  of 
1803:  in  part  from  Mexican  cessions,  and  territory  defined  by  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  1816.  Named  for  historic  Wyoming  Valley,  Pennsylvania. 
Visited  by  Spanish  adventurers  and  Jesuit  missionaries  about  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Exolored  by  Fremont  about  1842; 
Cheyenne  settled  1S6T.  Territory  organized  from  portions  of  Dakota, 
Idaho,  and  Utah,  Julv  25,  ISfiS.  State  Constitution  adopted  1889; 
admitted  into  Union  July  10,  1890;  thirty-first  State  admitted. 

Area.— Total  area,  97,890  square  miles;  land,  97,575  square  miles  or 
62,448,000  acres;  water,  315  square  miles;  length,  350  miles;  breadth,  275. 
Total  area  of  public  lands  subject  to  entry,  47,656.896  acres;  unsur- 
veyed.  4.8S7.309.    Reserved  land.  7.995.018  acres. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  greatly  diversified;  largely  an  ele- 
vated plateau  crossed  by  ranges  of  Rocky  Mountain  system;  mean 
elevation  not  less  than  6.400  feet;  highest'altitude.  Fremont's  Peak, 
13,790  feet;  lowest  about  500  feet  above  sea  level.  Big  Horn  Mountains 
in  north,  Wind  River  and  Absaroka  in  west;  Laramie  and  Medicine 
Bow  in  the  southeast.  Southwest  drained  by  Green  River;  northwest 
by  Yellowstone  and  Snake  rivers;  north  by  Big  Horn;  southeast  by 
North  Platte  and  Laramie  rivers.  Rivers  not  valuable  for  navigation, 
but  furnish  power  and  water  for  irrigation.  Numerous  small  lakes  in 
western  part  of  State.    Contains  an  unusual  number  of  mineral  springs. 

Yellowstone  National  Park.— A  region,  mainly  in  Wyoming, 
set  apart  as  a  public  pleasure  ground  and  game  preserve  by  act  of  Con- 
gress 1872.  First  visited  18o6.  Explorations  made  under  Washburne  1870, 
more  extensive  under  Hayden  1871.  Great  Continental  Diyide  crosses 
southern  part  of  Park.  Area  about  3,348  square  miles.  Surface  an  el- 
evated plateau  in  center  of  Rocky  Mountain  system,  elevat  ion  7,000- 
11,000  feet.  Large  tracts  are  covered  with  dense  forests.  Region  has 
been  one  of  recent  remarkable  volcanic  activity.  Park  is  famous  for 
its  scenery;  noted  for  its  extensive  geysers,  boiling  springs,  canons, 
etc.  Embraces  headwaters  of  Yellowstone  — branch  of  Missouri  — and 
Snake  — branch  of  Columbia  River.  Besides  Yellowstone  Lake,  near 
center  of  Park,  elevation  7,741  feet,  are  Shoshone,  Lewis,  and  Heart 
lakes.  Grand  Canon  and  Falls  of  Yellowstone  among  its  most  inter- 
esting features.  Highest  elevations,  Mt.  Humphreys,  11,000  feet,  and 
Table  Mountain.  10,800-  feet.  Within  the  Park  are  found  the  larger 
game— buffalo,  elk,  antelope,  and  bear. 

Forests,  with  exception  of  high  plains  in  Yellowstone  Park,  usually 
confined  to  mountains, wooded  area.  8.000J  100  acres  distributed  through- 
out the  State.  Best  timber  found  on  Big  Horn,  Laramie  Range,  Med- 
icine Bow, and  Sierra  Madre  Mountains;  timber  limit  about  10.000 feet 
above  sea  level.  Yellow  and  white  pine  and  white  spruce  are  the  prin- 
cipal woods.  Public  forests  comprise  3.273,640  acres;  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park  Timber  Land  Reserve. 1.239 .040  acres ;  Big  Horn  Forest,l,147,- 
840  acres;  Teton  Forest,  829,440  acres;  Crow  Creek  Forest,  56,320  acres. 

Climate  in  general  mild  and  healthful.  Atmosphere  dry,  clear, 
and  rare:  summers  short  and  cool;  winters  long  and  severe  in  the 
higher  altitudes;  temperature  varies  with  elevation.  Rainfall  slight; 
mean  annual  rainfall  at  Cheyenne,  12.2  inches;  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture, 44.9  deg.;  highest,  100  deg.;  lowest,  38  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Estimated  area  of  land  capable  of  cultivation 
under  irrigation,  12,00(1,000  to  15,000,000  acres.  Agriculture  increasing 
as  irrigation  is  extended;  Wyoming  surpasses  all  other  States  in  num- 
ber of  available  streams.  A  large  proportion  of  the  alkali  soil,  espe- 
cially that  of  the  sagebrush  and  grease  wood  wastes,  produces  abun- 
dantly under  irrigation.  Below  an  altitude  of  7,500  feet,  cereals-  ex- 
cept Indian  corn  —  vegetables,  tame  grasses,  and  other  products  of 
Western  and  Central  States  may  be  grown;  in  Fremont  County,  at 
an  altitude  of  5,300  feet,  small  berries  and  grapes  grow  quite  readily. 
The  valleys  of  the  large  streams,  particularly  the  Platte,  afford  the  best 
natural  conditions  for  farming.  Promising  industries  are  the  raising 
of  sugar  beets,  tobacco,  and  small  fruits.  Improved  farm  area,  1900, 
792.332  acres.  Productions  and  value,  19t)0:  Hay,  293.718  acres,  yield  493,- 
*46  tons,  value  $3,602,156;  potato  crop,  3,921  acres,  388,179  bushels,  value 


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■368,962,  oats.  18,429  acres,  680,272  bushels,  $296,228;  corn,  2,403  acres. 
x\:,ir:  bushels.  149,021;  wheat,  20,819  acres,  866,414 bushels, $278,475. 

Livestock.  Large  amounl  of  natural  grazing;  estimated  area, 
18,000,000  acres.  StocK-ralsIng  the  oldest  and  most  profitable  Industry. 
Cattle  the  most  Important,  bat  great  progress  has  been  made  in  qual- 
ity and  Dumber  ot  sheep  and  horses.  Number  and  value  of  farm 
animals.. lime.  L900:  Horses,  I35J543,  value $8225,196;  mules,  1,277,  $51,608; 
Sheep. 5,099,618, $16,810,096;  mlleb  cows.  18,272,  $720,693;  other  eattle,  669,- 
012, $18,672,496;  swine.  15,471, $78,145.   Wool  clip,  1!hu  26,856,420  pounds. 

Fish  and  Game.— From  1890  to  1896,  8,823,000  young  trout  were 
distributed  In  waters  of  state.  l.3l6,<)0o  having  been  supplied  by  hatch- 
ery at  Laramie,  branch  hatcheries  at  Sheridan  and  Sundance.  "Wyo- 
ming celebrated  for  large  game— moose,  elk,  deer,  antelope,  mountain 
sheep,  goats,  black,  brown,  cinnamon,  and  grizzly  bear.  Stringent 
laws  exist  for  the  protection  of  the  game. 

Manufactures.— Number  of  establishments,  1900,334;  value  prod- 
ucts, $4,301,240.  Ranks  fifteenth  in  production  of  coke:  output,  1900, 
14,501  short  tons,  value $48,503,  railroad  shop  products.  81,169.813;  lum- 
ber and  timber  products,  8831,558,  flouring  mills,  8215.447;  saddlery  and 
harness, $121,711;  printing  and  publishing.  $157,789,  carpentering,  $445,- 
000;  cigar  factories,  5;  output ,  807,810  cigars. 

Minerals.— Mineral  resources  extensive  but  largely  undeveloped. 
Valuable  coal  deposits  underlie  about  13.000,000  acres;  chiefly  in  Sweet- 
water, "Weston,  Carbon,  Uinta,  Sheridan,  and  Converse  counties;  coal 
mined  extensively  along  line  of  Union  Pacific  Railway;  yield  steadily 
increasing;  production,  1900,  4,014,602  tons.  State  has  a  large  extent  of 
oil  fields.  Output  of  petroleum  restricted  owing  to  distance  of  mar- 
kets; yield,  1900,  5.450  barrels,  value  $38,150.  Gold  mined,  1900, 1.655  fine 
ounces,  value  $34,200  Value  of  sandstone  quarried,  $27,671.  Iron  indus- 
try in  connection  with  native  coal  promising.  Natural  soap  beds 
exist  northwest  of  Newcastle.  Extensive  and  valuable  soda  lakes 
found  in  Albany,  Carbon,  and  Natrona  counties;  asbestos  deposits  are 
being  developed.  Gypsum  deposits  important;  marble  exists  in  Con- 
verse County.  Moss  agates  of  fine  quality  found;  opals,  amethysts, 
jasper,  and  chalcedonies  mined,  agatized  wood  plentiful. 

Population.— Wyoming  ranked  forty-seventh  in  population  from 
1870  to  1890;  fiftieth  in  1900.  Total  population,  1870,9,118;  1880,  20.789, 
1890,60,705;  1900,  92,531:  Male,  58.184,  female.  34,347,  native.  76.116;  for- 
eign, 17,415;  white,  89,051;  colored.  3,480;  Africans,  940.  Chinese,  461; 
Japanese,  393;  Indians,  1.686. 

Cities.—  Cheyenne,  capital,  prominent  railway  center,  and  head- 
quarters of  great  cattle  companies;  population,  1900, 14,087;  Increase 
during  decade,  2,397.  Laramie,  leading  railway  town  and  trading 
center  for  ranchmen,  lumbermen,  and  miners;  population.  8.207.  Bock 
Springs,  center  of  most  productive  coal  district  in  Rocky  Mountains; 
population,  4,363.  Rawlins,  a  thriving  station  on  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
wav;  population,  2,317.  Evanston.  flourishing  town  in  Bear  River 
Valley;  population,  2,110. 

Railways.— Number  ot  miles  of  railway  in  operation  in  1867,82; 
1870  and  1875,  459;  1880,  512;  1885,  616;  1890,  1,002;  Julv.  1900,  1,228.63; 
1.26  miles  per  100  square  miles;  132.82  per  l, 000  inhabitants. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900.  14.512;  private, 
1894-5,  175,  expenditure,  8253,551;  school  age.  6-21,  compulsory  school 
age^-16.  Public  high  schools,  7,  private  secondary  schools,  1.  Univer- 
sity of  Wyoming  and  the  Agricultural  College,  Laramie. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and  presi- 
dential elections.  Tuesday  after  first  Mondav  in  November;  number  of 
Senators,  23;  Representatives.  50;  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered 
years;  meets  January  13;  limit  of  session,  40  days;  term  of  Senators, 
4  years;  Representatives,  2  years;  number  of  electoral  votes,  3.  Voters 
must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents  of  State  1  year,  county 
60  days;  registration  required:  ballot  reform.  Idiots,  insane,  convicts, 
unless  pardoned,  U.  S.  soldiers,  persons  unable  to  read,  excluded. 
Women  hold  equal  right  with  men  to  vote  and  hold  office  since  1870. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1.  February  22,  May  30,  July  4.  Labor 
Day,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  December  25,  Arbor  Day. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  5  years;  unwritten  con- 
tracts, 8;  written,  5;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  3  years.  Legal  interest 
rate,  8  per  cent;  by  contract,  12. 


UTAH.  163 


UTAH.    Yoo'-tah. 


Indian  word— meaning  "Mountain  Home." 

Historical.— Country  ceded  to  United  States  by  Mexico  1848. 
Earliest  explorations  made  by  Spaniards  1540.  Explored  by  Captain 
James  Bridger  in  neighborhood  of  Great  Salt  Lake  1824-5— earliest 
recorded  discovery  of  lake.  Visited  by  Fremont  1843;  settlement  of  ter- 
ritory due  to  Fremont's  published  account  of  exploration  First 
settlements  by  Mormons  under  Brlgham  Young  at  Salt  Lake  City 
1847.  In  1849  Mormons  attempted  to  organize  State  of  "Deseret,"but 
Congress  refused  to  recognize  the  proposed  sovereignty.  Territory 
of  Utah  created  by  Congress  September  9,  1850.  Mountain  Meadow 
massacre  of  Gentile  settlers  occurred  1857.  Enabling  Act  passed  1894; 
became  a  State  July  16, 18%;  the  thirty-second  admitted  to  the  Union. 

Area.— Total  area,  84,970  square  miles,  land,  82,190  square  miies,  or 
52,601,600  acres;  water,  2.780  square  miles;  average  length,  345  miles; 
breadth, 275.  Counties,  27.  Area  of  public  lands  subject  to  entry,  1900, 
42,515,855  acres;  surveyed,  10,830,242  acres.  Land  office  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

Physical  Features.— State  divided  into  eastern  and  western  sec- 
tions by  "Wasatch  Mountains.  Highest  altitude,  Mt.  Emmons,  13,624 
feet.  Utah  a  region  of  snow-clad  mountains  and  broad,  beautiful  val- 
leys, elevation  of  vallevs,  2,700  to  7.000  feet;  average  elevation  of  State, 
6,100  feet.  West  of  Wasatch  Range  is  the  Great  Basin,  chiefly  desert, 
which  contains  Great  Salt  Lake,  elevation,  4,218  feet,  area  about  2,360 
square  miles, extreme  depth,  60  feet;  Lake  Sevier, elevation,  4,600  feet, 
area  150  square  miles;  Utah  and  Bear  (fresh  water)  lakes,  natural 
reservoirs;  elevations,  4,505  feet  and  5,911  feet  respectively  Region 
east  of  Wasatch  drained  by  Colorado  River  and  tributaries.  Medicinal 
springs,  varying  in  temperature  from  98  to  128  deg  ,  numerous,  several 
are  notable  health  resorts.  Utah  famous  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Climate  varying;  sudden  and  extreme  changes  not  infrequent. 
Range  of  temperature  between  summer  and  winter  and  day  and  night 
very  great.  Winters  usually  mild;  summers  dry  and  warm.  Rainfall 
scanty.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Salt  Lake  City,  16.2  inches,  temper- 
ature, 51.6  deg.,  highest,  102  deg. ,  lowest,  20  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Total  area  reclaimable  by  irrigation, 3,500,000  acres, 
improved  land— land  owned  by  farmers— 1,032,117  acres.  Value  farm 
property,  1900,  $75,175,141;  products,  1899,  $16,502,051;  Irrigated  crops, 
$7,462,370.  Artesian  wells  employed  to  irrigate  gardens,  orchards,  and 
vineyards  Principal  cereals,  wheat  and  oats;  largest  area  devoted  to 
hay.  Sugar  beet  successfully  grown,  culture  profitable;  area  devoted 
to  industry,  1899, 7,546  acres.  Sericulture  an  established  and  growing 
pursuit,  mulberry  trees  numerous,  number  increasing  yearly.  Number 
of  farms,  1900, 19.38 T;  average  acreage  about  212.  Area  under  cultiva- 
tion, 686,374  acres;  irrigated,  537,588  acres.  Crops,  1900:  Barley,  5,964 
acres,  yield  217,686 bushels,  value  8119,727,  rye, 3,383  acres,  59,202  bushels, 
$30,785;  wheat  176.895  acres, 3,697,106  bushels, value  82,033,41)8;  oats, 25,577 
acres,  918,214  bushels,  value  $404,014;  corn,  8,459  acres,  169,184  bushels, 
$106,583;  hay.  192.398  acres,  509,855  tons,  $4,053,347,  potatoes,  5,500  acres, 
649,000  bushels,  8311.520;  cotton,  1900-01, 16,000  pounds,value $1,539;  clover 
seed,  1899,  35.328  bushels,  value.  $127,901. 

Horticulture.— A  promising  industry;  great  progress  made  since 
189(i.  All  fruits  produced  in  temperate  zone  profitably  grown;  in 
southern  counties  figs,  pomegranates,  almonds,  and  other  semi-tropical 
fruits  flourish.  Area  in  orchard  fruits,  1899,  16.013  acres,  small  fruits, 
1,052;  grapes,  446;  figs,  7.  Trees,  1890,  223,840;  1900,  1.786,412;  apple,  715,- 
778;  peach, 409,665;  plum  and  prune, 298,808;  pear, 229,310;  cherry, 66,215; 
apricot,  27,927.  Fruit  produced,  1899:  Apples,  189,882  bushels;  peaches, 
85,315  bushels;  total  value  fruit  crop,  408,513.  Weber,  Salt  Lake,  Utah, 
and  Boxelder  counties  leading  producer.  Apiculture  widely  ex- 
tended; honey  produced,  1899,  1,292,118  pounds. 

Live  Stock.— Cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  reared  in  large  numbers, 
dairy  interests  prominent  and  rapidly  increasing  in  value.  Farm  but- 
ter made,  1899,2.812,122  pounds;  cheese,  169,251  pounds.  Number  and 
valueof  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses,  115,884, value 83.396,313;  mules, 
2,116,  $58,850,  swine,  65,732,  $293,115;  stock  cattle,  277,785,  $5,115,477; 
milch  cows,  65,905,  $2,037,367.    Wool  grown  Is  of  superior  quality,  much 


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166  UNITED  STATES. 


attention  Having  been  given  to  trio  Improvement  of  breeds;  total 
amount  of  clip,  WW,  16,828,044  pounds. 

l-'isii  and  Game.— Fisheries  of  Utah  Lake  most  Important  j  princi- 
pal catch,  blackness  and  carp.  Bear  and  Pangultcb  lakes  and  Ogden 
and  Weber  rivers  next  in  importance;  suckers,  trout,  and  whiteflsh 
principal  tlsb  taken.  Fish  hatchery  near  Murray  opened  1899.  Catch 
Id  public  waters,  1899 and  1900, 1,010374  pounds  sale  value$68,391.  Value 
of  wild  ducks,  grouse  and  venison  sold,  1900,912,483.  Elk.  antelope,  and 
mountain  sheep,  and  many  game  birds,  Including  various  kinds  of 
native  grouse  are  becoming  extinct. 

Manufactures.— Salt  Lake  City,  Lehl,  Ogden,  and  Provo  chief 
manufacturing  centers.  Number  of  industrial  establishments,  1900, 
1,400;  wage-earners,  6,615;  wages  paid,  83,388,370;  capital,  814,650.948; 
gross  value  products,  821,215,783.  Smelting  and  refining  of  ores  most 
important  industry,  manufacturing  for  outside  markets.  Flour,  etc., 
second  in  importance,  value  of  products,  $1,829,840;  output  of  car  con- 
struction and  repair  shops,  si  ,306,591.  Beet  sugar  industry  of  increasing 
importance;  value  products,  81,037,355;  malt  liquors.  $432335:  canned 
fruit  and  vegetables,  §300,349;  foundries,  etc.,  8217,392;  lumber  and 
timber  products,  8214,187.  Manufacture  of  salt,  boots  and  shoes,  con- 
fectionery and  woolen  goods  important. 

Minerals.— In  1900,  Utah  ranked  third  In  production  and  value  of 
silver,  third  in  production  of  lead  ore,  fourth  (.of  the  Western  States) 
In  copper,  and  sixth  in  salt.  Total  value  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  and  copper, 
1901,  817.580,457;  gold,  $3,817,420,  silver,  $6,801,816;  lead.  83,210,967;  cop- 
per, $3,750,254.  Copper  produced  from  1883  to  1900  inclusive,  54,286,388 
pounds;  1900, 18,354,726  pounds;  lead,  1894  to  1900  Inclusive,  247.940  short 
tons;  1900,  48,044  tons.  Coal  area  extensive;  immense  deposits  of  coal 
still  undeveloped;  output  1901,  1,382,470  tons,  value  81,631,314.  Carbon 
County  produces  about95  per  cent  of  total  output.  Extensive  deposits 
of  salt  around  Great  Salt  Lake  and  at  Nephi  and  Sallna;  total  output, 
1900, 249,128  barrels, value  8151,662.  Vast  stores  of  building  stone  in  many 
varieties  exist.  Total  value  of  output.  1900,  $81,652;  sandstone,  866,733; 
limestone,  $12,749.  Only  sulphur  obtained  in  the  United  States,  1900, 
taken  from  Louisiana  and  Utah;  output  3.525  tons.value,  888,100.  Lubri- 
cating, illuminating,  and  fuel  oils  are  found;  gilsonite  mined. 

Population.— State  ranked  thirty-fifth  in  population  in  1850.  fortieth 
in  1890,  forty-third  in  1900.  Total  population,  1850.  11,380;  1890,  207,905. 
Population,  1900,  276.749,  an  Increase  of  33  per  cent  since  1890:  Males, 
141,687,  females,  135,062;  native,  222,972:  foreign,  53,777;  white,  272,465; 
colored,  1,284;  Africans,  6?2;  Chinese,  572;  Japanese,  417;  Indians.  2,623. 

Cities.— Salt  Lake  Cit//,  capital  and  metropolis,  founded  by  Mor- 
mons under  Brlgham  Young  in  1847;  manufactures  malt  liquors,  con- 
fectionery, cars,  boots  and  shoes,  clothing,  etc.;  population,  1900,  53,531, 
Ogden,  Important  railroad,  commercial,  and  manufacturing  center; 
population,  16,313.  Provo  is  a  manufacturing  town  and  seat  of  Insane 
Asylum;  population,  6,185.  Logan,  center  of  important  educational 
interests;  population,  5,451.  Park  City,  one  of  the  most  prominent 
mining  centers  In  Utah;  population,  3,759. 

Railways.— Union  Pacific  Railway  completed  to  Ogden,  March  3, 
1869  Number  of  miles  in  operation,  1870,  257-;  1875,515;  1880,842;  1885, 
1,138;  1890, 1,265;  July,  1900, 1.547.42  miles. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment  1899-00,  73.042;  private,  1,728; 
expenditure.  81. 073.586;  school  age.  6-18;  compulsory,  8-14.  Educational 
institutions;  University  of  Utah,  Salt  Lake  City;  Agricultural  College. 
Logan;  State  Industrial  School.  Ogden. 

Political.— General  elections  biennial.  State,  congressional,  and 
national  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number 
of  Senators,  18;  Representatives,  45;  term,  2  years;  sessions  biennial, 
In  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  January,  limit,  60  days, 
Voters  must  be  citizens,  residents  of  State  1  year,  county  4  months, 
town  60  days;  registration  required,  women  qualified  voters;  idiots, 
insane,  and  those  guilty  of  treason  disqualified. 

Legal  Holidaysc— January  1,  February  22,  Arbor  day,  May  30, 
July  4  and  24,  first  Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving  and  fast  days, 
and  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  8  years;  written  con- 
tracts, 6;  unwritten  contracts,  open  accounts,  4.  Redemption  of  taxes, 
4  years.    Legal  interest  rate,  8  per  cent ;  by  contract,  no  limit. 


COLORADO.  167 


COLORADO.     "Centennial  State." 

Spanish— "Red  or  Colored." 

Historical.— Territory  acquired  under  Louisiana  purchase  of  1803 
and  Mexican  cession  of  1848.  First  explorations  made  by  Spaniards 
under  Coronado,  1540.  United  States  Government  expeditiun  under 
Major  Pike,  1806;  Long's  expedition,  1820;  Fremont's,  1S42-4.  First  set- 
tlement made  by  trappers  on  present  site  of  Denver,  1858.  Colorado 
Territory  organized,  1861;  State  admitted  into  Union,  August  1,  1876. 
Twenty-fifth    State  admitted. 

Area.— Total  area,  103,925  square  miles;  land,  103,645  square  miles 
or  66,332,S00  acres;  water,  2S0  square  miles;  length,  east  and  west,  380 
miles;  breadth,  280;  appropriated  land,  21,538,185  acres;  unsurveyed, 
4,396,055  acres;  reserved,  5,694,161  acres.    Counties,  60. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  comprises  three  great  natural  di- 
visions: The  great  plains  of  the  east,  mostly  treeless,  average  eleva- 
tion, 5,000  feet;  the  well-watered  and  timbered  foothills  west  of  the 
plains,  6.500  to  8.000  feet;  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  covering  nearly 
entire  western  half  of  State  and  including  many  of  highest  peaks  of 
system— Pikes.  Longs,  Harvard,  the  famous  Mount  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
and,  highest  in  altitude,  Massive  Mountain,  14,424  feet.  State  has  a 
number  of  notable  natural  "parks,"  the  beat  known  are  North  Park, 
area  2,600  square  miles;  Middle  Park,  3,000;  South  Park,  2,200;  San 
Luis,  9,400.  Platte,  Arkansas,  and  Rio  Grande  are  principal  rivers. 
Lowest  lake,  T.OuO  feet  above  sea  level;  highest,  9.500  feet. 

Forestry.— Wooded  area  comprises  about  13,000,000  acres;  some  of 
the  largest  forests  in  northern  portions  of  State.  Yellow  and  white 
pine  and  spruce  predominate;  the  two  former  are  used  largely  for  lum- 
ber; pinon  used  chiefly  for  fuel  and  charcoal;  small  streams  bordered 
with  cottonwood,  red  oak,  black  cherry,  etc.  State  abounds  in  orna- 
mental trees  and  shrubbery.  Timber  culture  receiving  attention;  ex- 
periments prove  that  black  walnut  and  other  trees  of  commercial 
v-alue  may  be  grown  on  the  plains. 

Climate  varying,  chiefly  with  altitude,  but  healthful.  Pure,  dry, 
and  bracing  air  between  the  extremes  of  summer  and  winter;  skies 
clear.  Favorite  resort  for  invalids  and  pleasure-seekers;  heat  never 
oppressive.  Rainfall  throughout  greater  part  of  State  averages  less 
than  15  inches;  within  limited  areas  and  at  great  elevations  exceeds  20 
inches.  Mean  annual  rainfall,  Denver,  14.5  inches;  temperature,  49.7 
deg.;  highest,  105  deg.;  lowest,  29  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Large  areas  capable  of  cultivation  under  irrigation; 
possibilities  of  industry  limited  only  by  water  supply  as  soil  yields 
generously.  Area  irrigable  farming  land,  5,000,000  acres;  under  irriga- 
tion, 1,611,271  acres.  Leading  crops,  wheat,  oats,  alfalfa,  and  potatoes; 
all  cereals  except  rice,  garden  products,  and  fruits  easily  grown. 
Area  under  orchards,  1899,  43,528  acres;  total  value  fruit  amounted  to 
$689,678.  Western  slope  adapted  to  peaches  and  grapes.  Culture  of 
sorghum,  hops,  broom  corn,  sugar  beets,  and  tobacco  receiving  atten- 
tion. Productions  and  value  of  leading  farm  crops,  1900:  Hay,  799,611 
acres,  1,783,133  tons,  value  813,551,811;  wheat,  318,899  acres,  7,207,117 
bushels,  84.828,768;  corn,  167,839  acres,  3,188,941  bushels,  $1,530,692;  oats, 
99,768  acres,  3.272,390  bushels,  $1,407,128;  potatoes,  33,273  acres,  1,863,288 
bushels,  $1,527,896. 

Live  Stock.— Cattle-raising  and  sheep  husbandry  extensive  pur- 
suits; western  slopes,  covered  with  nutritious  grasses,  afford  unexcelled 
grazing.  Area  of  non-irrigated  meadow  lands,  1,000,000  acres.  Col- 
orado one  of  great  wool-producing  States.  Poultry  and  all  dairy  prod- 
ucts promising  sources  of  profit.  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals, 
June,  1900:  Horses,  236,546,  $7,308,726;  sheep,  2.(144.814,  85,584,897;  milch 
cows,  100,116,  $3,797,997;  other  cattle,  1.333.2U2,  131,734,741;  hogs,  101,198, 
$482,722;  mules,  6,784,  $325,547.    Wool  clip,  1901,  8,254,019  pounds. 

Fish  and  Game.— Colorado  waters  are  beiiiK  rapidly  restocked  by 
the  three  State  fish  hatcheries— Denver  hatchery  near  Platte  River, 
nine  miles  from  Denver;  Gunnison  hatchery,  Gunnison;  La  Plata 
hatchery,  twelve  miles  from  Duraugo.  Lakes  and  streams  stocked 
principally  with  black  spotted  mountain,  eastern  brook,  and  rainbow 
trout.  Owing  to  protection,  all  kinds  of  game— elk,  deer,  antelope, 
mountain  sheep,  etc.— rapidly  increasing;  most  highly  prized,  elk  and 


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170  UNITED  STATES. 

grizzly  bear,  most  numerous,  mule  deer  and  antelope.   Grizzly,  brown, 
and  black  bear  plentiful  in  western  Colorado 

Manufacture*.  -Manufacturing  industries  steadily  Increasing  In 
number  and  Importance.  Abundance  of  raw  material  and  great  natu- 
ral advantages  afford  exceptional  facilities.  Metal  industries  lead. 
Denver  and  Pueblo  chief  centers,  especially  for  smelting  and  iron 
works,  foundries,  and  rolling  mills.  Value  of  all  manufactured  prod- 
ucts, 1900,  1102,880,137;  142  per  cent  Increase  In  decade,  total  capital, 
162,825,472.  Foundry  products,  $3,986315;  flouring  mills,  $4,528,062,  meat- 
packing, $3,562,357.  Total  value  of  finished  lion  and  steel  products, 
895.  I  iolorado,  the  leading  Western  State  in  production  of  coke; 
establishments,  1900, 12;  ovens,  Including  86  gas  retorts,  1,488,  product, 
618,755  short  tons;  value  at  ovens, •1,746,732.  Value  brick  and  tile.  ^l'»7,- 
238  Production  of  pig  Iron  about  112.843  long  tons  In  all.  Value  of  malt 
liquors  produced,  $2,042,863,  lumber  and  timber  products.  $1,627,605. 
Fruit  canning  and  beet  sugar  Industries  of  growing  importance;  value 
of  canned  fruit,  $343,394. 

Minerals.— One  of  the  richest  States  in  Union  in  mineral  wealth. 
Mining  a  leading  industry.  Gold,  silver,  lead,  and  copper  most  Impor- 
tant minerals.  In  1900  State  ranked  first  In  production  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver. Value  of  mineral  output,  1898,  $42,646,344,  1899,  $48320342;  gold, 
1900, 1.394 .622 ounces.  $28,829,400;  silver.  20,483,900  ounces.  $12,700,018;  out- 
put of  lead,  82.137  short  tons,  output  of  copper.  7.826.949  lbs.  Coal- 
bearing  area, 2,913  square  miles;  miningoutput,  1900. 5.244.364 tons.value 
$5,858,036,  manufactured  into  coke,  1900,  970,490  short  tons.  Petroleum, 
1900,317385  barrels,  value  $3-23.434.  nearly  all  of  the  production  refined 
at  Florence;  natural  gas,  1900,  81,800;  iron  ore  407,084  tons;  value  at 
mines,  $1,510,831,  value  of  granite  quarried,  §143,054;  limestone,  $160,587; 
sandstone,  $119,658. 

Population,  1860,  34,277;  1890,  412,198;  1900,  539,700:  Male,  295,332; 
female,  244,368;  native,  448.545;  foreign,  91,155;  white,  529.046;  colored, 
10,654;  African,  8,570;  Chinese,  599;  Japanese,  48;  Indians.  1,437. 

Cities,— Denver,  "Queen  City  of  the  Plains,"  capital  and  largest 
city,  settled,  1858;  important  railway  and  commercial  center;  popula- 
tion, 1890,  106,713,  1900,  133,859.  Pueblo,  second  city,  center,  of  fine 
agricultural  and  stock-raising  region;  has  manufactures  of  iron,  steel, 
and  large  lead  smelting  works;  population,  1900,  28,157.  Colorado 
Springs,  prominent  rahway  center  and  notable  health  resort,  near 
foot  of  Pike's  Peak  — Manitou  Springs,  "Saratoga  of  the  West," 
five  miles  distant-population,  21,085.  Leadville,  smelting  and  refining 
center  for  lead  and  silver  ores,  population,  12.455.  Cripple  Creek,  center 
of  Important  mining  district,  population,  10.147.  Boulder,  population, 
6,150.  Trinidad,  mining  center  in  vicinity  of  Raton  coal  fields;  popula- 
tion, 5.345. 

Railways.— Earliest  railroad  in  State— the  Denver  Pacific— com- 
pleted from  Denver  to  Cheyenne,  Wyo.,  1870.  Total  number  of  miles 
in  operation  in  1870,  157;  1875,  807;  1880,  1,570;  1890,  4.291;  July,  1900, 
4,587.25. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-1900,  117,555;  total  ex- 
penditure, $2,793,648.  School  age, 6-21;  compulsory  school  age,  8-14.  Text- 
books furnished  indigent  children.  Public  high  schools,  44;  private 
secondary  schools,  6.  State  Industrial  School  and  School  of  Mines, 
Golden;  Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs;  State  University,  Boulder; 
Agricultural  College,  Fort  Collins;  Normal  School.  Greelev. 

Political.— State,  congressional,  and  presidential  elections,  Tues- 
day after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number  of  Senators,  35;  Repre- 
sentatives, 65;  sessions,  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first 
Wednesday  in  January;  limit  of  session,  90  days,  term  of  Senators,  4 
years;  Representatives,  2  years.  Number  of  electoral  votes,  4.  Voters 
must  be  residents  of  State  6  months,  of  county  and  town  90  days,  pre- 
cinct 10  davs ;  registration  required;  Australian  ballot.  Convicts,  un- 
less restored  to  citizenship,  excluded.  Right  of  suffrage  extended  to 
women,  1893. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  Arbor  Day,  May  30, 
July  4,  Admission  Day,  first  Monday  in  September,  Thanksgiving, 
December  25,  general  election  day,  and  Saturday  afternoon. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Actions  of  debt  founded  upon  con- 
tract, judgments,  sealed  Instruments,  6  years;  redemption  of  tax  sales, 
3  years.    Legal  interest  rate,  8  per  cent;  by  contract,  no  limit. 


ARIZONA.  171 


ARIZONA.     Ar-i-zo'-na. 

Meaning  uncertain— said  to  be  corruption  of  Pirna  "Orlison," 
Little  Creeks. 

Historical.— Comprises  territory  acquired  from  Mexico  chiefly  at 
cession  of  1848,  but  partly  iucluded  in  Gadsden  purchase  1853.  Visited 
by  Spanish  explorers  152(5;  visited  by  American  trappers  1824;  by  General 
Fremont  1S49.  Yuma  founded  1854.  Territory  organized  1863;  capital 
established  at  Prescott  1864;  Tucson  1867:  Phoenix  1889. 

Area,  113,020  square  miles;  112,920  land;  100  water;  extreme  length, 
375  miles;  breadth,  340.    Counties,  13;  Indian  reservations,  11. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  consists  mainly  of  high  plains. 
Elevation  of  more  than  half  the  area  above  5,000  feet.  Mogollon  and 
Gila  mountains  in  east;  highest  altitude,  San  Francisco  Mountain, 
12,794  feet.  Chief  river,  Colorado;  most  noted  gorge,  Grand  Canon  of 
Colorado,  walls  of  which  rise  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet  sheer  from 
water's  edge.  Petrified  forest  in  Apache  County  a  notable  feature; 
contains  finest  and  largest  known  specimens  of  silicified  wood. 

Climate  tropical  in  southwestern  section,  temperate  in  valley 
regions,  and  frigid  in  elevated  mountain  districts.  Air  dry  and  clear. 
Mean  annual  rainfall,  Prescott,  16.1  inches;  temperature,  53.3  deg.; 
highest,  100 deg.;  lowest,  18  deg.  below. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Agriculture  increases  in  importance  as  irri- 
gation extends.  Area,  1900,  excluding  Indian  farms,  1.891,985  acres; 
now  under  canal  irrigation,  185.396  acres  Cereals  and  potatoes  grown 
in  all  parts.  Sugar-beet,  tobacco. ramie,  sugar-cane,  peanuts,  and  cot- 
ton successfully  cultivated.  Staple  crops:  Corn,  1899.  204.748  bushels, 
value  $151,564,  barlev.  458.776  bushels. 8223,985;  wheat  crop.  440.252  bush- 
els. §276.639;  hay.  177.831  tons,  si .361,422.  Horticulture  an  important 
and  profitable  pursuit.  Oranges,  lemons,figs,  olives , dates,  and  almonds 
grown  in  south.  Large  quantities  of  apricots  and  grapes  shipped 
from  Salt  Kiver  Valley  Strawberries  ripen  in  valley  every  month  in 
year.  Fine  apples,  peaches,  apricots,  nectarines,  and  grapes  grown 
in  north  in  limited  quantities. 

Live  Stock  interests  extensive  and  flourishing.  Estimated  area 
grazing  lands.  35.000.000  acres.  Climate  favorable  to  high-grade  stock. 
Number  and  value  of  animals.  1900:  Horses.  125.063.  si. 701. 905:  sheep. 861,- 
761,  81.837.794;  milch  cows,  17,965.8577.693;  other  cattle,  724,670.  S10.7SVt.773; 
swine,  18,103.880.587,  mules.  4.077.  8123.539;  wool  clip,  1901,5.013,435  lbs 

Minerals  source  of  great  wealth.  Ranks  high  in  production  of 
gold  and  silver;  second  of  Western  States  in  production  of  copper. 
Gold  mined.  1900,202,856  ounces.value  S4.193.4iX):  silver,  2,995,500  ounces; 
copper.  118,317.764  pounds,  total  lead  output,  1899,  3,377  tons.  Fuie  cop- 
per from  1895  to  1900  inclusive.  554.700.114  pounds. 

Population.  1870,9,658;  1890,59,620;  1900. 122,931:  Male. 71, 795: female, 
51,136; native, 98.698;  foreign. 24.233,  white, 92.903:  colored, 30.02S;  African, 
1.848;   Chinese,  1,419:  Japanese,  281,  Indians.  26,480. 

Cities.—  Tucson,  metropolis,  founded  1560;  population,  1900,  7.531. 
Phoenix,  capital,  center  of  important  agricultural  and  mining  dis- 
tricts, population,  5.544.  Jerome,  population,  2.861,  and  Globe,  1,495, 
centers  of  copper  mining  districts.  Prescott,  outlet  of  gold  and  silver 
mining  district,  population,  3,559. 

Railroads  all  constructed  since  1877.  Miles  of  road  In  1880,  349; 
1890,  1.094;  1894.  1.355.46.  July,  1900,  1.511.89. 

Education.— Expenditure  for  public  schools,  1900-01.  1300,439;  en- 
rollment. 17,817  pupils;  private,  1,483;  school  age,  6-18.  University  of 
Arizona,  at  Tucson;  Normal  Schools,  Tempe  and  Fla^gstaff. 

Political.— Territorial  elections  biennial.  Tuesday  after  first  Mon- 
day in  November  Number  of  Senators,  12;  Representatives.  24;  term, 
2  years;  sessions  biennial,  meets  third  Monday  in  January;  term,  60 
days.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens,  residents  of  Territory  1  year, 
county  and  precinct,  30  days:  registration  required. 

Legal  Holiday;*.— January  1,  Arbor  Day,  February  22,  May  30, 
July  4,  Thanksgiving.  December  25,  general  election  day  and  Sundays. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  5  years;  written  con- 
tracts.!; verbal  contracts,  open  accounts,  3;  written  instruments  exe- 
cuted without  Territory,  4;  personal  actions,  1  and  2,  redemption  from 
tax  sale,  1  year.    Legal  rate  of  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract,  any. 


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NEW    MEXICO.     Nu  Mek'-Hi-ko. 

Originally  applied  only  to  City  of  Mexico.    Aztec  "Mexltl," 
Aztec  god  of  war. 

Historical.— Eastern  two-thirds  of  Territory  originally  formed 
part  of  Texas;  western  portion  acquired  by  Mexican  cession  of  1848 
and  Gadsden  purchase  IKS.  Visited  by  Nunez  1  r,:j7;  by  Coronado  154L 
Territory  explored  and  named  {few  Mexico  by  Bonlllo  1581.  Banta  !•'<■ 
flrst  visited  by  Europeans  about  1542;  capital  of  New  Mexico  since  1640. 
Territory  organized  September  I860;  reduced  to  present  limits  1866. 

Area,  122,580  square  miles;  land,  122,460;  water,  120;  average  breadth, 
335  miles;  eastern  boundary,  845;  western  boundary,  390.    Comities.  21. 

Physical  Feature*.— Surface  a  plateau  ranging  from  3,000  to  6.000 
feet  in  elevation,  bearing  many  isolated  peaks  which  tower  above 
snow  line.  Eastern  New  Mexico,  a  continuation  of  Texan  plain, 
drained  by  Rio  Grande,  Pecos,  and  Canadian  rivers,  rising  gradually 
to  Iloeky  Mountains.     Highest  altitude,  Cerro  Blanco,  14,269  feet. 

Climate  healthful;  air  dry  and  clear  with  bright  skies;  winters 
severe  In  elevated  portions;  rainfall,  limited  to  summer,  scanty.  Mean 
annual  rainfall  Santa  Fe,  14.2  inches;  temperature,  49.3  deg.;  highest, 
97  deg.;    lowest,  13  deg.  below. 

Agriculture  chiefly  confined  to  irrigated  areas,  which  yield  abun- 
dantly Farm  products,  1900:  Hay,  77,341  tons,  value  8765,676;  potatoes, 
18,544  bushels.  321,140;  corn,  554,752  bushels  $355,041;  wheat,  3.847.347 
bushels. 2.616.196;  oats.  229.994  bushels.  8110,397.  Culture  of  sugar-beets 
prominent  industry  in  Pecos  Valley,  area  devoted  to  culture,  1899,  1,298 
acres.  Horticulture  advanced  in  Pecos  and  other  irrigated  valleys. 
Apples, peaches,  apricots,  grapes,  figs, pomegranates,  and  melons  grown. 

Live  Stock.— Cattle  and  sheep  comprise  chief  live-stock  inter- 
ests Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses,  131.153, 
82.220.469;  mules,  5,311,  8183,132;  sheep,  924,761,  SI. 901, 764;  swine,  20,426, 
$81,644;  milch  cows.  16,775.  8510.048;  other  cattle.  975,084,  817,467,883; 
total  value,  831.644,179     Wool  clip,  1901, 15.725.000  pounds. 

Manufactures  include  beet  sugar,  coke,  etc  ,  and  the  products  of 
flouring,  quartz,  and  lumber  mills.  Two  smelting  and  refining  estab- 
lishments, (1900);  one  copper,  one  lead;  total  products  valued  at 
nearly  81,000,000  Same  year  there  were  four  wool  scouring  establish- 
ments    Value  railway  shop  work,  81-069,280;  flour,  etc.,  $551,108. 

Minerals  abundant.  Large  deposits  of  iron  ore  in  Grant  County. 
Precious  stones,  especially  turquoise,  are  found,  production  Increas- 
ing. Sandstone  and  limestone  quarried.  Copper,  1900,  4.169.400  pounds; 
lead,  1899,  4,856  tons;  gold,  1900.  40.292  ounces,  value  8832.900;  silver,  434,- 
300ounces.    Coal  output.  1900,  1.299.299  tons,  value  81,776,170. 

Population,  1850,  61.547,  1890.  153  593;  1900,  195,310:  Male,  104,228: 
female,  91.08?;  native,  181,685;  foreign.  13.625.  white,  180,207;  colored, 
15,103;  Africans,  1,610:  Chinese.  341;  Japanese,  8;  Indians.  13.144. 

Cities.— Santa  Fe.  capital,  one  of  oldest  cities  in  the  United  States; 
population,  1900,  5,603.  Albuquerque,  metropolis,  population,  6,238. 
Las  Vegas,  railroad  center;  population  3.552.  Eaton,  population, 
3,540,  and  Silver  City,  2,735.  in  important  mining  districts 

Railways.— First  railroad  constructed— Atchison.  Topeka&  Santa 
Fe— 1879  Number  of  miles  in  operation,  1880,  643;  1890,  1,338;  Janu- 
ary. 1898.  1,502.07,  July.  1900.  1.752.52. 

Education.— Public  school  system  established  1884.  Total  enroll- 
ment In  all  schools.  1901-02, 42.925;  expenditure. 8723.048;  school  age,  5-21; 
compulsory,  8-16.  State  University.  Albuquerque;  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Las  Cruces;  School  of  Mines.  Socorro. 

Political.— Territorial  elections  biennial.  Tuesday  after  first  Mon- 
day in  November.  Number  of  Senators.  12;  Representatives, 24;  term, 
2  years;  sessions  biennial,  meets  third  Monday  in  January,  limit,  60 
days.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens;  residents  of  Territory  6  months, 
county,  3;  registration  required. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  Arbor  Day,  July  4, 
Thanksgiving,  December  25. 

Legal. —Statutes  of  limitation;  Judgments,  7  years;  promissory 
notes,  written  contracts.  6;  open  accounts,  unwritten  contracts,  per- 
sonal actions,  6;  redemption  from  tax  6ales,  3.  Legal  interest  rate,  6 
per  cent;  by  contract,  12. 


CALIFORNIA.  175 


CALIFORNIA.    Sga&ft*,.. 

Name  derived  from  imaginary  island  in  old  Spanish  romance. 

Historical.— Originally  formed  part  of  Mexican  cession.  Explored 
by  Spanish,  1542;  English,  1579.  San  Diego  founded  by  Spanish  mission- 
aries, 1769.  Territory  became  part  of  Mexico,  1822.  Pioneers  from 
United  States  entered,  1826.  Fremont's  expedition,  1844-5.  Ceded  to 
United  States  1848.  State  Constitution  ratified  November,  1849.  Ad- 
mitted to  Union  September  9,  1850;  eighteenth  State  admitted. 

Area,  15S.360  square  miles;  land,  155,980;  water,  2,380;  length,  770 miles- 
breadth,  330.    Counties,  57. 

Physical  Features.— Coast  line  on  Pacific  about  1,000  miles.  State 
traversed  by  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  ranges,  highest  altitude  Mount 
Whitney,  14,898  feet.  Northern  section  drained  bv  Sacramento  River, 
southern  by  San  Joaquin.  Principal  lakes  Tulare,  Tahoe,  Mona,  and 
Clear.  Extensive  forests  of  redwood,  pine,  oak,  and  fir,  chiefly  in 
Northern  California;  redwood  belt  of  Coast  Range  most  valuable. 

Climate  mild  and  equable  ;  atmosphere  dry  and  clear;  rainy  season, 
November  to  April.  Rainfall  ranges  from  40  inches  in  northern  to  16 
in  central  and  10  in  extreme  southern  section.  Mean  annual  rainfall, 
San  Francisco,  23.7  inches;  temperature,  56.6  deg.;  highest,  100  deg.; 
lowest,  29  deg.  above. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— All  products  of  temperate  and  semi-tropical 
climates  nourish.  Cereals  lead  in  importance.  Leading  State  in  sugar- 
beets  First  in  (1900)  barley,  second  in  hops,  third  in  wheat,  fifth  in 
hay  Barley.  14.85(5.170  bushels,  value  16,388,153;  wheat.  28.543.628  bushels, 
$16,555,304:  corn,  1.351,975  bushels,  1824,706;  oats.  1.477.771  bushels,  8679,- 
775;  rye.  51/2  580  bushels.  3291,496;  potatoes,  2,788,032  bushels,  $1,477,657; 
hay.  2,708,171  tons,  s22.o7l.594:  sugar-beets.  63.878  acres.  354,942  tons. 
81.585.h53;  hops.  1899.  59,000  bales.  Sheep  are  noted.  Value  of  farm 
animals.  19ou.  865.000.000;  wool  clip,  1901.  12,318.950  pounds. 

Horticulture  verv  important.  Area  under  fruit  trees,  1899,  600,529 
acres;  number  of  trees,  1900, 37.134,930, including  8,996,459  semi-tropical; 
of  the  latter  over  62  per  cent  were  orange  and  17  per  cent  olive.  Plum 
and  prune  trees.  9,823.713,  peach,  7.472.393;  orange,  5,648.714;  apricot, 
4.244.384,  olive.  1.5:30.161;  pomelo.  80.918.  Value  fruit  and  nuts,  1899, 
r29.72-2.779  including  value  of  117.935.727  pounds  dried  and  evaporated 
fruits,  $7.2l9,o82,  grapes,  85.622,825,  nuts.  81.142.675  Raisin  product. 
71.568.000  pounds.    Fruit  canned.  1900.  162,190.382  pounds 

Fisheries.— California  ranks  sixth  as  a  fishing  State  Industry 
constantly  developing;  quantity  and  variety  of  food  and  game  fishes 
steadily  increasing.  Capital  invested  in  commercial  fisheries,  1899, 
82.774.493;  catch,  74,559.019  pounds,  value  82,551.451;  Salmon  fishery 
most  important  branch  of  industry,  increasing  yearly;  Chinook  salmon 
most  valuable  variety;  catch.  7,084.8S5  pounds,  value  $255,249;  value  of 
cannedtish,  1900, $341 .668:  salted.  8445.969  Shrimp, cod, flounders, craDS, 
smelt,  rockfish  taken.    Whale  fishery,  8456.463;  oysters.  8867,000. 

Manufactures.— Establishments,  19uo,  12,58*;  capital.  205,395,025; 
gross  value  products,  $302,874,761.  Refining  sugar  and  molasses  most 
Important;  value  products,  $15,909,998.  State  second  In  manufacture 
of  beet-sugar;  value  output  $3,499,996.  Slaughtering  anb  meat  packing 
second  industry;  58  establishments,  value  products,  $15,717,712;  313 
establishments  manufacture  lumber  and  timber  products  — capital, 
$28,236,332,  value  products.  -*13.764.647.  Wheat  flour  output,  2,660,238  bar- 
rels, value,  7.952.867;  canned  and  preserved  fruits  and  vegetables,  $13,- 
081,829;  foundry  products.  12.047.149;  liquors,  9,261,600— malt,  748.917 
barrels,  value  $5,085,462;  vinous,  19.u89.043  gallons  Beet  sugar,  1900: 
granulated,  115,686,356  pounds;  butter,  farm,  20,853,360  pounds. 

Minerals.—  One  of  the  richest  mineral  regions  in  the  world.  Gold 
leads,  first  discovered.  1848.  In  19uu,  State  ranked  second  in  produc- 
tion; output.  765409  ounces,  value  815.816.200;  silver,  941,400  ounces, 
commercial  value 9583,668;  petroleum.  4.U99.484  barrels,  $3,863,225;  Quick- 
silver. 2,013.250  pounds,  $1,209,786;  coal.  171,708  tons,  $523,231;  copper  out- 
put, 28.511.225  pounds.  Value  of  mineral  waters,  $512,310.  Total  stone, 
81,390.572;  granite,  $738,993;  limestone.  $407,489.  Value  of  oase  metals 
and  inferior  minerals.  1901.  exceeded  $15,000,000. 


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Population,  I860,  92J597;  1*90,  1,208,130;  1900.  1,485,053:  Male,  820,531: 
female,  664,522;  white,  1,402,727;  colored, h2,326:  Africans,  11,045;  Chinese, 
45,753,  Japanese,  10,191;  Indians,  15,877. 

Cities. — Son  Francisco,  metropolis  of  Pacific  Coast, a  leading  port; 

seat  of  a  United  States  mint ;  population,  census  of  1900,  342,782.  Los 
Angeles,  second  city,  center  of  fruit  and  wine  district  of  Southern 
California;  notable  winter  health  resort,  population,  census  of  1900, 
102,479.  Oakland,  opposite  Ban  Francisco,  important  trade  and  manu- 
facturing center;  population,  66,960.  Sacramento,  capital,  prom- 
inent railway  center,  with  manufactures  and  large  trade  in  fruit;  pop- 
ulation, 29,282.  Sun  Jos/',  center  of  important  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural district;  population,  21,500.  Pasadena,  well-known  winter 
health  resort  near  Los  Angeles;  population,  9,117. 

Railways.— First  railway  In  State,  Sacramento  Valley.  Incor- 
porated 1852;  8  miles  completed  1855.  Railway  mileage,  1865, 214 ;  1875, 
1,503;  1885,  3,015;  July,  19(H).  5,751.04  miles. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment,  1899-00, 269,736:  private ,23,304. 
Expenditure,  sti.909.35l.  School  age,  6-21;  compulsory,  8-14.  Indigent 
children  furnished  text-books.  Public  and  private  educational  and 
charitable  institutions  numerous.  Including  University  of  California 
(State),  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  University  and  Mills  College  (women). 
Political.— State  and  federal  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November.  Number  of  senators,  40;  Representatives,  80;  sessions 
biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years;  meets  in  January;  limit  of  session, 
90  days,  term  of  Senators, 4 years;  Representatives, 2.  Number  of  elec- 
toral votes,  9.  Voters  must  be  actual  citizens, resident  of  State  1  year, 
county  90  days,  precinct  30;  registration  required;  ballot  reform. 
Idiots,  Chinese,  and  convicts  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  land24,  February 22, May 30, July 4,first 
Monday  in  September,  general  election  day .Thanksgi  viug.  December 25. 
Legal. —Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  5  years,  written  instru- 
ments^; action  or  contract  not  in  wilting, or  executed  out  of  State, 2; 
personal  action,  1.  Redemption  of  tax  sale,  1  year.  Legal  interest  rate, 
7;  by  contract,  any. 

NEVADA,      "stiver  state." 

Spanish— Snowy 

Historical.— Part  of  Mexican  cession  of  1848.  Explored  1883.  First 
permanent  settlement  in  Carson  Valley,  1850.  Nevada  Territory  organ- 
ized March,  1861.   State  admitted  Oct.  31,  1864. 

Area,  Etc.— Total,  110,700  square  miles;  land,  109,740;  water,  960; 
extreme  length,  485  miles,  breadth,  310  Counties,  14.  An  elevated 
plateau  traversed  by  mountain  ranges;  consists  in  great  part  of  interior 
basin  with  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  Highest  altitude  Wheeler  Peak,  13,058 
feet;  general  elevation,  5,000  feet.  Principal  river  Humboldt.  Popu- 
lation, 1900,  42,335. 

Climate  extremely  dry.  Mean  annual  rainfall,  "Winnemucca,  8.5 
inches;  temperature,  48  6  deg  ;  highest,  104  deg.;  lowest.  28  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Under  irrigation,  valleys  and  natural  meadows 
highly  productive;  wheat,  hay.  and  vegetables  grown.  Value  of  princi- 
pal crops.  1899, 12,887 .569  Stock-raising  next  to  mining  the  leading 
industry.     Farm  animals.  1900,  $12,093,608;  wool  clip.  1901,  4,437.000  lbs. 

Minerals.—  From  1871  to  1879  outrauKed  all  other  States  and  Terri- 
tories in  production  of  precious  metals.  Coining  value  of  gold  mined, 
1900, $2,006,200;  silver  mined,  1,358,700  ounces.  Lead,  copper,  and  man- 
ganese mined;  salt.  soda,  bismuth,  niter,  sulphur,  and  borax  exist 

Cities,  Etc.— Reno,  seat  of  State  University  and  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, population.  4,500.  Virginia  City,  pop.,  2.695.  Carson  City,  capital, 
population.  2. 100.  Miles  railroad.  1900.  909.  Public  school  enrollment, 
1899-00, 6.616;  expenditure.  $224,622. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  Senators,  15;  Representatives, 
30-  term  of  Senators.  4  years;  Representatives,  2.  Electoral  votes,  3. 
Voters  must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents  of  State  6 
months,  of  county,  town,  and  precinct,  30  days;  registration  required. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  October 
31,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  December  25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Written  contracts,  judgments,  6 
years;  open  accounts,  unwritten  contracts,  4.  Redemption  from  tax 
sale,  1  year.    Legal  rate  of  interest,  7;  by  contract,  any. 


OREGON.  179 


OREGON. 


Or'-e-gon. 

"Beaver"  or  "Sunset"  State. 

Algonquin— wau-re-gan—  "  Beautiful  Water." 

Historical.— Originally  included  in  Oregon  country,  occupied 
iointly  by  Great  Britain  and  United  States  until  treaty  of  1846.  Visited 
by  Drake  1558.  Mouth  of  Columbia  River  discovered  and  explored  by 
Captain  Gray  1792;  river  originally  called  Oregon,  name  afterward 
applied  to  countrv  through  which  it  flowed.  Partly  explored  by  Lewis 
and  Clarke  1S04-5.  Trading  post  founded  at  Astoria  1811;  Willamette 
Vallev  settled  1834.  Oregon  Territory,  including  present  States  of 
Washington  and  Idaho,  organized  1848;  constitution  forbidding  slavery 
and  immigration  of  negroes  adopted  1857.  Admitted  to  Union,  Feb. 
14,  1859;  thirty-third  State;  twentieth  admitted  under  the  Constitution. 

Area,  96,030  square  miles;  land,  94,560;  water,  1,470;  average  length, 
360  miles;  breadth.  260.  Unappropriated  land,  33,784,023  acres;  unsur- 
veyed,  10,141,659;  reserved,  5,500.821.  Oregon  has  three  public  forests; 
aggregate  area,  4.739.440  acres     Counties,  33. 

Physical  Features.— State  has  330  miles  of  seacoast.  with  many 
deep  harbors.  Traversed  north  and  south  by  Cascade  Mountains;  high- 
est elevations,  Mt.  Hood,  11.225  feet, Mt  Jefferson,  10,200  feet.  Consists 
physically  of  three  divisions:  Eastern  Oregon— comprising  all  counties 
east  of  Cascades— Western,  and,Southern  Oregon.  Two-thirds  of  East- 
ern Oregon  table-land,  with  an  average  elevation  of  3,000  feet;  Blue 
Mountains  in  northeast,  average  height,  7,000  feet.  Coast  range  trav- 
erses Western  and  Southern  Oregon,  elevation  1,0U0  to  4,000  feet.  Prin- 
cipal river,  Columbia,  forms  300  miles  of  northern  boundary. 

Forests.— Wooded  area.  54.300  square  miles.  Forests  are  chiefly  in 
Cascade  Mountains;  especially  heavy  in  northern  part  of  State.  East 
of  Cascades,  greatest  timber  growths  are  on  the  high  plateaus  and 
In  the  Blue  Mountains  in  the  northeast.  Red  fir,  hemlock,  cedar,  and 
spruce  predominate  in  the  west;  yellow  pine,  east.  Total  timber 
stand  225 .000,000.000  feet;  red  fir,  I5o,noo.ooo.(ioo  feet;  yellow  pine,  40,000,- 
000.000  feet.  Cut,  1900,  740.419,000  feet.  Sawed  lumber,  734,538,000  feet, 
value  $6,691,214 

Climate  varies  with  topographical  features.  Western  Oregon  mild 
and  equable,  with  heavy  winter  rainfall;  east  of  the  mountains  great 
extremes  of  temperature  are  common.  Mean  annual  rainfall  at  Port- 
land, 46.8  inches;  temperature,  53.1  deg.;  highest,  1<>2  deg.;  lowest,  2  deg. 
below.  At  Umatilla,  mean  annual  precipitation,  9.81  inches;  mean  tem- 
perature, 52.9  deg.;  Januarv.  32.3  desr.;  Julv,  74  deg. 

Agriculture.— Within  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Willamette  and 
Umpqua.  and  those  watered  by  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers,  are  vast 
areas  of  farming  lands.  State  ranks  second  on  Pacific  Coast  in  agricul- 
ture. Wheat,  oats,  barley,  corn,  hops,  and  all  kinds  of  vegetables  yield 
abundantly.  Excellent  sugar  beets  are  successfully  produced;  flax  fiber 
of  superior  quality  grown.  Farm  products,  1900:  Wheat,  16,198.012 
bushels,  value  $8,908,907;  barley,  9U5.928  bushels,  £380,490;  oats,  3.2«.77o 
bushels,  81.345.936;  corn.  317.147  bushels,  8180,774;  potatoes,  l,692.ir20 
bushels,  8761.409;  hay,  1,677,085  tons,  811,404,178;  rye,  94.040  bushels. 
$57,364;  hops,  1899, 14.755,577  pounds, 8937.513;  sugar-beets,  14,462  tons 

Horticulture  one  of  the  foremost  industries  of  the  State.  Through- 
out Willamette  and  numerous  smaller  valleys,  and  also  the  irrigated 
lands  east  of  Cascades,  apples,  peaches,  pears,  prunes,  grapes,  and  other 
fruits  flourish;  figs  grow  in  southwest.  Nut-bearing  trees,  particularly 
French  walnut,  increasing  in  number.  Fruit  area.  1899,72,260  acres. 
Orchard  fruits  produced,  1.514,228  bushels;  apples.  873.980,  plums,  etc  , 
959,821;  pears,  112,225:  peaches.  101.190.  Value  of  orchard  fruits,  89o6,oi5, 
Jackson  and  Douglas  counties  contributing  one-third;  grapes,  *i62.543; 
small  fruits.  :*386,632,  strawberry  most  important.  Number  of  orchard 
trees.  1900,  6,314,232;  apple.  2.825.898;  plum  and  prune,  2.517.523. 

Live  Stock.— Interior  counties  of  Eastern  Oregon  deveted  almost 
exclusively  to  live-stock  industry.  Dairying  carried  on  extensively. 
Domestic  animals,  1900.  Neat  cattle.  700,303, value  815, 164.897;  milch  cows, 
122,447,  $4,093333;  horses,  287,932,  $8,651,060;  mules,  7,446,  8318,249.  sheep, 
8,040,291,  87.563,447;  swine,  281,406,  $1,057,037.  Total  value,  833.172.342. 
Value  animal  products,  1899.  816.284,282;  milk,  48,582,968  gallons;  butter, 
8.107.45O  pounds,  cheese. 467.256.  Value  of  eggs,  81.162,071 ,  poultry,  8826, 
687;  animals  slaughtered,  81,565,895.     Wool  clip,  1901, 16,169,320  pounds 


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Fisheries.— Fish  abound  In  the  rivers  Bbad  and  oysters  success- 
fully planted  Id  Mate  waters.  Canning  of  salmon  an  important  In- 
dustry; Columbia  River  factories  have  greatest  output.  Fisheries 
employ  5,643  persons,  82  vessels,  and  1,880  boats;  cash  capital  invested, 
81  561,000;  total  Investment,  18497,643.  Fish  canning  and  preserving 
establishments.  1900,24;  tish  canned,  10,409,002  pounds,  salmon,  15,915,- 
852  pounds.  Yield  of  fisheries,  1899,  22,818,411  pounds,  value  |855,75U 
Salmon  catch,  21,373,905  pounds,  value  $S29,S24;  clam-.  979,290  pounds, 
value  19,484;  crawfish,  116,400 pounds, $7,760.  Cattish,  halibut,  flounders, 
and  herring  are  also  taken. 

DI  a  n  u  fact  in  es-  —  Extensive  and  valuable  water  power,  with  abun- 
dance of  raw  material,  affords  excellent  facilities  for  manufacturing 
Industries  Chief  manufacturing  center,  Portland.  Lumber,  flour,  and 
canned  fish  principal  products  Meat  packing  and  woolen  manufactures 
are  prominent  industries.  Shipbuilding  industry  Important.  Wood  pulp, 
straw,  and  other  paper  manufactured.  Woodenware  factories,  tan- 
neries and  creameries  are  numerous.  Lumber  and  timber  products, 
1900,  $10,352,167;  rlouring-miH  products,  16,364,023;  value  of  brick  and 
tile  manufactured,  8227,141;  slaughtering  and  meat-packing,  81,638,480: 
woolen  goods,  8937, 824;  fermented  liquor,  1900-01, 391 .755  barrels;  distilled 
spirits,  Oregon  and  Washington,  5,056  gallons.  Output  of  beet-sugar, 
1902,  2  500,000  pounds. 

Minerals.— Important  and  varied.  First  settlements  due  to  dis- 
covery of  gold.  Principal  minerals  mined,  gold,  silver,  and  coal.  Cop- 
per, lead,  platinum,  nickel,  iron,  quicksilver,  antimony,  building  stone, 
limestone,  and  brick  and  pottery  clays  also  found.  Total  gold  and  silver 
mined  in  State  largely  from  interior  counties  Gold,  1890, 81 ,087.000;  1900, 
Si  694,700;  silver.  1890,8129,199;  1900, 115,400  ounces,  coinage  value.  8149,204. 
Commercial  value,  871.548.  Coal  mines,  1897, 8  ;  output  1900,  58,864  tons, 
8220,000;  total  stone,  $21,663. 

Population.— Ranked  thirty-fourth  in  1850:  thirty-eighth.  1870  and 
1890;  thirty-fifth  in  1900.  Total  population,  185C,  13,294;  1S70.  90,923;  1890, 
313.767,1900,413,536:  Male, 232.985;  native,  347.778,  white,  394,582;  African, 
1,105; Chinese,  10,397;  Japanese,  2,501;  Indians,  4,951. 

Cities.— Portland,  on  Willamette  River,  at  head  of  ship  navigation 
Chief  city  in  State  and  second  on  Pacific  Coast,  prominent  railway 
center  and  terminus  of  several  steamer  lines,  manufactures  and 
exports  extensive;  population,  1900,  90,426.  Salem,  capital,  on  "Willa- 
mette River,  center  of  important  educational  interests;  has  large 
manufactures  of  woolens,  flour,  and  tobacco;  population,  1900,  4,258. 
Astoria,  flourishing  town  on  Columbia  River,  principal  industry  salmon 
canning;  population,  1900,  8,381. 

Railways.— Number  miles,  1870,  159;  1880,  508;  1887,  1,290;  1890, 
1,427.95;  June,  1897.  1,529.59  miles;  July,  1900,  1,723.S0  miles,  being  1.82 
miles  of  line  for  each  100  square  miles  of  territory.  The  Cascade  locks 
and  canal  enable  boats  to  pass  the  cascades  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Education.— Public  school  enrollment.  1S99-00.  S9.405;  expenditures. 
81.594,420.  Pupils  in  private  schools,  10,744.  School  age.  6-21,  compulsory 
school  age,  8-14.  Public  high  schools,  1901,  34;  private  secondary,  16; 
Graded  schools,  1898,  245.  University  of  Oregon.  Eugene;  Willamette 
University, Salem;  State  Agricultural  College,  Corvallls,  State  Normal 
Schools  as  Weston,  Monmouth,  Drain,  and  Ashland,  Oregon  State 
Reform  School  and  the  School  for  the  Deaf,  Salem. 

Political.— General  election  first  Monday  in  June.  Governor  and 
State  officers  elected  quadrennially,  members  of  Legislature  and  Con- 
gress biennially.  Number  Senators,  30;  Representatives.  00;  sessions 
biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years;  meeting  second  Monday  in  January; 
limit.  40  days;  term  of  Senators.  4  years;  Representatives,  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes,  4.  Voters  muot  be  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  residents  of  the  State  6  months;  regisr ration  required; 
ballot  reform.  Women  vote  on  school  matters.  Soldiers  of  the  United 
States  army,  idiots,  Chinese,  insane,  and  convicts  unless  pardoned, 
excluded, 

Legal  Holidays.— January  l.February22.  May 30.  July  4.  first  Mon- 
day in  September,  general  election  day.  thanksgiving,  December  25. 
Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  sealed  instruments, 
recovery  of  real  property,  10  years;  contracts  not  under  seal,  6.  Re- 
demption of  tax  sales.  8  years.  Legal  interest,  6  per  cent;  by  contract, 
10.    Usury  forfeits  principal  and  interest. 


WASHINGTON.        -  183 


WASHINGTON.  ^S&gWte... 

Named  in  honor  of  the  First  President. 

Historical.  —  Region  formed  central  part  of  Oregon  Country 
claimed  by  both  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States;  northern  bound- 
ary line  established  1846.  Discovered  by  Juan  de  Fuca  1592;  visited  by 
Spanish  1775;  by  Cook  1778.  Columbia  River  ascended  by  Captain 
Gray  1792;  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  1804-5.  Fur  traders  settled  near  mouth 
of  Columbia  1811.  Settled  by  missionaries  1836-7;  Port  Townsend 
founded  1S50;  Territory  of  Washington  organized,  Seattle  platted,  1853. 
Admitted  to  Union  November  11,  1889,  twenty-ninth  State  admitted. 

Area.— Total  area,  69,180  square  miles;  land,  66,880;  water,  2,300; 
length  east  to  west,  36U  miles ;  breadth,  240.  Counties,  36.  Unappropri- 
ated land,  11,913,164  acres;  unsurveyed,  6,299,221. 

Physical  Features.— Cascade  Mountains  divide  the  State  in  two 
unequal  parts,  Eastern  and  Western  Washington ;  three-fifths  of  entire 
area  comprised  in  Eastern  Washington.  Highest  elevations,  Mt. 
Rainier,  14,526  feet;  Mt.  Baker,  10,827  feet.  Coast-line,  1,860  miles- 
Pacific,  180;  straits,  about  80;  Puget  Sound,  including  indentations, 
1,600.  Puget  Sound,  most  characteristic  factor  of  Western  Washington, 
noted  for  its  great  depth  and  many  fine  harbors;  area,  2,000  square 
miles.  Columbia  River,  principal  natural  feature  of  Eastern  Washing- 
ton, with  its  tributaries— Snake,  Spokane,  Okanogan,  and  Yakima— 
drains  almost  entire  section;  forms  large  part  of  southern  boundary. 

Forests.— Vast  forests  of  State  one  of  its  most  valuable  resources. 
Estimated  area  of  wooded  lands, 3u.0OO.0oo  acres;  standing  timber,  195,- 
688,000,000  feet.  Most  extensive  forests  in  Western  Washington.  West- 
ern slope  of  Cascades  heavily  wooded,  fir  predominates,  timber  of  east- 
ern slope  includes  blue  and  yellow  pine,  tamarack,  fir,  and  white  cedar. 

Climate  generally  healthful;  of  Western  Washington  moist  and 
uniform,  with  heavy  winter  rainfall;  Eastern  Washington,  hot,  dry 
summers,  with  generally  short,  cold  winters.  Mean  annual  rainfall 
Olympia,  53.1  inches;  temperature,  50.2  deg.;  highest,  97  deg.;  lowest,  2 
deg.  below. 

Game.— Large  game  consists  of  elk,  in  Olympics;  mule  deer  in 
mountains  of  Eastern  Washington;  Virginia  deer  in  brushy  bottom 
lands;  black-tail  deer  throughout  Western  Washington;  black  and 
brown  bear  and  mountain  goats  in  Cascade  Mountains.  Mountain 
sheep  seldom  found.  Furbearing  animals  include  otter,  beaver, 
muskrat,  martin,  mink,  fisher,  coon,  skunk,  and  wolverine.  All  kinds 
of  grouse,  quail,  partridge,  water  fowl,  and  marsh  birds  abound. 

Agriculture.— Eastern  Washington  the  great  grain  district;  foot- 
hills of  Cascades  in  southern  and  central  sections  yield  all  cereals, 
fruits,  and  vegetables  of  temperate  zone;  sections  farther  east  when 
irrigated  unsurpassed  in  productiveness.  In  Western  Washington 
wheat  and  hops  are  important  products;  oats,  barley,  and  hay,  with 
all  hardier  fruits  except  the  peach  and  grape  successfully  grown. 
Excellent  flax  produced  in  Puget  Sound  region.  Farm  products,  1900: 
Wheat,  in  which  State  ranks  fourth,  25.096.661  bushels,  value  $12,799,297; 
corn.  106.140  bushels,  162,623;  oats,  3.016,266  bushels,  si. 206.490;  barley, 
1.386.267  bushels.  S540.644;  rye,  39.169  bushels,  $22,718;  potatoes,  1,839,644 
bushels.  $864,633:  hay,  846,491  tons,  $S  ,041 ,664;  hops,  36,000  bales,  ranking 
third.    Cultivation  of  the  sugar-beet  increasing. 

Horticulture  an  important  and  growing  industry.  Whitman, 
Yakima.  Spokane,  and  Walla  Walla  the  chief  fruit  counties.  Extensive 
prune  orchards  in  Western  Washington;  large  areas  in  Eastern  Wash- 
ington devoted  to  peaches.  Pear,  plum,  cherry,  and  apple  orchards  in 
various  sections.  Area  under  fruit,  1899,  92,487  acres;  value  product, 
$1.3.53,375.  Under  orchard  trees,  89,261  acres;  value  crop,  $999,487;  small 
fruits,  $326,616;  grapes,  $27,242.  orchard  crop,  1,174,779  bushels;  apples, 
728.978;  plums  and  prunes,  229,207;  peaches,  80,990.  Apple  trees,  1900, 
2,735.824;  plum  and  prune,  1,290.845.    Strawberry  Important. 

ljive  Stock.— Two-thirds  of  Eastern,  and  a  large  part  of  Western 
Washington  adapted  to  grazing.  Cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  raised  in 
large  numbers.  Raising  Angora  goats  promises  to  become  a  profitable 
pursuit.  Number  and  value  of  farm  animals,  June,  1900:  Horses,  243.- 
985,  value  $8,550,434;  mules,  2,690,  $1:38,185;  sheep,  929.873.  $2,450,929;  milch 
cows,   107,232,  *4,076J89;  other   cattle,  287,691,  $5,363,849;  swine,  181,535, 


184 


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186    UNITED  STATES. 

1880,704;    wool  clip,  1901,  4,888,000  pounds      Dairying  rapid! 

In  Importance.    Factory  butter,  1900;  8.198,421  pounds;  cheese,  1,482,12 

pounds;  condensed  milk,  1,982,500  pounds. 

Fisheries.— Leading  Pacific  Coast  State  In  fishing  industry,  salmon 
fisheries  leading  branch,  great  recent  development  in  salmon-canning 
in  Northern  Washington;  other  important  catches,  oysters,  halibut, 
clams,  crabs,  Bmelt,  sturgeon,  etc.  Amount  invested  In  fishing  indus- 
try, 1899,16,601,243;  employes,  9,911;  vessels.  101;  boats, 2,566;  120,587,726 
pounds,  value  r,'.s?1.4.',s.  \'jil tie  of  catches,  1899-  Chinook  salmon.  £*?,- 
120,  blue-hack.  $007,514;  silver,  1364,287;  steelhead,  $69,242:  dog.  1109,940, 
hump-back.  $i:tt.u59;  oysters,  $174,567;  sturgeon,  $3,907;  halibut,  $191,220; 
clams,  823,248;  smelt,  89.810;  crabs,  811,119. 

Manufactures.— Manufacturing  establishments,  1900,  3,631;  gross 
value  products,  $86,795,051.  Lumber  and  timber  products  most  im- 
portant; establishments,  778;  employes,  15.696,  or  46  4  per  cent  of  total 
wage-earners;  value  of  products  830,286,280  or  34.9  per  cent  of  total 
products.  Characteristic  products  of  mills,  red  fir  lumber  and  cedar 
shingles.  Second  industry,  manufacture  of  flour,  etc.;  output  of  85 
establishments  valued  at  86,875,672,  an  increase  of  179.4  per  cent  during 
decade  Slaughtering  and  meat  packing  of  third  importance;  value 
products, 84,892,857.  Fish  canning  and  preserving  ranks  fourth,  output 
of  36  establishments  valued  at  $4,831,038,  an  increase  of  820.2  per  cent  In 
ten  years  Other  leading  industries  and  value  of  products:  Foundry, 
etc.,  $2,257,643;  printing,  etc.,  si, 855,730;  ships  and  boats,  81,505,649;  cars, 
etc.,  $1,479,680;  malt  liquors, $1,230,525;  planing  mill  products,  $1,257,369; 
dairy  products,  factory,  $1,190,239.  Sawed  lumber  output,  1.429,032,000 
feet;  shingles.  4.337.992,000;  value  $5,S53.437. 

Minerals.— Coal  and  valuable  mineral  deposits  equally  distributed 
throughout  the  State  In  1900  Washington  ranked  twelfth  among  gold- 
producing  States,  among  silver  eleventh;  gold  mined,  34,743  ounces, 
value  $718,200;  silver,  224,500  ounces,  commercial  value  $139,190.  Prin- 
cipal coal-producing  State  on  Pacific  Coast ;  output.  2,474,093  tons,  $4,700,- 
0(58.  Total  value  of  stone  output,  $378,032,  limestone,  8249.163;  sand- 
stone, $68,133,  granite, $48,900.  Copper,  lead,  arsenic,  zinc,  molybdenum, 
nickel,  marble,  and  other  minerals  and  stone  are  found. 

Population.— Ranked  fortieth  in  I860,  forty-second  in  1880,  thirty- 
third  in  1900.  Total,  1860, 11.594;  1880,  75,116;  1890,  349.390;  1900,  518,103: 
Male.  304,178;  native,  406,739:  white. 496.304;  colored,  21,799;  African, 2,- 
514;  Chinese,  3,629;  Japanese,  5,617;  Indians,  10,039. 

Cities.— Seattle,  metropolis,  on  eastern  shore  of  Puget  Sound;  fine 
deep-water  harbor;  has  large  manufactures  of  lumber,  shingles,  and 
machinery;  important  trade  in  lumber,  coal,  hops,  and  fish;  population, 
1900,  80,671.  Tacoma,  second  city,  at  head  of  Puget  Sound;  fine  harbor; 
prominent  commercial  and  manufacturing  center;  fish  packing  and 
manufacture  of  lumber  important  industries;  population,  1900,  37,714. 
Spokane,  center  of  a  great  wheat-producing  section  and  of  mineral  dis- 
trict of  Eastern  Washington;  population,  36,848.  Wallawalla,  outlet 
of  a  flourishing  agricultural  district,  population,  10,049  Olympia, 
capital,  situated  at  head  of  Puget  Sound;  population,  4,082. 

Railways.— Miles  of  railway  In  operation,  1875, 110;  1880,  289;  1885, 
776, 1890, 1,998;  June,  1900,2,913.57. 

Education.— Public  school  expenditure,  1897-8,  $1,795,795;  enroll- 
ment, 97,916;  school  age,  6-21;  compulsory.  8-15.  High  schools,  1900-01, 
47.  Other  educational  institutions— State  University.  Seattle:  Normal 
Schools,  Ellensburg  and  Cheney;  Agricultural  College.  Pullman. 

Political.— State  elections  biennial.  State  and  federal  elections 
Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number  of  Senators,  42; 
Representatives,  94;  term  of  Senators,  4  years.  Representatives,  2; 
sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years;  Electoral  votes,  4.  Voters 
must  be  citizens  or  declared  intention,  residents  of  State  1  year,  county 
90  days,  town  and  precinct  30  days.  Registration  limited;  ballot 
reform.    Indians  not  taxed  excluded. 

Legal  Holidays.— January  1,  February  12  and  22,  May  30,  July  4, 
first  Monday  in  September,  general  election  day,  Thanksgiving,  De- 
cember 25. 

Legal.— Statutes  of  limitation:  Judgments,  written  contracts,  6 
years;  recovery  real  property,  5;  unwritten  contracts,  open  accounts, 
personal  action,  3;  redemption  of  tax  sales,  3.  Legal  interest  rate,  7 
per  cent;  by  contract,  12. 


ALASKA.         •  187 


ALASKA 


•    A-las'-ka. 


Corruption  of  aboriginal  "  cO-akshak,"  "great  land"  or 
•'  main  land." 

Historical.— First  visited  by  Russians  under  Bering  1741;  Alaskan 
shore  explored  by  Cook  1778;  first  permanent  Russian  settlement  on 
Kodiak  Island  1784:  settlement  established  on  present  site  of  Sitka  1799- 
destroyed  1802;  re-established  1804.  Charter  granted  Russian-American 
Fur  Company  1799;  twice  renewed;  expired  1864.  Alaska  purchased 
by  United  States  in  May.  1867.  for  S7.200,000.  District  Government  pro- 
vided, 1884,  Federal  Judicial  District,  1900. 

Area  of  the  Territory.  590.884  square  miles;  extreme  length,  1,100 
miles;  breadth,  800.  Islands  number  about  1,500;  aggregate  area,  31,205 
square  miles;  most  important,  Alexander  group  — embracing  Baranof 
and  Prince  of  Wales  islands  — Kodiak  Island,  and  the  Aleutian  and 
Pribllof  groups,, 

Physical  Features.— Surface  divided  into  three  distinct  districts: 
Yukon  or  Northern,  Aleutian  or  Middle,  and  Sitkan.  Yukon  district, 
between  river  and  Arctic  Ocean,  characterized  by  rocky  hills  and 
broad  marshy  plains ;  Aleutian  district  includes  Alaska  Peninsula  and 
Aleutian  Islands  ;  interior  covered  with  forests  j  islands  treeless,  with 
remarkable  wealth  of  grasses ;  Sitkan  district  largely  mountainous  and 
densely  timbered.  Coast  abounds  in  islands,  usually  mountainous; 
Aleutian  chain  extends  into  Pacific  Ocean  nearly  1,500  miles.  Coast 
line  affords  many  excellent  harbors;  estimated  length,  26.364  miles. 
Yukon,  principal  river;  largest  entering  Pacific  Ocean-,  length  about 
2,000  miles;  nearly  three-fourths  continuously  navigable  for  river 
steamers;  second  largest  river,  Kuskokwlm;  estimated  length,  600 
miles.  Coast  Range  mountains  extends  into  Southern  Alaska,  and 
Includes  Mount  St.  Elias,  18.024  feet,  and  Mount  "vVrangell,  17,500; 
farther  inland  is  Mount  McKinley,  with  an  elevation  of  20,464  feet. 
Many  glaciers;  Muir  and  Malaspina  most  notable. 

•  Forests.— Timber  area  large.  One-fourth  the  interior  below  an 
altitude  of  1,000  feet  heavily  wooded.  Forests  in  Southeastern  Alaska 
dense,  as  far  west  as  Yakutat  Bay;  from  interior  of  Kenai  Peninsula 
timber  line  of  mainland  follows  coast  line,  at  distances  varying  from 
100  to  150  miles,  to  mouth  of  Yukon.  Forests  mainly  coniferous;  Sitka 
spruce  predominant  tree;  yellow  cedar  rare  but  valuable;  hemlock, 
balsam  fir,  and  scrub  pine  found  in  scattered  bodies;  white  birch  occa- 
sionally in  spruce  area;  alder  and  willow  in  all  lowlands;  poplar  in 
nearly  all  timbered  sections  south  of  Arctic  Circle.  Forests  practically 
untouched,  owing  to  Government  prohibiting  exportation  of  timber. 

Climate.— Climates  of  coast  and  interior  differ  widely.  That  of 
Southeastern  Alaska— and  in  a  measure  entire  coast  climate— greatly 
modified  by  Japanese  Current;  enormous  rainfall  of  this  section 
due  to  same  cause;  average  number  of  clear  days  during  year,  66. 
Approaching  interior  of  mainland  winters  cold  excessive,  summers 
longer  and  warmer;  rain  and  snow  less  frequent.  At  Sitka,  coldest 
month,  January;  temperature,  jjl.4  deg.;  warmest,  August;  temperature, 
54.9;  annual  rainfall,  81  inches.  At  St.  Michaels,  near  mouth  of  Yukon, 
coldest  month,  February;  average  temperature,  2.3  deg.  below;  warmest 
month,  July;  mean  temperature,  53.6  deg.  Mean  temperature  in  Klon- 
dike: Spring,  14.22  deg.;  autumn,  17.37  deg.;  summer,  59.67  deg.;  winter, 
30.80  deg.  below;  in  1896,  temperature  nine  days  was  50  deg.  below. 
Point  Barrow,  most  northerly  point  in  United  States,  mean  summer 
temperature,  36.8  deg. ;  mean  winter,  17.05  deg.,  with  occasional  periods 
when  temperature  is  from  40  to  50  degrees  below  zero. 

Agriculture.— Tillable  land  in  Southeastern  and  Southwestern 
Alaska  estimated  at  2,500,000  to  3,200,000  acres;  Yukon  district,  460,000 
acres.  Southeastern  and  Kodiak  regions,  including  Cook's  Inlet,  most 
promising  district.  Cultivated  areas  practically  confined  to  small 
patches  yielding  hardier  garden  vegetables,  putatoes,  turnips,  onions, 
etc.  Twelve  farms.  1900,  159  acres  ;  total  wealth,  $15,686;  value  of  prod- 
uce and  live  stock  1899,  $15,807.  Grasses  among  the  most  valuable  plant 
products;  timothy,  Alaska  redtop,  blue  grass,  orchard  grass,  wild 
barley,  and  rye  flourish.  Berries  of  fine  flavor,  abundant.  Vegeta- 
bles and  hay  may  be  grown  in  many  sections  of  Yukon  district.  Live 
stock,  limited  to  a  few  cows,  pigs,  and  poultry,  found  in  villages;  rein- 


188 


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V 


190  UNITED  STATES. 

deer,  furnishing  clothing,  used  In  transportation,  and  as  food,  most  use- 
ful domestic  animal.  Number  of  deer,  1900,8323;  belonging  to  Govern- 
nient,  (14-1.  Central  and  Arctic  Alaska  abounding  In  long,  fibrous  white 
moss— natural  food  of  reindeer— capable  of  sustaining  vast  numbers. 

Fisheries.— One  of  the  most  valuable  natural  resources  ot  Alaska. 
Salmon,  of  which  there  are  half  a  dozen  species,  tin'  most  Important; 
halibut,  herring,  and  cod  taken  In  commercial  quantities;  cod  fishing 
banks  among  the  largest  known.  Largest  banks  are  Portlock,  Shuma- 
gln,  Albatross,  Slime,  and  Balrd,  depths  range  from  15  to  5u  fathoms. 
Canning  districts  are  on  Kodiak  Island  and  Chlgnik  Bay.  In  1900  there 
were  in  Alaska  36  fish  canning  establishments  with  a  total  capital  of 
18,208,328  and  employing  2.092  persons;  value  of  products,  83.821,136. 
Fish  canned,  52.011.552  pounds,  value,  83,608.738.  Fish  salted,  5,689,100 
pounds  value,  1212,898;  cod.  687,500  pounds,  value  127,500.  Market  value 
of  total  salmon  catch  exceeded  86.000,000.  A  comparatively  new  but 
wasteful  Industry  Is  the  salting  of  salmon;  one  of  the  best-known 
salterles  is  near  Tyonek,  on  Cook  Inlet. 

Minerals.— Mining  chief  occupation  throughout  Alaska.  Fine 
gold  exists  in  nearly  all  Alaska  rivers.  Principal  deposits  of  South- 
eastern Alaska  In  vicinity  of  Juneau.  Gold  first  discovered  in  Yukon 
district  on  Stewart  and  Lewis  rivers,  1885;  richest  deposits— excepting 
the  Klondike,  on  border  of  Alaska— those  of  Forty  Mile  Creek,  dis- 
covered in  1886,  and  Birch  Creek,  1S93.  In  Western  Alaska  most  valua- 
ble deposits  those  of  Cape  Nome  region  and  of  Cape  York,  120  miles 
distant,  discovered  1898.  Gold  mined  in  Alaska,  1899,  264,104  fine 
ounces,  value  85,459,500;  silver,  140,100  fine  ounces,  coining  value  8181,- 
140.  Value  of  gold  produced  in  Yukon  district— including  United 
States  and  British  territory— season  of  1898-99  about  820,000,000.  Yield 
of  platinum  from  Yukon  district  important.  Most  valuable  coal 
deposits  on  east  shore  of  Cook  Inlet;  petroleum  fields  along  coast  of 
Cook  Inlet  also  worked.  Coal  beds  exist  at  Norton  Sound,  Cape  Lls- 
burne,  and  Admiralty,  Prince  of  Wales,  and  Baranof  islands.  Copper 
mined  on  Prince  of  Wales  Island ;  copper-gold  claims  on  Cape  Fox 
are  being  exploited;  valuable  deposits  also  found  in  White  Horse  cop- 
per district.    Iron  is  known  to  exist  in  many  parts  of  the  Territory. 

Fur  Industry.— Most  valuable  fur-bearing  animals,  sea-otter,  seal, 
beaver,  silver  and  blue  fox,  mink,  and  marten.  Value  of  sealskins 
taken,  1867  to  1890,  nearly  $33,000,000;  other  furs,  816,000,000;  furs  shipped 
from  Territory,  1892,  81,550,000.  Owing  to  threatened  destruction  of 
seal  fisheries,  Government  taking  stringent  measures  for  their  preser- 
vation. Pribilof  Islands  chief  resort  of  the  fur-seal.  Total  arctic  catch, 
1901,24,127;  Bering  Sea,  10,314:  Copper  Island,  3,838;  coast, 8.985. 

Population.— Total,  1890,  32,052:  1900,  63.592:  Male,  45,872,  female, 
17,720;  white,  30,507;  Alaskans,  29,536,  including  2.449  half-breeds; 
Chinese,  3,116;  others,  433.  Native  races,  Esquimaux,  Athabascans, 
Aleuts,  and  Thlinkets.  First  two  occupy  interior  and  north  and  west 
coast;  Thlinkets  south  coast;  Aleuts,  parts  of  Alaska  Peninsula,  Shu- 
magin  Islands,  and  Aleutian  Chain. 

Cities.— Nome,  in  gold-mining  region  between  Norton  Sound  and 
Bering  Sea,  largest  town  In  Alaska;  famous  for  its  rich  beach  diggings, 
discovered  1898;  population  12,486.  Skagway.&t  head  of  Lynn  Canal, 
second  in  size;  point  of  departure  for  gold-seekers  bound  for  Yukon 
over  Chilkoot  and  White  passes;  first  college  in  Alaska  established 
here  1899,  population,  3,117.  Juneau,  leading  commercial  and  trading 
center;  progressive  town  with  good  buildings;  population.  1864.  Sitka, 
on  Baranof  Island,  capital,  seat  of  oldest  Greek  Church  in  United 
States,  and  of  an  industrial  school;  residence  of  the  Governor;  popu- 
lation, 1,396.  WrangeU,  near  mouth  of  Stikine  River,  important  point 
of  departure  for  traders  and  miners  bound  for  interior;  population,  868. 
St.  Michael,  on  Norton  Sound,  flourishing  trading  post  for  Yukon  and 
Arctic  districts;  population,  857.  Douglas,  on  Douglas  Island,  near 
Juneau,  location  of  Treadwell  gold  mine;  population,  825. 

Political,  Etc.— Alaska  governed  by  civil  code  passed  1900.  Fed- 
eral judicial  district  with  three  divisions.  No  local  legislature  nor 
delegate  to  Congress.  Homestead  laws  extended  to  Alaska,  1898.  Land 
offices  at  Sitka,  St.  Michael,  and  Rampart.  Telegraph  between  St. 
Michael  and  Nulato,  Eagle  and  Dawson.  Cables  between  St.  Michael 
and  Nome,  Juneau  and  Skagway. 


NEWFOUNDLAND.  191 

NEWFOUNDLAND.     Nu'.fund.land>. 

Historical.— Country  discovered  by  Cabot  1497  During  16th 
century  settlements  madebv  both  English  and  French,  between  whom 
constant  strife  existed.  Island  ceded  to  Great  Britain  1713;  certain 
fishing  rights  retained  by  French  a  source  of  dispute;  question  still  un- 
settled.retards  development  of  the  Island.  Representative  Government 
granted  1S32.  responsible  established  1855.    Railway  mileage  1S97.  633. 

Area,  42. 734  square  miles,  including  coast  of  Labrador,  49,734.  Ex- 
treme width,  about  3u0  miles;  length,  about  419 

Physical  Features.— Surface  diversified  by  hills,  rivers,  and 
lakes.  Chief  rivers.  Exploits  and  Gander,  largest  lake,  Grand.  Coast 
line,  1.200  miles.  The  "Grand  Bank"  extends  eastward  from  New- 
foundland about  600  miles;  most  extensive  submarine  plateau  known. 
Extensive  pine  forests;  lumbering  and  shipbuilding  growing  industries. 

Climate  healthful  and  milder  than  that  of  Canada;  summers  short 
and  warm ,  southern  coast  subject  to  fogs.  Mean  annual  temperature 
St.  John's,  40.09  deg.;  February.  23.6  deg.;  August,  60.5  deg.;  mean  rain- 
fall, 40.74  inches;  snowfall.  121.64. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Arable  land,  5,000,000  acres;  under  cultivation 
1891.  64,494;  chief  products,  potatoes,  other  root  crops,  hay,  barley,  and 
oats;  apples,  plums,  cherries,  and  small  fruits  grown.  Extensive 
tracts  suitable  for  grazing.    Cattle  1891,  23.S22;  sheep,  60,840. 

Fisheries  engage  54.755  persons.  Cod  fisheries  most  extensive  in 
the  world,  principal  grounds  over  the  "Grand  Bank"  and  off  coasts  of 
Newfoundland  and  Labrador;  total  catch  1900,  I45.669.6t>4  pounds.  Ex- 
port dried  codfish,  1900,  valued  at  over  85,600.000.  Value  of  seal  fisheries 
8595.935.  Province  important  in  propagation  of  lobsters;  amount  pro- 
duced valued  at  8441.202.  Herring  fisheries  productive;  products  val- 
ued at  8245.869.  Salmon  fisheries  increasing  in  importance,  owing 
largely  to  catch  along  Labrador  coast;  total  value.  8103,698. 

Commerce.— Value  of  imports  1900.  87.702.545;  leading  articles  are 
flour  and  other  provisions,  textiles,  hardware,  leather,  etc.;  exports, 
$8,863,960,  fish  products,  copper,  and  iron  ores. 

3Iinerals.— Copper  deposits  extensive;  iron  ore  and  coal,  and  val- 
uable deposits  of  silver  and  lead  found;  gold,  asbestos,  and  petroleum 
exist.    Building  stones,  marble,  and  roofing  slate  abundant. 

Population  1891.  197.934.  including  Labrador  andl42Indians.202.040; 
estimated.  1900,  208.000;  Labrador  coast.  4,100. 

Cities.— St.  John's,  capital  and  fortified  city;  fine  harbor:  nearest 
North  American  seaport  to  Europe;  population  with  suburbs,  29,007 
Harbour  Grace,  second  in  importance.  6.466.     Carbonear,  4,127. 

Education,  Etc.— Aided  schools  1900.694;  pupils.  36.322;  expendi- 
ture. 1158,151.  Roman  Catholics  number,  72.696;  Church  of  England 
adherents,  69.324-,  Methodists.  53.276;  Presbyterians.  1,449;  others,  4,795. 

Government.— Newfoundland  with  Labrador  a  Crown  Colony; 
Government  administered  by  Governor,  assisted  by  an  Executive 
Council,  Legislative  Council,  and  House  of  Assembly. 

L.AB  R  A  DOR. —Visited  by  Norsemen  about  the  year  1000;  by  Cabot 
1497;  Cortereal  1501;  Hudson  1610.  Annexed  to  Newfoundland  1763; 
placed  under  Government  of  Lower  Canada  1774;  re-annexed  to  New- 
foundland 18i)9.  Area  of  peninsula.  530,000  square  miles.  Newfound- 
land portion  limited  to  narrow  strip— 10  miles  wide— along  coast.  Sur- 
face rugged;  coast  irregular,  with  many  good  harbors;  interior  a  vast 
table-land.  Climate  rigorous;  ice-bound  throughout  winter;  summer 
pleasant.  Fisheries  valuable.  Exports  cod,  salmon,  herring,  seal 
and  whale  oil,  and  furs.  Population,  4.100  Eskimos,  whites,  and 
Indians,  chiefly  along  coast.  Nain  and  Hopedalt  leading  settlements. 
Hudson  Bay  Company  has  several  posts. 

ST.  PIERRE  AND  MIQI'ELOX-  Islands  conceded  French 
possessions  1713.  Area  of  group.  93  square  miles;  St.  Pierre,  10;  Great 
and  Little  Mlquelon.  83;  largely  unsuited  to  agriculture.  Cod 
fishery  leading  industry.  Value  of  imports  1900,  81.771.947;  exports, 
$2,558,816.  Population  of  Colony,  6,250;  St.  Pierre, 5,700;  Mlquelon, 
550.  St.  Pierre  chief  town;  population.  3,000;  during  fishing  season, 
15,000.  Seat  of  Colonial  College,  number  pupils  in  all  schools,  1,355. 
Government  administered  by  Governor,  Council-General,  and 
Municipal  Councils. 


192 


Dominionof  Canada 


AND 

Newfoundland 

Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

0  5"  100     200     300     400      500     600     700     800     900     1000 
Copyright,  1904,  "by  Rand,  McNallj  *  Co. 

1105  100°" 


193 


AUV  4  CO.,    EliR'S,  O 


194  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

Historical.— Earliest  explorations  by  English  under  Cabot  1497-8. 
First  Important  explorations  and  permanent  settlements  made  by 
French— Carder's  explorations  L534-35-40.  Champlaln's  1603-8.  Quebec 
founded  1608.  Trade  with  Indians  established  in  northwest  by  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company  (English)  1670.  Halifax  founded  by  English  1749; 
Quebec  captured  by  English  under  Wolfe  1759;  country  ceded  to 
Gnat  Britain  17*13.  Dominion  of  Canada  formed  by  confederation 
of  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia  provinces  1867; 
Northwest  Territories  acquired  1869:  Manitoba  admitted  1870;  British 
Columbia  1871;  Prince  Edward  Island  1873. 

Area,  3,653,946  square  miles,  comprising  all  territory  of  North 
America  north  of  the  United  States  except  Alaska  and  Newfoundland. 
Length  of  coast  line,  11,400  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Great  natural  features  of  Eastern  Canada, 
the  Laurentian  .Mountains,  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  Hudson  Bay;  of 
Central  Canada,  the  great  treeless  plains  of  Northwest  Territories; 
Western  Canada,  the  Saskatchewan— Nelson  and  Mackenzie  rivers 
with  their  numerous  large  lakes— Winnipeg,  Athabasca,  Great  Slave, 
Great  Bear,  etc.— and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Surface  of  Eastern 
Canada  largely  plains  and  undulating  lowlands,  in  great  part  heavily 
wooded;  Central  chiefly  prairie  land;  Western  a  region  of  lofty  moun- 
tains with  intervening  valleys  and  vast  primeval  forests. 

Climate  varies  greatly,  owing  to  wide  extent  of  territory.  Ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold  greater  than  in  corresponding  European 
latitudes.  Broadly  speaking,  climate  of  north  severe,  south  genial 
and  temperate,  everywhere  healthful.  Atlantic  Gulf  Stream  and  Japan 
Current  of  Pacific  modifying  influences  in  coast  lands.  Rainfall  de- 
creases toward  interior.  Average  for  Nova  Scotia,  38.9  inches;  snow- 
fall, 86.5;  Manitoba,  9.6  and  59;  British  Columbia,  41.1  and  42.6. 

Forests  cover  an  area  estimated  at  1,248,798  square  miles;  consti- 
tute one  of  chief  sources  of  wealth;  lumbering  a  leading  industry. 
Surface  of  Eastern  Canada,  except  the  Arctic  Plains  to  the  north  and 
a  limited  area  under  cultivation,  covered  by  vast  forests,  chiefly  of 
pines  and  firs;  many  useful  and  valuable  deciduous  trees  also  found. 
Magnificent  forests,  in  which  conifers  predominate,  cover  a  great 
part  of  British  Columbia;  the  Douglas  fir— commercially  Oregon 
pine— frequently  reaches  a  height  of  from  250  to  300  feet,  exceeding 
8  feet  In  diameter.  Value  of  forest  products  1891,  $80,071,415;  forest 
exports,  1900,  valued  at  s32,79o,910. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Industries  of  the  country  chiefly  agricul- 
tural and  pastoral.  Chief  agricultural  districts:  Valleys  of  the  Red, 
Athabasca,  Saskatchewan,  and  Peace  rivers,  and  extensive  areas  In 
British  Columbia  and  Eastern  Canada.  Area  of  occupied  land,  1891, 
60,287,730  acres;  improved,  28,537,242;  under  crop,  19,904,826;  gardens 
and  orchards,  464,462.  Wheat  produced  1891,  42,144,779  bushels;  oats, 
82,515,413;  barley,  17,148,19S;  corn,  10,675,886;  potatoes,  52,653,704;  turnips, 
etc.,  49,555,902;  peas  and  beans,  15,514,836;  buckwheat,  4,886,122;  hops, 
1,126,230  pounds;  tobacco,  4,277,936.  Fruit-growing  an  important  in- 
dustry in  Eastern  Canada:  apples,  pears,  plums,  peaches,  apricots, 
grapes,  etc.,  grow  luxuriantly;  product  1891, 6cS,864,l81  pounds;  extensive 
areas  in  British  Columbia  also  adapted  to  fruit  culture.  Dairy-farm- 
ing and  stock-breeding  have  made  great  progress;  cheese  and  butter 
largely  manufactured,  former  an  important  item  in  export  trade, 
averaging  nearly  $20,000,000  annually.  Extensive  areas  throughout  the 
eastern  and  western  sections  specially  adapted  to  the  industries. 
Area  under  pasture,  15,284,788  acres. 

Fisheries  of  Canada  most  extensive  in  the  world.  Lakes,  rivers, 
and  8,000  miles  of  shore  fisheries  yield  an  almost  inexhaustible  supply 
of  fresh  and  salt  water  fish.  Commerciallv,  cod  most  valuable  catch 
on  Atlantic  coast,  salmon  on  Pacific.  Herring,  mackerel,  lobster,  seal, 
etc.,  also  valuable.  Trout  abundant  everywhere.  Total  value  of 
fishery  products  1900,  $21,557,639;  fresh  water.  §2,052,453;  cod,  $3,599,515; 


DOMINION   OF  CANADA.  195 

salmon,  $3,893.217  — canned.  12,913,858;  herring,  81.853.237:  lobster, 
$3,055,350 ;  fur  seal,  $562,845.  Total  fishermen,  S1,U64;  value  of  apparatus, 
$10,990,125. 

Manufactures  have  made  notable  advance  since  adoption  of  pro- 
tective policy  in  1879  :  capital  invested  increased  from  about  $165,000,000 
in  1831  to  $355,000.0w  in  1391.  Saw  and  flouring  mills,  foundries  and 
machine  shops  all  rank  high.  Wood-pulp  mills  also  established;  owing 
to  great  amount  of  spruce,  poplar,  etc.,  future  of  pulp  industry  must 
prove  of  vast  importance  to  Dominion.  Textile  industries  now  have 
a  greater  aggregate  capital  than  flouring  mills  ;  cottons  lead.  Leather 
and  sugar  refining  important  in  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia,  canning  of 
fish  in  British  Columbia. 

Commerce.  —Foreign  trade  largelv  with  Great  Britain  and  United 
States.  Value  of  exports  1901,  $196,457,632;  to  Great  Britain. §105, 323,956; 
United  States.  $72,352,230:  imports,  1901,  $190,415,525;  from  United  States 
for  home  consumption,  si  10.485.008 :  Great  Britain.  $43,018,164.  Leading 
articles  of  export :  Animals  and  their  produce.  $55,495,311;  wood  and 
wood  manufactures,  $30,009,857;  minerals.  £40.355.050;  manufactures, 
$41,045,694;  fisheries, $10,720,352.  Chief  imports,  textiles  and  iron  and 
steel  manufactures.  Sea-going  shipping  entered  and  cleared,  14,543,062 
tons. 
Minerals.— Mining  now  ranks  among  the  most  prominent  industries 
of  Dominion.  Mineral  resources  of  country  rich  and  varied.  Gold 
mined  extensively  in  Yukon  District,  British  Columbia,  and  Nova 
Scotia.  Vast  deposits  of  coai  in  Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions;  coal  and 
lignite  area.  100,000  square  miles:  mined  chiefly  in  Nova  Scotia  and 
Vancouver  Island.  British  Columbia.  Output  of  coal  mines,  1901, 
6.186,286  tons;  of  copper  mines.  40,951,196  pounds;  nickel,  9.189,047 
pounds;  lead.  50,756,440  pounds;  petroleum  fields,  588.528  barrels. 
Value  of  mineral  products,  1901,  $69,407,031;  coal,  $14,671,122;  gold, 
$24,462,222;  silver.  $2,993,668,  copper, $6,600,104;  nickel.  $4,594,523.  lead, 
82,199.7*7;  petroleum.  $953,415,  asbestos,  $1,186,434.  gypsum,  $340,148; 
salt,  $262,323 ;  iron  ore,  $762,284;  building  stone,  1900,  $1,520,000. 

'Population  in  1800.  240.000;  1881.4,324.810,  1891,4.833.239;  census  of 
1901,5.371.315.  Increase.  1881-91.  11.76  percent.  Average  density  for 
each  square  mile.  1.75.  Increase,  1891-1901,10.44  per  cent.  Indians,  190], 
93.319.  Over  87  per  cent  of  inhabitants,  or  4,671,805  persons,  natives  of 
British  North  America;  foreign  born,  699.510,  390.016  from  Great 
Britain:  127.891  born  in  United  States;  English  speaking,  about  3,450,- 
000,  French,  1,405,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— First  railway  opened  July,  1836.  Railway  in 
operation,  19ol,  18,140  miles.  Cost  of  construction  of  canals  to  June, 
1901 ,  $8 1 .404.544.  System  of  inland  navigation  largest  and  most  impor- 
tant in  the  world:  length,  canal,  river,  and  lake,  over  2,700  miles. 
Telegraph  lines,  35,627  miles— 5,433,  Government. 

Government,  Etc. —  Executive  government  vested  in  the  King, 
administered  through  a  Governor-General  -appointed  by  the  Crown 
for  five  years— aided  by  a  Privy  Council.  Legislative  power  rests  with 
a  Parliament,  consisting  of  a  Senate  of  81  members— appointed  by  the 
Governor-General  for  life— and  a  House  of  Commons;  members  of 
latter  elected  by  the  people.  Quebec  always  has  65  members,  number 
for  other  provinces  proportioned  to  population  as  compared  with 
that  of  Quebec.  The  seven  provinces  forming  the  Dominion  have  full 
powers  to  regulate  their  own  local  affairs;  each  has  its  separate 
Parliament  and  a  Lieutenant-Governor,  appointed  bv  the  Governor- 
General.  Standard  of  value,  trold.  Revenue,  1901,  $52,514,701,  expendi- 
ture, $46,866,368,  gross  debt.  $354,732,433;  net.  $26* .430,004.  No  gold  coin- 
age. English  sovereign  and  United  States  gold  coins  legal.  Capital 
of  Dominion,  Ottawa. 

Defense.  — Imperial  army  consists  of  garrison  of  2.000  troops 
at  Halifax.  Dominion  has  a  large  militia  tune.  All  British  subjects 
between  18  and  60  liable  to  service.  Active  militia  1902,  38.090  officers 
and  men.  Royal  Military  College  at  Kingston,  founded  1875.  Naval 
defense  in  hands  of  Imperial  authorities.  There  are  13  ships  on  North 
America  and  West  Indies  Station  and  7  on  Pacific. 


196 


197 


IongituileTVe9t  from  Greenwich. 

Gr    If    L    F         .    0  ."JF 

■      BvEOSl.^        *•  Bird  Rocks 

QtS^SffiP*-  CaPe 

MAGDALEN  ISLANDS  /  rf< 


(Quebec)  GEINDST0NB^pALR.GHTl. 

Z    j*    M?%  E   N    C    IE 


\>    "NewJBrunswick,  Nova  Scotia 
&  Prince  -  Edward  Island 

Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

0    5  10    20     30     40     50     00     70     80     90    100 

Copyright,  1004,  by  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 


198  DOMINION  OF  CANADA, 


NOVA    SCOTIA.    S„,vaSko<-8hia. 

Historical*— Visited  by  Cabots  1497;  Port  Royal  (Annapolis) 
settled  by  French  1604;  British  claimed  country  by  right  of  discov- 
ery; ceded  to  France  1667;  retroceded  to  Great  Britain  1713;  Cape  Breton 
and  Prince  Edward  Island  annexed  to  Nova  Scotia  1763;  latter  Bepar- 

ated  1770;  Cape  Breton  17*>1  but  reannexed  1819.  Responsible  Gov- 
ernment introduced  1848;  Nova  Scotia  one  of  original  provinces  of 
Dominion  1867. 

Area,  20,600  square  miles,  including  Cape  Breton  3,120  square  miles. 
Length,  860  miles;  average  breadth,  65  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  diversified  by  lofty  hills,  broad 
valleys,  numerous  lakes  and  rivers.  Chief  river,  Annapolis.  Cobequid 
Mountains  in  the  north,  (1,200  feet.)  Coast  line,  1,200  miles;  shores 
abrupt  and  irregular,  with  many  inlets  and  fine  harbors,  especially  in 
southeast;  deep  water  close  to  land.  Forests  abound  in  excellent 
timber;  area,  6,464  square  miles;  lumbering  and  ship-building  important. 

Climate,  modified  by  Gulf  Stream,  temperate  and  healthful;  more 
equable  than  that  of  any  other  Province.  Dense  fogs  on  Atlantic  coast. 
Mean  annual  temperature  Halifax,  42.6  deg.;  January,  22.1  deg.;  August, 
63.8  deg.;  mean  rainfall, 47.17  inches;  snowfall,  83.81  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.  -Western  part  of  Province  very  fertile.  Exten- 
sive area  of  salt  marshes  around  Bay  of  Minas;  produces  large  crops  of 
salt-hay  and  cultivated  grasses.  Grain,  root  crops,  and  hay  excel- 
lent and  abundant.  Fruits  of  temperate  zone  flourish.  Annapolis 
Valley  noted  for  its  apples.  Land  occupied  1891,  6,080.695  acres:  under 
crop,  969.548;  pasture,  994.113;  gardens  and  orchards,  30,036.  Latest 
returns  give  yield  of  apples  for  year  as  1,051,592  bushels. 

Live  Stock.— Large  area  adapted  to  rearing  of  sheep  and  cattle. 
Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed  milk  factories  increasing.  Farm 
animals  1891:    Horses,  65,047,  cattle,  324,772;  sheep,  331,492:  swine,  48,048. 

Fish  eries  by  far  the  most  important  in  Dominion.  Value  of  product 
1900,  §7.809,152;  cod.  $2.294,160>lobsters,  ai.S98.729;  herring.  3376.476:  mack- 
erel, 81,248,626;  haddock.  |489,667;  hake, $389,657;  exports.  1901.  3lu.720.a52; 
fishing  apparatus.  s3,278,623.  Number  of  vessels  and  boats  engaged, 
7,754;  men  receiving  bounty,  16,628. 

Manufactures  limited  but  increasing  in  variety  and  value.  Devel- 
opment facilitated  by  excellent  natural  advantages  and  abundance  of 
raw  material.  Approximate  number  of  establishments.  1893.  10.873; 
employes.  37.065;  capital  invested.  820,907.614 ;  wages  paid.  37.55o.u92 ;  value 
of  products.  832,577,354. 

Minerals  very  important.  Coal  area,  635  square  miles;  output  1901, 
4,099,200  tons,  value  s9.150.0O0;  value  of  gold  output.  8604,500;  gypsum, 
1900,  138,612  tons,  value  8108.828;  iron  ores  of  superior  quality;  output, 
1900, 18,940  short  tons.    Building  stone  deposits  extensive. 

Population  1901.  459.574.  Province  ranks  second  in  density;  aver- 
age per  square  mile,  22.  Indians.  1900,  2.018.  Inhabitants  descendants 
of  French  Acadians.  English.  American  Loyalists,  and  Scotch  immi- 
grants.   Increase  1891-1901  about  2  per  cent. 

Cities.— Halifax,  capital  and  chief  winter  port;  principal  naval 
station  and  headquarters  of  Imperial  army  in  British  North  America; 
population,  1901,  40,832.  Dartmouth, 4,806.  Yarmouth,  6,430.  Sydney, 
seaport  and  chief  town  on  Cape  Breton  Island:  in  vicinity  of  extensive 
coal  mines;  fishini;  principal  Industry;  population.  9.909. 

Railwavs,  Etc.— Railway  mileage  close  of  1900.927.  Number  of 
sailing  ships  and  steamers.  2.020:  light  stations,  189. 

Education  free  and  non-sectarian.  Public  schools.1901. 2.387;  pupils, 
98.410;  in'county  academies,  1,635:  in  Normal  schools.  240;  model  schools. 
114.  Victoria  school  of  Art.  Dalhousle  College  and  University,  at  Hali- 
fax; TJniversitv  of  Kings  College.  Windsor 

Religion.— Latest  reports  give  total  number  of  Roman  Catholics 
in  Province  as  129.57S;  P-esbvterians.  106.319;  Baptists.  74,978;  Church  of 
England,  66,067;  Methodists,  57.490. 

Government  vested  in  Lieutenant-Governor  assisted  by  an  Ex- 
ecutive Council,  a  Legislative  Council,  and  a  Legislative  Assembly. 
Province  has  10  Senators  and  20  Representatives  in  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment. 


NEW  BRUNSWICK.  199 

NEW   BRUNSWICK.    NnBnmz'-wik. 

Historical.— Country  settled  by  French  1639,  and  formed  part  of 
Acadia  or  New  France  until  ceded  to  Great  Britain  1713;  first  British 
settlers  emigrated  from  Scotland  1764.  Erected  into  separate  colony 
1784;  became  one  of  original  provinces  of  Dominion  1867. 

Area,  28,200  square  miles;  land,  28,100;  water,  100.  Length  north  to 
south, about  200  miles;  breadth,  160. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  generally  undulating,  elevation 
slight;  highest  point,  2,170  feet,  St.  John  River,  chief  natural  feature, 
drains  9,000,000  acres  of  Province;  Miramichi  next  in  importance. 
Lakes  numerous  but  small.  Coast  line,  500  miles,  indented  by  large 
bays  and  fine  harbors.  Dense  forests  of  pine,  cedar,  spruce,  etc.,  cover 
large  areas  in  north  and  northwest;  leading  source  of  wealth. 

Climate  healthful;  subject  to  great  extremes;  climate  of  southern 
coast  modified  by  surrounding  waters;  subject  to  dense  fogs.  Mean 
annual  temperature  St.  John,  40.4  deg.;  January,  18.5  deg.;  August, 
60.3  deg.;   mean  rainfall,  40.74  inches. 

Agriculture.— Soil  exceedingly  fertile;  capable  of  producing  bar- 
ley, oats,  rye— wheat  in  some  sections— hay,  vegetables,  and  great 
variety  of  fruits.  Area  of  occupied  land  1891,  4,471,250  acres;  improved, 
1.509,790;  under  crops,  1,018,704;  pasture,  479,607;  gardens  and  orchards, 
11,479.  Crops  1901:  Oats,  184,114  acres,  4,944,992  bushels;  potatoes,  37,527 
acres,  4,077,478  bushels;  buckwheat,  1,479,477;  turnips,  2,099,940;  wheat, 
478,886;  barley,  99,540  bushels. 

Live  Stock.— Excellent  natural  facilities  for  rearing  live  stock. 
Horses  1891,  59.773;  cattle,  204,692;  sheep,  182.941;  swine,  50,945.  Increas- 
ing activity  in  dairy  interests.  Cheese  factories,  1901,56;  product,  1,887,- 
370  pounds,  value  $175,205.  Butter  factories,  35;  butter,  542,626  pounds. 
Total  value  of  cheese  and  butter  exported  1900,  $170,000. 
'  Fisheries  valuable;  Province  ranks  next  to  Nova  Scotia  and  British 
Columbia  In  extent  and  value  of  products.  Value  of  fishing  apparatus, 

1900,  §2.361, i J87,  number  of  vessels  and  boats,  904;  men  receiving  bounty, 
2,074.  Total  catch.  83,769,742,  herring,  8919.619;  salmon,  $246,540;  cod, 
$345,618;  lobster,  $506,383;  smelts,  $393,152;  sardines,  $293,944,  haddock, 
$90,621;  fish  exports,  $731,392.  Oysters  and  lobsters  in  great  quantities 
and  of  excellent  quality. 

Manufactures.— Excellent  transportation  facilities,  nearness  of 
coal  supplv  and  of  markets  favor  development  of  Industrial  enter- 
prises. Chief  manufacture,  lumber.  Salmon,  lobster,  and  oyster 
canning  of  great  importance.  Textile  and  paper  mills,  iron  works, 
etc.,  established. 

Minerals  varied.  Coal  area,  6,500  square  miles:  bituminous  deposits 
particularly  valuable.  Coal  output.  1901,17,630  tons;  gypsum,  1900,  112,- 
294  tons,  value  $145,850.  Petroleum,  antimony,  manganese,  iron  ore, 
silver,  gold,  and  plumbago  exist.  Recent  increased  interest  in  mineral 
development. 

Population  1901,  331,120,  of  whom  313,178  were  natives  of  British 
North  America.    Density  per  square  mile  exceeds  11. 

Cities. — St.  -John,  important  seaport  with  extensive  maritime  and 
manufacturing  interests;  population,  1901,  40,711.  Predericton,  capital 
and  port  of  entry;  population,  7,117.  Portland  (now  part  of  St.  John) 
contains  steam  sawmills,  shipyards,  and  iron  foundries;  near  rich  plum- 
bago mines.    Mo/icton,  port  of  entry:  population,  9,026. 

Railways,  Etc.— Number  miles  of  railway,  19uo,  1,438.  Number  of 
sailing  ships  and  steamers,  1901.  937. 

Education,  Etc.— Schools  free  and  non-sectarian.  Public  schools, 

1901,  1,741;  enrollment,  60,420;  In  grammar  schools,  949;  in  Normal 
schools,  196.  Expenditures,  1600,840.  University  of  New  Brunswick, 
Frederirton.  Members  of  leading  religious  creeds  1901:  Roman  Cath- 
olic, 125.698;  Baptist.  65.444;  Church  of  England,  41,767;  Presbyterian, 
39,424;  Methodist,  .35,973. 

Government  administered  by  Lieutenant-Governor  and  an  Execu- 
tive Council.  Pepresented  in  Dominion  Parliament  by  10  Senators 
and  14  Representatives. 


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202  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 

Historical.— Visited  and  named  Isle  St.  Jean  by  Cutler  1SS4,  first 
settled  by  French;  became  definite  possession  of  Great  Hrltaln  1758. 
Separate  Government  established   1768:  first  Parliament  called    177^-, 

name  changed  to  Prince  Edward  Island  1799;   admitted  into  Dominion 
1873. 

Area,  2,000  square  miles:  breadth,  4  to  35  miles;  greatest  length,  150. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  rolling  and  well  watered;  greatest 
elevation  about  500  feet.  Deeply  Indented  coast  line  bordered  with 
several  small  islands. 

Climate  milder  than  that  of  adjoining  continent  and  markedly 
healthful.  Winters  long  and  cold;  summer  heat  modified  by  sea 
breezes.  Mean  temperature  Charlottetown,  40.7  deg.;  January,  16.3 
deg.;  August,  64.7  deg. 

Agriculture  leading  pursuit;  grain,  vegetables,  and  grasses  princi- 
pal crops.  Fruit  culture  successful,  improved  land  1891,  718,092  acres; 
under  crops,  536,175;  pasture,  178,072;  gardens  and  orchards,  3,845. 
Conditions  of  Island  favorable  fur  live  stock  industry;  large  numbers 
of  horses  and  cattle  reared;  particular  attention  given  to  fine  breeds. 
Rapid  development  of  dairy  interests.  Cheese  factories,  1900,  40- 
creameries,  32;  butter  made,  572,726  pounds,  value,  9123,052. 

Fisheries  important  and  capable  of  great  development.  Value  of 
fishing  apparatus,  1900,  8442,120;  number  vessels  and  boats  engaged, 
1,169;  men  receiving  bounty,  2,351.  Value  of  lobster  catch,  8445.417; 
herring,  $147,347;  oysters,  $71,300;  cod,$155,038;  mackerel, 865,787; hake, 
849,842;  total  value,' Si ,059.194.    Fish  exports,  £590,152. 

Population  1901, 103,259.  Most  densely  populated  of  all  the  Prov- 
inces; average  density  per  square  mile,  51.6.  Of  inhabitants  99,006 
natives  of  British  North  America. 

Cities.  —  Charlottetown,  capital;  population,  1901, 12.080;  Summer- 
aide,  excellent  harbor,  good  export  trade;  population.  2,875;  George- 
town, seaport,  with  good  trade;  center  of  shipbuilding;  population, 
1,123;  Alberton,  H93;  Montague,  648. 

Railways,  Etc.  — Number  miles  of  railway,  1900,  211.  Sailing 
ships  and  steamers,  1901, 182;  light  stations,  39. 

Education.  —Schools  free  and  nonsectarian;  partly  supported  by 
Government.  Departments  in  operation.  1901.  589:  enrollment,  20,779 
average  attendance,  12,330;  total  expenditure,  8164,935. 

Religion.  —Over  44  per  cent  of  population  Roman  Catholic.  Mem 
bers  of  leading  creeds,  1901:  Roman  Catholic,  45,796;  Presbyterian 
30,750;  Methodist,  13,402;  Church  of  England,  5,976;  Baptist,  5,898. 

Government  vested  in  Lieutenant-Governor,  an  Executive  Coun 
cil,  and  a  Legislative  Assembly.  Has  4  Senators  and  5  Representatives 
in  Dominion  Parliament. 

QUEBEC.     Kwebek. 

Historical.— Territory  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  1497;  first 
important  explorations  and  earliest  settlements  made  by  French  under 
Cartier  1535-41;  explorations  by  Champlain,  1603  who  made  first  per- 
manent settlement  at  Quebec  1608.  Quebec  captured  by  English  1759; 
entire  territory,  including  present  province  of  Ontario,  ceded  to  English 
1763;  Province  of  Quebec  organized  1774.  Divided  into  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada  1791;  reunited  as  United  Provinces  of  Canada  1S41;  sep- 
arated and  provinces  of  Quebec  and  Ontario  established  1867. 

Area,  since  extension  of  boundaries  authorized  by  Parliament 
1898,347,350  square  miles;  included  are  a  large  number  of  fertile  islands, 
Anticosti,  Magdalen,  and  Bonaventure  most  important.  Land  area, 
344,550  square  miles;  water.  2,900. 

Physical  Features. -Surface  greatlv  diversified;  most  charac- 
teristic features,  the  numerous  rivers  and  lakes.  St.  Lawrence  River- 
basin  of  this  system  comprises  almost  entire  Province— traverses  the 
country  from  southwest  to  northeast  between  two  principal  mountain 
ranges;  Shickshock  or  Notre  Dame  Mountains  (Mount  Logan,  3.708 
feet.)  south  of  river;  Laurentiau,  average  height  1,000  feet,  north.  St. 
John  largest  and  most  beautiful  of  the  lakes,  area  360  square  miles. 


QUEBEC.  203 


Climate  variable.  Winters  long,  cold  intense;  severity,  however, 
greatly  modified  by  dry,  bracing  atmosphere;  snowfall  heavy.  Sum- 
mers warm  and  pleasant.  Mean  temperature  averages,  58.3  deg.  in 
summer;  winter,  15  deg.  Rainfall  1887,  28.09  inches;  snowfall,  91.4; 
Montreal,  mean  temperature,  42.S  deg.;  January,  13.4  deg;  July,  69.8 
deg.    Rainfall,  26.S8  inches;  snowfall,  123.99  inches. 

Forests  comprise  about  158,000  square  miles;  constitute  one  of 
leading  sources  of  wealth.  Pine,  spruce,  ash,  birch,  walnut,  maple, 
and  oi  her  varieties  of  valuable  timber  abundant.  Lumber  interests  of 
vast  importance.  Revenue,  woods  and  forests,  1900,  81,112,530.  Latest 
annual  report  gives  value  of  all  forest  products  exported  as  $11,762,750. 
Most  important  timber  region  that  of  Lake  St.  John  district;  area 
19,520,000  acres;  over  75  per  cent  of  timber  white,  black,  and  red 
spruce,  affording  an  unlimited  supply  of  wood  for  manufacture  of 
pulp;  balsam  fir,  white  birch,  cypress,  and  pine  of  excellent  quality 
also  abundant. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Agriculture  an  important  occupation;  all  farm- 
ing interests  advancing  rapidly.  Soil  in  general  very  fertile,  especially 
in  southeastern  counties.  Wheat,  barley,  rye,  buckwheat,  hay,  and 
root  crops  successfully  grown;  in  more  favored  sections  Indian  corn, 
hemp,  flax,  and  tobacco.  All  small  fruits  yield  abundantly;  apples  and 
plums  of  superior  quality  also  largely  produced;  grape  culture  in 
southern  and  western  sections  a  profitable  and  growing  industry. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.—  Stock  raising  and  dairy  farming  are  promi- 
nent industries.  Cattle  reared  in  large  numbers  for  export  to  English 
markets  and  for  the  dairy.  Excellent  pasturage  furnished  in  eastern 
townships  and  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Wool  product  important. 
Farm  animals,  1891:  Horses,  344,290;  working  oxen,  45,676;  milch  cows, 
549.454;  total  horned  cattle,  969,312;  sheep,  730,286;  swine,  369,608.  Dairy 
farming  has  made  rapid  advancement  through  introduction  of  im- 
proved methods  by  organized  societies;  output  and  value  of  products 
largely  increased.  In  1891  there  were  114  creameries;  number,  1899,  404. 
Value  of  butter  and  cheese.  1890,  $3,000,000;  1894,  $7,500,000;  amount  of 
butter  manufactured,  1S95,  562,061  pounds,  value  $118,013— treble  that 
of  1894.  Manufacture  of  cheese  increased  from  4,924,504  pounds  in 
1890  to  31,554,746  in  1894,  an  increase  in  value  to  the  farmers  of 
$4,000,000. 

Fisheries  extensively  pursued  in  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  coast  of 
Labrador,  Gaspe  Peninsula,  and  Magdalen  Islands;  industry  has 
attained  large  proportions.  Chief  catches  are  cod,  herring,  salmon, 
lobsters,  mackerel,  etc.  Total  value  of  fisheries.  1900,  §1, 989,279;  cod, 
§792.534;  herring,  $197 .884;  salmon.  $147,456;  lobsters,  $204,821;  mackerel, 
*1 19.265;  smelts.  $23.u2ii;  halibut,  $19,003,  sardines.  §14,076;  Value  of 
fish  exported,  $541,376.  Value  of  fishing  apparatus,  $820,869;  number 
of  vessels  and  boats  engaged,  4,251,  men,  8,080.  Sea  fishing  and  building 
of  fishing  vessels  encouraged  by  Government  bounties.  Total  amount 
paid,  $33,203. 

Manufactures.  -Province  ranks  second  in  Dominion  in  quantity 
and  value  of  manufactures,  producing  32.2  per  cent  of  total  products. 
Chief  products:  Lumber,  cheese,  textiles,  furniture,  leather,  paper, 
boots,  shoes,  flour,  and  agricultural  implements.  Latest  reports 
give  number  of  manufacturing  establishments  as  24,112:  capital  in- 
vested. 8120,969,000;  employes,  118,830;  wages,  $3'J.B'ni,oou;  value  of  prod- 
ucts, 8155.295,000.  Timber  manufactures,  1897-98  include:  Pine,  341,902,717 
feet,  board  measure;  spruce,  371,628,571;  boom  timber,  136,450;  cedar, 
166,207  lineal  feet;  white  and  red  pine  and  birch,  1,365,614  cubic  feet. 
Manufacture  of  wood  pulp  has  become  important;  value  of  output 
at  last  census,  8800,000;  future  of  industry  promising. 

Commerce. -Value  of  imports,  19' 0,  $70,716,290;  for  home  con- 
sumption. 868.422.416;  dutiable  goods,  $:;?.s:>:-;.:-;77;  duties  collected  on 
all  imports,  $10,661,669.    Value  of  exports.  $93.54' >.6i  19. 

Minerals.—  Quebec  rich  in  minerals;  deposits  of  gold  found 
in  District  of  Beauce ;  copper  in  eastern  townships.  Valuable  de- 
posit of  hematite  iron  ore  near  Hull ;  large  deposits  of  chromic  iron 
discovered  in  Coleraine  1895.  Asbestos  occurs  in  large  quantities, 
especially  in  Megantic,  Arthabaska,  Beauce,  Brome,  Ottawa,  Rich- 
mond, and  Wolfe  counties.  Petroleum  recently  found  in  paying 
quantities  in  Gaspe  County.  Phosphate  rock  mines,  in  Ottawa  Valley, 
have  been  extensively  worked.    Mica  of  superior  quality  exists  In 


204 


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206  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

Baguenay  district;  also  found  in  Ottawa  and  Pontiae  districts.  Peat 
deposits  large  and  valuable.  Limestone  area,  30.000  square  miles. 
Lead,  silver,  and  platinuin  exist  in  abundance.  Iron  ore  mined,  1900, 
19,000  short  tons.  Silver,  1901, 87,(500  ounces,  value  $22,165.  Copper  ex- 
ported, 1900,  2,000  pounds;  salt,  800  bushels. 

Population,  1901,  1,648,898.  Province  ranks  fifth  in  density  of  pop- 
ulation; average  number  of  persons  per  square  mile.  4.7.  Number  of 
Indians  in  Province  1901,  9,166.  Over  three-fourths  of  population  of 
French  descent,  retaining  original  language  and  customs.  Olticial 
proclamations  printed  in  both  French  and  English. 

Cities.— Jfontreal,  metropolis  and  chief  commercial  city  of  Canada; 
situated  on  Island  of  Montreal  at  head  of  ocean  navigation:  population, 
1901,  267,780.  Quebec,  capital  and  second  city  in  size.  Founded  by 
French  1608:  ceded  to  Great  Britain  1763.  Most  strongly  fortified  city 
on  western  continent;  important  seaport  with  large  exports  of  lumber; 
shipbuilding  a  leading  industry.  Population  1901,68,840.  J/"'/  has  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  lumber  and  woodenware;  population,  1901, 
13,993.  Sherbrooke  contains  breweries  and  flour  mills,  manufactures  of 
paper,  textiles,  and  machinery;  population  11,765.  Three  Rivera,  pop- 
ulation 9.981.    Levis,  population  7,783. 

Railways,  Etc.-  Number  of  miles  of  railway  1867.523;  1900.  3.414,  or 
1  mile  to  each  100.8  square  miles  of  area.  Number  of  sailing  ships  and 
steamers.  1,265;  light  stations.  123;  light  ships.  7. 

Education  under  control  of  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
assisted  by  council  of  35  members.  Separate  schools  are  maintained  for 
Roman  Catholics.  Number  of  elementary  schools.  1901,  5,245;  pupils, 
201.124;  expenditures.  81,868.477.  Funds  secured  partly  by  local  taxation, 
partly  by  Government  grants.  More  than  4,000  of  the  schools,  with 
over  1?2,000  pupils,  were  Iioraan  Catholic  institutions.  Among  other 
educational  institutions  are  557  model  schools,  168  academies,  4  normal 
schools,  19  classical  colleges,  4  universities,  7  schools  of  arts  and  man- 
ufactures, and  5  agricultural  and  dairy  schools. 

Religion.  Roman  Catholic  the  prevailing  religion;  about  86  per 
cent  of  entire  population  adherents  of  that  faith.  Numbers  of  leading 
denominations  census  of  1901:  Roman  Catholic,  1.429.186;  Church  of 
England,  81,345;  Presbyterian.  57.952;  Methodist,  42,014;  Baptist. .8.393. 

Government.— Executive  vested  in  a  Lieutenant-Governor  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor-General,  assisted  by  an  Executive  Council, 
which  is  composed  of  7  members.  There  is  a  Legislative  Council  of  24 
members  ana  a  Legislative  Assembly  of  74  members.  Province  repre- 
sented in  Dominion  Parliament  by  24  Senators  and  65  Representatives. 
Post  Office  Savings  Banks  established  1867;  total  number,  1901,  152; 
depositors,  22,887;  amount  on  deposit,  $6,635,775. 


ONTARIO. 


On-ta'-ri-o. 


Historical.— Region  around  Lakes  Ontario  and  NTiplssing  visited 
by  Champlain  1615.  around  Lake  Superior  by  fur  traders  1660;  Lake 
Huron  district  claimed  by  Perrot  f  >  >r  France  1671.  Niagara  founded  by 
La  Salle  1679.  Toronto  founded  17 19.  Territory  originally  formed  part 
of  Province  of  Quebec ;  became  a  separate  province  in  1791  under  name 
of  Upper  Canada;  reunited  to  Quebec  1S41:  separated  1867,  and  entered 
the  new  Dominion  as  Province  of  Ontario. 

Area.— Total.  222.000  square  miles  — land.  219.650;  water,  excluding 
Great  Lakes,  2,350;  area  of  large  lakes  and  frontier  waters  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  27 .094  square  miles.  The  greatest  length  of  Ontario  from 
east  to  west  is  about  1,000  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  generally  undulating;  greatly 
diversified  by  rivers  and  lakes.  Laurentian  Mountains— elevation  1.5O0 
to  2,100  feet  near  Lake  Superior— extend  from  near  Kingston  to  south- 
east, extremity  of  Georgian  Bav;  Blu  ■  Mountains  south  of  Georgian 
Bay;  elevation  1,900  feet.  Southern  portion  of  Province  drained  by  St. 
Lawren  e  and  Ottawa  rivers.  Ottawa  forms  400  miles  of  northeastern 
boundary;  navigable  250  miles.  Water  front  extends  along  Great  Lakes 
and  connecting  waters  about  3,000  miles;  contains  many  good  harbors. 
Region  north  and  west  from  Lake  Ontario  abounds  in  lakes;  largest, 
Simcoe,  Nipissing,  Nipigon,  and  Lake  of  the  Woods. 


ONTARIO.  207 


Climate  generally  pleasant  and  healthful:  extremes  modified  by 
dry,  clear  atmosphere,  and  in  southwest  by  extent  of  adjoining  waters 
Mean  annual  temperature,  Windsor,  48.1  deg.;  January,  23.4  deg.;  July, 
72.6  deg.;  mean  rainfall,  23.55  inches;  snowfall,  51.92  inches;  altitude, 
604  feet.  Mean  temperature,  Port  Arthur,  35.5  deg.;  January,  6.0  deg.; 
July,  62.S  deg.:  altitude,  642  feet. 

Forests.—  Northern  Ontario  clothed  with  dense  forests  abounding 
in  valuable  timber.  Large  areas  covered  with  white  pine,  commercially 
the  most  valuable  tree;  spruce,  next  in  importance,  found  almost 
everywhere  in  large  quantities;  affords  the  most  desirable  material 
for  wood  pulp;  pulp  mills  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  said  to  be  largest  in  the 
world.  Other  valuable  timber  trees  are  oak,  ash,  elm,  maple,  hickory, 
larch,  balsam  fir,  linden,  sycamore,  black  cherry,  walnut,  and  butternut. 
Province  derives  large  annual  revenue  from  lease  of  forests  on  Crown 
Lands  to  lumbermen. 

Agriculture  leading  industry.  Cleared  land,  1900,  13,000,000  acres; 
under  crops,  9,000,000;  total  value  of  land.  $574,727,610.  Agricultural 
college  near  G-uelph  has  done  much  to  promote  improvements  in  all 
branches  of  farming.  Yield  of  principal  product  in  bushels.  1901 :  Fall 
wheat,  16,017,029;  spring  wheat,  5,498,751;  barlev,  16,761,076;  oats,  78,334,- 
490;  rye,  2,547,313;  peas,  10.089.173,  buckwheat/1,757,071;  beans,  824.122; 
potatoes,  18,116.637;  mangel-wurzels,  29.683.324;  carrots,  3,199,967; 
turnips,  68,288.467;  corn,  24,838,105;  clover  and  hay,  4,632,317  tons; 
tobacco,  1900, 2,854.900  pounds. 

Horticulture.— Fruit  farming  successfully  pursued  in  southwest. 
Province  noted  for  its  superior  apples;  grown  largely  in  all  lake 
counties.  Area  under  orchard  and  garden  1897, 337.441  acres ;  vineyards, 
11,100.  Bearing  apple  trees,  1896,  5,913,906;  young  trees.  3,548,085;  esti- 
mated yield,  55,895,755  bushels  Beaiing  plum  trees,  700,000;  cherry, 
500,000;  pear,  500,000,  peach,  500,000;  grape  vines,  2.000,000. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.— Stock  raising  and  dairy  farming  are  constantly 
increasing  source  of  profit.  Special  attention  is  given  the  breeding  of 
fine  cattle  and  sheep.  Area  under  pasture,  1900,  2,694,600  acres.  Value 
,of  farm  animals,  1900,  $123,274,821;  poultry,  82,727.363;  wool  clip, 
$894,112.  Number  of  horses.  1900,617,309;  cattle,  2,429.330;  sheep,  1,797,213; 
hogs,  1,771,641;  poultrv,  9,541,241.  Wool  clip.  5,805,921  pounds.  Bees, 
216,734 hives ;  value  including  outfit,  $1,139,559;  value  per  hive,  $5.26. 
Ontario  one  of  foremost  dairy  countries.  Dairy  schools  at  Guelph, 
Kingston,  and  Strathroy,  important  factors  in  advancement  of  In- 
dustry. Manufacture  of  cheese  has  attained  large  proportions; 
development  of  industry  continuous  and  rapid;  product  of  superior 
quality ;  exports  large  and  continually  increasing  First  factory 
erected  in  1864;  number  of  factories,  1900,  1.173;  product,  127,789,543 
pounds;  value,  $13,023,025.  Butter  of  excellent  quality  made;  cream- 
eries, 1900,  308  •  butter,  9,041,468  pounds,  value,  $1,819,290. 

Fisheries  of  the  Great  Lakes  among  the  most  extensive  in  the 
world  Chief  catches,  herring,  whitefish,  and  salmon-trout.  Waters  of 
Rainy  River  District  support  important  and  extensive  fisheries;  center 
of  industry.  Lake  of  the  Woods ;  staple  fish,  sturgeon.  Amount  of  fish 
caught  in  Ontario  waters  1883  to  1894,  nearly  294. 000,000  pounds;  value 
$17,660,000.  Total  catch  1900, 25.698,591  pounds,  value.  $1,333,293.  Hatch- 
eries doing  good  work ;  fry  deposited  in  Ontario  waters  nearly  99,000,000. 

Manufactures.— The  abundant  water-power,  found  almost  every- 
where, affords  unusual  facilities  for  manufactures;  Province  rapidly 
becoming  an  important  industrial  center;  produces  60.5  per  cent  of 
the  total  output  of  Dominion  manufactures.  Leading  manufacturing 
cities,  Kingston,  London,  Hamilton  and  Toronto;  principal  produc- 
tions, agricultural  implements,  railway  rolling  stock,  lumber,  iron, 
cottons,  woolens,  furniture,  leather,  paper,  etc.  Capital  invested  in  man- 
ufacturing industries  1893,  $182,603,340;  employes,  170,226;  value  of 
products,  $245. n m. 267.  Value  of  cement  manufactured.  1900,  $698,015; 
lime.  $544,0( JO,  drain  tiles  and  brick,  $1,589,328;  pressed  brick,  $141,369; 
sewer  pipe,  $130,635;  pig  iron,  $936,066;  pottery,  $157,449. 

Minerals.— Mineral  resources  varied  and  widely  distributed.  Not- 
able iron  deposits  in  Eastern  and  Northern  Ontario  and  west  of  Port 
Arthur.  Most  important  gold  regions  those  of  Rainy  River  District; 
valuable  deposits  exist  in  Eastern  Ontario  and  vicinity  of  Lake  Superior. 
Discovery  of  natural  gas  at  PortColborne  1885;  Lake  Erie  counties  most 
productive.    Petroleum  discovered  1862;   richest  districts  Oil  Springs 


Manitoba.  C0Lt, 

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210  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

and  Petrolia;  silver  on  Isle  Koyal  and  other  Lake  Superior  points. 
Nickel  and  copper  near  Sudbury;  platinum  on  north  BDore  01  Lake 
Union,  corundum  in  Hastings  County.  Bait  urea,  L  ,200  sq.  miles;  clays, 

in  leu.  asbestos,  and  building  atone  abundant.  Value  of  Koid  mined  1897, 
-iv.i.'.".ii  Total  value  of  mineral  products  1900,  $9,298,624.  Petroleum 
and  oils  most  valuable:  output  valued  at  $1,684,827;  gold,  $297,861;  silver, 
$96,::67;  natural  gas,  $392,823;  salt,  $324,477;  Iron  ore,  8111,805;  nickel, 
1756,626;  copper,  $319,681 ;  building  stone,  $650,342. 

Population,  census  of  1901,  2,182,942;  average  density  for  each 
square  mile,  9.8.  Of  total  population,  1,858,788  were  natives  of  British 
North  America,  and  239.872  of  British  Islands. 

Cities.  -  Toronto,  se'&t  of  Provincial  Government.  Founded  under 
name  of  York  1793;  incorporated  under  name  of  Toronto  1834  ;  became 
capital  1858.  Chief  seat  of  trade  of  Province  and  an  important  educa- 
tional center;  population,  1901,  208,040.  Hamilton,  nourishing  city  at 
head  of  navigation  on  Lake  Ontario,  has  extensive  commerce;  pop- 
ulation 1901,52,634.  Ottawa,  capital  of  Dominion,  residence  of  Gover- 
nor-General; has  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  and  is  seat  of  Ottawa 
University.  The  extensive  industries  of  city  mainly  connected  with 
the  lumber  trade.  Population  1901,  59,928.  London,  manufacturing  and 
commercial  center,  37,981.  Kingston,  important  naval  and  military 
station;  seat  of  University,  Royal  Military  College,  etc.;  has  various 
manufactures;  shipbuilding  carried  on.  Population  17,961;  Brantford, 
16.619,  St.  Thomas,  11,485;  Belleville,  9,959. 

Railways,  Etc.— An  unrivaled  system  of  lakes,  rivers,  and 
canals,  and  numerous  railways  afford  excellent  means  of  communica- 
tion.   Total  number  miles  of  railway  in  Province  1900,  6,812. 

Education,  Etc.— School  system  under  control  of  Minister  of  Edu- 
cation. Law  provides  for  maintenance  of  separate  schools  for  Roman 
Catholics.  Education  practically  free;  attendance  compulsory 
between  the  ages  of  7  and  13.  Public  schools  1900,  6,010;  enrollment, 
4(12.494;  average  attendance,  263,181;  expenditure,  $4,587,083;  included 
were  355  Roman  Catholic  separate  schools  with  42.397  pupils.  High 
schools,  131;  pupils,  21,723;  average  attendance,  12.956;  expenditure, 
$718,602.  There  are  55  model  schools,  55  kindergartens,  5  art  schools, 
and  371  libraries.  Universities  at  Toronto,  Kingston,  and  Ottawa. 
School  of  Mining,  Kingston. 

Religion.— Number  of  members  of  leading  denominations,  census 
of  1901:  Methodist,  666,360;  Presbyterian,  477,383;  Church  of  England, 
367,940;  Roman  Catholic,  390.355;  Baptist,  116,180. 

Government.— Executive  Government  vested  In  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, aided  bv  an  Executive  Council  of  8  members;  Legislative  in 
an  Assembly  of  94  members,  elected  for  4  years;  sessions  annual. 
Province  represented  in  Dominion  Parliament  bv  24  Senators  and  92 
Representatives.  Revenue,  $4,466,044;  [expenditures,  $4,038,834.  Pro- 
vincial debt  1901,  $3,510,790.  Number  of  Post-Office  Savings  Banks  1901, 
501;  depositors,  105,215;  amount  on  deposit,  $25,118,025. 

MANITOBA.    Manitoba 

Historical.— Earliest  explorations  within  the  territory  made  by 
French;  fort  built  at  mouth  of  Assiniboine  by  Chevalier  de  la  Verandrve 
1731.  First  visited  by  English  traders  1767;  various  rival  companies 
formed;  companies  later  united  in  Northwest  Company  and  finally 
merged  into  Hudson  Bay  Company.  Lands  along  either  side  of 
Assiniboine  and  Red  rivers  purchased  from  Hudson  Bay  Company 
by  Lord  Selkirk  1811;  Colony,  known  as  Red  River  Settlement  and 
also  as  Assiniboia,  founded  1812;  territory  repurchased  by  Hudson 
Bay  Company  1836;  transferred  to  Imperial  Government  1869;  to  Cana- 
dian 1870,  during  which  year  as  Province  of  Manitoba  it  entered  the 
Dominion. 

Area,  73,956  square  miles— land,  64,066  square  miles;  water.  9,890. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  in  general  consists  of  a  series  of 
successive  levels— locally  known  as  "steppes"  or  benches— the  lowest 
lying  near  the  great  rivers,  sometimes  subject  to  overflow.  Lands 
are  chiefly  prairie.  In  Laurentian  districts  of  north  and  east,  surface 
broken  and  hilly,  abundantly  watered,  and  with  good  timber  and  occa- 
sional broad,  fertile  tracts;  mineral  resources  reported  valuable, 


MANITOBA.  211 


region  as  yet  unexplored.  Principal  rivers:  Assiniboine,  Red  — both 
navigable  — English,  Souris,  and  Pembina.  Among  the  large  lakes 
are  Manitoba,  Winnipeg,  and  "Winnipegosis. 

Climate  healthful  but  one  of  great  extremes.  Cold  of  winters 
modified  by  clear,  dry  atmosphere;  summers  hot,  subject  to  frequent 
thunder  and  hail  storms  and  liable  to  earlv  frosts.  Average  snowfall 
of  Province,  62  inches.  Altitude  of  Winnipeg,  740  feet;  mean  temper- 
ature, 32.7  deg.;  January,  5.2  deg.  below;  July,  66.1  deg.;  mean  rainfall, 
15.21  inches;  snowfall,  49.16. 

Agriculture  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people.  Resources  of 
country  very  great;  soil  exceedingly  fertile  and  unusually  productive, 
especially  in  Red  River  Valley,  Total  area  of  cultivable  land  about 
37,000,000  acres:  area  occupied,  6,000,000  acres;  actually  under  cultivation 
1900.3.517,930;  resident  farmers,  34,261.  Experimental  farm  at  Brandon, 
operated  at  expense  of  Dominion  Government,  has  been  of  great  value 
In  development  of  agriculture.  Industry  encouraged  and  methods 
greatly  improved  through  efforts  of  Farmers'  Institutes.  Staple  crop, 
wheat':  <>ats.  barley,  hons,  flax,  hemp,  trasses,  potatoes,  and  other  root 
crops  also  grown.  Total  yield  of  wheat  1901,50,502.085  bushels;  oats, 
27.796.5^S-  barlev.  6,536,155;  potatoes,  4  797.433;  other  roots,  2.925,362;  flax, 
266,420;  rye, 62.261:  peas.  16.349:  total  grain  crop, 85. 163,509  bushels.  Wheat 
per  acre*  25.1  bushels;  oats,  40.3  bushels;  barley.  24.2  bushels. 

Horticulture.— Among  cultivated  fruits  are  found  raspberries, 
strawberries,  gooseberries,  currants,  and  crab  apples,  with  occasion 
allv  a  few  standard  apples.  Indigenous  fruits,  found  usually  upon 
wooded  or  scrub  land,  are  plums,  several  varieties  of  cherries,  rasp- 
berries, black  currants,  gooseberries,  blueberries,  and  grapes;  excellent 
cranberries  in  marshy  districts,  and  strawberries— found  upon  the 
open  prairie— are  abundant. 

Live  Stock*  Etc. -Country  affords  excellent  natural  advantages 
for  the  stock  grower.  In  the  Red  River  Valley  and  other  districts  are 
large  areas  of  fine  pasture  lands  with  an  abundant  supply  of  good 
water.  Rearing  of  cattle  the  chief  branch  of  this  industry;  export  of 
beef  cattle  an  important  item  in  the  trade  of  the  Province;  horses  rank 
nexr  to  cattle  in  importance;  hogs  and  sheep  are  also  commanding 
attention;  poultry  raising  profitable  in  all  farming  communities.  Num- 
ber of  horses  1900.  118.629;  cattle,  237,560;  sheep,  25,816;  pigs,  77,912.  Beef 
cattle  exported  1898,  12,525;  hogs,  23,100.  Poultrv  marketed  byfarmers, 
172,125;  turkevs,  31.455;  geese,  13,010;  chickens,  127,660. 

Dairy  Farming  has  developed  rapidly  during  recent  years. 
Number  of  creameries  and  cheese  factories  shows  a  noteworthy  in- 
crease; extension  of  industry  and  production  of  higher  grade  of  goods 
encouraged  bv  Government  methods:  all  creameries  and  cheese  fac- 
tories in  operation  visited  regularly  by  Dairy  Superintendent  employed 
by  Provincial  Government ;  during  the  winter  a  dairy  school  conducted 
at  Winnipeg  furnishes  practical  instruction  free  to  all  residents  of 
Province.  Output  of  establishments  and  increase  in  amount  and  value 
of  products  steadily  advancing;  in  1897  there  were  49  cheese  factories 
and  28  creameries,  chiefly  in  older  settled  districts  and  owned  by 
farmers.  Value  dairv  products  1901,  $530,773.  Creamery  butter  produced 
1901,  2,460,650  pounds,"  valued  at  $442,425;  cheese  made  in  factories,  1,039,- 
392  pounds,  having  a  gross  value  of  $88,348. 

Manufactures  rapidlv  developing  with  increasing  population  and 
improved  business  facilities.  Number  of  industrial  establishments 
1891,  1,031;  emploves,  4,403;  working  capital  of  $2.56l.s36:  aggregate 
wages,  $1,905,981;  value  of  product,  $10,155,182.  Industrial  establish- 
ments include  furniture  and  carriage  manufactories,  breweries,  meat- 
curing  and  packing  establishments,  and  cigar  factories.  Flour  mills, 
with  total  capacitv  of  10.400  barrels,  established  in  all  larger  towns. 
Oatmeal  mills  at  Winnipeg,  Brandon,  Portage  la  Prairie,  and  Pilot 
Mound.    Railway  shops  at  Winnipeg,  Portage  la  Prairie,  and  Brandon. 

Population  in  1871,  25.228;  1881,  62.260;  1901,  254.947.  d.-noting  an 
Increase  of  66  per  cent  since  1891.  Toial  rural  population,  184,714; 
urban,  70,233 

Cities.—  Winnipeg,  the  capital,  a  flourishing  city  situated  at  junction 
of  Assiniboine  and  Red  rivers,  most  Important  railway  center  In  Canada 
west  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Lies  within  the  center  of  the  great  wheat- 
growing  district  of  Manitoba,  and  is  the  commercial  and  educational 
center  of  Manitoba  and    the  Canadian  Northwest.     Rise  of  city  re- 


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214  DOMINION  OF'  CANADA. 

markably  rapid.  Population  1871 ,  211;  1881, 7,985;  1901, 42,840.  Brandon, 
second  city  in  size  and  Importance,  railroad  and  agricultural  center; 
Important  grain  market;  baa  number  of  large  elevators;  population, 
5,880  Portagela  Prairie,  Important  town  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  at 
the  junction  of  the  Manitoba  &  Northwestern  Railway;  population. 
8,901.  West  Selkirk,  on  the  Red  River,  center  of  fine  agricultural 
district;  population,  2,188 

Railways*  Etc.— Number  Of  miles  of  railway  In  the  Province,  1901, 
2,056,  an  average  of  1  mile  of  track  to  every  31.1  square  miles  of  area. 
Telegraphic  communication  established  with  the  Inked  States  1872. 
Red  Iiiver  Important  means  of  communication;  Assinibolne  also  navi- 
gable. Number  of  sailing  ships  and  steamers,  130;  net  tonnage,  7,445; 
steamers,  88;  gross  tonnage,  6,751 

Education. -Educational  institutions  well  established  throughout 
Province.  Schools  free  and  non-sectarian;  supported  by  Government 
grants  and  taxes  levied  on  municipal  lands.  Number  of  schools  19ol, 
1,416;  school  population, 63,881;  pupils,  51 ,888;  average  attendance.  27.550; 
Government  grants,  1900,  SU3.452;  total  receipts,  sl,310,8o5;  expenditures, 
$1,272,617.  Normal  School,  Winnipeg,  Provincial  Normal  teachers,  6; 
local,  13.  Collegiate  institutes  for  advanced  education  tributary  to 
public  schools  at  Winnipeg,  Portage  la  Prairie,  and  Brandon;  total 
enrollment,  818     Number  of  libraries.  8;  books,  34,730. 

Religion.— No  State  church.  Number  of  members  of  leading 
churches  census  1901:  Presbyterians,  65.310;  Church  of  England, 
44,874;  Methodists,  49,909;  Romau  Catholics,  35,622;  Baptists,  9,098. 
First  missionary,  Reverend  Pere  Messager,  visited  the  country  1731; 
first  Church  of  England  bishopric  created  1849. 

Government.- Executive  government  administered  by  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, assisted  by  an  Executive  Council  of  5  members;  Legis- 
lative Assembly  consists  of  a  single  chamber  of  40  members.  Province 
represented  in  Dominion  Parliament  by  4  Senators  and  7  Representa- 

KEEWATIN  DISTRICT  created  out  of  territories  1876,  and 
erected  into  separate  government  under  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
Manitoba.  Name  of  Indian  origin,  signifies  "  north  wind."  District 
stretches  along  west  shore  of  Hudson  Bay  and  includes  greater  part 
of  bay.  Area,  756,(X)i.i  square  miles—  land,  498,000;  water,  258,000. 
Country  rough  and  bleak,  largely  sterile  with  occasional  forests  of 
good  timber;  contains  many  large  rivers  and  lakes  which  drain  into 
Hudson  Bay.  Rich  in  minerals —  deposits  of  iron  important  — re- 
sources entirely  undeveloped.  Fur-trading  chief  industry;  fisheries 
of  some  importance.  Inhabitants  Icelanders  and  Indians,  few  and 
scattering. 

BRITISH    COLUMBIA. 

Historical.  — Mainland  occupied  and  entirely  under  control  of 
Hudson  Bay  Company  previous  to  1858.  Vancouver  Island  leased  by 
Company  1849;  reverted  to  Crown  and  became  a  Crown  Colony  1858; 
during  same  year  mainland  erected  into  a  colony  under  title  of  British 
Columbia;  Vancouver  Island  incorporated  with  British  Columbia  1866; 
Colony  admitted  into  Dominion  of  Canada  1871. 

Area.— Total  area,  383,300  square  miles;  length,  764  miles;  breadth, 
400.  Vancouver  Island,  15,937  square  miles;  Queen  Charlotte  Islands, 
5,000  square  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Three  principal  mountain  ranges  traverse 
mainland  northwest  to  southeast.  Rocky  Mountains  in  east  contain 
12  elevated  passes;  greatest  altitude.  Robson  Peak,  13,700  feet;  west 
of  Rockies,  separated  by  wide  valley  600  miles  lontr,  are  the  Gold 
Ranges,  with  many  elevations  of  10,000  feet;  Coast  Range  averages  100 
miles  in  width,  mean  elevation  6,000  to  7,000  feet.  Greatest  elevation 
on  Vancouver  Island,  7,484  feet.  Country  between  Gold  and  (oast 
Ranges  great  interior  plateau.  Lakes  numerous.  Principal  rivers: 
Fraser,  Columbia,  Stikine,  Liard,  and  Peace.  Pacilic  coast  line,  includ- 
ing indentations,  12,000  miles,  noted  for  number  of  bays,  passages,  and 
islands.  Burrard  Inlet  most  important  harbor  on  mainland;  at  Esqui- 
mau, on  Vancouver  Island,  is  the  Imperial  Naval  Dockyard. 

Climate.— Southwest  characterized  by  mild  winters,  cool,  dry  sum- 
mera,  southwest  winds,  and  heavy  fogs;  interior  subject  to  extremes; 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA.  215 


winters  in  northern  sections  severe.  Highest  temperature  at  Esqui- 
mau 1896,  86.4  deg.;  lowest,  16.7  deg..  mean  annual,  47.73  deg.;  rainfall, 
38.77  inches;  snowfall,  41.9  inches,  Highest  temperature  at  Mission 
Valley,  upper  mainland,  98  deg.,  lowest,  17  deg.  helow;  mean  annual, 
43.40  deg.;  rainfall,  5.52  inches;  snowfall,  59.7.  Average  rainfall  Nicola 
Lake— interior  plateau— 12  inches. 

Forests,  Etc.— Forests  among  most  valuahle  resources  of  Province. 
Coasts  as  far  north  as  Alaska  covered  with  dense  growth  of  valuahle 
timber.  Estimated  wooded  area,  285,554  square  miles.  Trees  attain 
gigantic  size  on  west  slopes  of  Coast  Ranges;  among  the  most  valuable 
are  Oregon  pine  or  Douglas  fir,  red  and  yellow  cedar,  and  white  spruce. 
Available  timber  1898,  40  to  100  billion  feet.  Sawmills  1897,90;  capacity, 
1,693,000  feet  daily;  timber  cut  for  year,  105,939,397  feet;  exported. 
66,984,564  feet. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Principal  agricultural  districts  Fraser  Valley, 
southwestern  portion  of  Vancouver  Island,  and  Okanagon  District; 
aggregate  area  of  cultivable  lands  about  500,000  acres.  In  the  latter 
are  still  more  extensive  areas  suitable  for  grazing  only.  Throughout 
the  Province,  however,  are  large  areas  of  open  country,  chiefly  pas- 
toral or  requiring  irrigation  for  crops.  Area  under  cultivation  small; 
farming  methods  still  somewhat  primitive.  Country  adapted  to  cereals, 
fruits,  grasses,  hops,  flax,  sugar  beet,  tobacco,  and  vegetables.  Special 
attention  given  to  fruit  culture  at  New  Westminster  and  Yale.  Large 
tracts  of  excellent  pasture;  interest  in  dairy  farming  growing  rapidly. 

Fisheries.— Among  natural  resources  fisheries  second  only  to  min- 
ing. Salmon  canning  and  fur  sealing  most  valuable  branches  of 
industry.  Deep-sea  fisheries  important  and  steadily  developing.  Salmon, 
herring,  halibut,  cod,  oysters,  crabs  lead  in  value.  Value  of  fishing 
apparatus.  19i to.  82 ,987.104;  catch,  84,878,820;  salmon,  83,391,744;  halibut, 
8213.050;  herring.  $48,350;  cod,  827,425;  oysters,  812.000;  smelts,  84,325: 
all  other  varieties,  81.181.926.  Total  value  of  fish  products,  1869-1899,  in- 
clusive, $65,404,768.  In  1896,  55  salmon  canneries  represented  an  invest- 
ment of  82,000,000;  salmon  packed,  1900,  585,413  cases;  Frazer  River 
district,  316,522.  Value  of  all  fishery  products  exported  from  British 
Columbia,  1900,  was  83,443,037;  revenue  from  fisheries,  S53,195.  Seals 
caught,  16,438. 

"Uinerals  the  chief  source  of  wealth.  Gold  found  throughout  the 
Province ;  richest  district  Cariboo.  Coal  deposits  large  and  widely  dis- 
tributed: Comox— area  about  300  square  miles— and  Xanairno  — 200— 
most  important  fields;  extensive  deposits  also  in  Crow's  Nest  Pass. 
Silver,  lead,  and  copper  mined:  cinnabar  ledge  operated  at  Kamloops 
Lake.  Large  iron  deposits  on  Texada  Island;  platinum,  gypsum, 
asbestos,  plumbago,  and  mica  exist.  Value  of  total  mineral  produc- 
tion up  to  and  including  1S9S.  si23.417.326.  Total  value  of  mineral  out- 
put, 1900, 16.344.751;  lead.  82.691,887;  copper,  81 ,615,289  ;  coal,  1901,  $1,712,- 
715;  gold,  85.596.700;  silver.  82.762.230. 

Population  increased  from  49.459  in  1881  to  178,657  in  1901:  Cana- 
dians, 144.994;  Chinese.  14,201 ;  Americans,  10,070;  Japanese.  3.511. 

Cities.—  Victoria,  on  Vancouver  Island,  capital  and  oldest  city  in 
Province:  large  shipping  trade  and  an  extensive  wholesale  business; 
population  1901.  20.S21.  Vancouver,  on  mainland,  terminus  of  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway,  has  chief  harbor— Burrard  Inlet— port  of  call  for  Aus- 
tralian and  Oriental  steamers;  center  of  British  Columbia  lumber 
trade,  population,  26,196.  New  Westminster  has  important  manufac- 
tures and  \aluable  trade  in  lumber  and  salmon;  population  1901,6.490. 
ffanaimo,  on  Vancouver  Island,  center  of  coal  mining  industry;  good 
harbor  and  large  trade  in  coal,  population,  6,130.  Rowland,  an  impor- 
tant mining  center;  population.  6,159. 

Railways.  Etc.  — Miles  of  railway  1901,  1.408;  1  to  each  271  square 
square  miles  of  area.    Telegraph  line,  691  miles. 

Education,  Etc.  — Schools  undenominational  and  mostly  sup- 
ported by  Government.  Instruction  free;  attendance  compulsory.  In 
1901  there  were  258  common,  55  graded.  5  high,  and  42  Indian  schools; 
total  average  attendance,  15,334;  expenditure.  8351,852.  At  census  of 
1901  there  were  40.672  Church  of  England  adherents.  34.227  Roman 
Catholics,  34.176  Presbyterians,  25.021  Methodists,  6,506  Baptists. 

Government  in  hands  of  Lieutenant-Governor,  an  Executive 
Council,  and  a  Legislative  Assembly.  Represented  in  Dominion  Par- 
liament by  6  Representatives  and  3  Senators. 


216  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


NORTHWEST  TERRITORIES. 

Historical.— Territory  tributary  to  Hudson  Hay  granted  to  Hod- 
son's  Baj  Company  1670:  North  West  Company  chartered  1783;  two 
companies  united  [821.  Fort  Selkirk  established  1848.  Territory  ac- 
quired by  Dominion  1869.     Keewatln  District  created  out  of  territories 

1870.  Gold  discovered  ou  Stewart  River  1885;  Klondike  discoveries 
1896-7.  Provisional  districts  of  Assiniboia,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  and 
Athabasca  formed  1882;  Ungava,  Mackenzie,  and  Franklin  1895)  Yukon 
1898;  latter  made  separate  territory  under  Commissioner.  Within  the 
leading  districts  over  1,900  miles  of  railway  track  are  laid. 

Area.— Athabasca,  251,300  square  miles;  Saskatchewan,  114.000;  Al- 
berta, 100,000;  Assiniboia,  90,340;  Yukon,  198,300.  Ungava,  Mackenzie, 
and  Franklin  about  1,019,200  square  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Kocky  Mountains  in  extreme  northwest; 
Reindeer  or  Caribou  in  Northern  Athabasca.  Southern  portion  gener- 
ally level,  lauds  mainly  prairie;  eastern  extremely  uneven,  large  portion 
occupied  by  Hudson  Bay.  Numerous  large  lakes  Great  Bear.  Great 
Slave,  and  Athabasca  largest.  Two  great  river  systems,  one  draining 
into  Arctic  Ocean,  the  other  into  Hudson  Bay.  Mackenzie  the  great 
Arctic  river;  Churchill,  Nelson*  and  Severn  tributaries  of  Hudson  Bay. 

Climate  ranges  from  comparatively  mild  winters  and  hot,  dry 
summers  of  Alberta  to  rigorous  climate  of  far  north.  Rainfall  varies 
with  locality.  Altitude  of  Battleford,  Saskatchewan,  1,615  feet;  mean 
temperature,  34.2  deg.;  Julv,  65  deg.;  January,  1.3  deg.  below.  Altitude 
Macieod,  Alberta,  2,400  feet;  mean  temperature,  42.6  deg.;  Jan- 
uary, 14.4  deg.-  July,  67.4  deg.  Mean  temperature  Dawson:  Spring,  14.22 
deg.;  summer,  59.67  deg.;  autumn,  17.37  deg.;  winter,  30.80  deg.  below. 

Agriculture.— Agricultural  possibilities  of  large  areas  very  great; 
fertile  belt  of  Saskatchewan  64,400  square  miles.  Chief  product  wheat; 
largest  wheat  area  in  valleys  of  Athabasca  and  Peace  rivers.  Area 
occupied  in  Assiniboia,  Alberta,  and  Saskatchewan  1891,  2,910,144  acres; 
cultivated,  194,773.  Cultivated  land  East  and  West  Assiniboia,  Alberta, 
and  Saskatchewan  1894,  437,254  acres,  wheat  crop,  1901,  12,076,343 
bushels;  oats,  ll.113.0ti6;  barley,  736,749. 

Liive  Stock.— Grazing  lands  chiefly  in  Alberta  and  southern  part 
of  Assiniboia;  climate  favorable  to  the  raising  of  horses  and  cattle; 
rearing  of  cattle  especially  important  in  Alberta.  Total  number  of 
live  stock,  1891,  373,002.  In  1894  there  were  in  Assiniboia.  Alberta, 
and  Saskatchewan  78,717  horses,  283,077  cattle,  243,929  sheep,  and  29.266 
pigs. 

Minerals.— Vast  deposits  of  gold, coal,  lignite,  petroleum,  and  iron 
ore.  Richest  gold  mines  Klondike  region.  Yukon.  Value  of  gold  mined 

1900,  including  output  of  Y'ukon  fields,  s22.2S0.0O0.  Coal  abundant,  Al- 
berta fields  especially  important  and  extensively  worked.  Copper  ore 
and  galena  found  in  Coppermine  Valley.    I  lot  mineral  springs  at  Banff. 

Population  of  Alberta,  Assiniboia.  and  Saskatchewan,  1901.  158.940; 
including  Yukon  and  other  territory,  211.649;  Americans.  16.240;  Rus- 
sians, 13,017;  Austro-Hungarlans,  6,156;  Gerriians,  1,082. 

Cities* — Begina,  Assiniboia  District,  capital  of  Territories:  head- 
quarters of  the  mounted  police  ;  population  1901,  2,645.  Calgary. 
Alberta  District,  center  of  stock-raising  and  irrigated  district,  and 
distributing  point  for  miners'  supplies;  population.  1901.  4.152.  Battle- 
ford,  Saskatchewan,  on  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  at  junction  of 
'Battle  and  Saskatchewan  rivers,  513.  Edmonton,  in  Alberta,  outlet  of 
important  agricultural  and  mining  district:  population,  2,626.  Chief 
city  of  Yukon  Territory,  Dawson,  established  1-90;  population,  9,142. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  under  control  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Education.    Separate  schools  for  Roman  Catholics.    Public  schools, 

1901,  562;  total  enrollment.  23,087;  legislative  expenditure.  $162,215. 
Indian  schools,  69;  enrollment,  2.220.  In  1901  there  were  25,412  members 
of  the  Church  of  England  in  the  Territories,  :5k.1  189  Roman  Catholics, 
27,806  Presbyterians,  22,208  Methodists,  and  5,402  Baptists. 

Government  administered  by  a  Lieutenant-Governor  and  an  Ex- 
ecutive Council.  Council  consists  of  three  members  of  the  Assembly 
selected  by  the  Governor  and  re-elected  by  the  people.  Represented 
in  Dominion  Parliament  by  2  Senators  and  4  Representatives. 


V 


CENTRAL  AMERICA.  217 

CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Central  America  comprises  the  region  extending  from  Mexico  to 
Isthmus  of  Panama.  Politically,  country  divided  among  the  republics 
of  Guatemala,  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa 
Kica,  and  Panama,  and  the  Crown  Colony  of  Great  Britain,  British 
Honduras.  Physical  features  similar  to  those  of  Mexico;  ele- 
vated plateaus  in  center  with  low  coast  plains.  Mountains  in  narrowest 
part  of  south  stretch  from  sea  to  sea;  in  northern  part  extend  from 
northwest  to  southeast;  slope  toward  the  Pacific  steep;  tableland  on 
east,  diversified  surface  with  gradual  slope  to  Atlantic.  Volcanoes 
numerous;  earthquakes  frequent  and  often  violent.  Climate  of  ele- 
vated lands  temperate  and  healthful;  low  coast  lands  hot  and  insalubri- 
ous. Rainfall  abundnnt  everywhere,  on  Atlantic  slopes  almost  constant. 

GUATEMALA  conquered  by  Spaniards  1524;  constituted  kingdom 
of  vice-royalty  of  Xew  Spain;  became  independent  1821;  formed  part 
of  Confederation  of  Central  America  1824;  republic  established  1847. 
Area,  63,400  square  miles,  divided  into  22  departments.  Dense  forests 
abound;  trees  and  plants  similar  to  those  of  Eastern  Mexico.  Agri- 
culture encouraged  by  legislation.  Coffee  most  important  production; 
bananas  also  produced  in  large  quantities;  Indian  corn,  wheat,  rice, 
cacao,  cotton,  cocoanuts,  and  tobacco— about  2,500  acres  devoted  to 
culture  — grown.  Farm  animals  numerous;  about  500,000  cattle, 
62,000  horses, 42,000  mules;  sheep  also  reared.  Manufactures  include 
woolen  and  cotton  goods,  cement,  brick,  earthenware,  furniture,  cigars, 
and  preparation  of  ramie.  Commerce  largely  with  United  States, 
Great  Britain,  and  Germany.  Value  of  imports  1S97,  §8,584.821  (gold); 
from  United  States,  $2,296,790;  chiefly  cottons,  cereals,  spirits,  iron, 
and  railway  and  telegraph  material.  Exports,  §19,775,800  (silver);  coffee, 
818,875,700;  bananas,  $77,548;  hides,  $205,965.  In  1897,  614  vessels  of  782,076 
tons— mostly  from  United  States— entered  the  ports  of  the  Republic. 
Among  minerals,  gold,  silver,  and  salt  mined;  deposits  of  lead,  tin, 
copper,  and  sulphur  exist.  Population  1897,1,535,632.  About  60  per 
cent  pure  Indians.  Foreign  population  1893,  11,331.  Official  language, 
Spanish.  Chief  city  and  capital,  Guatemala  la  Nueva,  founded  1775; 
population,  32,102,  nearly  all  of  European  origin;  Totonicapan,  popula- 
tion 25,196;  Quezaltenango,  founded  1524;  population,  22,265.  Length 
of  railways  in  operation,  336  miles;  under  construction,  100  miles. 
Telegraph  lines,  3,093  miles.  Education  free  and  compulsory.  Gov- 
ernment primary  schools  1895,  1,266;  enrollment,  75,020;  expenditure, 
$95,062:  private  schools,  49;  institutions  for  special  instruction,  19. 
Prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic;  all  other  creeds  tolerated. 
Government  administered  by  President  elected  for  a  term  of  six 
years;  not  eligible  for  following  period;  legislative  power  rests  with 
National  Assembly.  Cost  of  army  one-tenth  of  total  public  expendi- 
ture; active  army,  7,000  officers  and  men;  effective,  56,900  men  18  to  30 
years  of  age:    reserve,  30,000  men  30  to  50  years. 

SALVADOR  conquered  by  Spanish  1524;  independence  pro- 
claimed 1321;  member  of  Central  American  Federation  until  1853,  when 
it  became  an  independent  republic.  Estimated  area,  7,225  square 
miles;  number  of  departments,  14.  Tropical  forests  abounding  in 
valuable  timber,  resins,  gums,  and  medicinal  plants  cover  Pacific 
slopes.  Agriculture  chief  industry;  Indian  corn  staple  food-plant; 
coffee,  sugar,  cacao,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  tropical  fruits  produced 
abundantly.  Commerce  chiefly  with  United  States,  Great  Britain, 
Germany,  and  France.  Value  of  imports  1896,  $1,459,596;  leading 
articles,  cottons,  spirits,  iron  goods,  flour,  and  silk  goods;  exports, 
*3,263,73S:  coffee,  $2,553,913;  tobacco,  $129,570;  indigo,  $427,275;  balsams, 
$40,399.  During  year  338  vessels  entered  and  cleared  the  ports.  Min- 
erals abundant;  gold,  silver,  copper,  coal,  iron,  tin,  zinc,  and  mercury 
worked;  number  mines  and  quarries  in  operation,  180.  Population 
1894,  803.534;  whites  about  20,000:  Salvador  most  populous  ol  Central 
American  Renublics;  San  {Salvador,  <>r  Nue.r.a  San  Salvador,  capital, 
founded  1523;~r<'pf:itedlv  devastated  by  earthquakes;  population  25,000. 
La  Zi6*/*/w/ principal  seaport.  Railway  In  operation,  72  miles;  tele- 
graph  line,  1,724  miles.  Education  free  and  compulsory.  Primary 
schools  1S93,  585;  pupils,  29,427;  higher  schools,  18;  pupils,  1,200.    Execu- 


218  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


tive  Government  rests  with  President;  legislative  with  Congress. 
Active  army,  4,000  men;  militia,  18,000.    Gold  standard  adopted  1897. 

HONDURAS  discovered  by  Columbus  1502;  formed  part  of  King- 
dom of  Guatemala  -vice-royalty  of  Spain  — until  1821;  withdrew  from 
Confederation  of  Central  America  1839  and  established  Independent 
republic.  Area  about  43,000  square  miles,  divided  Into  15  depart- 
ments. Tropical  forests  cover  Atlantic  slopes  and  large  part  of 
lowlands;  mahogany,  rosewood,  logwood,  brazilwood,  sarsaparilla,  and 
vanilla  abound;  in  higher  elevations,  pines.  Agriculture  gradually 
developing;  culture  of  bananas  leads  in  importance;  tobacco,  sugar, 
Indian  corn,  and  coffee  produced;  rice,  wheat,  and  indigo  successfully 

frown.  Cattle  reared  extensively.  Commerce  largely  with  United 
tates.  Imports  chiefly  manufactured  goods:  value  1896-97.81,421,409. 
Value  of  exports,  $1,154,600;  precious  metals,  $468,700;  cattle,  $307,380; 
bananas  and  other  agricultural  products,  8365,805.  Honduras  richest  in 
minerals  of  all  Central  American  States.  Gold,  silver,  platinum, 
copper,  nickel,  lead,  zinc,  iron,  and  antimony  found  in  nearly  every 
department;  coal  also  exists.  About  17  important  mining  companies 
in  operation.  Estimated  annual  value  of  gold  dust  produced,  $240,000. 
Population  1895,  about  400.000;  aboriginal  Indians  and  descendants  of 
Europeans,  chiefly  of  Spanish  origin.  Tegucigalpa  capital,  population 
12,600.  Chief  ports,  Truxillo  and  Onion,  on  Gulf  of  Honduras.  In 
1897, 60  miles  of  railway  in  operation.  Telegraphs,  2,732  miles.  Edu- 
cation free  and  compulsory;  instruction  entirely  secular.  There  are 
a  university,  11  colleges,  and  683  schools  with  23,76';  students.  Prevailing 
religion  Roman  Catholic;  freedom  guaranteed  all  creeds.  Govern- 
ment administered  by  President,  elected  by  popular  vote;  legislative 
power  entrusted  to  Congress  of  Deputies.  Active  army,  500  men; 
militia,  20,000.    Standard  of  value,  American  gold  dollar. 

NICARAGUA.— Region  discovered  by  Columbus  1503;  visited  by 
Spaniards  1523;  under  dominion  of  Spain  until  1821;  became  one  of 
Federated  Republics  of  Central  America  1824;  independent  republic 
established  1839.  Area,  estimated,  49,200  square  miles;  departments, 
13.  Largest  of  Central  American  States.  Forests  cover  all  eastern 
slopes  and  coast  lands.  Mahogany  and  other  valuable  woods  abundant; 
oaks  and  conifers  in  elevated  districts.  Agricultural  products 
include  coffee— most  important— cacao,  bananas,  sugar,  and  tobacco. 
Cattle  reared  in  large  numbers;  total  in  Republic  about  400,000.  Chief 
occupations  of  inhabitants  cultivation  of  coffee  and  rearing  cattle. 
Commerce  principally  with  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Ger- 
many. Value  of  imports  1897,  $2,571,360;  principal  articles,  cottons, 
wooiens,  spirits,  flour,  and  hardware.  Exports,  $2,975,925;  coffee,  $1,725,- 
000;  gold,  $550,000;  silver,  $255,000;  rubber,  $80,000;  hides,  $52,500.  Min- 
eral products,  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  and  tin;  exports  1897  included 
36.000  ounces  gold  in  bar  and  dust;  more  than  100  mines  worked  by 
American  companies.  Population  1897,  42C, 000,  including  40,000  un- 
civilized Indians.  Managua,  on  Lake  Managua,  capital;  population, 
18,000;  Leon,  the  largest  citv;  population,  34,000;  principal  seaport  San 
Juan  del  Norte  (Greytown),  Atlantic  terminus  of  projected  ship-canal; 

Corinto  chief  port  on  Pacific.  Length  of  railways  in  operation,  91 
miles;  important  lines  under  construction.  Length  of  telegraph 
wires,  1,245  miles.  Ship-canal  to  connect  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans 
first  mentioned  1550;  partial  surveys  made  at  various  periods;  work— 
at  present  suspended— actually  begun  1889-94.  Length  of  canal,  169.4 
miles;  natural  waterways  of  Lake  Nicaragua  and  San  Juan  River  to  be 
utilized;  length  of  artificial  channel,  26.7  miles.  Education  in  back- 
ward condition.  In  1894  there  were  1,020  schools  with  20,000  pupils; 
3  higher  schools.  Executive  Government  vested  in  President;  leg- 
islative power  vested  in  Congress  of  a  single  House.  Active  army, 
2,000  men;  reserve,  10,000;  national  guard,  5,000.  Standard  of  value,  gold. 
COSTA  RICA.— Spanish  Colony  established  1520;  under  vice- 
royalty  of  New  Spain  formed  province  of  Guatemala;  became  inde- 
pendent 1821;  member  of  Confederation  of  Central  America  1824  to  1829. 

Area,  23,000  square  miles,  divided  among  5  provinces  and  2  territories. 
Boundaries  with  Colombia  and  Nicaragua  In  dispute,  settled 
by  arbitration  during  1900.  Dense  forests,  remarkable  for  hard- 
woods cover  the  highlands,  especially  to  the  northeast;  India-rubber 


CUBA.  210 


tree-ferns,  vanilla,  and  cacao  met  with:  cedrela  or  West  India  cedar, 
largely  employed  in  cigar  boxes  and  pencils,  abundant;  on  higher  ele- 
vations oaks  and  conifers.  Agriculture  extending;  most  important 
products,  coffee— culture  begun  1817— and  bananas— 18.80;  staple  food- 
plants,  Indian  corn  and  beans  with  rice,  potatoes  also  grown;  sugar 
cane,  cacao,  and  the  yucca,  from  which  starch  is  manufactured,  indig- 
enous. Live  stock  includes  nearly  350,000  cattle,  77,000  horses,  and 
about  3,000  sheep:  extensive  grassy  plains  in  southwest:  excellent 
pastures  also  in  highlands.  Commerce  with  United  States,  Great 
Britain,  and  Germany.  Value  of  imports  1896,  S4,650,6O0;  chief  articles, 
cottons,  flour,  tobacco,  and  iron,  wrought  and  unwrought.  Exports, 
$5,818,274;  coffee,  64.201.692;  other  products,  bananas,  hides  and  skins, 
cedar,  and  other  valuable  woods.  In  1898  Costa  Rica  had  3  merchant 
steamers,  600  tons,  and  2  sailing  vessels,  551  tons;  during  1896,  476 
vessels  of  471,125  tons  entered  the  harbors  of  Limonand  Punta  Arenas, 
and  475  vessels  of  473,929  tons  cleared.  Several  districts  especially  rich 
in  gold  and  silver;  other  minerals,  copper,  lead,  mercury,  sulphur, 
and  coal;  mining  industry-  at  present  inactive.  Population  1892, 
243,205:  male,  122,48*.");  female,  120,725;  foreigners.  6,289:  annual  immigra- 
tion since  1894  about  1,000.  San  Jose,  capital,  founded  1738;  seat  of 
cathedral  and  university;  population.  25.000;  Alajuela  connected  by  rail 
with  Limon  (4,000)  —  chief  port  of  Atlantic  coast  — population.  10,000. 
Punta  Arenas  principal  Pacific  port;  population,  5,000.  Railways 
170  miles.  Education  free  and  compulsory;  law  rigidly  enforced; 
primary  schools  1897, 327,  with  21,91 3  pupils ;  for  higher  education,  5  estab- 
lishments. State  religion  Roman  Catholic;  entire  religious  liberty 
accorded.  Executive  (Government  vested  in  President;  legislative 
power  in  Chamber  of  Representatives.  Regular  army,  600  men  and 
12.000  militia ;  war  footing,  34,000  militia.   Gold  standard  adopted  1896. 

PAN  A3IA.— Formerly  a  department  of  Colombia;  independence  de- 
clared and  Republic  established  1903.  Area,  31,571  sq.  mi.  Commerce 
chiefly  with  United  States.  Leading  products,  india  rubber,  nuts,  and 
coffee.    Population,  300,000.    Capital  Panama;  population,  25,000. 

BRITISH  HONDURAS. —Possession  of  countrv  long  dis- 
puted by  Spaniards;  conceded  British  territory  1783.  Area,  7,562 
square  miles.  Extensive  forests  of  valuable  timber  abound;  mahog- 
any, logwood,  cedar,  and  pine  most  important.  Agricultural 
products  include  coffee,  bananas,  plantains,  cocoanuts,  Indian  corn, 
sugar  cane,  and  tobacco.  Elevated  districts  afford  excellent  pasturage 
for  cattle.  Commerce  about  equally  divided  between  United  States 
and  Great  Britain.  Value  of  imports  1897,  81,422,097;  exports,  81.404,387; 
principal  exports,  mahogany— 6,777,382  feet  1897— logwood,  fruit— to 
New  Orleans— and  sugar;  large  transit  trade  in  india-rubber,  coffee, 
and  sarsaparilla.  During  1897, 641  vessels  of  194,144  tons  entered,  and  633 
of  196,189  tons  cleared,  the  ports.  Population.  31,471;  white,  462; 
colored,  33,815.  Belize,  capital;  population,  7.000.  Government  grant 
for  education  1897.  614,162;  schools  numbered  46;  enrollment,  3,693. 
Government  vested  in  Governor  assisted  bv  Executive  and  Legisla- 
tive Councils.    United  States  gold  adopted  as  standard  of  value  1894. 


CUBA.  &&, 


Pearl  of  the  Antilles." 

From  Cubanacan— native  name  of  central  region. 

Historical.— Discovered  by  Columbus  1492;  first  settlements  made 
by  Spanish  1511:  countrv  during  sixteenth  century  repeatedly  invaded 
and  plundered  by  buccaneers  and  slavers;  held  by  English  1762-63;  in- 
surrections among  the  slaves  1812  and  1844;  filibustering  expeditions 
under  Lopez  1348-52;  ten  vears'war  1868-78;  at  close  Cuba  granted  repre- 
sentation in  Spanish  Cortes.  Slavery  definitely  abolished  1886.  Revolu- 
tion 1895,resulted  in  Spanish-American  War.  relinquishment  of  island  by 
Spain,  and  independence  of  country  under  protection  of  United  States. 

Area.  Largest  of  West  India  islands.  Area,  41,655  sq.  mi.,  divided 
among  6  provinces;  length.  760  miles;  breadth  in  narrowest  part,  21 
miles;  in  widest,  111;  average  breadth,  60  miles.  Its  dependencies,  the 
Isle  of  Pines  and  more  than  1.200  cays,  contain  about  5,633  sq.  mi. 

Physical  Features.  —  Island  divided  into  two  parts  by  great 
marshy  depression— width  about  47  miles  —  extending  from  north  to 


f 


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222  CUBA. 


south  coast,  In  about  79  deg.  west.  Traversed  by  broken  ranges  of 
mountains,  principal  mountainous  region  in  southeast;  highest  point, 
Pico  Turquino,  8,070  feet.  Western  part  largely  an  elevated  region 
diversified  by  low,  forest-clad  hills  and  mountains,  and  well-drained, 
gently  Sloping  plains,  (oast  lands,  especially  in  south,  marshy.  Island 
well  watt-red;  longest  rivers  In  south;  principal  one.i  auto.  Coastline, 
including  all  indentations,  more  than  6,500  miles;  fringed  by  numerous 
coral  reefs  and  islands;  large  number  of  excellent  harbors. 

Climate  in  mountainous  regions  healthful  throughout  year;  on 
lowlands,  summers  hot,  humid,  and  insalubrious.  Yellow  fever  prev- 
alent on  coasts;  rarely  found  in  interior.  Year  divided  into  wet  and 
dry  seasons;  former  from  May  to  October;  latter  from  November  to 
May.  Mean  temperature,  Havana,  77  dee.,  in  interior,  73.4  deg.  High- 
est temperature  on  record  in  Havana,  100.6  deg.;  lowest  49.6 deg.;  mean 
annual  rainfall  52  inches. 

Forests  among  most  valuable  resources  of  island;  extend  over 
large  areas  and  include  an  unusual  number  of  hard  woods.  Uncleared 
forest  land  estimated  at  more  than  13,000,000  acres.  Mahogany,  ebony, 
lignum-vitae,  logwood,  cedar,  and  pines  abundant.  Mahogany  and 
cedar  lead  in  value  for  lumber.  Cuban  mahogany  most  valuable  in 
market;  palms  also  plentiful,  surpass  in  economic  value  all  others, 
owing  to  their  manifold  uses. 

Agriculture.— Soil  of  almost  inexhaustible  fertility  and  highly 
favorable  climatic  conditions  entitle  Cuba  to  rank  among  the  foremost 
agricultural  countries  of  the  world.  Resources,  largely  undeveloped. 
Sugar  culture  leading  industry;  previous  to  late  war  [yearly  product 
reached  over  one  million  tons.  Tobacco  second  only  to  sugar.  Plant 
Indigenous  to  island.  Cultivation  began  1580.  Cuban  tobacco  superior 
to  all  others.  Before  1894-'95  production  of  leaf  tobacco  reached  61,173,- 
800 pounds;  finest  tobacco  produced  in  Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio.  Indian 
corn,  manioc,  rice,  and  both  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes  abundant.  All 
well-known  tropical  fruits  with  many  other  varieties  flourish;  fruit 
culture  one  of  most  promising  pursuits  in  future  development  of  island. 
Commercially,  bananas,  oranges,  pineapples,  cocoanuts,  lemons,  and 
limes  have  lead.  Fiber  plants,  many  of  superior  quality,  numerous; 
best  known  henequin.  Grasses  grow  almost  everywhere; food,  water, 
and  climate  all  favorable  to  breeding  of  live  stock;  in  1891  estimated 
number  of  cattle,  2.485,766;  horses  and  mules,  584,725;  pigs,  570,194:  sheep, 
78,494;  at  close  of  1898  practically  nodomestic  animals  on  the  island. 

Commerce.— Commercial  relations  greatly  impaired  during  past 
two  years.  Principal  exports,  sugar,  tobacco,  cigars  and  cigarettes; 
minor  exports,  rum,  mahogany  and  other  woods,  honey,  beeswax,  and 
tropical  fruits.  Chief  imports,  rice,  jerked  beef,  and  flour.  Value  of 
total  imports  for  year  ending  April,  1896,  §66,166.754;  of  exports,  894- 
395,536;  1893,  exports  to  United  States  alone  amounted  to  $98,706,506; 
Imports  from  United  States,  $24,157,698.  Export  of  cigars  decreased 
from  250,467,000  in  1889  to  123,417.000  in  1897:  exports  of  tobacco  leaf 
increased  50  per  cent;  amount,  1896,  16,823,000  pounds.  In  1894,  3,181 
vessels  of  3,538,539  tons  cleared  from  Havana  and  eight  other  ports. 

Minerals  limited  in  number.  Mining  districts  chiefly  in  east- 
ern part;  Santiago  Province  leading  producer.  Iron  the  most  important 
mineral  worked;  output  1897,  452.559  tons;  ore  brown  hematite  especially 
adapted  for  making  Bessemer  steel.  Copper  mining  existed  as  early  as 
1524;  center  of  district,  El  Cobre,  near  Santiago;  ores  ranked  among 
finest  in  the  world;  industry  has  declined  but  deposits  still  held  to  be 
rich.  Manganese  mines  of  Santiago  of  great  importance.  Asphaltum 
of  excellent  quality  found  in  every  province;  in  some,  deposits  are 
inexhaustible.  Coal,  petroleum,  and  salt  also  found.  Mineral  springs 
abound;  principal  ones,  sulphur  springs  near  Havana. 

Population  census  of  1899, 1.572.797:  white,  1,072,797;  colored,  520,400 
—234,738  Negro,  270,805  mixed,  14.857  Chinese.  Of  total  population  89 
per  cent  born  in  island,  8  per  cent  in  Spain.  At  taking  of  late  census, 
83  per  cent  claimed  Cuban  citizenship,  only  1  per  cent  protection  of 
Spain;  5  percent  citizenship  other  than  Cuban,  remainder  In  suspense. 

Cities*— Havana,  capital;  population,  235.981;  commercial  center  of 
"West  Indies:  stronglv  fortified.  Has  fine  navy  vard  and  arsenal;  many 
notable  buildings,  including  a  cathedral;  large  markets;  public  parks; 
educational  institutions;  extensive  tobacco  manufactories.  Distance 
from  Key  West,  90  miles;  from  New  York,  1,240.  Matanzas,  second  com- 


V 


HAITI.  223 


mercial  city  and  one  of  most  healthful  cities  on  Island;  has  sugar  fac- 
tories, distilleries,  machine  and  railway  shops,  etc.  Population,  36,374. 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  the  second  oldest,  and,  historically,  the  most  inter- 
esting city  in  Cuba;  its  harbor  is  one  of  the  tinest  in  the  world,  and  city 
has  a  flourishing  trade;  chief  seat  of  Catholic  Church  in  Cuba;  outlet 
for  most  important  mining  district.  Population,  43,090.  Cienfuegos, 
with  one  of  safest  harbors  on  south  coast,  is  commercially  one  of  chief 
towns  of  Cuba.  Population,  30,038.  Puerto  Principe,  center  of  great 
grazing  district,  25,102     Pinar  del  Rio,  chief  tobacco  town,  8,880. 

Railways.— There  are  1,135  miles  of  railway;  private  branch  lines 
connect  all  important  sugar  estates  with  main  lines.  Telegraph  lines 
1898,  2,300  miles;  under  control  of  Government. 

Education  extremely  backward;  number  of  illiterates  very  large; 
of  white  Cuban  citizens  — males  of  voting  age  — 51  per  cent  unable  to 
read,  of  colored  74  per  cent.  In  1899  only  one-sixth  the  children  of 
school  age  attended  school,  of  these,  but  two  thirds  in  public  schools. 
Under  military  government  of  United  States,  public  school  system 
completely  reorganized;  at  the  end  of  year,  public  schools  numbered 
3,000,  teachers  3.500.  pupils  receiving  instruction,  130,000;  expenditures 
for  year,  over  $4,000,000.    Spanish  prevailing  language  spoken. 

Religion.— State  religion  Roman  Catholic;  other  creeds  were  tol- 
erated under  certain  restrictions. 

Government,  both  civil  and  military,  administered  by  a  military 
Governor-General  appointed  by  the  United  States;  Havana  and  each 
of  the  six  provinces  have  military  Governors,  who  receive  instructions 
from  the  Governor-General. 

HAITI.     Ha  ti 

Carib  word— signifies  rough  land. 

Historical.— Island  discovered  by  Columbus  1492;  colonized  by 
Spaniards  under  Columbus  1493,  French  settlements  established  in 
western  part  of  island  during  17th  centur  .  Natives  exterminated 
by  middle  of  18th  century  and  negro  slaves  imported;  revolution  of 
negroes  1791-93.  Entire  island  governed  by  Toussaint  Louverture  from 
1795,  who  proclaimed  its  independence  1801.  Complete  expulsion  of 
French  effected  1804.  Spanish  or  eastern  part  of  island  separated  from 
Republic  of  Haiti  and  became  Republic  of  Santo  Domingo  1844. 

Area  of  island,  28,249  square  miles.  Santo  Domingo  Reoublic, 
eastern  and  larger  portion,  18,045  square  miles;  divided  among 6 prov- 
inces and  5  maritime  districts;  Haiti  Republic,  10,204  square  miles. 
Extreme  length,  405  miles;  width,  165  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  varied;  island  traversed  by  four 
principal  mountain  chains  intersected  by  numerous  fertile  valleys  and 
plains;  Loma  Tina,  Santo  Domingo  (10,300  feet),  highest  elevation  in  West 
Indies.  Coast  line,  deeply  indented,  affords  many  excellent  harbors. 
Magnificent  forests,  rich  in  rare  cabinet  and  dye  woods,  clothe  the 
mountains.    Minerals  varied  and  abundant  but  practically  unworked. 

Climate  similar  to  that  of  other  West  India  islands;  in  elevated 
localities  perpetual  spring;  extremes  of  temperature,  Santo  Domingo, 
60  deg.  and  95  deg.;  Port  au  Prince,  63  deg.  and  104  deg. 

HAITI.— Chief  agricultural  products,  coffee,  cotton,  cacao, 
sugar,  and  some  tropical  fruits.  Commerce  largely  with  United 
States.  Principal  exports  1897:  Coffee,  73,0.37,397  pounds;  cacao,  2,120,242 
pounds;  logwood,  112.756,225  pounds;  other  exports,  mahogany,  cotton, 
hides,  skins,  and  honey;  imports,  manufactured  goods,  flour,  rice,  beer, 
and  fancy  articles.  Value  of  exports  1897, 812,549,848;  imports,  §6,363,798. 
In  1897,  793  vessels  of  1,133,530  tons  entered  and  cleared  the  principal 
ports.  There  are  no  manufactures  and  no  railways.  Over 
nine-tenths  of  population  negroes  and  remainder  mulattoes.  Esti- 
mated number,  960,000.  French  the  prevailing  language.  Port  au 
Prince,  capital  and  chief  city;  has  excellent  harbor;  population  from 
40,000  to  60,000.  Cape  Haitien,  population  29,000.  Elementary  educa- 
tion free;  system  still  very  imperfect;  there  are  400  national  schools 
and  5  public  lycees.  Iteligion  nominally  Roman  Catholic.  Execu- 
tive Government  of  Republic  vested  in  President;  legislative  in 
National  Assembly  of  2  houses.  Term  of  President,  7  years,  usually 
cut  short  by  Insurrections.    Army  of  6,828,  chiefly  infantry. 


224 


CUBA, 

Jamaica  and  Haiti 

Islands. 

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220  JAMAICA. 


SANTO  DOMINGO.— Countrj  very  fertile;  over  nve-sixths  of 
entire  area  cull  Ivable  A  gricull  are  and  forestry  leading  Industries. 
Cattle  rearing  and  dairy  industry  receiving  attention.  Large  sugar 
plantations  and  factories  successfully  established  In  south  and 
■■  ••'■:.  ipal  products,  tobacco,  coffee,  cacao,  cotton,  and  sugar  cane, 
Commerce  small  owing  to  prohibitory  duties.  Principal  e 
Sugar,  80,soo,2li)  pounds;  tobacco.  •;,:;:;•.'. i  I -,  p.. mid-  cacao,  I 
pounds:  roller,  2,487,400  pounds j  mahogany, 264,254  feet;  logwood, hides, 
goatskins,  honey,  also  exported.  Principal  Imports:  Cotton  good.-, 
hardware,  earthenware,  breadstuff's;  about  45  per  cent  from  United 
States.  Value  1896,  $1,775,000.  Population  mixed  race  of  original 
Spanish  Inhabitants  and  the  aborigines,  of  negroes  and  of  mulattoes; 
official  estimate  1938,  010,000.  Spanish  language  prevails.  Primary 
education  free  and  obligatory.  Number  of  schools  1889,  about  900. 
State  religion  Roman  Catholic;  other  forms  permitted  under  re- 
strictions. Santo  Domingo,  founded  1104,  capital;  population  1892, 
24,150.  Puerto  Plata,  chief  port;  population,  4,500.  Railway* 
open,  116  miles.  Telegraph  lines,  4S0  miles.  Executive  Government 
vested  in  President;  term  four  years;  legislative  in  National  Con- 
gress of  22  Deputies.  Small  army  of  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery; 
navy,  six  small  gunboats.  United  States  gold  dollar,  standard  of  value. 

JAMAICA.     Ja-ma'-ka. 
Indian—"  Island  of  springs." 

Historical.— Discovered  by  Columbus  1494;  colonized  by  Spain 
1510;  became  an  English  possession  1055. 

Area.— Largest  of  British  West  Indies.  Area,  4,200  square  miles; 
including  dependent   islands— Turks  and  Caicos— 4,424  square    miles. 

Physical  Features,  Etc.— Surface  diversified  by  picturesque 
mountains  and  fertile  valleys.  Highest  elevation  of  Blue  Mountains- 
principal  range— 7,423  feet.  Island  well  watered  by  numerous  rivers; 
has  many  excellent  ports  and  harbors.  Minerals  unimportant;  deposits 
of  copper,  lead,  and  iron  exist  in  limited  quantities.  Mineral  springs 
abound. 

Climate  superior  to  that  of  most  "West  India  islands.  Temperature 
varies  according  to  altitude  and  exposure.  Humidity  scarcely  felt  even 
on  sea  coasts.  On  lowlands  temperature  ranges  from  80  deg.  to  88 
deg.;  on  mountain  tops,  45  deg.  to  50  deg. 

Agriculture  chief  industry;  principal  products,  sugar  cane,  coffee, 
bananas,  cocoanuts,  corn,  cacao,  pimento,  nutmeg,  and  all  kinds  of 
tropical  fruits  and  vegetables.  Area  under  cultivation  1897,  003,560 
acres;  under  pasture,  498,910.  Rearing  cattle  and  horses  important  in 
north.     Cinchona  introduced  in  1880;  over  5,000  acres  under  culture. 

Commerce.— Principal  exports:  Bananas,  oranges,  coffee,  rum, 
ginger,  pimento,  raw  sugar,  logwood.  Chief  imports:  Cotton  manufac- 
tures, dried  and  salted  lish.  flour,  ale,  and  beer.  Total  value  of  exports 
1897,  88,070,841— one-half  going  to  United  States;  of  imports,  87,039,432. 
Two  thousand  bushels  of  salt  produced  yearly  on  Turks  and  Caicos 
islands,  exported  chiefiv  to  United  States,  Canada,  and  Newfoundland; 
islands  have  small  sponge  fishery. 

Population  1891,  039.491,  including  14.092  white,  488,024  black,  and 
121,955  colored  or  half-breed;  male,  305,948;  female,  333,543;  estimated 
population  1897,  700,394. 

Cities. — Kingston,  capital  and  leading  seaport;  population,  46,542. 
Spanish  Town,  second  city,  5,019. 

Railways  all  in  southern  part  of  island;  length  of  line,  185  miles. 
Telegraph  lines,  937  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— In  1897-98  there  were  913  Government  schools; 
enrollment,  98,205.  High  and  industrial  schools,  also  2  normal  schools, 
supported  by  Government.  No  established  church.  There  are  41,872 
adherents  of  Church  of  England,  35,033  members  of  Baptist  Church, 
24,429  of  Methodist,  11,370  Presbyterian,  9,300  Roman  Catholic,  and 
2,400  of  Church  of  Scotland. 

Government  administered  by  Governor,  appointed  by  Crown, 
assisted  by  Privy  Council  and  Legislative  Assembly.  Army  numbers 
1,790  officers  and  men;  volunteer  militia,  392.  Legal  coinage  that  of 
Great  Britain;  various  American  coins  also  current. 


PORTO  RICO.  227 


PORTO    RICO.        Porto  Re  ko 
Spanish— signifies  "rich  harbor." 

Historical.— Discovered  by  Columbus  1493,  and  named  by  him 
Porto  Rico;  invaded  and  conquered  by  Spaniards  under  Ponce  de 
Leon  1509-11;  natives  revolted  under  Spanish  oppression  and  were  prac- 
tically exterminated  within  a  century;  negroes  imported  as  slaves. 
Three  years'  war  for  independence  ended  in  defeat  1823.  Island 
granted  representation  in  Spanish  Cortes  1870;  slavery  abolished  1873; 
Porto  Rico  given  autonomous  government  with  executive  vested  in 
Governor-General  1897.  At  close  of  Spanish-American  War,  1898, 
island  formally  ceded  to  United  States. 

Area,  including  dependencies  — Islands  of  Vieques,  Culebra,Mona, 
etc.— 3606  square  miles.  Porto  Rico  is  fourth  in  size  of  the  Greater 
Antilles.  Length,  95  miles ,  breadth,  35.  Distance  from  both  New 
York  and  Cadiz  1,500  miles.  Number  of  departments  7.  Island  of 
Vieques,  about  13  miles  northeast  of  Porto  Rico,  21  miles  long  and  6 
miles  wide  ;  Culebra  7  miles  long;  Mona,  west  of  main  island,  in  Mona 
passage.  7  miles  long  and  2  wide. 

Physical  Features.— Surf  ace  broken  by  mountain  ranges,  extend- 
ing in  general  from  northeast  to  southwest;  altitudes  range  from 
1,500  to  3.600  feet;  highest  elevation,  El  Yunque,  3.487  feet.  Tops  of 
mountains  all  cultivable.  Island  well  watered  by  numerous  rapid- 
flowing  streams;  longest  rivers  in  north;  estimated  number  of  long 
rivers.  51;  small  streams,  creeks,  etc.,  1.200.  Coasts  generally  regular 
but  with  many  inlets  and  lagoons;  few  good  harbors;  coast  line  less 
than  350  miles.  Medicinal  and  hot  springs  found  throughout  the  island; 
most  important,  the  one  at  Coamo. 

Climate.— Porto  Rico  most  healthful  region  of  Western  Hemi- 
sphere within  the  torrid  zone.  Temperature  rarely  reaches  90  deg., 
never  falls  below  50  deg.;  during  summer  never  above  95  deg.  on  sea- 
coast.  Mean  temperature  San  Juan,  80.7  deg.;  during  January  and 
February,  76.5  deg.;  July  and  August,  83.2  degrees.  Rainfall  copious; 
heaviest  north  of  mountains;  fields  frequently  inundated  by  excessive 
downpour;  south  of  mountains,  country  subject  to  droughts.  Mean 
annual  rainfall,  64.5  inches.  Yellow  fever  unknown  in  interior  towns 
of  higher  altitude;  occurs  occasionally-  in  coast  towns;  never  epidemic. 

Forests.— Hills  covered  with  tropical  forests,  including  limited 
areas  of  rare,  fine  woods;  mahogany,  ebony,  cedar,  logwood,  etc., 
occur;  trees  and  plants  furnishing  many  valuable  dyewoods.  gums,  and 
resins  abound;  annotto,  used  in  United  States  to  color  butter  and 
cheese,  grows  wild  everywhere;  medicinal  plants  in  great  variety,  and 
a  wide  range  of  tropical  fruits  found  throughout  the  island. 

Agriculture.— Soil  extremely  fertile  and  intensely  cultivated. 
Plantations  chiefly  on  coast  plains  and  in  valleys  of  rivers;  irrigation, 
necessary  to  successful  cultivation  of  large  part  of  land  in  southern 
districts,  un8ystematically  carried  on.  Culture  of  coffee  now  the  lead- 
ing Industry;  plant  introduced  from  Martinique  1722;  area  under 
growth,  1901. 166.164  acres,  chiefly  in  Ponce,  Mayaguez,  and  Arecibo; 
grown  largely  on  waste  hillsides;  the  annual  yield  averages  about  60,- 
000,000  pounds.  Sugar,  introduced  from  Canaries  through  Santo  Do- 
mingo, also  a  staple  production;  area  under  sugar  cane,  82,678  acres; 
principal  districts,  Ponce,  Juan,  Diaz,  Island  of  Vieques,  Arecibo,  and 
San  German;  estimated  yield,  1901-2, 100,000  tons;  during  late  years  culti- 
vation greatly  diminished  through  excessive  land  tax,  increasing  use  of 
beet  sugar,  etc.  Soil,  climate,  and  labor  all  favorable  to  large  produc- 
tion. Tobacco,  1902,  9,000,000  pounds,  owing  to  careless  methods  of 
culture  and  curing,  product  inferior  in  quality  to  that  of  Cuba;  under 
favorable  circumstances,  industry  capable  of  enormous  development. 
Other  products:  Rice,  Indian  corn,  cacao,  vegetables,  and  fruits. 
Principal  food  plants  of  natives,  plantain,  banana,  sweet  potato.  All 
tropical  and  semi-tropical  fruits  reach  perfection.  Oranges,  cocoanuts, 
and  pineapples  exported;  limes,  citron,  and  shaddock  (grape  fruit) 
abundant;  guava  grows  luxuriantly  in  low  lands  and  in  mountainous 
districts;  pomegranates,  fig*,  date  palms,  and  tamarinds  grow  readily. 

Live  Stock.— Extensive  district  in  northeast  especially  adapted 
for  raising   cattle;    pastures,  covered  with   luxuriant    grasses   and 


228 


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230  PORTO  RICO, 


abounding  111  running  water:  estimated  area,  1,203.206  acres.  Nearly 
400,000  bead  of  cattle  fa  1897.  Principal  drafl  animal  of  Island  a  superior 
breed  of  oxen,  especially  adapted  to  conditions  of  the  country.  Native 

horses  also  raised     Island  of  Vieques  large  producer  or  beef  cattle. 

Manufactures*—  Industrial  enterprises  limited.  Sugar  making, 
coffee  mills  for  preparing  coffee  for  shlpment,chocolate  manufactories, 
and  the  manufacture  of  leather,  straw  hats,  baskets. rush  pack  saddles, 
cigars,  cigarettes,  and  acoarse  grade  of  plug  tobacco  most  Important. 

Commerce.— Chief  imports,  textiles,  provisions,  iron  and 
and  manufactures  of  wood,  etc.;  total  value,  1900-01,  S9 .367.230;  *7.1l4.- 
909  from  United  states.    Exports.  18,668.816:  15,661,137  to  United  - 
Sugar  most  important;  value  19oi  I calendar)  about  $6,000,000.  manu- 
factured tobacco,  >»;:,;;.  i:li ;  oranges,  8101,836;  stravvand  palm  leaf, $114,- 
646;    Free  trade  with  United  states  proclaimed  1901. 

Minerals.— Mineral  resources  little  known.  Valuable  salt  deposits 
worked  at  Guanica,  Salinas,  and  Cabo  Rojo.  Sulphides  of  copper  and 
magnetic  oxides  of  iron  found  in  large  quantities.  Gold  found  In  many 
mountain  streams;  worked  by  natives  by  primitive  processes.  Marble, 
carbonates,  lignites,  and  amber  also  occur;  the  two  latter  chiefly  at 
Utuado  and  Moca.    Clays  of  superior  quality  plentiful. 

Population.— Porto  Rico  most  populous  island  of  West  Indies. 
Population,  census  of  1899,  953.243;  over  98  per  cent  native  born;  of  for- 
eigners in  the  island  more  than  half  natives  of  Spain.  Colored  popula- 
tion  about  38  per  cent  of  total,  or  363,817  persons— 59,390  negroes, 304,332 
of  mixed  blood,  75  Chinese. 

Cities.— Population  of  island  mainly  rural,  only  about  21  per  cent 
of  inhabitants,  or  203.792  persons,  dwell  in  cities  and  towns;  less  than  9 
per  cent  in  cities  exceeding  S.000  inhabitants,  a  much  smaller  propor- 
tion than  in  Cuba  and  the  United  States.  San  Juan,  on  narrow  island 
off  northern  coast,  capital  and  leading  city,  has  best  harbor  on  island. 
Former  residence  of  Spanish  Captain  General;  the  "Palace"  now  the 
official  residence  of  the  civil  governor;  has  finest  public  buildings, 
leading  schools,  most  prosperous  churches,  and  largest  barracks  for 
soldiers.  Its  great  military  hospital,  under  efficient  management  of 
Americans,  a  model  institution.  Population,  32,048.  Ponce,  on  south- 
ern coast,  most  progressive  and  one  of  most  healthful  places.  Playa, 
the  seaport,  two  milec  distant,  seat  of  custom  house  and  all  consular 
offices.  City  second  commercially,  but  bids  fair  to  become  chief  trad- 
ing center;  has  hospitals,  average  schools,  a  theater,  cathedral,  and 
only  Protestant  church  in  Porto  Kico.  Seat  of  official  chamber  of 
commerce.  Population,  27,952.  Mayaguez,  on  -western  coast,  most 
healthful  of  all  the  cities.  Commercially  third  in  importance;  Indus- 
trially the  leading  center.  Has  coffee  mills,  chocolate  manufactories, 
and  a  number  of  minor  industries.  Population,  15.187.  Caguas  and 
Cayey,  on  the  great  military  road,  in  heart  of  tobacco  district,  largest 
tobacco  towns.  Arecibo,  large  coffee  town  on  north  coast.  Aguadilla, 
north  of  Mayaguez,  also  exports  coffee.  Yauco,  coffee  town  on  south 
coast.  Guayama  and  Humacoa,  important  sugar  towns  in  southeast- 
ern section.    Fajardo,  on  east  coast,  has  good  harbor. 

Railways  in  operation,  137  miles-,  under  construction,  about  170 
miles.  Military  road  begun  by  Spanish  Government,  1880,80  miles. 
San  Juan  to  Ponce.  United  States  has  built  over  100  miles  of  road. 
There  are  470  miles  of  telegraph  lines;  submarine  cable  to  St.  Thomas 
and  .lamaica.    Recent  harbor  improvements  made  at  San  Juan. 

Education  has  been  backward:  statistics  show  large  proportion  of 
inhabitants  to  be  illiterates.  By  the  census  of  1899  there  were  659.294 
persons  10  years  of  age  and  over,  of  whom  509,498,  or  over  77  per  cent, 
were  unable  to  read.  Under  administration  of  United  States,  schools 
have  been  opened  throughout  the  island;  733  in  1901. 

Kelision.  —  Roman  Catholic  the  prevailing  religion.  Island  con- 
tains 71  cathedrals;  appropriation  for  the  Church,  1897-98,  about  $92,000. 
nearly  5  per  cent  of  entire  revenue  of  island 

Government.— Representation  since  May,  1901.  Administered  by 
a  Governor  and  Cabinet,  appointed  by  the  President  Executive 
Council  constitutes  upper  legislative  house  and  has  11  members:  lower 
house.  85  members.  Absolute  power  of  veto  over  all  legislative  and 
administrative  acts  of  the  insular  government  held  by  U.  S.  Congress. 


V 


MEXICO.  231 


MEXICO.    Mek'-si-ko. 


Historical.— Early  inhabitants  Aztecs  and  other  Indian  races. 
Conquered  by  Spanish  under  Cortez  1521.  Independence  from  Spain 
declared  1813;  warfare  with  Spain  until  revolution  of  Iturbide  1821, 
when  last  Spanish  Viceroy  was  deposed;  empire  under  Iturbide  pro- 
claimed 1822;  Republic  established  1824;  war  with  United  States  1846-8 
resulted  in  loss  of  New  Mexico  and  California;  Santa  Anna  as  Dicta- 
tor 1853-55.  Invasion  of  French  1863;  empire  under  Maximilian  (upheld 
by  French  troops)  1864-67.  French  troops  withdrawn,  Maximilian  exe- 
cuted, republic  restored,  1867.  Present  constitution  adopted  1857, 
amended  1887,  1890.  Mexico,  archaeologically,  the  most  interesting 
section  of  North  America.  Numerous  ruins  of  the  ancient  civiliza- 
tion exist;  especially  remarkable  are  those  of  Uxmal  and  Palenque. 

Area,  767,005  square  miles,  including  1,420  square  miles  of  islands. 
Divided  into  27  States.  2  Territories,  and  the  Inderal  District  of  Mexico. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  a  plateau  rising  from  low  coast 
plain  by  succession  of  terraces  to  6,000  to  9,000  feet  above  sea  level. 
Country  diversified  by  mountain  chains  and  many  isolated  peaks,  all 
of  volcanic  origin;  three  rise  above  perpetual  snow:  Orizaba,  18,314 
feet;  Popocatepetl,  17,300  (both  active  volcanoes),  and  Iztaccihuatl, 
16,960;  Orizaba,  with  exception  of  Mt.  Logan,  highest  mountain  in 
North  America.  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  traverse  Peninsula  of  Lower 
California;  within  this  region  earthquakes  frequent.  Country  sparingly 
watered;  rivers  generally  unimportant;  Kio  Grande,  forming  boundary 
between  Mexico  and  United  States,  most  valuable;  Santiago,  second  in 
importance.  Lakes  numerous,  usually  of  little  value;  Chapala,  in 
Jalisco,  largest;  area  over  1,300  square  miles. 

Climate.— Climate  varies  with  altitude  from  coast  to  interior, 
generally  healthful  at  an  elevation  of  2,000  feet  above  sea  level. 
Rainfall  abundant  on  maritime  slopes  south  of  tropic  ;  ranges  from  79 
to  118  inches  annually;  plateau  dry  everywhere.  Mean  temperature 
City  of  Mexico,  60  deg.;  highest,  89  deg.:  lowest,  28}4  deg.  Low  plain 
'  along  coast  hot  and  unhealthf  ul.  Mazatlan,  mean  temperature.  75 
deg.;  highest,  94  deg.;  lowest,  49  deg.;  rainfall,  62  inches.  Colima, 
mean  temperature,  78  deg.;  rainfall,  4  inches. 

Forests.— Estimated  area,  2.121,012  acres.  Mountain  slopes  covered 
with  dense  forests  of  rare  and  valuable  trees  and  plants;  included  are 
building  and  cabinet  timbers,  dyewoods,  and  medicinal  plants  of  great 
commercial  value.  Among  the  most  important  trees  are  mahogany, 
ebony,  brazil-wood,  logwood,  palm,  cocoanut,  pine,  cedar,  and  oak;  rub- 
ber-tree, native  to  Chiapas  and  Tabasco;  heniquen,  Yucatan  ;  ixtle, 
valuable  fiber  plant,  San  Luis  Potosi;  cinchona,  on  slopes  of  Orizaba 
Mountains;  mulberry  tree,  introduced  by  Cortez,  cultivated  extensively 
for  silkworms.  *Value  of  woods  exported,  1891,  $1,726,527,  mahogany 
to  Great  Britain,  1898,  $398,070;  rubber.  372,559. 

Agriculture.— Farming  methods  primitive.  Industry  encouraged 
by  government  distribution  of  vines,  olive  and  fruit  trees,  seeds,  and 
silkworms.  Principal  food  crops  of  central  plateau,  corn,  wheat,  beans, 
barley,  and  rice.  In  southern  and  southeastern  States  coffee  and  to- 
bacco extensively  grown;  in  Yucatan  heniquen  fiber  (sisal  hemp)  pro- 
duced in  large  quantities:  rubber-tree  and  cinchona  also  cultivated. 
Other  products  are  cotton,  cane  sugar  (introduced  by  Cortez),  indigo, 
cochineal,  sarsaparilla.  cacao,  vanilla,  and  the  maguey  plant,  from 
which  pulque,  the  national  drink,  is  made;  maguey  plantations  valued 
at  114,000,000.  Orange  culture  important  and  growing  industry,  cul- 
ture of  tea  encouraged.  Yield  of  chief  agricultural  products,  1896: 
Indian  corn,  71,242,133  bushels;  wheat,  601,782  tons;  rice.  41.275  tons; 
coffee,  13,2)4  tons;  cacao,  1,313  tons;  tobacco,  15,875  tons;  heniquen, 
531,319  tons:  cotton,  29,185  tons.  Government  offers  special  induce- 
ments for  establishment  of  agricultural  colonies.  Number  of  settle- 
ments, 34;  established  by  government,  13:  colonists,  6,926;  by  companies 
having  government  approval,  21;  colonists,  4.091. 

Live  Stock.— Cattle    raised    extensively    in    Mexico   for    United 

States  market.     Value  of  20,574  cattle  ranches,  1515,000,000.     Returns 

show  on  an  area  of  300,000  square  miles  in  Northern  Mexico,  1,500,000 

cattle,  2,500,000  goats,   1,000,000  horses,  and  1,000,000  sheep. 

*  All  values  are  given  in  Mexican  money. 


232 


106°      Longitude        Wei 


233 


100"      from        Greenwich. 


234  MEXICO. 


Manufacturer. — Industries  growing  In  Importance.  Mexico's  vast 
resources  attracting  foreign  capital;  Investments  during  the  4  years 
ending  1897,  $l,000,o00,ooo;  American  capital,  8*15,310,000 ;  English,  $213,- 
802,225;  French  and  German,  $441,387,775.  Number  of  establishments 
for  making  sugar,  brandy,  etc.,  1893,  2,899;  output,  1896:  Sugar,  71,429 
tons;  panocha  (coarse-grade  sugar),  62,688  tons;  molasses,  52,749  tons; 
brandy,  124,602,651  gallons;  rum,  7,237,692  gallons.  Cotton  factories,  1896, 
numbered  107;  looms,  13,826;  spindles,  448,156;  raw  cotton  consumed, 
53,273,397  pounds.  Other  industries,  tanning,  and  manufacture  of  cigars, 
cigarettes,  soap,  pottery,  hardware,  chocolate,  etc. 

Commerce  chiefly  with  United  States.  Value  of  imports,  1897-98, 
143,603,492;  from  United  States,  $21,490,604;  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Germany,  118,323,415;  exports,  8128,972,749;  to  United  States,  $91,974,616; 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Germany,  827,091,387.  Chief  imports:  Agri- 
cultural and  mining  machinery,  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  furniture, 
liquors,  groceries,  railway  material,  and  carriages.  Chief  exports: 
Precious  metals,  875,042,332;  heniquen,  811,564,519;  coffee,  $10,649,119; 
cabinet  woods,  $3,597,069;  cattle,  $4,507,327;  hides,  $3,590,477;  tobacco, 
$4,489,768.  Merchant  marine,  1896,  52  steamers,  222  sailing  vessels; 
entered  at  ports,  10,194  vessels;   aggregate  tonnage,  3,659,485. 

Minerals  the  chief  wealth  of  Mexico.  Mining  region  comprises  80 
per  cent  of  area,  yields  20  per  cent  of  world's  production  of  gold  and 
silver.  Other  minerals  are  lead,  copper,  platinum,  iron,  mercury,  tin, 
cobalt,  bismuth,  zinc,  sulphur,  petroleum,  salt,  etc.  In  1894  there 
were  3,167  mining  enterprises,  two-thirds  belonging  to  Mexicans. 
Value  of  precious  metals  exported,  1897-98:  Silver,  $35,721,275;  silver 
coin,  818,214,989;  silver  ore,  $11,137,996;    gold,  $6,364,308. 

Population,  1895,12,632,427;  1900,13,570,545;  white  race  constitutes 
19  per  cent,  mixed  races  43  per  cent,  Indians,  38  per  cent.  Race  dis- 
tinction abolished  by  constitution  of  1824;  greater  part  of  mixed  races 
and  Indians  still  uncivilized;  out  of  a  population  of  13,000,000  only 
about  3,700,000  are  taxable.    Spanish  is  the  prevailing  language. 

Principal  Cities.—  Mexico,  capital  and  chief  city,  founded  by 
Aztecs  1325;  finest  city  in  Spanish  America;  has  cathedral  founded 
1573,  national  palace,  library— 265,000  volumes,— museum,  and  a  military 
academy;  connected  by  rail  with  New  Orleans;  population,  329.774. 
Puebla,  second  city, founded  1532;  important  railway  center;  has  thriv- 
ing trade,  potteries,  and  iron  and  bronze  works,  population,  88,684. 
Guadalajara,  one  of  chief  cities,  has  various  manufactories;  seat  of  a 
mint;  contains  university  and  an  academy  of  painting;  population, 
83,934.  Leon,  flourishing  manufacturing  town;  population,  58,426. 
Vera  Cruz,  principal  seaport;  founded  by  Cortez  near  present  site; 
port  of  export  for  large  part  of  Mexican  products;  population,  24,085. 

Railways,  Etc.— Miles  of  railway  in  operation,  1890,  4,648;  1898, 
7,700;  tramway,  127;  telegraph,  42,150—28,220  belonging  to  the  govern- 
ment; miles  of  telephone,  7,459. 

Education.— In  1890  15,000  persons  within  the  City  of  Mexico  could 
read  only;  176,000  could  neither  read  nor  write.  Ruling  class,  of  Span 
ish  descent,  highly  cultured.  School  expenditures  1895,  $3,973,737 
Primary  schools,  7,380;  secondary,  34;  professional,  36;  average  attend 
ance,  338,066.  Attending  higher  schools,  military  and  naval  colleges 
21,000.  Public  libraries,  102;  museums,  24;  newspapers,  456—10  in  Eng 
lish,  1  in  French. 

Religion.— Prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic;  all  others  tolerated, 
church  independent  of  State,  and  no  ecclesiastical  body  can  acquire 
landed  property.  In  1889  there  were  10,112  Roman  Catholic  churches 
and  chapels,  and  119  Protestant  churches.  In  1890  there  were  320,143 
Catholics  and  2,623  Protestants  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

Government,  a  federal  republic  modeled  on  that  of  the  United 
States.  Legislative  power  vested  in  Senate— 2  members  from  each  State 
—and  House  of  Representatives— 227  members.  President  elected  for 
term  of  4  years;  by  constitutional  amendment  of  lS90.mavbe  re-elected 
indefinitely  Estimated  revenue,  1898-99.  $52,109,500;  expenditure  .852,089.- 
485;  debt,  1S96,  $183,206,679.  Mexico  has  4  mints  (annual  coinage  about 
$25,000,000)  and  7  Federal  assay  offices.  Gold  sent  to  mints  and  assay 
offices,  1886  to  1896  inclusive.  668,052  ounces;  value,  $16,673,116,  silver, 
197,020,184  ounces;  value.  $313.401, 731.  Standard  of  value,  silver  Num- 
ber of  banks.  17.  Peace  footing  of  arm  v.  3.36.;  officers.  34,000  men;  war 
footing,  3,500  officers,  14;J,000  men.    Navy  small- 90  officers,  500  men. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Historical.— Discovered  by  Columbus  1498,  landing  effected  near 
mouth  of  Orinoco;  continental  character  ascertained  before  1515. 
Northern  coasts  explored  by  Vespucci  1499-1500;  Brazil  discovered 
1500  by  Cabral;  mouth  of  Rio  de  la  Plata  entered  1508.  Straits  of 
Magellan  discovered  1519;  Peru  conquered  by  Pizarro  1532.  First 
settlement  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  French  1558;  occupied  by  Portuguese 
1567.  English,  Dutch,  and  French  settled  in  Guiana  1613-74.  Nearly 
entire  country  conquered  by  Spanish  and  Portuguese.  Spanish  colo- 
nies revolted  1810.  War  of  Independence  waged  against  royalist  Spanish 
armies  hnally  resulted  in  establishment  of  various  republics. 

Area,  6,834,563  square  miles  including  dependent  islands;  greatest 
length  from  north  to  south,  4,592  miles,  breadth,  3,230.  Continental 
islands  include  Falkland,  South  Georgia,  Tierra  delFuego,  Patagonian 
Archipelago,  Chiloe,  Juan  Fernandez,  Marajo,  and  Galapagos,  with 
some  smaller  ones  in  Caribbean  Sea. 

Physical  Features.— Andes  Mountains  extend  along  entire 
western  coast;  noted  for  numerous  high  volcanoes;  Aconcagua,  22,S60 
feet,  highest;  Parime  system  traverses  plateau  between  plains  of 
Orinoco  and  Amazon.  Brazilian  system  near  eastern  coast.  Average 
elevation  of  highest  plateau  13,000  feet;  of  continent,  2,490  feet.  In 
Interior  a  series  of  great  plains  opens  upon  Atlantic;  includes  llanos 
of  Orinoco,  selras  of  Amazon,  and  pampas  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Length 
of  coast  line  15,700 miles.  Largest  river,  Amazon;  extreme  length  about 
3,900  miles;  estuary  widens  to  180  miles;  navigable  2,200  miles;  extent 
of  basin,  2,320,000  square  miles.  Orinoco,  1,570  miles;  basin,  365,000 
square  miles.  Rio  de  la  Plata,  large  estuary  formed  by  union  of  Parana 
and  Uruguay  rivers;  drains  1,240,000  square  miles.  Largest  lakes, 
Maracaybo  in  Venezuela;  Titicaca  in  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

Climate.— More  than  two-thirds  the  surface  within  the  tropics. 
Climate  greatly  affected  by  Andes;  vegetation  and  rainfall  of  the 
two  sides  present  striking  contrasts;  rainfall  east  of  mountains 
generally  abundant;  west  deficient,  and  in  certain  sections  fails 
entirely;  in  extreme  south,  however,  west  of  mountains  fairly  well 
watered  and  wooded;  east  bleak  and  arid.  Climate  of  portions  within 
torrid  zone  modified  by  trade-winds,  high  mountains,  etc.  In  basin  of 
Amazon  perpetual  summer;  region  comparatively  healthful.  Interior 
of  lowlands  heat  intense;  on  plateaus  moderate. 

Forests.— Tropical  forests  cover  vast  areas;  in  extent  and  density 
surpass  those  of  any  other  region.  The  many  valuable  trees  include 
mahogany,  rosewood,  Brazilwood,  logwood,  gum  trees,  which  furnish 
copal  for  varnish,  and  caoutchouc  or  india  rubber,  native  to  Brazilian 
forests.  Among  medicinal  and  other  plants  of  value  are  cinchona 
or  Peruvian  bark,  and  coca,  both  well-known  articles  of  commerce; 
Yerba  mate,  or  Paraguay  tea,  characteristic  of  Paraguay;  the  shrub 
from  which  ipecacuanha  is  obtained  ;  excellent  sarsaparilla  from 
Uruguay,  and  vanilla  from  various  localities. 

Agriculture.— Coffee,  sugar,  and  cotton  grown  in  eastern  portions 
of  Brazil  and  nearly  all  countries  in  region  of  Andes;  cereals  in  tem- 
perate regions  of  elevated  sections;  wheat  an  important  article  of 
commerce  from  Argentine.  Cacao,  tobacco,  indigo,  rice,  potatoes  — 
indigenous  to  Peru  and  Chile  — and  yams  cultivated  extensively  in 
various  localities.  Cassava,  yielding  manioc,  Brazilian  arrowroot,  and 
tapioca,  most  important  food  plant  in  tropics;  cassava  and  Indian 
corn  staple  food  plants.  Bananas,  oranges,  limes,  lemons,  pineapples, 
dates,  figs,  olives,  and  grapes  abundant.  The  vast  pampas  of  the  south, 
covered  with  luxuriant  grasses,  afford  excellent  pasturage.  Rearing 
of  live  stock  the  great  industry  of  the  region;  leading  source  of  wealth 
in  Argentine  its  great  herds  of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep;  cattle  reared 
also  in  large  numbers  in  Brazil  and  Uruguay. 

Commerce  with  Great  Britain,  United  States,  France,  and  Ger- 
many, extensive.  Chief  exports,  coffee,  largely  from  Brazil,  also  the 
staple  from  Venezuela;  wheat,  chiefly  from  Argentine  and  Chile;  cacao 
the  staple  from  Ecuador;  Yerba  mate,  Paraguay;  cocaine  and  coca 
leaves,  Peru;  animals  and  their  products— meat,  meat  extracts,  hides 
and  skins,  wool,  tallow,  and  bones— from  Argentine,  Brazil,  Uruguay, 
and  Paraguay;  mineral  products— gold,  silver,  copper,  nitrate,  etc.; 


336 


Sffi 


^ 


238  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

fonst  products— rubber,  cabinet  woods,  nuts,  etc.   Imports  principally 
cottons,  woolens,  iron  and  machinery,  and  provisions. 

Minerals.— Continent  contains  inexhaustible  stores  of  mineral 
wealth.  Andes  regions  abound  in  gold  and  silver.  Richest  gold  fields 
now  mined  those  of  Colombia,  Guiana,  Chile,  Venezuela,  and  Brazil; 
annual  output  about  500,000  ounces,  Colombia  leading  with  nearly 
170.000  ounces.  Silver  mining  most  active  in  Bolivia,  Peru,  Chile, 
Colombia,  and  Argentine;  annual  output,  18,148.000  ounces,  Bolivia 
about  15,000,000  ounces.  Diamonds  found  in  Brazil  and  Bolivia;  Brazil 
fields  have  yielded  some  of  most  celebrated  stones  in  the  world  Rich 
emerald  mines  in  Colombia.  Other  precious  stones  are  opal,  topaz, 
and  garnet;  lapis  lazuli,  jasper,  alabaster,  and  marbles  also  occur. 
Platinum,  mercury,  lead,  coal,  iron,  zinc,  tin,  and  sulphur  mined. 
Copper  mines  of  Chile  among  the  most  important  in  the  world;  output 
nearly  40,000  tons  annually.  Petroleum  abundant,  especially  in  Peru  and 
Ecuador.  Coal  mined  extensively  in  Chile;  annual  production,  10,000,- 
000  tons;  country  possesses  vast  stores  of  nitrates,  borax,  and  salt. 

Population  consists  of  descendants  of  conquerors  — Spaniards 
and  Portuguese— mixed  races,  and  Negroes.  Native  population,  Indian, 
far  more  numerous  in  South  America  than  in  North  America;  mixed 
races  chiefly  of  European  and  Indian  blood.  Estimated  population 
1895,  39,153,000— Europeans,  11.054,000 ;  Indians  and  mixed  races,  18,080,- 
000;  Negroes,  9,841,000;  Asiatic,  178,000.  Spanish  prevailing  language 
throughout  the  Continent  except  Brazil  where  Portuguese  is  spoken. 
Indian  languages  and  dialects  almost  innumerable. 

Religion.—  Dominant  religion  of  all  South  American  countries 
Roman  Catholic;  with  exception  of  Ecuador  and  Peru  all  other  creeds 
tolerated.  Classification:  Christians,  37,266,000;  Mohammedans,  6,000; 
Jews,  8,000;  Buddhists,  etc.,  130,000;  heathens,  1,173,000. 

Government.  —  Politically  South  America  is  divided  among  ten 
republics  and  three  European  colonies:  Republics  of  Venezuela, 
Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Argentine  Republic  in  the  east;  Chile,  Peru, 
Ecuador,  and  Colombia  in  west;  Bolivia  and  Paraguay  inland;  colonies 
of  British  Guiana,  Surinam  (Dutch),  and  Cayenne  (French)  in  north. 

COLOMBIA.      Colom  bea 

Historical.— Country  first  visited  by  Spanish  1531;  became  a  Spanish 
presidency  1563;  vice-kingdom  1719;  vice-royalty,  including  Ecuador 
and  Venezuela,  1740.  War  for  independence  1810-21;  Republic  of  Colom- 
bia formed  1819;  Republic  of  New  Granada  established  1831.  Name 
Confederation  of  Granada  adopted  1858;  United  States  of  New  Granada 
1861;  United  States  of  Colombia  1863;  after  revolution  of  1855,  Republic 
of  Colombia.  ,_    m 

Area,  482,048  square  miles,  of  which  473,202  square  miles  are  north  of 
equator.    Divided  into  8  departments. 

Physical  Features,  Etc.  —West  traversed  by  three  ranges 
of  Andes;  highest  elevation,  Mount  Tolima,  18,270  feet.  Surface  of 
east  consists  of  broad  plains  sloping  to  Orinoco  and  Amazon  rivers. 
Principal  rivers  of  west,  Magdalena  and  Cauca.  Extensive  forests  yield 
many  valuable  products:  India  rubber,  Tolu  balsam,  copaiba,  vegetable 
ivory,  cinchona— first  studied  here  1793— and  coca. 

Climate  entirely  tropical.  Warmer  regions  toward  Caribbean  Sea, 
in  the  Magdalena  Valley,  eastern  slopes  of  Andes,  and  the  llanos;  the 
latter  the  hottest.  On  elevated  plateaus  temperature  moderate;  low, 
hot,  swampy  lands  very  unhealthful.  Rainfall  heavy;  in  some  districts 
continuous.    Mean  temperature  Bogota,  57.9  deg.;  rainfall.  43.62  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Large  area  of  arable  land;  small  proportion 
under  culture.  Chief  products  coffee,  cacao,  and  tobacco;  sugar,  maize, 
manihot,  wheat,  potatoes  also  thrive.  Grazing  in  central  districts. 
Cattle  in  Colombia,  3,465,000;  sheep,  goats,  and  swine,  3,487.000. 

Commerce.— Value  of  imports  1897,  816.679,500;  exports,  $13,290,000. 
Chief  imports,  provisions,  textiles,  and  iron  and  steel  goods.  Chief 
export,  coffee;  value  of  shipments  from  Barranquilla  1897.  $5. 373.130; 
other  exports  gold  and  silver,  cacao,  cotton,  tobacco,  live  animals, 
hides,  dve-stuffs,  india  rubber,  and  timber. 

Minerals  varied  and  of  great  value.  Value  of  gold  exported  from 
Antioquia— chief  district— $200,000  annually.    Annual  value  of  gold  and 


COLOMBIA  —  ECUADOR. 


silver  output,  $4, 115,000.  Copper,  platinum,  iron,  lead,  mercury,  cinna- 
bar—14  mines  — emeralds  — 7  mines— also  produced.  Yearly  value  of 
emeralds  §100,000.  Coal  and  petroleum  deposits  extensive.  Salt  mines 
north  of  Bogota  government  monopoly;  great  source  of  revenue. 

Population.— Inhabitants,  whites  — of  Spanish  descent— mixed 
races,  and  Indians.  Estimated  population,  1895,  3,700,000,  including 
150,000  uncivilized  Indians. 

Cities.— Bogota,  capital;  founded  by  Spanish  1538;  population 
110,000.  Chief  commercial  towns— Barranquilla,  on  the  Magdalena, 
40,000;  Medellin,  in  important  mining  region,  40,000;  Bucaramanga, 
20,000,  and  Cucuta,  10,000,  large  coffee  centers. 

Railways,  Etc.— Railways  open  1897,  400  miles;  about  270  miles 
under  construction.    Telegraph  1894,  6,835  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Primary  education  gratuitous,  but  not  compul- 
sory; schools,  1,817;  pupils,  89,000;  normal  schools,  14,  students,  600;  for 
secondary  instruction,  34  public  and  numerous  private  colleges.  Has 
national  university  and  four  universities  belonging  to  Departments. 
Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholic;  other  forms  permitted. 

Government.  Etc.  —  Executive  rests  with  President— chosen  for 
6  years— assisted  by  cabinet.  Legislative  in  Congress  of  two  houses. 
Strength  of  national  army  determined  by  Act  of  Congress  each  session. 
Law  of  1894  provides  for  redemption  of  paper  currency,  free  coinage 
of  gold,  and  coinage  of  small  silver  pieces  in  European  mints. 

ECUADOR.  Ek'-wa-do, 

Historical.— At  time  of  Spanish  conquest,  1533-34,  greater  part  of 
country  subject  to  Incas  of  Peru.  Created  Kingdom  of  Quito  and 
attached  to  vice-royalty  of  Peru  1554;  Spanish  rulers  expelled  and 
country  entered  Colombian  Confederation  1822-23;  republic  proclaimed 
under  present  name  1830.  Country  has  since  suffered  greatly  from  polit- 
ical revolutions.    Boundaries  between  Colombia  and  Peru  in  dispute. 

Area,  exclusive  of  territory  in  dispute,  120,000  square  miles;  area 
claimed,  273,150  square  miles— Galapagos  Islands,  2,869  square  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Country  traversed  north  to  south  by  Andes; 
contains  some  of  highest  peaks  in  South  America  and  numerous 
volcanoes;  highest  elevations,  Chimborazo,  20,660  feet;  Cotopaxi, 
19,48u  feet;  between  the  mountains  are  several  elevated  table-lands. 
Principal  rivers  tributaries  of  Amazon;  Napo  and  Putumayo  largest. 
Coast  line  2,000  miles;  affords  many  good  harbors.  Vast  equatorial 
forests  exist,  affording  excellent  woods  and  medicinal  plants. 

Climate  in  highlands  of  western  section  healthful;  temperature 
moderate;  hot,  rainy  season  from  December  to  May;  rains  most  abun- 
dant in  March.  All  lowlands  hot;  low  coast  lands  unhealthful  July 
coldest  month;  mean  temperature,  Quito,  55.6  deg.;  Esmeraldas,  82  deg. 

Agriculture.— Coast  lands  fertile.  Cacao  great  commercial  crop; 
plantations  large;  rice  also  grown.  Coffee  cultivated  on  slopes.  Sugar 
cane  and  tobacco  in  Province  of  Guayaquil;  tropical  fruits,  Esmer- 
aldas; wheat,  barley,  Indian  corn,  etc.,  on  plateaus.  Yucca  roots  chief 
food  of  Indians.  Cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  largely  reared  in  high- 
lands.     Rubber  industrv  important. 

Commerce,  Etc.— Value  of  imports  1897,  87,849,764;  exports,  $13,- 
627,076.  Chief  imports,  cotton,  other  textiles, provisions;  chief  export, 
cacao;  value  exported  from  Guayaquil  1897,  $4,670,550;  coffee,  4243,698; 
rubber,  $229,642;  straw  hats,  $72,93(1;  hides,  $101,585;  specie,  $145,950. 

Minerals.— Ecuador  rich  in  gold:  worked  at  Zarama  and  Esmeral- 
das. Rich  silver  ore  also  found;  petroleum  abundant  but  hardly  worked; 
valuable  deposits  of  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  coal  numerous. 

Population,  1,271,861;  whites,  100,000;  mixed  races,  300,000;  Indians, 
870,000. 

Cities.—  Quito,  capital  of  Republic  and  ancient  capital  of  Incas. 
Altitude,  9,350  feet;  population,  80,000.  Guayaquil,  chief  seaport  and 
trade  and  manufacturing  center;  population,  50,000.  Cttenea,  third  city; 
has  cathedral  and  university;  population  25,000. 

Railways,  Etc.  — Railway  open,  Durau  to  Guayaquil,  58  miles; 
projected  to  Sibambe,58  miles.    Telegraph,  1,242  miles. 

Education,    Etc.— Primary   instruction    free    and    compulsory. 


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Primary  schools,  1,088;  secondary,  96;  for  higher  education,  9;  num- 
ber of  teachers,  1,498;  pupils,  68,380.  University,  commercial  and 
technical  schools  at  Quito  and  Guayaquil.  Religion,  Roinan  Catholic; 
no  other  tolerated. 

Government,  Etc.— Executive  vested  in  President  (term  four 
years).  Legislative  in  Congress  of  two  houses,  members  chosen  by 
Roman  Catholic  adults  who  can  read  and  write  and  have  certain 
income.  Army  numbers  3,341  officers  and  men;  national  guard  30,000. 
Coin  of  country  minted  in  United  states,  England,  and  Peru.  Govern- 
ment monetary  commission  reported  in  favor  of  gold  standard. 

VENEZUELA.    Ven-e-zweMa. 

Historical.— Country  discovered  by  Columbus  1498;  first  settlement 
at  Cumana  1520;  Spanish  dominion  continued  until  series  of  insurrec- 
tions 1810-1821,  resulted  in  country  entering  Colombian  Confederation. 
Republic  of  Venezuela  proclaimed  1830.  Since,  there  have  been  num- 
erous civil  wars  and  several  changes  of  the  constitution.  Southern 
boundary  in  dispute. 

Area,  593,943  square  miles,  divided  into  8  States,  1  Federal  district, 
2  national  settlements,  and  8  territories. 

Physical  Features.— Country  mountainous  in  north  and  west; 
central  portion  bordering  Orinoco  vast  grassy  plains;  surface  south- 
east mountainous  with  dense  forests.  Entire  course  of  Orinoco  within 
the  country.  Lake  Maracaybo  in  north.  Delta  of  Orinoco,  basin  of 
Maracaybo,  and  mountainous  districts  covered  with  forests.  Products, 
rubber,  copal,  sarsaparilla,  cinchona,  tonka  beans,  timber,  dye-woods. 

Climate  at  elevations  of  2,000  feet  that  of  temperate  zone;  at  7,000 
feet,  cold.  Hottest  districts  the  llanos,  and  mountainous  regions  on 
north  coast  and  near  Guiana.  Low,  marshy  regions  very  unhealthful. 
Rainfall  abundant  on  slopes  under  trade-winds;  alternate  wet  and  dry 
seasons  on  llanos.  Floods  of  Orinoco  April  to  August.  Mean  tem- 
perature on  north  coast,  84  deg.;  Caracas,  77  deg.;  Merida,  59  deg. 

Agriculture  leading  industry,  engages  one-fifth  the  population. 
Coffee  — cultivated  since  1784  — chief  commercial  product;  estates 
number  33,000;  area  under  cultivation,  1&1.000  to  200,000  acres.  Cacao 
—  indigenous  to  Merida  — 5,000  estates.  Indian  corn,  the  staple  food 
product,  yields  four  crops  annually.  Tobacco,  cereals,  and  potatoes 
largely  grown  in  highlands;  sugar  cane,  cotton,  indigo,  and  tropical 
fruits  in  lowlands  and  valleys.  Vast  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep  and 
goats,  swine,  horses  and  mules  reared  on  the  llanos.  Number  of 
cattle  1895,  5,000,000;  amount  of  wool  1896, 15,000,000  pounds. 

Commerce.— Chief  imports:  Provisions,  dry  goods,  hardware, 
coal,  kerosene,  timber,  and  machinery.  Value  of  exports,  1895-96,  $21,- 
176,477.  Coffee,  44,667  tons;  cocoa,  4,047;  rubber,  339;  quina  bark,  68,297 
pounds;  hides,  3,440,109  in  number;  gold— from  Yuruari— 43,500  ounces. 

Minerals.— Gold  found  in  all  parts;  richest  deposits  in  Yuruari 
Territory.  Copper,  silver,  and  coal  deposits  near  Barcelona;  inex- 
haustible salt  mines,  worked  by  government  on  Peninsula  of  Araya. 
Asphaltum,  petroleum,  iron,  lead,  tin,  sulphur,  and  kaolin  abundant. 

Population  1891,  2,323,527;  male,  1,737,139;  female,  1,186,388;  native 
Indian,  326,000.  Evidences  of  an  older  civilization  exist  in  rock  pic- 
tures, ceramic  remains,  and  ruins  of  buildings. 

Cities.—  Caracas,  capital;  important  commercial  center:  popula- 
tion 72,429.  La  Guayra,  leading  seaport:  population  12,000.  Valencia, 
finely  situated  commercial  center;  population  3S.654.  Maracaybo,  sea- 
port; export  trade  large:  seat  of  National  college;  population  34,284. 

Railways,  Etc.— In  1898  there  were  505  miles  of  railway  in  opera- 
tion and  1,000  miles  under  consideration;  telegraph  lines,  3.S82  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  free  and  compulsory.  Primary 
schools  1891, 1,566;  pupils  1889, 100,026.  Normal  schools,  4;  universities,  2; 
Federal  colleges,  22.  National  library,  Caracas.  State  religion,  Roman 
Catholic;  other  creeds  tolerated. 

Government,  Etc.— Executive  vested  in  President  chosen  for  two 
years.  Legislative  in  Congress  of  two  bouses.  Permanent  army  3,600 
men.  Every  citizen  from  18  to  45  enrolled  in  national  militia.  Law 
of  1896  provides  for  issue  of  gold  coin  and  gold  certificates;  issue  of 
paper  currency  and  coinage  of  silver  and  nickel  to  cease. 


BRAZIL.  243 


BRAZIL.    Brazi,. 

Historical.— Discovered  and  claimed  for  Spain  by  PInzon  1499. 
French  settled  Rio  de  Janeiro  1558.  Occupied  by  Portuguese  1567;  be- 
came subject  to  Spain  1578;  Portuguese  authority  restored  1640.  Slavery 
of  Indians  prohibited  16S0.  Rio  de  Janeiro  became  capital  1762.  Royal 
family  of  Portugal  fled  to  Brazil  1807;  Colony  declared  a  kingdom  1815; 
proclaimed  independence  of  Portugal  1822.  Negro  slavery  abolished 
1888.    Republic  proclaimed  under  title  "United  States  of  Brazil"  1889. 

Area,  3.209,87S  square  miles;  length,  2,644  miles;  breadth,  2,707  miles. 
In  territorial  extent  the  fifth  nation  in  the  world.  Divided  into  20 
States  and  1  Federal  District. 

Physical  Features.— Country  consists  of  two  distinct  physical 
regions:  Tropical  lowlands  of  north  and  west  and  temperate  uplands  of 
center  and  south;  northern  and  western  districts  include  the  "Selvas," 
or  forests,  drained  by  the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries;  eastern  and 
southern  districts  mountainous.  Mountains  and  large  portion  of  Ama- 
zon basin  covered  with  forests;  among  valuable  woods  and  plants  are 
India  rubber,  Brazilwood,  cacao,  rosewood,  mahogany,  bananas,  and 
vanilla.  Brazil  noted  for  large,  navigable  rivers;  length  of  Amazon 
within  Brazil,  2,000  miles;  drains  800,000  square  miles;  San  Francisco 
important  river  of  east;  Parana  of  south;  Uruguay  and  Paraguay  rivers 
on  west.    Coasts  generally  regular  and  unbroken;  length,  3,700  miles. 

Climate.— With  exception  of  extreme  southern  province,  Brazil 
entirely  within  the  tropics.  Uplands  relatively  cool  and  agreeable. 
Heat  excessive  along  coast  and  on  lowlands  of  north.  Near  the  equator, 
two  regular  seasons,  wet  and  dry;  interior  subject  to  long  dry  season. 
Mean  annual  temperature,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  74  deg.;  rainfall,  59  inches; 
mean  annual  temperature,  Para,  80  deg.;  rainfall,  68  inches. 

Agriculture.— Country  rich  in  agricultural  resources;  products 
Of  the  soil  and  forests  chief  sources  of  wealth.  Brazil  chief  coffee 
producer  of  world;  crop,  1897-98,  10,000,000  bags.  Sugar  cane  and  cotton 
Important  products  in  the  north;  European  plants  and  mate— Paraguay 
tea— in  temperate  zones;  tobacco,  maize,  manioc,  nuts,  and  fruit  also 
largely  grown;  princ'pal  product  of  Amazon  Valley,  rubber.  Cattle 
industry  important;  number  killed,  1898,  340,000. 

Manufactures  developing  rapidly.  Capital  in  cotton  mills, 
116,000,000;  number  155.  Woolen  factories  for  rugs,  felts,  flannels,  etc., 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Nictheroy,  Maranhao,  Porto  Allegre,  and  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul;  silk  mills  Petropolis;  flour  mills,  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Number  of 
sugar  factories,  30;  product  Pernambuco,  1896-97,  245,553,990  pounds. 
Large  production  of  rum  and  alcohol.  Flourishing  breweries,  tanner- 
ies, and  fruit-preserving  establishments  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Commerce  chiefly  with  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  France, 
and  Germany.  Value  of  imports,  1897,  8104,818,827;  exports,  8130,015,808. 
Chief  imports  are  agricultural  implements,  machinery,  cottons, 
woolens,  coal,  provisions,  petroleum,  and  spirits.  Value  of  coffee 
exported,  1897,  $81,470,418;  rubber,  $23,950,612;  tobacco,  $3,835,491;  hides, 
$2,148,356;  cacao,  $2,041,273.  Sugar  exported,  1897,  139.255  tons:  cotton, 
15,996  tons;  dried  beef  from  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  40,781,615  pounds; 
tallow,  5,239,229.    Merchant  navy,  1898,  573  vessels,  tonnage,  182,262. 

Minerals.— Resources  great  but  little  utilized;  coal  mines  worked 
in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul;  gold  in  Minas-Geraes  and  Bahia;  iron  exists  in 
immense  quantities  in  Minas-Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo;  marble  abundant. 
Diamonds  first  found  1789;  largest  fields  in  Minas-Geraes;  otber  precious 
stones,  silver,  lead,  zinc,  iron,  manganese,  copper,  etc.,  also  found. 

Population,  1890,  14,333,915.  White  population  largely  of  Portu- 
guese descent.  In  northern  provinces  Indian  element  predominates; 
in  eastern  negroes  numerous. 

Cities.— Rio  de  Janeiro,  capital,  largest  city,  and  principal  seaport 
and  commercial  center;  second  city  in  South  America;  chief  coffee 
market  of  the  world;  population,  1890,522,651.  Bahia,  second;  contains 
cotton,  tobacco,  and  sugar  factories,  and  shipyards;  population,  174,412. 
Pernambuco,  has  large  export  trade  in  sugar,  fruits,  cocoanuts,  and 
cotton;  population,  111,556.  Para,  or  Belem,  center  of  Amazon  River 
trade;  exports  rubber,  cacao,  hides,  nuts,  etc.;  population,  50,064. 

Railways  open  18%,  8,662  miles;  under  construction,  4,963;  survey, 
4,670.    Telegraphs  under  government  control;  line,  1895,  10,143  miles. 


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Education,  Etc.-  Primary  Instruction  free,  but  nowhere  com- 
pulsory; in  Federal  District  ti  under  municipality;  in  States,  under 
municipal  and  State  authority.  Public  and  private  schools,  1889,  7,500; 
pupils,  300,000.    Illiterates,  84  per  cent  of  population. 

Government,  Etc.— Executive  authority  exercised  by  President; 
term,  four  years;  not  eligible  for  succeeding  term;  legislative,  vested 
in  National  Congress.  Each  State  has  its  own  government,  distinct  and 
Independent  in  local  affairs.  Professed  standard  of  value,  gold.  Mili- 
tary service  compulsory.  Army,  1897,  28,160  men  and  officers.  Navy, 
52  vessels  and  8,500  men  of  all  classes. 


GUIANA.     Ghe-a'-na. 


A  region  extending  from  Orinoco  to  Amazon  River;  received  Its  name 
from  a  tribe  of  Indians.  Politically  divided  among  Venezuela,  Brazil, 
Great  Britain,  The  Netherlands,  and  France.  Coasts  of  Colonial  Guiana 
low  and  swampy.  Interior  undulating  plains,  dense  forests  of  valuable 
timber,  and  low  mountains;  intersected  by  numerous  rivers;  Corentyn 
boundary  between  British  and  Dutch  Guiana;  Essequibo,  longest 
river,  between  Dutch  and  French  territory.  Mt.  Roraima,  7,500  feet, 
highest  elevation.  Climate  of  coasts  and  lowlands  hot,  moist,  and 
unhealthful;  uplands  and  more  elevated  districts  of  interior,  temper- 
ate and  agreeable.  Mean  annual  temperature,  Georgetown,  79.5  deg.; 
rainfall,  95.03  inches;  temperature,  Paramaribo,  81.7  deg.;  rainfall, 
107.95  inches;  temperature,  Cayenne,  80.3  deg.;  rainfall,  129.12  inches. 

BRITISH  GUIANA.— Discovered  by  Columbus  1498;  first 
settled  by  Dutch  15S0;  finally  ceded  to  Great  Britain  1814;  slavery  abol- 
ished 1834.  Boundary  with  Brazil  undetermined.  Area,  (estimated) 
109,000  square  miles.  Under  cultivation,  1891,  79.278  acres;  under  sugar 
cane,  69,814.  Soil  adapted  to  cocoanuts,  coffee,  cacao,  fiber  plants, 
and  tropical  fruits.  Chief  product,  sugar.  Rum,  molasses,  rice, 
and  balata  also  produced  and  exported.  Value  of  exports.  1897-98, 
#8,669,093:  Sugar,  34,974,321;  molasses,  347,730;  rum.  8644,367.  Imports, 
$6,235,263.  Country  rich  in  gold;  .output.  1897-98,  125,080  ounces,  value 
32,218,278;  output,  1886  to  '96,  313,590,018.  Population,  1896-97,285,315. 
Georgetown,  capital;  population,  1891,  53,176.  Railways,  40  miles; 
telegraph  and  cable,  546.  Schools,  209;  pupils,  28,268.  Governor 
(appointed  by  Crown)  assisted  by  an  Executive  Council  and  a 
legislative  body. 

SURINAM  or  DUTCH  GUI  AN  A. -Visited  by  French  1640= 
settled  by  English  1652;  acquired  by  Dutch  from  English  in  exchange 
for  New  Amsterdam  (New  York)  1674;  dispossessed  bv  Great  Britain 
1804;  restored  1814;  slavery  abolished  1863.  Area,  46,060  square  miles. 
Chief  products,  sugar  and  cacao;  rice,  maize,  sweet  potatoes,  yams, 
balata,  coffee,  and  tropical  fruits  also  produced.  Sugar  production, 
1896,  22,859,643  pounds;  cacao,  6,794,026  pounds.  Bananas,  1897,  562,949 
bunches;  coffee,  617.925  pounds;  rice,  295,290:  rum,  262,694  gallons; 
molasses,  359,454.  Output  of  gold,  1896,  27,207  ounces;  export, 
3479,440.  Population,  1896,  64,372.  Paramaribo,  capital  and  center 
of  colonial  trade;  population,  30,000.  Public  schools,  1896,  19; 
pupils,  2,283;  private  schools,  35;  pupils,  4,847.  Entire  religious  liberty. 
Government  administered  by  Governor,  assisted  by  a  Council. 

CURACAO.— Colony  of  six  islands  belonging  to  Netherlands. 
Area,  403  square  miles  Chief  products,  maize,  pulse,  cattle,  etc. 
Population,  1S96,  49,599  Seaport,  Willemsted,  population,  10,000. 
Ruled  by  Governor  and  Council  appointed  by  Sovereign. 

CAYENNE  or  FRENCH  GUIANA.-Visited  by  French  1604; 
settled  1626;  invasion  of  Portuguese  1809;  nominally  restored  to  France 
1814;  final  surrender  1817.  Regular  penal  colonies  established  1853. 
Area,  46,850  square  miles  (estimated);  greatest  length,  280  miles; 
breadth,  220.  Soil  adapted  to  all  grains  and  tropical  fruits.  Chief 
products,  sugar  cane,  tafia,  cacao,  coffee,  spices,  etc.  Gold  mined; 
exported,  1896, 101,938  ounces.  Population.  22.714  (estimated);  num- 
ber of  liberated  convicts  and  inmates  of  penitentiaries,  4,500.  Cayeiine, 
on  Island  of  Cayenne,  capital  and  chief  seaport;  population,  12,351. 
Colony  under  Governor,  assisted  by  a  Council-General  and  Municipal 
Councils ;  represented  in  France  by  one  Deputy. 


PERU.  247 


PERU. 


Pe-roo' 


Historical.— Under  Incas  and  their  predecessors  civilization  highly 
developed.  Conquered  hy  Spaniards  1533-4;  as  viceroyalty  of  Spain 
became,  1542,  center  of  government  of  all  South  America;  Colombia 
seceded  1717;  native  rebellions  1740,  1780,  1814;  secession  of  Chile  1810-17. 
Peru  declared  independence  1821;  Spain  Anally  defeated  1824;  war  with 
Bolivia  1841;  slavery  abolished  1854;  war  with  Chile  1879-81;  Chile  annexed 
Province  of  Tarapaca  and  occupied  Tacna  and  Arica  14  years. 

Area,  463,747  square  miles,  divided  into  19  departments.  Nego- 
tiations in  progress  to  determine  ownership  of  Tacna  and  Arica. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  largely  an  elevated  plateau  trav- 
ersed by  chains  of  Andes.  Coast  region  arid,  intersected  by  few 
mountain  streams.  High  plateau  of  central  section  includes  western 
part  of  Lake  Titicaca.  Extensive  wooded  plains  in  northeast,  together 
with  eastern  slopes,  drained  by  Amazon— principal  river— and  its 
tributaries.  Highest  elevation,  Misti  Volcano,  18,538  feet.  Source  of 
Amazon  within  Peru.    Earthquakes  frequent  and  severe. 

Climate.— Coast  lands  hot  and  unhealthful;  in  some  localities  no 
rainfall  from  20  to  80  years;  fogs  frequent  from  April  to  October; 
higher  elevations  mild  and  salubrious;  eastern  slopes  and  valleys  of 
Cordilleras  wet  and  hot.  Average  summer  temperature  Lima,  84  deg.; 
winter.  May  to  November,  56  deg.    Mean  temperature  Cuzco,  59  deg. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Cotton,  coffee,  and  sugar  chief  productions. 
Principal  coffee-growing  districts  in  Central  Peru.  Coast  region  chief 
sugar  district;  area  under  culture,  187,000  acres.  "Wheat  and  oats  grown 
in  upland  valleys.  Cotton,  cacao,  tobacco,  rice— yield  1897,  9,458,280 
pounds— Indian  corn,  olive,  and  vine  also  grown.  Valuable  medicinal 
plants  cultivated;  most  important  coca  district  region  around  Trujillo; 
trees  on  9  estates  number  2,700,000.  Introduction  of  European  domestic 
animals  successful;  sheep  rapidly  increasing  in  number.  Native 
animals  include  llama,  alpaca,  vicuna,  and  guanaco. 

Manufactures  chiefly  coarse  cottons,  woolens,  leathers,  fine 
cloaks  and  blankets,  Panama  hats,  gold  and  silver  jewelry.  Olive  oil, 
cocaine,  and  rum  extensively  produced;  also  kerosene  of  superior 
quality;  monthly  output,  200,000  gallons.    Sugar  1897,  105,000  tons. 

Commerce.— Value  of  imports  1897,  $9,002,024;  exports,  $15,512,691. 
Chief  imports,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  wrought  and  unwrought  iron, 
machinery,  etc.  Annual  value  of  chief  exports:  Sheep  wool,  $5,000,000; 
alpaca  wool, $2,000,000;  goat  skins,  $300,000;  gold,  $20,000;  silver,  $3,000,000; 
lead,  $20,000;  copper,  $1,600,000;  chemicals,  drugs,  and  dyestuffs,  $7,500,- 
000.  Coffee,  1897,  1,239  tons;  coca  leaves,  1,088,562  pounds;  cocaine, 
9,274  pounds;  value  of  both,  $1,173,066. 

Minerals  abound  in  inexhaustible  quantities.  Silver  chief  mining 
industry;  production,  1897,  3,300,000  ounces;  value,  $4,728,780;  all  miner- 
als, $5,346,000.  Gold  found  in  most  departments;  copper  in  coast  lands 
and  on  plateaus;  mercury,  antimony,  lead,  galena,  tin,  gypsum,  asphal- 
tum,  sulphur,  coal,  and  limestone  deposits  occur.  Petroleum  abun- 
dant in  vast  region  in  northwest.    Inexhaustible  deposits  of  salt. 

Population  at  last  census,  2,621,844.  Aborigines  about  57  per  cent; 
mixed  races  23  per  cent;  remainder  chiefly  descendants  of  Spaniards. 

Cities.— Lima,  capital  and  leading  commercial  city;  founded  by  Piz- 
arro  1535;  population,  1891,  103,556.  Callao,  chief  port;  destroyed  by 
earthquake  1746:  population,  15,000.  Arequipa,  cathedral  town  of  great 
wealth;  population,  35,000.  Cuzco,  leading  center  of  most  populous  de- 
partment of  Peru;  population.  20,000.  Paita,  second  port;  celebrated 
resort  with  fine  harbor;  extensive  commerce:  population,  5,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— Length  of  railways  1895,  924  miles;  owned  by 
State,  800.    Telegraph  lines  1897,  1,933  miles. 

Education,  Etc.  —  Elementary  education  compulsory.  Private 
high  schools  under  direction  of  English,  German,  and  Italian  staffs. 
Lima  university.  San  Marcos— oldest  in  America— school  of  mines  and 
civil  engineering,  and  military  school  near  Lima.  State  religion 
Roman  Catholic;  others  tolerated  to  limited  extent. 

Government  entrusted  to  President;  term  four  years;  legislative 
in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  Peace  strength  of  army, 
3.K5T  men  and  officers.  Mint  closed  to  coinage  of  silver;  importation  of 
silver  coin  prohibited. 


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BOLIVIA 


•    B5-livM-a. 


Historical.— Country  conquered  by  Incas  in  13th  century.  During 
Spanish  dominion  first  under  vlceroyalty  oi  Lima  as  rpper  Peru;  then, 
1776,  under  vlceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  War  of  independence  1809-25; 
finally  successful  under  Bolivar.  In  1878  allied  with  Peru  against  Chile; 
defeated  and  ceded  seaboard  and  nitrate  deposits  to  Chile. 

Area,  597,271  square  miles,  divided  into  9  departments;  length, 
1,000  miles;  breadth.  750. 

Physical  Features.  —  Western  section,  traversed  by  Andes, 
comprises  loftiest  and  largest  plateau  in  America;  Titicaca  on  western 
boundary  most  elevated  lake  of  South  America;  altitude,  12,500  feet: 
area,  3,261  square  miles.  Northern  and  eastern  regions  consist  of  vast 
undulating  plains  and  high  valleys  of  Amazon  Basin.  Llanos  and 
pampas  of  Southeastern  Bolivia  merge  into  the  Gran  Chaco  in 
north.  Volcanoes  numerous.  Highest  elevations  —  Mount  Sahama, 
22,350  feet;  Sorata,  21,286  feet;  Illimani,  21,060  feet.  Principal  rivers— 
Mamore  and  Pilcomayo. 

Climate  in  valleys  tropical;  rains  constant.  Higher  altitudes,  tem- 
perature moderate;  wet  and  dry  seasons;  summer  season,  December 
to  May.    Mean  annual  temperature  La  Paz,  50  deg.;  altitude  12,250  feet. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Eastern  Bolivia  and  valleys  fertile.  Tropical 
fruits,  coffee,  cacao,  tobacco,  and  sugar  cane  nourish  in  valleys;  vines 
cultivated  on  southern  slopes  of  mountains.  Barley,  beans,  potatoes, 
and  quinoa— a  staple  food  plant— grown  on  western  plateau;  wheat  near 
Lake  Titicaca.  In  upper  Andean  forest  belt  flourish  valuable  woods 
for  building— mahogany— dyeing,  and  tanning.  Coca,  india  rubber, 
copal,  sumach,  sarsaparilla,  copaiba,  and  textile  palms  produced ; 
cinchona  plants— cascarilla,  calisaya,  etc.— cultivated.  Cattle,  sheep, 
and  llamas  numerous;   in  colder  regions  alpaca. 

Commerce  carried  on  chiefly  through  Chilean  ports.  Value  of 
imports  1897,  $10,270,182;  of  expurts.  39,710,954.  Chief  imports— provi- 
sions, wines,  hardware,  textiles,  and  clothing.  Value  of  principal 
exports,  1897:  Silver.  86,585,936;  tin  and  bismuth,  $1,665,956;  copper, 
$1,155,400;  rubber,  $589,036;  other  exports:  Gold,  wool,  hides  and  skins, 
coffee,  coca,  and  cinchona. 

Minerals  chief  wealth  of  country.  Silver  leads  in  value;  richest 
mines  at  Huanchaca  72  miles  southwest  of  Potosi;  output,  1894, 
8,468,727  ounces;  all  districts,  14,519,296  ounces.  Tin  second;  usually 
found  wherever  silver  is  worked;  chief  center,  Huanuni  district  east  of 
Lake  Aullagas.  Annual  production  about  4,000  tons.  Excellent  copper 
mined  in  Corocoro,  50  miles  southwest  of  La  Paz;  annual  yield  about 
3,000  tons.  Petroleum  produced  in  valley  of  Pilcomayo.  Large  salt 
deposits  in  south  of  Bolivia. 

Population  (estimated )  1893,  about  2,000,000;  whites,  500,000;  mestizos 
or  mixed  races,  500,000;  aboriginal  or  Indian,  1,000,000. 

Cities.— -to  Paz,  capital,  commercial  center  and  largest  city  of 
Republic;  estimated  population,  40,000.  Cochabamba,  population 
25,000.  Sucre,  official  capital,  near  silver  and  platinum  deposits, 
20,000.  Potosi,  near  famous  Cerro  de  Potosi  silver  mines;  altitude,  13,000 
feet;  20,000.  Oruro,  center  of  silver  and  tin  district;  altitude,  12,117 
feet;  15,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— About  500  miles  of  railway  within  Bolivia; 
transportation  chiefly  by  steam  navigation,  mules,  donkeys,  and 
llamas.     Telegraph  line,  2,260  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Primarv  instruction  free  and  nominally  com- 
pulsory. Primary  schools,  1897,  366;  expenditures,  $60,850;  private, 
primary,  and  industrial  schools,  203;  for  secondary  instruction,  17  insti- 
tutions; for  higher  education,  6  universities;  has  militarv  and  schools 
of  arts  and  trades.  State  religion  Roman  Catholic;  exercise  of  other 
forms  permitted. 

Government  vested  in  President— Commander-in-Chief  of  Army; 
term  four  years;  Vice-Presidents,  2.  Legislative  power  in  National 
Congress  of  two  Chambers.  Militarv  service  compulsorv  from  21  to  50 
years  of  age.  Standing  army,  2,000  men;  total  number  men  in  army  and 
reserve  forces  82,000.  Standard  of  value,  silver.  Annual  issue  at  Potosi 
mint  about  1,500,000  bolivianos;  actual  value,  $654,000. 


ARGENTINE.  251 


ARGENTINE.    Ar-jenMSn. 

Historical.— Colonized  by  Spain  middle  of  16th  century;  created 
a  viceroyalty  1776;  proclaimed  independence  as  United  Provinces  of 
La  Plata  1816;  name  changed  to  Argentine  Confederation  1825.  War 
with  Paraguay  1865-70.  Patagonia  and  Tierra  del  Fuego  divided  be- 
tween Argentine  and  Chile  1831;  boundary  between  Argentine  and  Chile 
in  south  in  dispute;  arbitration  regarding  boundary  submitted  to  Great 
Britain  not  yet  completed. 

Area,  1,125,086  square  miles,  divided  among  14  provinces  and  9  terri- 
tories. Total  area  of  provinces,  515,815  square  miles;  of  territories, 
1,262,380  square  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Greater  part  of  country  immense  grassy 
plain;  central  and  eastern  part  of  plain  includes  the  region  of  the 
pampas;  northern  forms  larger  part  of  extensive  tract  called  the  Gran 
Chaco;  western  region  inojuutainous;  Argentine  Patagonia  more  ele- 
vated and  varied  in  character.  Rio  de  la  Plata— Parana  and  Uruguay 
sources— chief  river  system.  Several  large  and  beautiful  lakes  in 
south:  innumerable  small  ones  throughout  the  pampas.  Aconcagua, 
highest  peat  in  South  America,  within  the  boundary. 

Climate.— With  exception  of  small  tract  in  north  entire  country 
within  temperate  zone.  In  extreme  north  heat  oppressive;  plains  tem- 
perate, subject  to  drouth;  extreme  south  cool.  Rainfall  decreases  from 
north  to  south  and  from  east  to  west.  Mean  temperature  Buenos 
Ayres:  January,  75.6  deg.;  July,  50  deg.;  year,  63  deg  ;  rainfall,  34  inches. 
Temperature  Corrientes:  January,  T9.3  deg.*  July,  61  deg.;  year,  70.6 
deg.;  rainfall,  52  inches.    Rainfall  Salta,  25  inches;  San  Juan,  3  inches. 

Forests.— Large  areas  are  covered  with  magnificent  forests  of  rich 
hard  woods.  Over  SO  per  cent  of  entire  area  of  Santiago  del  Esterro 
occupied  by  dense  forests;  sawing  of  its  valuable  woods  the  leading  in- 
dustry of  the  Province;  over  two  hundred  steam  sawmills  in  operation 
within  its  borders.  Throughout  the  Andine  zone  are  interminable 
thick  forests  and  luxuriant  vegetation. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— The  Republic  rapidly  becoming  a  great  agri- 
cultural country.  In  1895  area  available  for  cultivation  estimated  at 
240.000,000 acres;  under  cultivation,  15,000,000 or  6.2  percent  of  total  culti- 
vable land.  Chief  products:  Wheat,  1897,  5.500.000  acres,  yield  1,500,000 
ton>:  maize,  flax,  400.000  tons;  alfalfa.1892. 5,000,0o0  tons;  tobacco,  12,320,- 
000  pounds;  rice,7, 168,000.  Number  sugar  plantations,  1895. 2.749;  total  area 
of  plantations  82.000  acres:  sugar  product  Tucuman— principal  district 
—1898,  60,000  tons.  Area  under  vines,  71,135  acres.  Excellent  European 
and  indigenous  fruits  abundant;  peach,  apple,  and  orange  trees  now 
grow  wild  in  many  places;  olives,  figs,  and  raisins  extensively  produced 
in  various  provinces. 

Live  i^tock.— Stock-raising  chief  industry.  Argentine  almost  un- 
rivaled as  a  grazing  country.  Vast  herds  of  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  etc., 
reared.  Pasturage  afforded  by  central  plains  practically  unlimited. 
Cattle.  1395,21,702,000;  sheep,  74,330,000;  horses,  4,447.000;  goats  and  other 
animals,  3.885.0O0.  Cattle  slaughtered,  1897,  340,100  head.  Production 
of  wool  one  of  greatest  industries;  Buenos  Ayres  Province  chief 
seat  of  industry.  In  vicinity  of  Andes  the  llama— one  province  alone 
employs  nearl y* 50,000 -guanaco,  and  vicuna  abound. 

Manufactures.— Progress  of  manufactures  notable.  Industrial 
establishments,  1895.  included  532  flour  mills.  852  wineries,  108  distiller- 
ies, 48  sugar  mills,  41  breweries,  and  811  furniture  factories.  Chief 
manufactures,  sugar,  liquors,  and  animal  products— jerked  beef,  frozen 
sheep  carcasses,  hides  and  skins,  leather,  tallow,  bones,  etc.- starch, 
chocolate,  salt.  The  export  of  frozen  sheep  has  become  an  industry  of 
great  importance;  at  present  five  large  factories  are  in  working  opera- 
tion. Wine  product,  42,267,200  gallons;  alcohol,  478,800  gallons;  raisins, 
10,582  tons. 

Minerals.— All  the  Andine  Provinces  extremely  rich  in  minerals, 
especially  In  gold,  silver,  and  copper;  coal,  iron,  salt,  petroleum. 
asphalt,  "kaolin,  marble,  and  sulphate  of  lime  also  found  in  great 
quantities.  Mining  industry  almost  entirely  undeveloped;  salt  the 
only  mineral  worked  to  any  great  extent.    Petroleum  is  produced  in 


25:} 


/     O3  V 


y 


254  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

the  Province  of  Mendoza,  here  also  are  the  important  TJspallata 
copper  mines;  the  extensive  coal  deposits  along  base  of  Andes  practi- 
cally untouched. 

Commerce  of  Argentine  lias  increased  with  great  rapidity,  foreign 
commerce  nearly  doubled  in  last  decade.  Imports,  1898,  $107,42-8, 'Mi); 
exports,:?  133,829, 158.  Leading  articles  of  Import  are  cotton  and  other 
textiles,  olive  oil.  coal,  iron,  hardware  and  machinery.  Principal  ex- 
ports are  pastoral  or  agricultural,  forest,  and  mineral  products.  Value 
of  animals  and  animal  products  exported,  1897,  871,082,744;  agricultural 
products,  $22,402,914;  forest,  81,851, K>3;  mineral,  8155,225;  gold  and  silver 
coin  and  bullion,  $4,738,644.  Nearly  500,000,000  pounds  of  wool  and 
75,000,000  pounds  of  sheep  skins  exported;  frozen  mutton,  over  100,000- 
000  pounds— nine-tenths  to  British  markets.  In  1897,  6,827  steamers  of 
5,522,933  tons  and,  3,536  sailing  vessels  of  541,091  tons  engaged  in  foreign 
trade  entered  the  ports.  Merchant  shipping  of  Republic  in  1898  com 
prised  86  steamers,  39,976  tons  net,  and  157  sailing  vessels,  39,695  tons 
net. 

Population,  1895, 3,954,911;  male,  2,088,919;  female,  1,865,992.  Foreign 
ers,  886,895;  Italians,  492,636;  Spaniards,  198,685;  French,  94,098;  English 
21,783;  Germans,  17,143;  Swiss,  Portuguese,  Austrians,  etc.,  62,045.  Larger 
proportion  of  white  race  than  in  countries  to  the  north.  Marked  in 
crease  of  population  in  late  years  largely  due  to  immigration.  Number 
of  immigrants  arrived  1873-97,  2,063,232.  Spanish  prevailing  language 
throughout  the  country. 

Cities.— Buenos  At/res,  capital  of  Republic;  first  settled  by  Span- 
iards 1535;  definitely  founded  1580:  first  city  in  size  of  South  Amer- 
ica; has  large  export  trade  and  Important  manufactures;  contains  a 
cathedral,  university,  and  military  school;  population,  1898,  753,000. 
Rosario,  on  Parana  River  northwest  of  Buenos  Ayres,  second  in  com- 
mercial importance,  an  important  railway  terminus;  has  an  extensive 
river  and  foreign  trade;  population,  1895,  94,025.  Cordoba,  capital  of 
Cordoba  Province;  a  leading  commercial  center;  seat  of  a  University, 
founded  1813,  and  of  a  National  Observatory;  population,  47,609.  La 
Plata,  22  miles  southeast  of  Buenos  Ayres,  one  of  most  progressive 
cities  in  Republic;  has  most  important  port;  population,  45,410.  Tucu- 
man,  leading  city  of  the  north;  population,  34,300. 

Railways,  Etc. -Railways  connect  the  principal  cities  with  the 
capital;  length  of  line  open,  1880,  1,536  miles;  1897,  9,270;  capital,  $510,- 
643,296.    Telegraph  line,  1896,  25,345  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Primary  education  free,  secular,  and  compul- 
sory; school  age,  6-14.  Public  schools,  1896,  2,681;  private,  1,034;  total 
pupils,  264,294.  Normal  schools,  35  with  10,949  pupils;  lvceums,  16;  uni- 
versities at  Cordova,  Buenos  Ayres,  and  La  Plata  with"  a  total  of  2,500 
students.  School  of  Mines,  2  agricultural  colleges,  and  a  naval  and  a 
military  school.  State  church,  Roman  Catholic;  all  other  creeds  are 
tolerated. 

Government,  Etc.— Executive  power  vested  in  President —Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  army— elected  for  six  years;  President  assisted  by 
a  cabinet  of  eight  ministers;  President  and  Vice-President  must  be 
Roman  Catholics  and  Argentine  by  birth;  not  eligible  to  re-election. 
Legislature  vested  in  Congress  of  two  houses.  Effective  army,  1897, 
29,513  officers  and  men;  national  guard,  480,000  men.  Navy,  614  exec- 
utive and  other  officers  with  4,128  seamen  and  a  battalion  of  marine 
Infantry.  Professed  standard  of  value,  gold;  money  in  circulation 
inconvertible  paper  currency. 

FALKLAND  ISLANDS.— About  300  miles  east  of  Straits 
of  Magellan.  Discovered  1592.  Belonged  successively  to  France  and 
Spain;  became  a  British  possession  1833.  Area,  6,500  square  miles; 
East  Falkland,  3,000;  West  Falkland,  2,300;  about  100  smaller  islands, 
1,200.  Islands  treeless,  but  well  covered  with  grass.  Highest  eleva- 
tion Mount  Adam,  2,315  feet,  Climate,  healthful,  though  bleak; 
temperature  in  winter  ranges  from  30  deg.  to  50  deg.;  summer  40  to  60. 
Sheep  farming  leading  industry.  Area  of  pasturage.  2,325,154  acres. 
Live  Stock  on  island,  742,311;  sheep,  732.010.  Exports,  wool,  hides, 
Skins, *and  tallow;  imports,  provisions,  clothing,  timber,  etc.  Popula- 
tion. 1897,2,050.  Principal  town  Stanley,  population,  694.  Govern- 
ment administered  by  the  Governor,  assisted  by  an  Executive  and 
a  Legislative  Council. 


PARAGUAY.  255 


PARAGUAY. 


Par'-a-gwi 


Historical.— Settled  by  Spaniards  1536-37;  attached  to  vice-royalty 
of  La  Plata  1TT6.  Independence  declared  1811.  War  with  Brazil, 
Argentine,  and  Uruguay  1S65.  Territory  west  of  Paraguay  River 
(Paraguayan  Chacol  claimed  by  Argentine,  conceded  to  Republic  1878. 

Area,  98.000  square  miles,  divided  among  23  counti'-s  or  part  Kins. 

Physical  Features,  Etc.— Surface  largely  undulating  plains; 
interior  low  hills  or  mountains  richly  wooded.  Principal  rivers, 
Paraguay,  Parana,  and  Pilcomayo.  Valuable  minerals  exist  but  are 
unworked;  iron  abundant  in  south,  marble  in  north;  gold,  copper, 
manganese,  and  excellent  building  stone  also  abundant. 

Climate,  semi-tropical  and  healthful;  temperature  of  summer 
months,  December  to  February,  ranges  from  55  deg.  to  100  deg. ; 
winters  mild;  occasional  frosts  occur  at  night.  Mean  annual  temper- 
ature, 75  deg.;  rainfall  abundant;   greatest  in  September  and  October. 

Forests.— Greater  part  of  country  densely  wooded;  forests  rich 
in  rare  and  valuable  woods  and  plants;  timber  and  other  products  an 
important  source  of  wealth;  contain  an  immense  number  of  hard 
wood  and  other  timber  trees;  several  species  of  dye  wood;  other 
trees  yielding  resins  and  gums,  as  india  rubber,  varnish,  and  quebracho, 
for  tanning;  also  the  valuable  shrub  Yerba  mate,  the  leading  article 
of  commerce;  medicinal  plants  abound  in  great  variety,  also  numerous 
fibrous  plants. 

Agriculture  the  principal  source  of  wealth;  soil  of  greater  part 
of  Paraguay  of  almost  inexhaustible  fertility.  Yerba  mate,  or 
"Paraguayan  tea"  most  distinctive  and  most  important  product  of 
country ;  gathering  and  preparing  the  tea  for  market  the  leading 
industry.  Tobacco  extensively  produced  throughout  the  Republic. 
Staple  food  crops,  Indian  corn  and  manioc.  Cotton  indigenous  to  the 
soil;  largest  staple  grown  successfully:  sugar  cane,  coffee,  rice,  beans, 
etc.,  also  produced.  Soil,  climate,  and  rainfall  all  favorable  for  fruit 
growing.  Oranges  of  large  size  and  excellent  flavor  produced  in 
profusion;  bananas,  grapes,  and  other  fruits  abundant.  Immigration 
encouraged;  10  agricultural  settlements  or  colonies  successfully 
established;  number  of  colonists,  3,219. 

Live  Stock.— Rearing  of  live  stock  a  profitable  industry;  large 
areas  of  excellent  pasture  favor  a  wide  development;  annual  increase 
estimated  at  50  per  cent.  Number  of  animals  1896,  2,552,619  — cattle, 
2,102,680. 

3Iauufactures,  Etc.— Chief  products,  flour,  cigars,  beer,  cafia  — 
native  rum  — soap  and  leather.  Imports,  1897,  $2,115,320;  exports, 
812,391,957.  Chief  imports,  textiles,  wine,  and  rice.  Value  of  chief 
exports.  1897:  Mate,  $5,475,633;  tobacco,  8595,609;  oranges,  8146.4S5; 
timber.  $1,164,162:  hides,  $1,959,293.  In  1897,  367  vessels  with  an  aggre- 
gate tonnage  of  132,592  entered  the  port  of  Asuncion. 

Population  (estimated  >,  1895,  432.000.  Inhabitants  chiefly  mixed 
races,  descendants  of  Spaniards  and  Guarany  Indians.  Official  lan- 
guage, Spanish;  common  language  corrupt  form  of  Guarany. 

Cities.— Asuncion,  capital  and  largest  city  in  Republic,  founded 
1536:  seat  of  a  cathedral  and  a  National  college;  population,  1895,  45,000. 
Villa  Rica,  second  in  size  and  commercial  importance;  center  of 
noted  tobacco  region;  population,  lO.ooo.  Concepcion,  flourishing 
town  on  Paraguay  River,  250  miles  northeast  of  Asuncion;  population 
10,000.    San  Pedro,  50  miles  south  of  Concepcion,  8,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— Railway  from  Asuncion  to  Pirapo,  156  miles. 
Telegraph  line,  360  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  free  and  compulsory.  Public  and 
private  elementary  schools,  1896,  358;  pupils,  2:5,0(10.  Private  schools 
are  subsidized  by  Council  of  Education.  National  college  at  Asuncion. 
State  church,  Roman  Catholic;  exercise  of  other  religions  permitted. 

Government,  Etc.— Executive  authority  vested  in  a  President 
elected  fori  years;  legislative  vested  in  a  Congress  of  two  Houses,  a 
Senate  and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Army— maintained  chiefly  for 
internal  defense— consists  of  82  officers  and  1,345  men;  every  citizen 
between  20  and  35  years  of  age  liable  to  military  service.  Paper  money 
chief  circulating  medium  gold  at  premium  of  "about  660  per  cent. 


256  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

URUGUAY.    Oo-roo'-gw,. 

Historical.— First  settled  by  Spanish  Jesuits  in  17th  century;  later 
by  Spanish  and  Portuguese  colonists;  as  Spanish  province  annexed  to 
viceroyalty  of  La  Plata  177(5;  united  with  Brazil  1821;  revolted  1825;  Inde- 
pendence recognized  1828;  Republic  constituted  and  slavery  abolished 
1830. 

Area.— Smallest  South  American  Republic.  Area,  72,110  square 
miles,  divided  among  19  departments. 

Physical  Features,  Etc.— Coast  region  low;  interior  extensive 
grassy  plains  traversed  by  low  mountain  ridges.  Uruguay  principal 
river;  forms  western  boundary;  basin  of  its  chief  tributary,  Rio  Negro, 
occupies  entire  central  portion.  Numerous  lakes  and  extensive  swamps 
in  east. 

Climate  of  Central  Uruguay  extreme  and  dry.  Two  distinct  sea- 
sons—hot, November  to  April;  cold,  May  to  October.  Rainfall  most 
abundant  during  transition  from  one  season  to  the  other.  Mean  tem- 
perature, Montevideo,  62  deg.;  January,  73  deg.;  July,  51.8  deg.;  maxi- 
mum, 105  deg.;  minimum,  21  deg.;  rainfall,  43  inches  in  36  days. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Most  characteristic  feature  of  country  the 
vast  pastures.  Rearing  of  cattle,  sheep-farming,  and  agriculture  leading 
industries.  Cereals,  tobacco,  fruit,  and  vine  cultivated.  Olives  and 
all  vegetables  and  fruits  of  Europe  successfully  grown.  Estimated 
yield  of  wheat,  1897,  300,000  tons.  Number  of  cattle  1895-96,  5,881,402; 
horses,  392,246;  sheep,  16,397,484.  Value  of  flocks  and  herds,  $73,038,000. 
Cattle  slaughtered,  1897,  670,900;  wool  clip,  68,920,000  pounds  American 
ostrich  reared  in  large  numbers. 

Commerce.— Imports,  1897.  $20,097,582;  exports,  $30,199,160.  Value  of 
animal  products  exported,  1897,  $26,884,575;  live  animals,  $781,778;  hides 
and  skins,  $6,633,981;  wool,  $12,402,802;  jerked  beef,  $4,312,904:  extract  of 
beef,  81,182,810;  tallow,  $1,299,130;  agricultural  products,  $1,202,674;  coin, 
$3,116,877. 

Minerals.— Gold  exists  in  Northern  Departments;  several  mines  in 
active  operation.  During  the  eleven  years,  1885-95,  output  of  gold  mines, 
862,756  ounces;  output  1896,  43,200  ounces;  1897, 67,380  ounces.  Other  min- 
erals include  silver,  lead,  copper,  manganese,  iron,  coal,  and  graphite. 

Population,  1897  (estimated),  840,725.  About  seventy  per  cent  of 
population  native  born. 

Cities.— Montevideo,  capital  and  commercial  center;  population, 
249,251.  Salto,  limit  of  navigation  on  Uruguay  River;  population,  10,000. 
Paysandu  exports  preserved  meats;  population,  7,000.  Jfahlonado, 
seaport  and  naval  station;   population,  5,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— Railways  in  operation,  1896,  1,026  miles.  Tele- 
graph line,  1897,  4,380  miles. 

Education.  — Primary,  compulsory.  Public  elementary  schools, 
1896,  533;  enrollment,  51,312.  Private  schools,  379;  pupils,  22,689.  Uni- 
versity, Montevideo.    State  religion,  Roman  Catholic;  others  tolerated. 

Government,  Etc.— Executive  vested  in  President;  term,  4  years. 
Legislative  vested  in  Parliament  of  two  houses.  Permanent  army  con- 
sists of  233  officers  and  3,222  men.    Standard  of  value,  gold. 


CHILE. 


Che'-li. 


Historical.  -  Invaded  by  Spaniards  1535-36;  Santiago  founded  1541; 
war  with  Araucanians  (1641)  extended  over  more  than  one  century. 
War  of  independence  against  Spain  1810-26.  Independence  declared 
1818;  recognized  by  Spain  1846.  War  with  Bolivia  and  Peru  1>7H-S1; 
civil  war  1891-92.    Straits  of  Magellan  are  neutral. 

Area,  290,829  square  miles,  divided  into  23  provinces,  subdivided 
into  74  departments  and  1  territory.  Extreme  length  over  2,800  miles; 
average  width,  north  of  Valdivia,  not  more  than  100  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Country  lies  between  crest  of  Andes  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Chilean  Andes,  eastern  boundary,  great  natural 
feature  of  country  Surface  consists  of  three  distinct  divisions:  Saline 
pampas  of  north  traversed  by  volcanic  highlands;  Central  Chile  diver- 
sified by  well-watered  ;Jains  and  valleys— parallel  ranges  of  mountains 


CHILE.  257 


extend  from  this  region  to  sea;  Southern  Chile,  a  region  of  large  lakes, 
islands,  and  glaciers,  with  dense  forests. 

Climate.— North  dry  and  arid;  rain  falls  at  Copiapo  once  a  year,  at 
Atacama  sometimes  not  for  50  years;  great  differences  of  temperature. 
Central  region  temperate;  mean  temperature,  Valparaiso,  57  deg.; 
rainfall,  13  inches;  temperature  Santiago,  55  deg.;  rainfall,  16.5  inches. 
Southern  region  very  damp;  mean  temperature  Valdivia,  51.5  deg.; 
rainfall,  8  feet,  Temperature  at  Straits  of  Magellan,  5  deg.;  175  rainy 
days:  at  Cape  Horn,  300  rainy  clays;  rainfall,  9  feet  in  41  days. 

Forests.— Large  areas  within  the  northern  division  devoid  of  plants. 
Forests  begin  in  central  portion  of  second  division,  south  of  latitude  35 
deg.  dense  forests  extend  throughout  the  third  region  to  Cape  Horn. 
Over  200  native  timbers  have  been  classified  and  exhibited.  By  far  the 
larger  number  of  trees  are  evergreens,  which  here  attain  gigantic  size. 
Woods  valuable  for  building,  ornamental  work,  and  ship  building  exist 
in  great  abundance. 

Agriculture  leading  industry;  engages  about  one-half  the  popula- 
tion. Central  region  chief  agricultural  district.  Annual  wheat  product. 
28,500,000  bushels;  Indian  corn,  barley,  and  oats,  8,500,000  bushels;  beans, 
beet  root,  tobacco,  and  fruits— oranges,  pomegranates,  figs,  olives,  and 
grapes— also  important.  Silk  product,  11,000  pounds.  Potato  native  to 
Southern  Chile.  Large  numbers  of  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  goats,  etc., 
reared  annually. 

Manufactures  include  sugar,  wine,  brandy,  cider,  wool,  linen, 
paper,  glass,  earthenware,  leather,  soap,  etc.  Industrial  establishments 
in  Department  of  Valparaiso,  1895, 417;  employes,  12,616.  Most  important 
were  sugar  refineries,  breweries,  carriage  and  cart  works,  sawmills,  and 
machine  shops. 

Commerce.  —  Imports,  1897,  849,782,131,  exports,  §49,213,141.  Chief 
imports:  Sugar,  textiles,  arms  and  machinery,  wine  and  tobacco.  Value 
of  chief  exports,  1897:  Nitrate,  §28,470,784— nearly  40  per  cent  goes  to 
Germany;  silver,  $3,208,670;  copper,  82,061,490;  iodine,  81,846,321;  wheat, 
81,975,726.  Commercial  navy,  1897,  160  vessels  of  80,275  tons.  In  1896, 
2,193  vessels— tonnage  3.315,426— engaged  in  foreign  trade  entered,  and 
2,346  -tonnage  3,961,996— cleared  the  ports  of  Chile.  Of  vessels  engaged 
in  coasting  trade  a  total  tonnage  of  6,656,603  entered. 

Minerals.— Northern  district  the  mining  region;  nitrate  deposits 
most  extensive  in  world;  area,  220,356  acres;  estimated  to  contain  231,- 
600,000  tons;  product,  1898,  1,254,000  tons;  salt  and  borax  also  important; 
large  deposits  of  guano  along  coast,  Copper  inexhaustible;  annual  output 
of  mines.  88,200,000  pounds;  coal,  9,841,517  tons;  silver,  3,930,000  ounces; 
gold,  13,230  ounces;  mercury,  lead,  coal,  and  other  minerals  mined. 

Population,  census  of  1895,  2,712,145;  number  of  inhabitants  per 
square  mile,  9.3.  Indians  number  about  50,000.  Foreign  population, 
87,077.  Estimated  population,  1897,  3,049,352.  Central  district  most 
populous;  northern  and  southern  regions  thinly  peopled.  Immigration 
encouraged  by  the  Government;  yearly  number  of  immigrants  small; 
flourishing  German  and  Swiss  colonies  in  south. 

Cities.— Santiago,  capital;  largest  city  on  Pacific  coast  of  South 
America;  has  many  public  institutions;  population,  1897,302,131.  Valpa- 
raiso, chief  commercial  and  manufacturing  city;  most  important  seaport 
on  Pacific  coast  of  South  America:  population,  139,038.  Conception 
has  large  trade;  population,  49,607.  Talca,  noted  throughout  the  country 
for  its  handsome  and  durable  woolen  ponchos;  population,  39,613. 

Railways,  Etc.— First  State  in  South  America  in  railway  con- 
struction. Length  of  lines,  1897,  2,661  miles,  including  1,233  miles  of 
State  railway.    Telegraph  lines,  January,  1898,  12.445  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  free;  not  compulsory.  Public  primary 
schools,  1897, 1,321;  enrollment,  109,058.  Private  schools,  411;  attendance, 
18,052.  Total  State  expenditure,  $2,027,887.  University  and  National 
Institute,  Santiago.  National  library  contains  S6.000  books  and  24,048 
manuscripts.  State  church,  Roman  Catholic ;  by  Constitution  all 
others  respected  and  protected. 

Government,  Etc.  — Executive  power  exercised  by  President, 
elected  for  5  years,  assisted  by  Council  of  State  and  a  Cabinet  or 
Ministry;  President  not  eligible  to  re-election.  Legislative  power  vested 
in  National  Congress.  Strength  of  regular  army  can  not  exceed  9,000 
men;  number  in  national  guard,  1898.  29,282;  every  Chilean  from  20  to 
40  years  subject  to  service.    Standard  of  value,  gold. 


258  EUROPE. 


EUROPE. 


U'-rop. 


Historical.— Authentic  history  begins  with  first  Olympiad,  period 
of  Olympic  games,  in  Greece  776  B.  C.  Greece  mistress  of  civilized 
Europe  and  Roman  Republic  founded  6th  century.  Zenith  of  Roman 
power  96-180  A.  D.  Empire  embraced  Italy,  Spain,  Gaul,  Britain,  Balkan 
Peninsula,  Greece,  etc.  Empire  divided  into  Eastern  and  Western  395. 
Barbarians  pillaged  Rome  5th  century.  Empire  of  Charlemagne,  8th 
century,  extended  from  Elbe  to  Ebro,  North  Sea  to  Adriatic;  from  it 
were  formed  France,  Italy,  Germany  9th  century.  Normansi  Northmen) 
established  in  France  10th  century,  conquered  England  1066.  Turks 
masters  of  Byzantine  Empire  15th  century.  Union  of  Christian  power 
in  Spain  1479;  climax  16th  century.  Reformation  beginning  with  Wy- 
cliffe  (England  1380)  and  Huss  (Bohemia  1412)  spread  in  Germany,  Swit- 
zerland, France,  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Scandinavia,  Netherlands,  Scot- 
land, and  England  16th  century.  Napoleon  conquered  Italy,  Austria, 
Prussia,  SpaiD,  Holland,  and  smaller  States  1796-1807;  Russia,  England, 
Sweden,  Prussia,  Austria,  united  to  crush  Napoleon  1813-14;  balance 
of  power  restored  1815. 

Area.— Total  area,  3,797,410  square  miles  or  one-fourteenth  of  land 
surface  of  globe;  continental,  2,740,000;  island,  191,000;  peninsulas,  866,210. 
Extreme  length  east  and  west  3,370  miles;  greatest  breadth  2,400  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Europe  geographically  only  a  large  penin- 
sula of  Asia.  Mainland  may  be  divided  into  three  regions:  The  mountain 
or  highland  region  of  the  north  west.comprising  the  Scandinavian  Penin- 
sula; the  mountainous  country  south,  embracing  the  Iberian  and  Alpine 
systems;  and  between  these  the  vast  lowland  plain— covering  two-thirds 
the  Continent— stretching  eastward  from  the  English  Channel  to  the 
Ural,  and  in  Russia  extending  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
The  principal  rivers  derive  their  waters  from  two  widely  distant  centers: 
The  Alps,  from  which  flow  some  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Europe— the 
Danube,  Rhine,  Rhone,  and  Po;  and  the  Valdai  Hills,  whence  comes  the 
Volga,  the  longest  of  European  rivers.  The  chief  lakes  lie  in  two  great 
groups:  The  Baltic  group,  comprising  the  Russian  and  Scandinavian 
lakes,  and  the  Alpine,  chiefly  in  Switzerland  and  Italy 

Climate.— Europe  lies  almost  wiiolly  within  the  temperate  zone,  less 
than  one-seventeenth  north  of  Arctic  Circle.  Climate  of  Continent 
characterized  by  freedom  from  sudden  and  extreme  changes  of  tem- 
perature to  which  other  grand  divisions  are  subject.  Owing  to  great 
extent  of  maritime  boundaries  and  extreme  irregularity  of  outline, 
climate  markedly  influenced  by  the  sea.  Equatorial  currents  of  air  and 
water  render  Western  Europe  warmer  and  more  humid  than  Eastern 
Europe;  latter  subject  to  dry,  cold  northeast  winds;  climate  of  Medi- 
terranean peninsulas  in  general  mild  and  equable.  Mean  temperature 
ranges  from  68  deg.  (Portugal)  to  32  deg.  (Russia  >.  Rainfall  decreases 
from  south  to  north  and  from  west  to  east,  though  not  regularly; 
with  exception  of  Southeastern  Russia  and  Central  Spain  generally 
everywhere  sufficient  for  cultivation. 

Forests.— The  sub-arctic  zone  of  vegetation,  comprising  Scandi- 
navian Peninsula  north  of  lat.  64  deg.,  Russia  north  of  lat.  62  deg., 
characterized  by  prevalence  of  pine,  spruce,  and  birch;  central  zone, 
between  lat.  48  and  64  deg.,  subdivided  into  that  of  beech  and  oak, 
chestnut  and  vine;  southern  zone — with  some  exceptions  a  region  of 
perpetual  verdure -comprises  southern  peninsulas  and  Mediterranean 
coast  of  France,  distinguished  by  the  olive,  the  cork  tree  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  and  great  variety  of  su'b-tropical  vegetation.  Scandinavian 
Peninsula,  Northern  Russia,  the  Alps,  and  the  Carpathians,  heavily 
wooded  regions.  Most  countries  of  Europe  now  have  government 
departments  for  control  and  preservation  of  forests. 

Agriculture?  Etc.— Continent  adapted  to  all  food  plants  of  tem- 
perate zone.  Chief  cereals  cultivated  from  pre-historic  times;  wheat, 
barley,  millet,  since  Stone  Age,  having  been  found  beside  lake  dwel- 
lings in  Switzerland.  Area  adapted  to  wheat  comprises  four-sevenths 
of  Continent,  northern  limit  of  cultivation,  lat.  57-58;  Russia  and 
France  principal  wheat-growing  countries,  hardier  grains— rye,  barley, 
oats— grown  in  most  sections,  ripen  in  Western  Norway  as  far  north  as 
lat.  69;  in  Russia,  lat.  60-62.  Flax  and  hemp  widely  cultivated.  Many 
plants  introduced  from  other  countries  now  domesticated;  potato  and 


EUROPE.  259 


tobacco  — from  America  — widely  grown;  maize  a  valuable  crop  in 
Austria,  Italy,  and  Spain.  From  Asia  came  the  vine,  fig,  apricot, 
orange,  lemon,  mulberry,  rice,  and  cotton.  Sub-tropical  fruits  grow 
luxuriantly  in  France  and  southern  peninsulas.  Area  adapted  to 
culture  of  vine  comprises  about  three-sevenths  of  Europe;  limit  of  cul- 
tivation 50  deg.  north;  Italy,  Spain,  and  France  most  favored  regions. 

Commerce.— Continent  surpasses  all  others  in  extent  and  value  of 
trade  and  commerce.  Owing  to  extensive  coast  line,  unusual  number 
of  larger  indentations,  and  long  rivers,  Europe  naturally  adapted  to 
commerce.  Increase  in  aggregate  value  of  imports  and  exports,  1800-50. 
$1,740,000,000;  1850^39,  $3,413,700,000;  1839-97  (approximate),  *1,719,400,000! 
Leading  exports  of  British  Isles,  France,  Germany,  and  to  large  extent 
of  Holland  and  Belgium,  manufactured  goods;  of  all  other  European 
countries  exports  chiefly  products  of  soil,  forest,  or  sea.  Immense 
quantities  of  breadstuffs  imported  from  North  America:  meat  from 
Australia,  North  and  South  America;  cotton  and  wool  from  United 
States,  India,  and  Australia.  Staples  of  Baltic  trade,  wood,  timber, 
flax,  hemp,  wheat,  oats;  imports,  coal  and  textiles.  Black  Sea  trade, 
wheat  and  petroleum;  exports  of  Danube  trade,  cereals,  tallow,  etc.; 
imports,  English  manufactured  goods.  Staple  Mediterranean  trade, 
wine,  fruits,  olive  oil,  metals;  imports,  textiles,  cereals. 

Minerals.— Europe  abundantly  supplied  with  useful  metals;  de- 
posits of  precious  metals  limited.  Coal  mines  of  Great  Britain  most 
valuable  mineral  deposits  of  Continent;  Germany,  Belgium,  and  France 
also  have  extensive  coal  fields.  Iron  produced  in  greatest  quantities  in 
Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  Austria;  highest  grade  obtained  in  Sweden; 
Spain  also  rich  in  iron.  Lead  mined  in  various  localities,  principally 
in  Germany  and  Spain.  Germany  alone  produces  half  the  zinc  supply  of 
the  world.  Spain  has  richest  copper  mines  in  Europe.  Tin  obtained 
only  in  Cornwall  and  the  Hartz  Mountains;  mercury  confined  to  Spain 
—most  important  mines— Austria,  and  Germany.  Most  extensive  salt 
deposits  found  in  Austria-Hungary;  large  quantities  obtained  by  evap- 
oration from  salt  springs  and  lakes  in  England  and  Russia.  Gold 
found  in  paying  quantities  in  the  Ural  and  Hartz  mountains;  silver  in 
Germany,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sardinia. 

Population,  1895,  373,949,000.  Modified  by  wastes  of  Russia  and 
Scandinavia,  average  for  Continent  about  57  inhabitants  to  square  mile. 
Belgium,  with  579  inhabitants  per  square  mile,  most  denselv  populated 
country;  Norway,  most  thinly  peopled,  density  but  16  per  square  mile. 
According  to  Levasseur's  estimates,  increase  of  population  1800-60  was 
115.600,000;  from  1860-90,  59,600,000.  Total  emigrants  from  Europe 
1S16-S8,  27,205,000;  emigrants  to  United  States  14,963,000:  to  Australia, 
Canada,  and  Argentine,  between  one  and  two  millions  respectively. 

Religion.— More  than  95  percent  of  inhabitants  of  Europe  Chris- 
tian. In  the  south  one-half  the  Christians  Roman  Catholics;  remainder 
about  equally  divided  between  Protestants  and  adherents  of  Greek 
Church.  Mohammedanism  religion  of  Turks  and  some  other  inhabi- 
tants of  the  east.  Jews  scattered  over  entire  Continent.  Roman 
Catholics  number  about  148,900,000;  Protestants,  78,700,000;  adherents 
of  Greek  Church,  30,000,000;  Jews,  6,000,000;  Mohammedans,  6,900,00". 

Race.— Majority  of  inhabitants  of  Indo-European,  or  Aryan  stock. 
Principal  branches:  Germans,  or  Teutons,  inhabitants  of  Germany, 
Scandinavia,  Great  Britain,  Holland,  and  parts  of  Belgium;  Italic,  or 
Romanic  races  occupy  Italv,  Spain,  Portugal,  France  Roumania,  parts 
of  Belgium  and  Switzerland;  Slavonic  races  predominate  in  Russia, 
Bohemia,  Servia,  Bulgaria;  Thraco-Hellenic,  including  Greeks  and 
Albanians,  in  south  of  Balkan  Peninsula;  Celts— now  confined  to  iso- 
lated districts  of  British  Isles  and  Brittany— formerly  occupied  France, 
Spain,  British  Isles,  parts  of  Italy  and  Germany.  Of  non-Arjan  races 
the  Finns  and  Lapps  of  the  north,  Magyars  of  Hungary,  and  Turks 
belong  to  minor  branches  of  Mongolian  stock.  Jews  are  of  Semitic 
race.    Basques  in  western  Pyrenees  a  distinct  people. 

(■overninents.— Political  divisions  of  Europe  comprise:  Four 
empires— Russia,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Turkey,  eleven  king- 
doms—Great Britain  and  Ireland,  Norway  and  Sweden,  Denmark, 
Holland,  Belgium,  Portugal,  Spain,  Italy,  Greece,  Roumania,  and 
Servia;  three  republics— France  Switzerland,  San  Marino;  three 
principalities— Bulgaria,  Monaco,  Montenegro;  the  protected  republic 
of  Andorra,  and  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg. 


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•-MI2  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

Historical.—  The  United  Kingdom  comprises  England,  Wales, 
Scotland,  Ireland,  and  adjacent  Islands,  and  the  dependencies  of  [ale 
of  Man,  and  Channel  Islands.  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  formerly 
distinct  countries.  Conquest  of  Ireland  commenced  1170,  ended  1691; 
Wales  conquered  1282,  formally  annexed  1586;  England  and  Scotland 
united  1608,  Parliaments  united  1707;  Parliaments  Of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  united  1801;  Isle  of  Man,  alternately  held  by  Scotland  and 
England,  purchased  for  British  Crown  17(55,  all  privileges  ceded  1S29; 
Channel  Islands,  geographically  a  part  of  France,  dependencies  of 
British  Crown  since  Norman  Conquest.  The  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  colonies,  and  foreign  possessions,  together 
form  the  British  Empire.  Total  area  of  the  Empire,  11,371,391  square 
miles,  or  about  one-fifth  of  all  the  land  on  the  globe;  population,  383,- 
ss3,c,s."),  or  nearly  one-fourth  the  total  inhabitants  of  the  world.  Exten- 
sion and  consolidation  of  British  Empire  without  a  parallel  in  history. 

Area.— Total  area,  120,979  square  miles;  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
120,677;  Isle  of  Man,  227;  Channel  Islands,  75. 

Physical  Features.— The  British  Isles  lie  nearly  in  center  of  the 
Land  Hemisphere;  have  free  access  by  water  to  most  remote  countries. 
Coast  line  contains  many  indentations,  affording  excellent  harbors  for 
the  largest  vessels.  Numerous  rivers  furnish  facilities  for  internal 
communication.  Surface  diversified;  presents  varied  scenery  of  much 
grandeur  and  beauty.     Culminating  point,  Ben  Nevis,  4,406  feet. 

Climate  mild  and  equable  compared  with  continental  countries  in 
same  latitude.  Mean  temperature  of  central  portion,  49  deg.;  of  Unst, 
Shetland,  44.5  deg.;  of  Cornwall,  extreme  south,  51.5  deg.  Rainfall 
abundant;  average  about  34  inches;  great  diversity  at  different  stations. 

Agriculture.— Of  total  area,  58.5  per  cent  is  cultivable  and  pasture 
land.  Area  and  yield  of  principal  crops,  1897:  Wheat,  1,936,041  acres, 
56,295,000 bushels;  barley,  2,206,424  acres,  72,613,000 bushels;  oats.  4,211,523 
acres,  163,555,000  bushels;  beans  and  peas,  421,385  acres,  11, 899,000  bushels; 
potatoes,  1,182,679  acres,  4,106,000  tons;  turnips,  2,142,087  acres.  29,786.000 
tons.  Area  under  flax,  1898,  35,391  acres;  hops,  49,735;  small  fruits.  69,753; 
clover  and  mature  grasses,  6,164,078;  permanent  pasture,  27.950,152. 

Live  Stock.— Reports  of  1898  give  total  number  of  horses  as 
2,030,948;  cattle.  11.108,606;  sheep,  31,030,468;  hogs.  3,705.277. 

Fisheries  in  1895  engaged  26,923  boats,  with  114,320  men.  In  1897, 
777,916  tons  of  fish,  exclusive  of  shell  fish  and  salmon,  were  taken;  value 
of  catch,  $39,680,085;  of  shellfish,  82,287,405. 

Manufactures.— Textile,  metal,  and  shipbuilding  industries  of 
United  Kingdom  most  extensive  in  the  world.  Approximate  value  of 
textiles  produced  annually,  §850,000,000:  cotton,  8500,000,000;  woolen, 
$250,000,000;  linen,  8100,000,000.  Average  consumption  of  raw  materials 
1896-8:  Cotton,  1,668,000,000  pounds;  wool.  624,000,1X10;  flax,  236,000,000. 
Number  of  textile  factories,  1890,  7,109:  cotton,  2,538;  wool,  1,793;  flax, 
375;  silk,  625;  lace,  403,  and  hosiery,  257.  Total  number  of  spindles, 
53,641,062;  power  looms,  822,489;  persons  employed,  1,084,631;  males.  428,082: 
females,  656,549.  Value  of  exports  of  metals  and  articles  manufactured 
therefrom,  1898, 8255,855.600.  In  1897  shipyards  launched  for  United  King- 
dom 1,054  vessels  of  482,267  tons;  sailing  vessels,  518,  tonnage,  66,729; 
steam  vessels,  536,  tonnage,  415,538;  for  foreigners.  142  steam  vessels  of 
130,027  tons,  and  72  sailing  vessels  of  22,916  tons.  Number  of  war  ships 
launched,  48;  for  United  Kingdom,  33.  Other  important  industries  are 
manufacture  of  earthenware,  porcelain,  glass,  chemicals,  leather, 
clocks,  and  watches.  Manufacture  of  beer,  ale,  and  whisky  extensive; 
capital  invested  equals  total  employed  in  textile  industries.  Annual  pro- 
duction of  27,000  English  breweries,  1,100,000,000  gallons  of  malt  liquor. 

Minerals.— Total  value  of  chief  metallic  minerals,  1897,  819,266,945; 
of  metals  from  British  ores,  861,340,455.  Iron  ore  mined  in  1897, 
13,787,878  tons;  value  816,088,975;  lead,  35.33S  tons,  81,377,045;  tin,  7,120  tons, 
81,271,090.  Value  of  other  chief  metallic  minerals:  Copper,  893,530;  zinc, 
8345,770:  bog  iron,  88,905:  copper  precipitate.  811,600:  gold,  835.925:  silver, 
8113,070.  Non-metallic  minerals:  Coal,  202,129,931  tons.  $298,700,045;  clays, 
12,705,106  tons,  87,265,640:  sandstone,  4,964,109  tons.  $7,623,000;  slate.  609,194 
tons,  88,247,880;  limestone,  11,003,524  tons,  85,779,965;  salt,  1,903,493  tons, 


THE  UNITED  KINGDOM.  263 

£,104,490;  oil  shale.  2,223,745  tons,  $2*779,680;  granite,  1,847,323  ions, 
$2,768,020;  basalt,  2,353,554  tons,  $2,206,955.  Value  of  chalk,  $817,975; 
gravel  and  sand,  §556,060;  gypsum,  §344,890:  arsenic,  $427,645;  barytes, 
$120,585;  ochre,  864, 985;  various  others,  §168,145.  Persons  employed  in 
mining  industry,  is.97.  728,713;  working  underground,  558,305. 

Commerce.— Value  of  imports,  ls<K.s-.\353,ir20,990;  exports,  §1,166.953,- 
960.  Leading  food  imports:  Cereals  and  flour  (cwts.),  190,365,323;  pota- 
toes, 6,752,728;  rice,  4,546,423;  sugar,  refined,  16,419,397;  raw,  14,092.9i'0; 
cheese,  2,339,452;  beef.  3,3"9.106;  mutton,  3,314,003;  preserved  meats, 
573.947;  cattle  (head),  569,066;  sheep,  lambs,  663,749;  eggs  (gt.  hundreds), 
14,421,582;  tea  (lbs.),  235,414,105;  wine,  spirits  (gals),  24,581,597.  Chief 
sources  and  amounts  in  cwts.  of  wheat  imports:  United  States,  37,804,3(1); 
India,  9,537,960;  Russia,  6,232,500;  Canada,  5,012,030;  Argentina,  4,034,700. 
Other  imports:  Tobacco,  metals,  chemicals,  dye-stuffs,  tanning  sub- 
stances, oils,  raw  materials  for  textile  manufactures,  and  manufac- 
tured articles.  Bullion  and  specie:  Gold.  §218,609.300;  silver,  §73,388,95)5. 
Principal  exports  and  values:  Manufactures  and  yarns,  including 
cotton,  §324.540,125,  woolen  and  worsted,  §91.641,025,  linen,  §26,370,715, 
and  jute,  sll.6lu.580;  iron,  steel,  8113.200,460;  machinery,  §9l.9iM),3$0;  coal, 
etc.,  §90.673,450;  chemicals.  §41,865,495;  apparel,  etc.,  §30,989,730;  copper, 
113,993,730;  tin  plate,  §13.768.540;  hardware,  cutlery,  §9,945,005.  Bullion 
and  specie:  Gold,  §182,950.250:  silver,  $78,118,255.  In  1^97  15,123  vessels  of 
8,925,813  tons  and  240.931  persons  engaged  in  shipping  trade.  Vessels 
entered  at  British  ports,  394,464,  aggregate  tonnage,  101,442,082;  cleared, 
359,440  vessels,  tonnage,  94,692.756. 

Population.— In  1891,  males,  18,608,337,  females,  19,496,638,  total, 
38,104,975;  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  37,732,922;  Isle  of  Man,  55,608; 
Channel  Islands,  92,234;  army,  navy,  and  merchant  seamen  abroad, 
224,211.    Estimated  population,  1898,  40,18\927. 

Railways,  Etc.— In  1897  there  were  21,433  miles  of  railway  in 
operation;  capital  invested,  §5.44s,825,475:  total  revenue.  §468,685,270; 
expenditure,  §265,419,020.  Miles  of  canal  (from  latest  reports)  3,813,  of 
which  1,204  miles  belong  to  railways.  Telegraph  system  controlled  by- 
State  since  1870;  British  Postal  Telegraph,  1898,  had  41,516  miles  of  line. 

Education  — Religion.— Elementary  education  compulsory  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  was  made  free  in  Scotland,  1889;  in  England 
and  Wales,  1891.  Higher  education  provided  for  by  public  and  private 
schools,  colleges,  and  universities.  Entir.e  freedom  exists  for  all  forms 
of  worship.  Established  religion  of  England,  Protestant  Episcopal; 
of  Scotland,  Presbyterian.    Ireland  has  no  established  church. 

Government,  Etc. — ^constitutional  monarchy.  Executive  power 
vested  nominally  in  the  Crown,  practically  in  a  committee  of  ministers, 
called  the  Cabinet— Premier  usually  the  first  Lord  of  the  Treasury- 
dependent  on  the  support  of  a  majority  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
Supreme  legislative  power  vested  in  Parliament,  which  consists  of 
two  houses,  Lords  and  Commons;  the  former,  numbering  580,  com- 
prises Peers  sitting  by  hereditary  right,  other  Peers  created  by  the 
Sovereign,  16  representative  Peers  for  Scotland,  28  elective  Peers  for 
Ireland,  2  archbishops,  and  certain  bishops.  House  of  Commons  com- 
prises representatives  from  the  counties,  cities,  and  burghs,  chosen 
by  registered  electors;  number  of  members  670,  of  whom  495  represent 
English,  72  Scotch,  and  103  Irish  constituencies.  Duration  of  Parlia- 
ment, unless  previously  dissolved,  7  years;  limit  of  session,  6  months. 
Revenue.  1898.  $533,070,020;  expenditure,  §514,679,970.  National  debt: 
Principal,  §3,172,178.520;  annual  charge,  3125,000,000. 

Defense.  —  Military  service  not.  compulsory  army  recruited  by 
enlistment;  strength  of  force  and  cost  of  service  must  be  sanctioned 
by  annual  vote  of  Parliament.  Navy  a  perpetual  establishment  under 
control  of  Admiralty  Board.  Strength  of  army,  exclusive  of  India, 
1898-99, 180,573  men  of  all  ranks,  including  8,109  commissioned  officers. 
Total  of  all  ranks  in  navy,  106,390.  Effective  fighting  strength:  60 
battleships,  14  coast  defense,  134  armored  cruisers,  34  torpedo  gunboats, 
177  torpedo  craft,  including  108  destroyers;  under  construction  or  con- 
templated: 12  battleships,  32  cruisers,  6  sloops,  4  twin-screw  gunboats, 
41  torpedo-boat  destroyers,  1  royal  yacht;  subsidized  by  Admiralty 
as  "Reserved  Merchant  Cruisers:"  Campania,  Lucania  (Cunard); 
Himalaya,  Australia,  Victoria,  Arcadia  <P.  <c  ().>;  Majestic,  Teutonic 
(White  Star);  Empress  of  India,  of  China,  of  Japan  (Canadian  Pacific 
Railway).    Cost  of  army  1897,  896,645,000;  of  navy,  8104.450,000. 


205 


m e    ?  -7       '  H  «    >=  =4  %* c&  £ 


26B  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

ENGLAND  AND  WALES. 

Historical.— Earliest  known  race,  Celt*;  monuments  of  primeval 

inhabitants  are  found,  notably  at  Stonehenge  and  Avebury.  Lead* 
Ing  events  in  history  include:  Invasions  of  Julius  Csesar  54 and  55 
B.C.;  subjugation  of  the  Celtic  Britons  by  the  Romans  43  A.  D.  and 
succeeding  years;  abandonment  by  Romans  410;  invasions  i>v  tin- jutes, 
Angles,  and  Saxons  beginning  149  I?);  Christianity  Introduced  597;  rule 
of  Canute  the  Dane  1016-42;  Norman  conquest  under  William  I  1066; 
commencement  of  Plantagenet  line  under  Henry  II  nr>4:  Wales  sub- 
dued by  Edward  I  1276-84;  united  to  England  1536:  granting  of  Magna 
Charta  1215;  first  Parliament  assembled  1265.  Reformation  under 
Henry  VI1I 1534;  succession  of  Stuart  line,  and  union  of  the  two  crowns 
under  James  I  of  Scotland  1603;  accession  of  William  and  Mary  1689; 
union  of  England  and  Scotland  1707;  accession  of  Hanoverian  dynasty, 
George  I  1714;  loss  of  United  States  1783;  union  with  Ireland  1801;  ac- 
cession of  Victoria  and  separation  of  Hanover  1837;  war  with  Russia 
1853-56;  assumed  control  of  Indian  possessions  1858. 

Area  of  England,  50.867  square  miles;  greatest  length,  363  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  320  miles;  Wales,  7,442  square  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  of  England  diversified  by  moun- 
tains, hills,  and  valleys;  watered  by  numerous  rivers  and  streams;  gen- 
erally level  or  undulating  in  east,  south,  and  center;  mountainous  in 
southwest.  Highest  point  Sea  Fell  Pike,  3,210  feet.  Principal  rivers, 
Thames,  H umber,  and  Severn.  Surface  of  Wales  generally  mountain- 
ous; Vale  of  Glamorgan  only  considerable  level  district;  Snowdon, 
3,590  feet,  highest  point.    Dee,  Severn,  and  Wye  rise  in  Wales. 

Climate  temperate  and  healthful;  general  moisture  and  frequent 
rain  due  to  insular  position.  Mean  average  temperature  London,  50.55 
deg.;  summer,  63.8  deg.;  winter,  37.3  deg.;  mean.  Penzance.  52  deg.;  sum- 
mer, 62  deg.;  winter,  43  deg. ;  Carlisle,  48  deg.;  summer,  59  deg.:  winter, 
38  deg.  Average  rainfall,  34  inches;  east  coast  24  inches,  west  144  inches. 
Agriculture.— Area  of  cultivable  and  pasture  land  in  England,  32,- 
527.0(H)  acres.  Number  of  holdings  or  farms  over  1  acre  in  size,  1895, 
380,179;  area,  24,844,688  acres;  number  in  Wales,  60,288,  area,  2,838,359 
acres.  Estimated  gross  rental  of  lands,  England  and  Wales,  8134,408,915. 
Principal  grains  cultivated,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  rye.  Wheat  grown 
chiefly  in  eastern  counties;  product  less  than  one-third  the  quantity 
required  for  home  consumption.  Hemp  and  flax  important  products. 
Hops  grown  extensively,  especially  in  Surrey  and  Kent;  area  of  hop 
gardens,  50,000  to  65,000  acres.    Fruit  largely  cultivated. 

lAve  Stock.— Domestic  animals  among  the  finest  in  the  world. 
Great  attention  given  to  breeding  fine  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep. 
Latest  reports  give  number  of  horses,  1,242,000;  cattle,  5,322,000;  sheep, 
29,910,000;  pigs,  2.613,000. 

Fisheries  employ  over  40,000  men.  Catch,  1898,  exclusive  of  salmon, 
404,002  tons,  value  $28,781,025;  largely  taken  on  east  coast  of  England. 

Manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen  yarns  and  textiles  rank  first 
among  important  industries.  In  1890  there  wTere  6,180  textile  facto- 
ries; total  number  of  spindles,  50,221,216;  power  looms.  722,406;  persons 
employed,  858,252.  Metal  industries  the  most  extensive  in  the  world. 
Manufactures  of  chemicals  and  leather  next  in  importance;  manufac- 
ture of  earthenware,  glass,  paper,  watches  and  clocks,  etc.,  important. 
Commerce.— Foreign  commerce  extends  to  all  parts  of  the  globe; 
distinguishing  features,  imports  of  raw  materials  and  exports  of 
manufactured  goods.  Value  of  imports,  1897.  S2,030,7S5,000;  exports, 
$1,351,095,000.  Trade  of  England  and  Wales  90.8  per  cent  of  entire 
trade  of  United  Kingdom. 

Minerals. —  Country  contains  vast  stores  of  mineral  wealth. 
Mining  one  of  chief  industries.  Coal  andiron  lead;  tin,  copper,  lead, 
and  zinc  also  worked.  Slate  quarried  extensively  in  Wales.  Valuable 
clays,  building  stones,  granites,  and  marbles  produced  in  various  local- 
ities. Value  of  products,  England,  1897,  $251,428,000;  Wales,  $58,893,070. 
Coal  output,  England,  143,487,862  tons:  Wales.  29,424,048  tons. 

Population.— Total  population,  1891,  29.002,525;  average  per  square 
mile,  498.  Increase  1881-91,  16  per  cent;  in  towns  of  over  50,000.  51  per 
cent.     Population  of  England,  27,483,490;  males,  13,291,402;  females, 


ENGLAND   AND   WALES.  267 

14,192,088;  Wales  1,519,035;  males,  761,499;  females,  757,536.  In  1891,  In 
AN  ales  and  Monmouthshire,  51.2  per  cent,  spoke  Welsh  and  English  and 
28.6  per  cent  Welsh  only;  in  1881,  70  per  cent  spoke  English  and  Welsh. 

Cities.— London,  capital  of  England  and  scat  of  government  of 
British  Empire;  largest  and  most  important  city  of  the  world,  and 
leading  business  and  financial  center.  Among  objects  of  interest  are: 
Houses  of  Parliament,  British  Museum,  Westminster  Abbey,  Tower  of 
Loudon,  National  Gallery,  South  Kensington  Museum,  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, etc.  Population,  census  1891, 4,211,056.  Estimated,  Greater  London, 
1898,  6,408,321;  total  area,  690  square  miles;  London  proper,  "  The  City," 
day  copulation,  301,386:  night,  37,694;  area  about  one  square  mile.  Liver- 
pool, second  commercial  port  of  England;  terminus  of  numerous  steam- 
ship lines;  docks  extend  seven  miles  along  Mersey  Paver;  leading  indus- 
tries, shipbuilding  and  manufactures  of  rope,  sugar,  iron,  etc. 
Population,  1891,  517,980;  1898,  633,645.  Manchester,  chief  manufacturing 
center  of  England;  one  of  principal  centers  of  cotton  manufacture  in 
the  world.  Other  industries,  manufacture  of  silk  and  woolen  textiles, 
machinery,  and  chemicals.  Population,  1891,  529,560;  1898,  539,079. 
Birmingham,  fourth  in  size  and  second  in  manufactures;  one  of  chief 
centers  in  world  for  hardware  manufactures.  Population,  1891,  478,113; 
1898,510,343.  Leeds,  seat  of  woolen  and  cloth  manufactures;  linen 
and  iron  industry  also  important.  Population,  1891,  367,505;  1898.416,618. 
Sheffield,  seat  of  cutlery  trade,  celebrated  from  early  times.  Popula- 
tion, 1891,  324,243:  1898,  356,478. 

Railways,  Etc.— Length  of  lines  open,  1S98,  14,818  miles.  Canals, 
3,050  miles,  1.024  miles  belonging  to  railways;  total  traffic,  34,325,179  tons. 

Education.— In  1898  there  were  2,502  school  boards,  embracing  a 
population  of  19.918,110,  and  785  school  attendance  committees,  popu- 
lation, 9,084,415.  Elementary  education  compulsory;  school  age.  5-14. 
Number  of  board  schools,  1897,  5,539;  average  attendance,  2,023,850. 
Parliamentary  grant,  1898,  for  primary  schools,  837,826,795;  additional 
income  derived  from  endowments,  fees,  local  rates,  etc.  Receipts  of 
school  boards  in  England  and  Wales.  1897,  S5o.362.590.  For  higher  edu- 
cation England  has  three  universities,  comprising  43  colleges,  and  15 
detached  colleges.  Teachers,  1898,  1,104;  students,  16,734;  five  colleges 
for  women,  with  79  teachers  and  629  students. 

Religion.— Established  Church  of  England,  Protestant  Episcopal;  all 
other  forms  tolerated.  Church  governed  by  2  archbishops,  33  bishops, 
29  deans,  and  90  archdeacons:  a  majority  of  the  people  its  adherents. 
Estimated  annual  income,  about  §36,250,000,  $27,345,855  from  ancient 
endowments.  Other  prominent  religious  bodies:  Roman  Catholic, 
1,500,000  adherents;  Methodists,  801,000  members;  Baptists,  365,000; 
Congregationalists,  360,000;  Presbyterians,  71,441,  and  Salvation  Army. 

Government,  Etc.— Geographically  divided  into  52  counties  or 
shires;  government  represented  in  each  by  Lord  Lieutenant  and  High 
Sheriff,  appointed  by  the  Crown;  for  purposes  of  local  government, 
62  administrative  counties,  each  governed  by  a  County  Council.  Postal 
Savings  Banks  in  1897  received  8173,860,350;  paid  out  $140,239,475; 
capital,  8526,276,265. 

ISLE  OF  3IAN.—  Originally  peopled  by  the  Manx,  a  Celtic  race; 
alternatelv  possessed  by  Scotch  and  English;  purchased  for  British 
Crown  1806.  Area,  227  square  miles.  Climate,  mild.  Herring,  cod, 
and  mackerel  fisheries  extensive.  Mineral  products,  lead,  zinc, 
copper;  lead  mines  richest  in  Kingdom.  Population,  55,608.  Native 
Manx  and  English  both  taught  in  schools.  Douglas,  capital  and  largest 
town.  Religion,  Established  Church  of  England.  Island  governed 
by  Lieut. -Governor  appointed  by  Crown;  has  its  own  laws;  two  supreme 
judges,  deemsters. 

CHANNEL  ISLANDS,  dependencies  of  British  Crown  since 
Norman  Conquest.  Area,  75  square  miles.  Climate,  mild  and 
equable.  Agricultural  and  Pastoral. -Oranges,  melons,  ti^'s 
flourish;  apple  orchards  extensive;  famous  tor  cattle,  especially  Al- 
derney  and  Guernsey  breeds.  Popul.it ion,  92.234:  Native  language 
old  Norman  patois;  official  language  still  French;  English  generally 
spoken.  St.  ffelier,  capital  of  Jersey— largest  island— busy  seaport 
and  well-known  watering  place.  Islands  governed  under  ancient 
charters;  Jersey  separately  under  Lieut. -Governor;  Guernsey  and  its 
dependencies,  Alderney,  Sark.  etc.,  a  Lieut. -Governor  in  common. 


368 


2(>9 


*j*|S 


270  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


SCOTLAND. 


Skot'-land. 


^ 


Historical.— The  name  Scotland,  "Land  of  the  Scots,"  became 
general  about  950;  Albyn,  the  name  given  by  native  Picts  and  Scots; 
Roman  name,  Caledonia.  At  the  time  of  the  Roman  invasion  the 
country  was  divided  among  Celtic  tribes,  invasions  of  Roman  Britain 
by  Picts  and  Scots,  fourth  and  fifth  centuries.  Kingdom  founded  by 
Dalrlad  Scots  and  a  settlement  of  Angles  in  the  southeast  in  sixth  cen- 
tury. Conversion  of  Picts  begun  by  Columba,  who  founded  monastery 
of  lona  about  5(55.  Kingdom  of  Albania,  or  Scotia,  founded  in  ninth 
century  by  union  of  Picts  and  Scots.  Raids  and  settlements  in  Ork- 
neys and  Shetland's  by  Norsemen,  eighth  to  eleventh  centuries. 
Country  invaded  by  Edward  I  of  England,  12%.  Independence  of  Scot- 
land secured  under  Robert.  Bruce  by  victory  of  Bannoeklmrn,  1314: 
reign  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  1542-67;  reformation,  1560.  Accession  of 
James  VI  of  Scotland  to  throne  of  England  as  James  I,  1603.  Legisla- 
tive union  of  two  kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland,  170?;  Jacobite 
Insurrections,  1715  and  1745-46. 

Area.— Area,  29,785  square  miles,  including  186  islands— area,  3,700 
square  miles.  Extreme  length,  288  miles;  extreme  breadth,  175  miles, 
least  breadth,  32  miles.    Country  divided  into  33  civil  counties 

Physical  Features.— Surface  extremely  mountainous  Country 
naturally  divided  into  Highlands,  embracing  northern  and  western  sec- 
tions, and  Lowlands,  comprising  southern  and  eastern  district*. 
Mountains  divided  into  three  groups:  Grampians,  or  Central  High- 
lands, chief  range,  Ben  Nevis  (4,406  feet)  highest  elevation  in  British 
Isles;  Northern  Highlands  (Ben  Attow,  4,000  feet).  Southern  Highlands 
(Broadlaw,  2,700  feet).  Chief  rivers  are  Tweed,  Forth,  Tay,  Dee,  and 
Spey,  flowing  into  North  Sea,  and  Clyde,  entering  Atlantic  Ocean.  The 
Highlands  abound  In  lakes  celebrated  for  their  beauty;  Loch  Lomond, 
the  most  famous,  is  the  largest  and  finest  in  Great  Britain;  others 
noteworthy  are  Lochs  Katrine,  Awe,  Leven,  Ness,  Shin,  and  Maree. 
Coast  line  remarkably  broken  by  far-reaching  estuaries  and  lochs;  total 
length,  2,500  miles.  Coasts  fringed  with  numerous  islands;  principal 
groups,  Orkneys,  Shetlands,  Hebrides— including  Staffa,  with  its  famous 
cavern,  Fingal's  Cave— and  islands  of  the  Firth  of  Clyde. 

Climate  slightly  colder  than  that  of  England,  especially  in  High- 
lands, where  winter  is  more  severe  and  rain  most  abundant.  Mean 
annual  temperature:  Edinburgh,  47.1  deg.;  Aberdeen,  49.1  deg.;  "SYick, 
46.9  deg.  Rainfall,  28  inches.  Average  rainfall  on  east  coast,  22  to  23 
inches;  on  west  coast,  30  to  44  inches;  at  Greenock,  61.8  inches;  Ben 
Nevis,  128  inches. 

Agriculture.— Productive  area  limited;  agricultural  districts  in 
flourishing  condition.  Of  total- area,  25  per  cent,  4,771.250  acres,  culti- 
vable and  pasture  land;  4.5  per  cent  woods,  copice,  etc.;  70.5  per  cent 
mountain,  heath,  water,  etc.  In  1891  249,124  persons  were  engaged  in 
agriculture.  Number  of  agricultural  holdings  or  farms  of  over  one  acre, 
1895,  79.639;  aggregate  area,  4,894,466  acres.  Principal  grain  crops  oats, 
barley,  and  wheat;  staple  crop  oats;  excellent  wheat  grown  in  southern 
district.    Potatoes  and  turnips  cultivated  largely. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.— Chief  industry  of  Highlands  rearing  of  cattle; 
large  numbers  also  reared  in  southern  Lowlands;  Clydesdale  famous 
for  its. cart  horses;  Shetland  Islands  for  ponies;  Ayrshire  for  fine  cattle. 
Sheep  industry  extensive;  Scotland  famous  for  two  breeds:  Cheviot, 
grown  for  wool;  black-faced,  for  mutton.  Latest  reports  give  189,000 
horses,  1,185,000  cattle,  7, 361, (XX)  sheep,  and  159,000  pigs.  Deer  more 
abundant  than  in  England;  deer  forests  cover  4.020  square  miles. 

Fisheries  form  one  of  the  chief  industries.  Surrounding  seas 
swarm  with  fish;  herring,  cod.  and  haddock  taken  in  enormous  quanti- 
ties, chiefly  on  east  coast.  Rivers  and  lakes  supply  large  numbers  of 
salmon  and  trout.  Number  engaged  In  Industrv,  1S96.  40.793:  amount 
of  catch-exclusive  of  shellfish— 189S,  327,261  tons,  value  $9,382,475. 

Manufactures.— Scotland  chiefly  a  manufacturing  and  commer- 
cial country.  Industrial  population,  1891,  1,032,404.  Manufacture  of 
cotton,  woolen,  and  linen  textiles  important  and  long-established 
industries.  In  1S90  there  were  742  factories,  with  2,413.735  spindles  and 
71,471  power  looms;  46,386  male  and  108,205  female  operatives.  Ship- 
building,  and   manufacture   of   heavy  iron  goods,   machinery,   and 


SCOTLAND.  271 


locomotives,  leading  industries;  more  iron  and  steel  ships  built  at 
Glasgow,  on  the  Clyde,  than  at  any  other  port  in  the  Kingdom.  Other 
manufactures  are  paper,  glass,  pottery,  and  chemicals. 

Commerce  similar  to  that  of  England.  Imports,  chiefly  raw  ma- 
terials and  colonial  produce.  Exports,  manufactured  goods,  agricul- 
tural products,  coal,  iron,  and  tish.  Value  of  imports,  1897,  8172,100,000; 
exports,  8116,955,000. 

Minerals.— Mineral  resources  extensive;  coal  and  iron  lead  in 
importance;  extensive  deposits  exist  in  Lowlands.  Lead  and  copper 
also  mined;  good  building  stone  and  granite  quarried.  Coal  output 
1897.  29.082,996  tons.    Value  of  all  mineral  products,  §48,637,010. 

Population.— Scotland  much  less  populous  than  England:  Low- 
lands far  more  densely  peopled  than  Highlands.  Total  population, 
1891,  4.025,647;  males,  1,942,717:  females,  2.082,930;  number  per  square 
mile,  134.  One-third  of  the  inhabitants  living  in  towns.  Increase, 
1881-91,  was  7.8  per  cent;  in  towns  of  over50.00u  inhabitants,  34  per  cent. 
Estimated  population,  1898.  4,249,946.  People  of  Highlands  and  Low- 
lands two  distinct  races.  Language  of  Lowlands  resembles  English; 
that  of  Highlands,  called  Gaelic,  a  distinct  dialect,  gradually  becoming 
less  prevalent.  In  1S91,  6.32  per  cent  of  population  could  speak  Gaelic; 
in  1881,  6.20  per  cent. 

Cities* — Edinburgh,  capital,  on  the  Firth  of  Forth:  an  important 
literary  and  publishing  center.  Contains  university  founded  by  James 
VI,  1582;  Holyrood  Palace,  former  residence  of  Scottish  kings;  Edin- 
burgh Castle— ancient  citadel  and  palace:  Parliament  House,  now  seat 
of  Supreme  Law  Courts:  Advocates  Library:  National  Gallery;  St. 
Mary's  Cathedral;  Scott  Monument,  etc.  Population,  1891,  264.796;  esti- 
mated, 1898,  295,628.  Glasgow,  largest  city  and  seaport,  and  first  in  wealth 
and  commercial  importance.  Terminus  of  several  transatlantic  lines  of 
steamers;  Clyde  here  made  navigable  for  largest  vessels.  Has  extensive 
shipbuilding  interests  and  manufactures.  Cathedral  of  St.  Mungo,  built 
in  13th  century;  Glasgow  University,  founded  1450,  has  library  of  over 
175,000  volumes.  Population,  1891,  618,052;  estimated,  1898,  724,349. 
Dundee,  important  seaport,  with  extensive  coasting  and  foreign  trade; 
principal  center  of  jute  manufactures  in  Great  Britain.  Population  1891, 
155,675;  estimated,  1S98,  164,575.  Aberdeen,  principal  city  of  Northern 
Scotland,  and  a  leadiug  commercial  center;  varied  manufactures,  ship- 
building yards,  etc.    Population,  1891,  123,327:  estimated,  1898,  143,381. 

Railways,  Etc. --Miles  of  railway  1898,  3,447:  capital  invested 
1897,  §769,437,975;  receipts,  852,194,785.  Canal— latest  available  reports— 
153  miles,  84  miles  belonging  to  railways;  traffic,  1,456,361  tons;  revenue, 
$345,945;  expenditure.  8213,425. 

Education.  — Elementary  education  made  free  for  compulsory 
standard,  1889;  compulsory  age,  514.  Number  of  public  schools  1897, 
2.705;  average  attendance,  523,744.  Parliamentary  grant  for  primary 
schools  1898,  85,360,975;  receipts  of  school  boards  1897— including  higher 
class  schools— from  grants,  endowments,  local  rates,  etc.,  812,066,895. 
Higher  education  provided  for  bv  4  universities,  comprising  5  col- 
leges, and  2  detached  colleges.  Number  of  students  1898,  6,094;  teachers, 
343:  number  of  training  colleges  1898,  8;  students,  984. 

Religion.— Established  Church  of  Scotland.  Presbyterian.  Number 
of  churches,  chapels,  etc.,  1898,  1,767;  communicants,  641,803.  Annual 
endowment,  81, 750.000.  Free  Church,  formed  from  Disruption  1843,  larg- 
est bodv  of  dissenting  Presbvterians.  Churches,  1898,  1,060; ministers, 
1,280;  members,  290,789;  income.  83, 332,000.  Cnited  Presbvterian  churches, 
383;  ministers,  620;  members,  195.631;  income  1897,  8i.wi.570.  Episcopal 
Church  has  7  bishops,  337  clergy,  331  churches  and  missions,  111,958  ad- 
herents. Roman  Catholic,  2  archbishops,  4  bishops,  a  bishop-auxiliary, 
443  priests,  345  churches,  365,000  communicants. 

Government,  Etc.— Scotland  forms  one  kingdom  with  England, 
but  has  a  distinct  code  of  law,  and  a  Presbyterian  Established  Church. 
Largest  administrative  division  civil  county  or  shire;  chief  officials  of 
each  county,  the  Lord-Lieutenant —who  is  also  High  Sheriff —  and  the 
Sheriff-Principal,  both  appointed  by  the  Crown.  The  Lord-Lieutenant 
represents  the  Crown  for  military  purposes;  Important  judicial  and 
administrative  authority  rest.-  with  the  Sheriff-Principal.  Local  revenue 
1897-8.  $56,447,735;  expenditure,  857,580.5X0.  In  1897  postal  savings  banks 
had  a  capital  of  119,679,630;  amount  received,  |7,385,615;  paid  out, 
14,774,910.    Number  of  soldiers  distributed  throughout  Scotland,  3,947. 


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274  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

IRELAND. 

Historical.— Leading  events  include:  Introduction  of  Christianity 
by  St.  Patrick  132;  settlements  on  eastern  coast  by  Northmen  9th  and 
10th  centuries;  Danish  invasion  1014,  ended  by  victory,  at  (lontarf, 
of  the  Irish  chieftain  Brian  Horn;  conquests  of  country  by  Henry  II 
1174;  by  Henry  v  1 1  Hill;  Poynings's  Act  1494,  repealed  1782 .  revolt  of 
Irish  under  Geraldines  suppressed  by  Henry  VIII,  who  took  title  of 
King  of  Ireland  1542;  English  and  Scottish  settlements  made  In  Ulster 
by  James  1 1609-13; adherence  of  Ireland  to  James  II  1689;  Battleof  the 
Boyne  1690;  Irish  Parliament  declared  independent  1782;  unsuccessful 
rebellion  1798;  Act  consummating  union  of  Ireland  and  Great  Britain 
became  effective  1801;  unsuccessful  rebellion  under  Emmet  1803:  Cath- 
olic Emancipation  Act  passed  1829;  potato  famine  1846-7,  followed  by 
great  emigration  to  America;  "  Young  Ireland"  rebellion  1848;  Fenian 
outbreaks  1865-7;  disestablishment  of  Irish  Church  1871:  Land  League 
suppressed  1881;  Home  Rule  Bill  passed  by  House  of  Commons,  but 
rejected  by  House  of  Lords,  18'.)3. 

Area,  32,531  square  miles;  mainland,  32,365  square  miles.  Greatest 
length,  290  miles;  greatest  breadth,  175  miles;  least,  90 miles.  Country 
divided  into  4  provinces,  subdivided  into  32  counties. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  generally  level  in  the  interior, 
rising  toward  the  coast  in  isolated  groups  of  hills  or  mountains; 
highest  summit,  Carrantuohill,  in  Magillicuddy  Keeks,  3,414  feet. 
Central  portion  of  Ireland  crossed  by  a  great  limestone  plain;  large 
areas  of  plain  are  marsh  and  bogs,  furnishing  abundance  of  peat,  the 
domestic  fuel.  Country  well  watered.  Principal  rivers:  Shannon  — 
longest  In  British  Isles,  length,  224  miles,  navigable  2 13  miles  — Black- 
water,  Bann,  and  Barrow.  Lakes  abound  :  Lough  Neagh,  150  square 
miles  in  extent,  largest  in  British  Isles;  Lakes  of  Killarney,  celebrated 
for  picturesque  beauty.  Coast  on  north  and  west  bold  and  rocky, 
broken  by  deep  inlets,  on  east  flat  and  regular;  south  coast  affords 
excellent  harbors.    Coastline,  2,200  miles. 

Climate  milder  than  that  of  England,  characterized  by  excessive 
moisture.  Rainfall  most  abundant  on  western  and  southern  coasts. 
Mean  temperature  of  Dublin,  January. 40.4 deg.;  July, 59.9 deg.;  year.  49.2 
deg.;  rainfall,  31  inches.  Valencia,  January,  45.3  deg.:  July,  59.4  deg.; 
year,  51  deg.;  rainfall,  56.6  inches.     Mean  annual  rainfall.  33.99  inches. 

Agriculture,  the  leading  industry,  engages  44  per  cent  of  working 
population.  Of  total  area,  72  per  cent  cultivable  and  pasture  land. 
Number  of  agricultural  holdings  or  farms  over  1  acre  in  extent  1897, 
514,786;  of  occupiers,  533,514;  agricultural  population,  1891,  936,759.  Po- 
tatoes raised  in  greater  quantities,  relatively,  than  in  any  othercountry; 
prosperity  of  Ireland  depends  largely  upon  this  crop.  Area  and  vield  of 
principal  crops,  1897:  Potatoes,  77,765  acres,  1,498,000  tons;  barlev.  170,634 
acres,  5,799,000  bushels;  wheat,  46,880  acres,  1,355,000  bushels;  beans  and 
peas,  1,817  acres,  57,000  bushels;  oats,  1.175,467  acres.  46,709,000  bushels; 
turnips,  308,942  acres,  4,134,000  tons.  Area  under  flax  in  1898,  34,489  acres. 
Clover,  grass,  and  pasture  land.  1898,  12,643.839  acres. 

Live  Stock.— Most  flourishing  department  of  Irish  agriculture, 
rearing  of  live  stock;  large  numbers  of  fatted  cattle  shipped  to  English 
market.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs  constitute  chief  industrial  wealth.  In 
1898  horses  in  the  island  numbered  513.788;  cattle,  4.486,242;  sheep, 
4,287,274;    hogs,  1.253.682;  goats.  1894,319,00(1;  poultry,  16.180.000. 

Fisheries.— Coasts  of  Ireland  swarm  with  all  kinds  of  flsh;  catch, 
however,  equals  only  about  one-seventh  of  that  of  Scotland.  Large 
numbers  of  salmon  are  taken  annually.  Number  of  persons  engaged  in 
fishing  Industry  1896.  26,407:  amount  of  catch,  exclusive  of  shellfish 
and   salmon,   1897.  46,652   tons;  value  $1,516,585 

Manufactures.— Leading  manufacturing  industries,  linen  textiles, 
poplins,  and  lace;  woolen  and  cotton  goods  also  produced:  other  manu- 
factures are  glass  and  pottery.  In  1890  there  were  263  textile  factories, 
with  1,016,111  spindles  and  28,612  power  looms,  employing  23  848  male 
and  47,940  female  operatives.  Linen  industry,  employing  about  60,000 
people,  practically  confined  to  Ulster.  Second  in  importance  to  textiles 
is  the  production  of  whisky,  beer,  and  porter.  Largest  whiskv  distil- 
leries in  the  Kingdom  at  Dublin.  Average  annual  production  of 
whisky,  10,644,000 gallons;  beer  and  porter,  2,216,000  barrels. 


IRELAND.  275 


Commerce  consists  largely  of  export  of  agricultural  produce 
and  import  of  coal.  Of  total  trade  of  United  Kingdom,  1.4  per  cent 
falls  to  Ireland.    Value  of  Imports,  1897,  $52,26o,iioo;  exports,  $2,820,000. 

Minerals.— Country  rich  in  iron  ore.  Coal-fields  limited  in  extent, 
output  small;  amount  mined,  1897.135,025  tons:  small  deposits  of  copper, 
lead,  and  silver  exist;  greatest  aggregate  value,  that  of  marbles,  build- 
ing stones,  clay,  and  slate;  other  minerals,  salt,  alum,  and  barytes. 
Value  of  all  mineral  products,  1897,  §995,3411. 

Population,  1991,  4,704,750;  per  square  mile,  144;  total  only  little 
more  than  one-half  of  that  of  1841.  Decrease,  1881  to  1891,  about  9  per 
cent;  in  towns  of  over  50,000,  about  12  per  cent.  Estimated  population, 
1898,  4,541,903.  In  1891,  14.46  per  cent,  in  1881,  18.20  per  cent  of  population 
could  speak  Erse,  the  Celtic  dialect  of  Ireland. 

Cities.—  Dublin,  the  capital,  center  of  political,  educational, 
military,  and  railway  interests  of  the  country.  Residence  of  Lord- 
Lieutenant  of  Ireland  and  see  of  Anglican  and  Roman  Catholic  Arch- 
bishop. Contains  Dublin  Castle,  official  residence  of  Lord-Lieutenant, 
commenced  1205;  Trinity  College,  founded  1591,  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
University;  also  Custom  House,  Bank  of  Ireland.  Phoenix  Park,  Four 
Courts,  Arsenal,  Armory,  and  numerous  charitable  institutions.  Manu- 
factures are  whisky  and  porter.  Population,  census  1891,  245,001; 
within  metropolitan  police  district,  361,891.  Belfast,  second  in  size 
and  leading  commercial  and  manufacturing  cftv  in  Ireland.  Has 
number  of  colleges  and  academies,  churches,  hospitals,  and  charitable 
institutions.  Center  of  great  Irish  linen  industry;  has  also  manu- 
factures of  cottons,  muslins,  extensive  shipyards,  numerous  sawmills, 
soap,  glass,  felt,  chemical,  and  dye  works,  and  yards  for  manufacture 
of  rope  and  sail-cloth.  Population,  255,950.  Cork,  third  city  in  point 
of  population.  Seat  of  Queens  College  and  of  an  Anglican  and  a  Roman 
Catholic  Bishop.  Has  manufactures  of  leather,  iron,  friezes,  tweeds, 
gingham,  linen,  etc.;  exports  include  butter,  whisky,  and  iron.  Dairy 
products  of  Cork  famous.  Population,  75,345.  Other  important  sea- 
ports and  commercial  centers  are:  Limerick,  rich  in  historical  associa- 
tions; has  important  manufactures  of  lace  and  gloves;  large  coasting 
trade.  Population,  37,155.  Londonderry,  an  important  port  and  man- 
ufacturing town  Population, 33,200.  Waterford,  with  large  export  of 
dairy  products.  Population,  20.S52.  Gahcay,  seaport  and  railway  ter- 
minus; has  a  flue  harbor.    Population,  13,800. 

Railways,  Etc.— In  1898  there  were  3,168  miles  of  railwav;  capital 
invested,  1897,  §197,332,285;  receipts,  §17,691,605.  Latest  reports  give  609 
miles  of  canals,  of  which  %  miles  belong  to  railways;  total  traffic, 
519,580  tons;   revenue,  $479,320;  expenditure,  §379,985. 

Education.— Elementary  education  controlled  by  Commissioners 
of  National  Education:  compulsory,  subject  to  exceptions,  since  1892. 
Schools  in  operation,  1897,  8,631;  enrollment,  816,001;  average  attend- 
ance, 521,141.  Amount  of  parliamentary  grants  and  rates  for  primary 
schools,  1898.  $6,558,350;  total  receipts  of  School  Commissioners,  1897, 
$6,933,075.  In  1897  there  were  5  training  colleges,  with  8,392  teachers, 
3,604  assistants,  and  799  students.  For  higher  education,  university  and 
3  colleges;  number  of  teachers,  1898,  149;  students,  1,705. 

Religion.— Three-fourths  of  inhabitants  Roman  Catholics.  Church 
in  Ireland  under  4  archbishops,  23  bishops,  and  bishop-auxiliary. 
Roman  Catholic  population,  1891,3,547.307.  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
disestablished  by  law  1871,  has  2  archbishops,  11  bishops,  1,600  clergy  and 
1.450  churches;  membership  represents  600,000  population.  Church 
governed  by  General  Synod.  Other  denominations:  Presbyterians, 
444,974:  Methodists,  55,500;  Independents,  17,017;  Baptists,  5,111;  Quakers. 
3,032;  Jews,  1,798. 

(Government,  Etc.— Executive  Government  vested  in  a  Lord- 
Lieutenant,  appointed  by  the  Crown,  assisted  by  a  Privy  Council  and  a 
Chief  Secretary  who  is  a  member  of  House  of  Commons.  For  purposes 
of  local  government  the  county  is  the  most  important  division.  Chief 
officials  of  each  county,  the  Lord-Lieutenant,  commanding  the  militia, 
and  the  High  Sheriff,  both  appointed  by  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
Ireland.  Principal  governing  body,  the  Grand  Jury;  control  of  fiscal 
affairs  now  its  must  important  function.  Local  revenue,  1895-96,  $25,070,- 
430;  expenditure.  825.468,290.  In  1897  postal  BavlngS  hanks  had  a  capital 
of  $33,528,035;  amount  received,  $10,869,736;  paid  out.  $8,110590.  Number 
of  soldiers— officers  and  men— distributed  throughout  Ireland,  22,963. 


•*- 


277 


^N 


^■vr&a 


378  EUROPE. 


SPAIN,  opa, 


V 


Historical.— Early  inhabitants  Celts  and  Iberians.  Conquests  by 
Darthaginians  237-219  B.  C;  by  Romans  149-25  15.  C.  Kingdom  of  Visi- 
goths founded  114  A.  D.,  overthrown  711.  Christian  kiuKdoms  founded: 
Asturias,  718;  Navarre,  873;  Castile,  1033;  Aragon,  1035.  Inquisition 
established  1480-84;  Union  of  Castile  and  Aragon  1479;  Granada  taken. 
Moorish  power  destroyed  1492;  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  rulers  of  all 
Spain  1512;  zenith  of  power  16th  century;  Peninsular  War  1808-14; 
republic  formed  1873,  overthrown,  Bourbons  restored  1874. 

Area,  197,670  square  miles,  divided  into  49  provinces;  Canary  Isles— 
2,808  square  miles— and  Balearic— 1,860— form  two. 

Physical  Features.  —  Country,  next  to  Switzerland,  highest  in 
Europe;  largely  a  central  plateau— mean  elevation,  2,200  feet— enclosed 
Uy  Cantabrian  and  Pyrenees  mountains  (Maladetta,  11,421  feet)  on 
north  and  Sierra  Morena  on  south.  Plateau  traversed  east  and  west 
liy  mountain  ranges.  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Mediterranean  coast,  contain 
southernmost  glacier  of  Europe— culminating  point,  Mulahacen,  11,678 
feet.    Principal  rivers:  Tagus,  Douro,  Ebro,  Guadiana,  Guadalquivir. 

Climate  varied;  temperate  in  north,  subject  to  extremes  in  in- 
terior, hot  in  south  and  southeast.  Rainfall  scanty  and  irregular  on 
plateau,  more  abundant  in  north.  Mean  temperature  Madrid,  55.7  deg.; 
maximum,  107  deg.;  minimum,  13  deg.;  rainfall,  15  5  inches.  Barcelona; 
January,  47.7  deg.;  August,  77  deg.;  year,  61  deg.;  rainfall,  22  inches. 
Seville:  Januarv,52deg.;  August,  85 deg.;  year. 68  deg. ;  rainfall.29 inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Soil  extremely  fertile;  great  variety  of  natural 
oroducts.  Area  under  crops  and  gardens,  33.8  percent  of  total;  prin- 
cipal crops,  rye,  barley,  wheat,  Indian  corn,  esparto,  flax,  and  hemp; 
all  cereals,  including  rice,  successfully  grown.  Culture  of  vine 
leading  industry;  nearly  25  per  cent  of  total  area  under  vineyards  and 
fruits;  wine,  raisins,  and  grapes,  with  olives  and  nuts,  exported.  Sheep 
husbandry  a  national  occupation;  extensive  pastures  support  large 
flocks;  about  20  per  cent  of  area  under  grasses.  Live  stock  1895: 
Horses,  383,113;  mules,  asses,  1,496,703;  cattle,  2,071,326;  sheep,  16,469,303; 
goats,  2,820,827;  swine,  1,910,368.     Agricultural  population  18S9.  4.854,742. 

Fisheries  constitute  important  industry;  boats  engaged  1892, 14,726; 
men,  67,197.  Value  of  catch:  Sardines,  tunny,  cod,  $7,3S0,530.  Sardine 
factories  numbered 409,  with  16,500  employes;  value  of  output, $2,895,000. 

Manufactures  chiefly  connected  with  wine,  fruits,  olives,  and 
metals.  Wine  product  1891,  532,623,564  gallons;  sugar,  20,000  tons.  In 
1895,  132  smelting  works  employed  16,310  workmen;  value  product,  $27,- 
261,762.  Cotton  manufactories  employed  68,300  looms,  2,614,500 spindles. 
Other  manufactures  are  cork,  paper,  earthenware,  cigars. 

Commerce. -Value  of  imports  1898,  $114,968,192;  exports.  $165,865,- 
573.  Leading  imports:  Raw  and  manufactured  textiles,  foodstuffs,  ma- 
chinery, vehicles,  etc.;  exports,  iron,  copper,  lead,  etc.,  wine,  fruits, 
cork,  and  olive  oil.  Wine  exported  1897,  §22,666,540— sherry,  $2,251,488. 
Merchant  marine  1898:  436  steamers,  341,951  tons;  1,145  sailing  vessels. 
164,504  tons.  There  were  17,355  vessels  of  13,278,151  tons  entered  and 
16,957  vessels  of  13,995,920  tons  cleared  the  ports. 

Minerals  varied  and  abundant.  In  1896,  62,S58  persons  engaged  in 
mining;  value  mineral  output,  $20,SS0. 450,  including  iron,  6,808,000  tons; 
copper,  2,825,000;  lead,  170,790;  zinc,  45,000;  manganese,  100,000;  mercury, 
silver,  salt,  350,000. 

Population,  18S7,  17,565,632;  per  square  mile,  88.  Basques,  in  north, 
differ  in  race  and  language  from  other  inhabitants,  number  440,000; 
Morescoes,    in  south,   60,000;   gvpsies.  50,000. 

'  Cities.— Madrid,  capital,  population  470,283.  Barcelona,  272,481; 
chief  seaport  and  commercial  city.  Valencia,  170,763;  manufactures 
Silk,  velvet,  cigars;  exports  fruit  and  wine.  Seville,  143,182;  manu- 
actures  cigars  and  pottery.     Malana,  134.016;   second  seaport 

Education,  Etc. -Compulsory  education  law  not  enforced;  im 
1889,  6S.1  per  cent  of  population  illiterate.  Public  schools  1885,  24,529; 
enrollment,  1,843,183;  average  expenditure,  1895-98.  $5,000,000.  Univer- 
sities, 10;  students,  16,000.  State  Church  Roman  Catholic;  restricted 
liberty  of  worship  allowed  Protestants.  In  1884  there  were  32,435  priests,, 
18,564  churches.    Protestants  1887  numbered  6,654;  Jews,  402. 

Government,  Etc.— Constitutional  monarchy.    Executive  vested 


SPAIN  -  PORTUGAL.  279 


in  King:,  acting  through  council  of  ministers;  Legislative  in  Cortes 
with  King.  Cortes  composed  of  a  Senate  and  Congress,  chambers 
have  equal  authority.  Peace  footing  of  army,  128,559  officers  and 
men.  Navy:  103  vessels,  manned  by  1,002  officers,  725  mechanics,  etc., 
14,1100  sailors.    Railways,  1897,  8.020  miles.    Telegraph  lines,  1895,  23,636. 

ANDORRA.— A  republic  in  the  Pyrenees,  under  suzerainty  of 
France  and  the  Spanish  Bishop  of  Urgel.  Area.  175  square  miles. 
Population,  about  6,000.  Inhabitants,  principally  shepherds,  speak 
the  Catalan  language.  Religion  Roman  Catholic.  Governed  by  a 
council  of  24  members,  and  a  syndic. 

GIBRALTAR.— Town  and  fortified  promontory  of  great  stra- 
tegic importance  at  entrance  of  .Mediterranean;  taken  by  English  1704. 
Area,  1.9  square  miles;  population  1898,  26,658,  including  garrison  of 
5,005  men.  Civil  and  military  authority  rests  with  Governor,  who  is 
also  Commander-in-Chief. 


PORTUGAL. 


POr'-tu-gal. 


Historical.- Ancient  inhabitants  Celts.  Country  made  a  Roman 
province  about  137  B.  C.  Conquered  by  Visigoths  5th  century;  by  Moors 
713.  Kingdom  established  1143.  Became  great  maritime  power  during 
15th  and  16th  centuries.  Conquered  by  Spain  1580;  independence  re- 
covered 1640.  French  invasion,  Court  escaped  to  Brazil,  1807;  Court 
returned  1821.    Constitutional  charter  granted  1826. 

Area,  Etc.—  Area  36,038  square  miles,  including  Azores-  1,005— and 
Madeira— 505.  Mountainous  in  north,  northeast,  and  extreme  south; 
highest  range,  D'Estrella- 6,535  feet.  Lowlands  on  west  coast.  Princi- 
pal rivers,  Douro,  Tagus,  Guadiana. 

Climate  warm  and  equable.  Rainfall  excessive  on  northern  coast, 
scanty  south  of  Tagus.  Mean  temperature  Lisbon:  January,  50  deg.; 
August,  71  deg.;  year,  60  deg.;  rainfall,  30  inches.  Oporto:  January, 
49  deg.;  July,  69  deg.;  year,  59  deg.;  rainfall,  60  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Over  54  per  cent  of  total  area  productive,  but 
largely  uncultivated.  Rye  and  barley  grown  chiefly  in  north;  wheat  in 
south,  rice  in  marshy  districts;  corn  everywhere.  Olives,  figs,  grapes, 
oranges,  etc.,  produced.  Wheat,  1896,  5,600,000  bushels.  Cattle  reared 
throughout  the  country,  sheep  and  goats  largely  in  central  districts, 
swine  in  south.  Wool  product,  13,410,000  pounds.  Fisheries  employ 
about  4,000  vessels;  catch  chiefly  salmon,  sardines,  and  tunny. 

Manufactures.— Wine  making  chief  industry.  Exported  1897: 
Common  wine,  10,421, 140 gallons:  port,  6,181,830;  Madeira,  531,819;  liqueur, 
470,282  pints.  Cork  industry  second  in  importance.  Other  industries,  tex- 
tiles, olive  oil,  earthenware,  leather,  machinery,  and  some  ship  building. 

Commerce.— Value  imports  1897.  843,937,744;  exports,  $31,876,519. 
Leading  imports:  Textiles,  wheat,  coal,  codfish.  Exports:  Wine,  $11,- 
112,370;  cork,  83,853,329;  sardines,  tunny,  81,745,682;  cottons,  81,355.380. 
Merchant  marine  comprises  286  vessels  of  77,835  tons.  In  1897,  6,107 
vessels  of  7.910,128  tons  entered,  and  6,139  of  7,896,039  tons  cleared,  ports. 

3Iiuerals  abundant  but  largely  undeveloped.  Value  1897,  81.554,658; 
copper,  8843,106;  sulphur,  $445,996;  coal,  lead,  and  antimony  worked; 
salt,  gypsum,  lime,  and  marble  exported. 

Population  1890,  5,049,729,  including:  Azores,  255,594;  Madeira, 
134,040.  Per  square  mile,  141.9.  Inhabitants  of  same  origin  as  Spaniards; 
language  a  dialect  of  Spanish. 

Cities.— Li*bo>i,  capital  and  chief  seaport:  population  1890,  301,206. 
Oporto,  population  138,860,  center  of  wine  trade. 

Education,  Etc. -Education  backward.  In  1890,  79.2  percent  of 
population  illiterate.  Compulsory  law  not  enforced.  Primary  schools 
1890,  5,339;  pupils,  237,791.  Expenditures  1898-99,  81.272.880.  One  univer- 
sity, 1,000  students  1898.  State  religion  Roman  Catholic,  all  others  toler- 
ated.   Protestants  number  only 500;  chapels  at  Lisbon  and  Oporto. 

Government,  Etc. -Constitutional  monarchy  Executive  rests 
with  King  and  Cabinet  of  7  minister-:  Legislative  in  fortes— Chamber 
of  Peers,  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Peace  footing  of  army,  86,397  officers 
and  men.  Navy  comprises  83  vessels  and  about  5,060  officers  and  men. 
Railways,  1897, 1,464  miles-State,  507  miles.   Telegraph  lines,  4,584  miles. 


380 


loQgitule    from    Greenwich, 


SPAIN  AND  -— j™^-^    %£ 

PORTUGAL.       ^  o^fff '"  .U  i 

Scale  of  Statute  Miles.  -angi|r       {|refuau 


Scale  of  Statute  Miles 
5"    "_    _    -i°  10°  150 

CopyTi?Lt,lS99)"by  Rand,  TMcNallj  &  Co. 


A 


EUROPE. 


FRANCE.    Fra„a 


Historical.— Early  inhabitants  Iberians  and  Celts.  Territory  in- 
cluded In  ancient  Gallia  or  Gaul;  in  part  made  province  of  Roman 
Empire  118  B.  C:  conquest  completed  by  Julius  Caesar  58-50.  Franks- 
allied  German  tribes— established  monarchy  under  Clovis.  5th  century 
A.  D.,  became  dominant  people,  giving  name  to  country.  Formed 
part  of  Charlemagne's  Empire  708-814.  Separate  monarchy  established, 
nucleus  of  modern  France  9th  century,  settlement  of  Normans  (North- 
men) 10th century.  Crusades  12th  century.  Huguenot  wars  1562-9H;  mas- 
sacre St.  Bartholomew  IS72.  Power  greatly  extended  17th  century. 
Seven  Years' war  1754-63;  Canada  lost  1759.  Revolution  began  1789.  Re- 
public established  1792.  Napoleonic  wars  1T9H-1S15.  Empire  proclaimed 
under  Napoleon  1804;  overthrown  and  Bourbons  re-established  1815. 
Second  republic  1848;  second  empire  1852.  Engaged  in  Crimean  war 
1852.    Franco-Prussian  war  and  overthrow  of  second  empire  1870-71. 

Area,  264,092  square  miles;  divided  into  87  departments.  Extreme 
length,  660  miles;  breadth,  540. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  of  northwestern  portion  consists  of 
plains  and  lowlands;  southeastern  of  elevated  plateaus  and  mountains. 
Principal  mountain  ranges,  Alps— Mont  Blanc,  15,780  feet  — Jura,  Vos- 
ges,  Cevennes,  Auvergne,  and  Pyrenees;  rivers,  Seine,  Loire,  Garonne, 
and  Rhone.    Length  of  coast  line,  1,500  miles. 

Climate  temperate  and  healthful.  Rainfall  relatively  small  hut 
evenly  distributed.  Mean  temperature  of  Paris,  January,  36  deg. ;  July, 
66  deg.;  year, 51  deg.;  rainfall,  19.68  inches.  Nice,  January,  45  deg.;  July, 
73  deg.;  year,  58  deg.    Mean  rainfall  Bordeaux,  34  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— One-half  the  population  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture. Area  under  crops,  etc.,  about  93,000,000  acres.  Wheat  and  other 
cereals  grown  in  northern  and  central  districts,  olive  and  vine  in  south. 
Chief  products  1897:  Wheat,  238,975,241  bushels;  oats,  220,561,209;  rye, 
46,651,591;  barley,  39,884,790;  buckwheat,  25,774,192;  potatoes,  415,922,333; 
beets,  728,602,533.  Area  under  vines,  4,010,210  acres;  estimated  value  of 
chestnuts,  walnuts,  olives,  apples,  plums,  and  mulberry  leaves,  $34,226,- 
550;  orange  and  lemon  crop,  $228,071.  Silk  culture  encouraged  by 
Government;  employs  133,253  people;  product  1897,  8,555  tons  cocoons. 
Livestock,  1897:  Horses,  2,899,131;  cattle,  13,486,519;  sheep.  21.445,113; 
hogs,  6,262,764 ;  goats,  1,495,756.  Extensive  forests  in  north.  Total  area 
under  forests,  20,740,  913  acres.    Value  of  fish  taken  1896,  $20,324,958. 

Manufactures.— Leading  manufactures,  silk,  wool,  and  cotton 
textiles,  wine  and  spirits,  sugar,  raw  silk,  and  yarn.  Number  textile 
factories  1896,  7,365;  silk,  1,730;  wool,  2,109;  cotton,  321;  carpet  weaving, 
229;  for  various  manufactures  of  cotton,  flax,  mixed  tissues,  hemp, 
jute.etc,  3,205.  Wine  product  1897,  702,747,606  gallons;  cider.  234,014,000; 
alcohol,  48,579,080.    Sugar  works,  358;  output,  668,545  tons  refined  sugar. 

Commerce.— General  trade  1897:  Imports.  $1,027,500,000;  exports 
1960,620,000;  special  imports-  for  home  use— $791, 200,000;  exports— goods 
■of  French  origin— $719,600,000.  Value  of  chief  imports:  Raw  textiles, 
:$163,160,000;  wine,  $56,060,000;  timber,  $rA920.otHi;  cereals,  $49,480,000;  coal, 
coke,  $37,900,000;  chief  exports:  Textiles,  $150,300,000;  raw  wool,  silk,  and 
yarn,  $57,980,000;  wine,  $46,500,000  ;  fancy  goods,  $32,060,000;  leather, 
$20,560,000.  Merchant  marine:  Vessels,  15,536— sailing,  14,301 ;  men,  88,544. 
In  1896, 81,027  vessels  of  20,157,344  tons  entered  and  76,753  vessels, 
16,345,396  tons,  cleared  French  ports. 

Minerals.— Value  of  products  1896,  $69,018,516.  Chief  products:  Coal 
and  lignite,  29,189,900  tons;  iron  ore,  3,409,372;  zinc,  35.585;  copper,  6,544; 
nickel,  1,545;  aluminum,  370.    Numerous  mineral  springs  occur. 

Population  1896,  38,517,975;  per  square  mile,  188;  foreign,  1,027,491. 
About  90  per  cent  of  inhabitants  French.  Flemish  predominate  in 
northeast;  Breton  in  northwest. 

Cities.— Paris,  capital;  population  1896,  2.536.834:  largest  city  in 
France,  second  in  Europe.  Lyons,  466,(128:  seat  of  manufactures,  notably 
silk.  Marseilles,  442,239;  principal  port  of  France  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean.    Bordeax.r,  256,906;  center  of  wine  export  trade. 

Railways,  Etc.— Total  miles  of  railway  1S97.  25,770;  owned  by 
State,  1,700  miles.  Telegraph  lines,  58,267  miles.  Paris  has  237  miles 
of  pneumatic  tubes. 


FRANCE  —  BELGIUM .  283 

Education,  Etc— Primary  instruction  free  since  1881,  obligatory 
1882;  school  age,  6-13.  Elementary  schools.  1895-6,  89,111;  enrollment, 
6,253,631;  estimated  expenditure  1899,  $4n,:>s.->,9l6.  All  forms  of  religion 
tolerated.  Sects  having  100,000  adherents  entitled  to  State  allowance. 
Large  majority  of  inhabitants  Roman  Catholic.  State  allowances  1899: 
Roman  Catholic  worship,  $8,217,184;  Protestant,  $299,020;  Jewish,  S41.300. 

Government,  republican.  Executive  authority  vested  in  President 
—term  7  years— and  Ministry.  Legislative,  in  Senate  and  Chamber  of 
Deputies".  Army,  including  Algeria  and  Tunis,  1898:  Peace  footing, 
29,604  officers,  616.092  men.  Navy  second  only  to  that  of  Great  Britain; 
officers,  1,733;  petty  officers  and  seamen,  40,589;  fleet,  330  men-of-war 
launched,  32  building. 

BELGIUM.    Bel'-ii-um. 

Historical.— Kingdom  at  one  time  formed  part  of  Rosaan  and 
Frankish  domains;  passed  to  Austria  as  Austrian  Netherlands  1713; 
conquered  and  annexed  by  France  1794;  united  with  Netherlands,  as 
kingdom  1815;  established  as  separate  kingdom  1830;  Limfeurg  and 
Luxemburg  divided  between  Belgium  and  Netherlands  1839. 

Area  and  Physical  Features.— Area,  11,373  sq.  miles.  Surface 
generally  level;  eastern  division  includes  wooded  region  of  Ardennes, 
elevation  1,000  to  2,000  feet.    Principal  rivers:   Meuse  and  Scheldt. 

Climate  temperate  and  healthful.  Mean  temperature  Brussels, 
January,  36.9  deg.;  July,  65.7  deg.;  year,  50.5  deg.;  rainfall,  28  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Area  under  cultivation,  67  per  cent  of  total. 
Chief  products  1897:  wheat,  18,374,311  bushels;  oats,  29,140,094;  rye,  17,931,- 
045;  barley,  3,478,513;  potatoes,  106,713,2*5;  sugar  beets,  32,053,735.  Tobac- 
co, 11,391,030  pounds.  Forests  cover  17  per  cent  of  area.  Late  reports 
give  271,974  horses,  1,382,815  cattle,  365,400  sheep,and  646,375  hogs. 

Manufactures,  Etc.— Textile  industries— especially  woolens  and 
linens— iron  and  glass  manufactures  lead.  In  1896,  829,234  tons  pig  iron, 
445,899  tons  manufactured  iron,  407,634  tons  steel  ingots,  and  367,917 
tbns  steel  rails  produced.  Firearms,  machinery,  etc.,  largely  made. 
Beet  sugar  output,  220,328  tons  raw,  79,081  tons  refined  sugar.  Alcohol 
distilled,  12,022,340  gallons. 

Commerce.— Value  of  imports  1897,  S618,165,964;  exports,  $567,454,378. . 
Chief  imports:  Cereals,  raw  textiles,  drugs  and  chemicals,  timber. 
Principal  exports:  Tarns,  linen  and  wool,  coal,  coke,  raw  textiles,  glass.. 

Minerals.— Country  rich  in  coal,  iron,  and  zinc.  Coal  output,  1895, . 
21,252,000  tons,  value  §40.402.000:  iron,  307,031  tons,  value,  $283,564.  Zinc, , 
$9,182;  lead,  $1,029,800;  silver,  $637,800.    Number  quarries  1,409. 

Population  1897,  6,586,593;  per  square  mile,  579;  in  proportion  to> 
area  one  of  most  densely  populated  countries.  Agricultural  population. 
1,199,319.  Official  language  French;  in  1890,  2,485,072  spoke  French  only,, 
2,744,271  Flemish  only. 

Cities.— Brussels,  capital;  population,  531,000.  Antwerp,  chief  sea- 
port and  center  of  foreign  trade;  population,  267,900.  Liege,  manu- 
factures machinery,  hardware,  firearms,  etc.;  population,  165,404.  Ghent,, 
seat  of  cotton  industry;  population,  159,218.    Mechlin,  54,848. 

Railways.— Railway  in  operation  1897,  2,851  miles— 2,056  miles; 
owned  by  State.    Length  of  telegraph  lines,  3,955  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  backward:  in  1890,  26.9  per  cent  of 
adults  illiterate.  Primary  education  free.  Public  schools  1895,8,315;  en- 
rollment, 916,602;  expenditures,  $6,573,554.  Free  universities  at  Brussels 
and  Louvain.  Roman  Catholic  religion  prevails;  churches  number  5,622:. 
Complete  religious  toleration  exists. 

Government. —  A  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy.  Executive 
vested  in  King.  Legislative  in  King,  Senate,  and  Chamber  of  Repre- 
sentatives.   Army :  Peace  footing  1898,  3,419  officers,  48,014  men. 

MONACO.— Independent  principality  enclosed  within  Department, 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  Southern  France.  Area,  s  square  miles:  smallest 
sovereign  State  of  Europe.  Population  1890,  13,3<>4.  Towns: 
Monaco,  3,292;  Monte  Carlo,  3,794;  Condmnine,  6,208.  Exports:  Olive 
oil,  oranges,  citrons,  and  perfume.  Religion,  Roman  Catholic;  other 
churches  excluded.  Government,  absolute  monarchy.  Revenue 
mainly  derived  from  gaming  tablec. 


184 


r  RANCE,  c&^p 
Belgium  and  ^>' 

SWITZERLAND     P^^^lWWi 


Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

| 100 130  200 


Copyright,  1899,  by  Rand,  McJfally  4  Co. 

6°     R.,   MC  N.  4  C0.,ENGR'S,CHI. 


250         4       > 


Longitude 


N 


285 


/ 


EUROPE. 


SWITZERLAND. 


Swit'-zer-land. 


Historical.— Prehistoric  Inhabitants,  lake-dwellers;  succeeded  by 
Helvetii.  Country  conquered  by  Caesar  and  added  to  Homan  Empire 
58  B.  C.  Settlements  of  Burgundians  and  Alemanni  5th  century. 
'Country  largely  belonged  to  German  Empire  9th  to  14th  centuries. 
Union  to  resist  Hapsburg  oppression  1291,  defeated  Austrians  at  Sem- 
pach  1386.  Swiss  independence  acknowledged  by  Maximilian  I  1499. 
Confederation  subjugated  by  French,  and  Helvetic  Republic  formed 
1798.    Independence  and  neutrality  secured  1815. 

Area,  15,976  square  miles,  divided  among  22  cantons.  Greatest 
length  east  to  west,  208  miles;  breadth,  156. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  two-thirds  mountainous,  one-third 
'elevated  plain;  Alps  in  south  and  east.  Jura  in  north  and  west,  region 
between  irregular  upland  diversified  by  lakes  and  valleys.  Highest 
peak,  Matterhorn,  14,775  feet.  Principal  rivers:  Rhine,  Rhone.  Lakes: 
(Geneva,  Neufchatel,  Constance. 

Climate  presents  great  contrasts  owing  to  wide  range  of  eleva- 
tion. Temperature  of  Bern,  January,  29.4  deg.;  July,  64.8  deg.,  year, 
•46.8  deg.;  rainfall,  39.61  inches.  Lugano,  January,  35.6  deg.:  .July.  71.6 
deg.;  year,  53  deg.;  rainfall,  63  inches.  Great  St.  Bernard— highest  inhab- 
ited Alpine  point— January,  17.4  deg.;  July,  45.3  deg.;  year,  29.7  deg. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Of  productive  area  large  proportion  under 
grass  and  meadow.  Chief  agricultural  crops,  oats,  rye,  potatoes. 
Pastoral  interests  predominate.  Live  stock  1896:  Horses,  108,969;  cattle, 
1,306,696;  sheep,  271,901;  swine,  566,974;  goats,  415,817.  Principal  agricul- 
tural industries,  manufacture  of  cheese— 51,040.440  pounds  exported 
1897— and  preparation  of  condensed  milk — 44,498,520  pounds  exported. 
Forest  area  2,051.670  acres;  about  1,119,270  acres  under  State  supervision; 
reduction  of  this  area  unlawful.  There  were  9,784,084  trees  planted  in 
1897. 

Manufactures  second  to  agriculture  in  importance.  Leading 
industries:  Textiles— especially  silk  and  cotton— clocks,  watches,  ma- 
chinery, wine,  and  spirits.  Factories  1895,  4,933;  employes,  200,002; 
textiles  employed  91,454  hands;  watches,  clocks,  jewelry,  16,334;  wood 
industry,  11,347.  Beer  produced  1896,  41,350,474  gallons.  Output  of  salt 
manufactories,  52,022  tons;  of  cement  works,  45,897  tons. 

Commerce. -Value  exports  1S97,  $149,467,297.  Silk,  $40,788,261;  cot- 
tons, $24,995,980;  clocks,  watches,  $20,753,063;  cheese,  $7,672,804;  con- 
densed milk,  $3,955,042.  Imports,  $222,888,000.  Foodstuffs,  Meluding 
wheat,  $15,411,400;  flour,  $1,784,627:  silk  chiefly  raw,  S27,158,187;  cotton, 
$12,019,562;  metals,  $16,083,590. 

Population  -estimated— 1897,  3,082,989;  per  square  mile,  1,929.  Ger- 
man spoken  in  15  cantons,  French  5,  Italian  1,  Romansh  1. 

Cities.— Bern,  capital,  population,  49,030.  Zurich,  largest  city,  seat 
of  textile  industries;  population,  151,994.  Basel,  89,687.  Genera,  86,535, 
center  of  watch  and  clock  making;  university  founded  by  Calvin  1568. 

Railways.  Etc.— Railways  in  operation  1897,  2,351  miles;  lines  to 
become  State  property  after  1903.  Telegraph  lines,  5,614  miles— under 
State  control,  4,410  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Primary  education  free  and  compulsory;  law 
rigidly  enforced  except  in  Roman  Catholic  cantons.  Schools  1896,  5,067; 
enrollment,  503,096;  expenditures.  $8,118,229.  Universities.  5;  students 
1897,  2.935.  Freedom  guaranteed  all  faiths.  Protestants  18S8,  1,716,548; 
Catholics,  1,183,828;  Jews,  8,069. 

Government)  Etc.— A  federal  republic.  Legislative  power  vested 
in  Federal  Assembly  of  2  chambers— State  and  National  Councils. 
Executive  in  Federal  Council— 7  members— chosen  by  Federal  Assem- 
bly; President  and  Vice-President  of  Council  first  magistrates  of  Repub- 
lic. Maintenance  of  standing  army  unlawful.  All  men  between  20  and 
44  Mable  to  military  service.  Liable  to  service  1897,  527,074,  actually  in- 
corporated, 242,529. 

MAIjTA.— Island  dependency  of  Great  Britain  in  Mediterranean, 
south  of  Sicilv;  important  naval  base  and  port  of  call.  Area,  95 
square  miles;  'population  1896,  176,231.  Valetta,  chief  town  and  sea- 
port: headquarters  of  British  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean. 


ITALY.  28? 


ITALY.    It  ale 


Historical.— Invading  Pelasgians  from  Greece  and  aborigines— 
Umbrians,  Oscans,  Etruscans— combined,  formed  Latin  race.  Rome 
founded  753  B.  C;  peninsula  consolidated  under  Roman  rule  3d  cen- 
tury B.  C.  Foundation  of  States  of  Church  756.  Charlemagne  crowned 
Emperor  at  Rome  800.  Kingdom  of  Naples  founded  1059.  Struggle 
between  popes  and  emperors  llth-14th  centuries.  Period  of  foreign 
interference— Spanish-Austrian  predominating— 1494-1796.  Cisalpine, 
Ligurian,  Roman  republics  founded  1797;  Napoleon  crowned  King  of 
Italy  1805,  abdicated  1814.  Victor  Emanuel  proclaimed  king  1861;  tem- 
poral power  of  Papacy  ended  1870. 

Area,  110,646  square  miles,  including  Sicily,  9,936,  Sardinia,  9,294. 
Divided  into  69  provinces. 

Physical  Features.—  Apennines  traverse  the  peninsula,  cul- 
minating point,  Monte  Corno,  9,580  feet;  Alps  north  and  west  boundary, 
Monte  Kosa  on  Swiss  border,  15,215  feet.  Mt.  Vesuvius— onlv  active 
volcano  on  mainland  of  Europe— 4,270  feet;  Mt.  Etna,  Sicily,  10,869  feet. 
Chief  rivers:  Po,  Adige,  Arno,  Tiber.    Lakes:  Garda,  Maggiore,  Como. 

Climate.— Mean  temperature,  Milan,  January,  34.7  deg.;  July,  77 
.deg.,  year,  55.4  deg.,  rainfall,  39  inches.  Rome,  January,  44.8  deg.; 
July,  76.6  deg.;  year,  59.7  deg.;  rainfall,  30.6  inches.  Syracuse,  Janu- 
ary, 52.7  deg.;  July,  79.5  deg.;  year,  64.8  deg.,  rainfall,  21.1  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Wheat  crop  1897,  84,232,500  bushels;  corn, 
57,953,500;  rice,  17,682,500;  tobacco,  13,693,050  pounds;  hemp,  flax,  and 
potatoes  also  produced.  Area  under  vineyards  1895,  8,551,140  acres; 
olives,  2,553,980;  chestnuts,  1,017,640;  yield,  7,240,750  bushels.  Rearing  of 
silkworms  1895,  employed  550,048  persons;  product,  80.978.830  pounds 
of  cocoons.  Live  stock  1890:  Cattle,  5,000,000;  sheep,  6,900,000;  goats, 
1,800,000;  swine,  1,800,000.  Wool  1895,  21,558,285  pounds.  Forest  area 
about  15,700  square  miles;  annual  revenue  averages  817,600,000. 

Manufactures.— Silk  most  important  textile:  in  1SH5  industry  em- 
ployed 172,000  persons;  raw  silk  produced  1896,  6,798,015  pounds.  Other 
industries  cotton  and  woolen  textiles,  lace,  leather,  furniture,  art  goods, 
etc.     Wine  produced  1897,  571,09S.ihiO  gallons:  olive  oil,  28.380,000. 

Commerce.— Value  imports  1897,  8240,162,873:  exports,  6223,163,128. 
Leading  imports:  Raw  cotton,  128,125,760;  coal,  §19,954,357;  wheat, 
$15,736,104;  raw  silk,  S13.663.620.  Exports:  Raw  silk,  cocoons,  etc., 
$59,538,678;  wine.  811,695,820;  olive  oil,  811,571,988;  hemp  and  flax,  $8,831,- 
24h;  fruit,  87.952.248;  sulphur,  S6,819,713;  also  coral,  marble,  zinc  ore. 
Merchant  marine  1896:  6,002  sailing  vessels,  527,554  tons;  351  steamers, 
237,727  tons. 

Minerals.— Mines  and  quarries  1896,  employed  74,800  persons. 
Value  minerals  produced  1898,  811.1115.092.  Principal  minerals  1896:  Sul- 
phur, 2,738,057  tons;  zinc,  118,171;  iron,  203,966;  lead,  33.705,  besides  cop- 
per and  manganese.     Value  of  marble  quarried,  $3,00(1,000  annually. 

Population  1898,31,667,946;  per  square  mile,  286.21.  Emigrants  1897, 
299,899;    to  United  States,  59,431;  Argentina  and  Uruguay,  48,329. 

Cities.— Rome,  capital  and  ecclesiastical  center;  population,  487,066. 
Naples,  largest  city;  population,  536.073.  Milan,  center  of  silk  industry 
and  trade;  population,  470,558.  Genoa,  chief  seaport;  population,  228,862. 
Turin,  351,855;  Florence,  209,540:  Venice,  155,8°9. 

Railways  in  operation  1898,  9,592  miles.  Telegraph  lines:  Govern- 
ment telegraph,  23,318  miles;  railway,  2,131. 

*  Education,  Etc.— Elementary' education  free;  school  age,  6-9. 
Schools  1896,  2,813;  pupils,  317,117;  expenditures  1895,  $12,605,432.  Uni- 
versities, 21—1  free;  students  1898,  22,440.  Roman  Catholic  nominally 
State  religion;  freedom  of  worship  granted  all  faiths.  Almost  all 
Italians  Roman  Catholics.    Protestants  1881, 62,000;  Jews,  38,000. 

Government,  Etc.— Limited  monarchy.  Executive  vested  in  King 
and  Council  of  Ministers.  Legislative  in  King  and  parliament.  Army 
1897:  Peace  footing,  14,324  officers,  237,660  men.  Navy:  285  war  vessels, 
1,731  officers,  22,261  petty  officers  and  seamen. 

SAN  MARINO  —  Independence  of  Republic  recognized  by 
Church  1231.  Area,  32  square  miles.  One  of  smallest  States  of  Europe. 
Consists  of  a  craggy  mountain— Tltano,  2,420  feet— within  Italian  ter- 
ritory Climate  in  winter  severe  but  healthful.  Population,  8,500, 
generally  engaged  in  agriculture  and  cattle  trading.  San  Marino, 
capital;  population,  2,000.    Governed  by  Council  of  60  members. 


£588 


289 


10 


' 


280  EUROPE. 


GERMANY. 


Historical.— Germane  or  Teutons,  an  Aryan  race, first  mentions] 
4tli  century  B.  C.  German-Roman  empire  founded  by  Charlemagne  800; 
dynasty  extinguished  911;  reign  of  Otto  (936-977)  most  successful  of 
Middle  Ages;  prosperous  succession  of  Hohenstaufen  dynasty  1138- 
l.'fis.  Restriction  of  imperial  power  by  electors  1273-1806;  overthrow 
of  empire,  and  confederation  of  Rhine  under  Napoleon  [,1806;  dissolved 
1813.  Alliance  of  Austria  and  German  Mate.  [815:  North  German  Con- 
federation 1866;  Franco-Prussian  War  1870-71— Prussia  leading  factor, 
joined  by  Southern  Germany.  William  I,  King  of  Prussia,  elected 
German  Emperor  in  Reichstag  on  initiative  of  all  reigning  German 
princes  1871. 

A  rea,  208,830  sq.  miles.  Divided  into  25  States— 4  kingdoms,  6  grand 
duchies,  5 duchies, 7  principalities,  3  free  towns— t  Imperial  Territory 

Physical  Features.— Surface  in  north  largely  a  lowland  plain; 
central  and  southern  portions  table-lands  diversified  by  hills  and  moun- 
tains.    Highest    elevation,   Zugspiize,  in  South    Bavaria,  9,71' 
Schneekoppe,  5,274  feet,  highest  point  north  of  the  Danube.    Principal 
rivers.  Rhine,  Elbe,  Oder,  and  Vistula. 

Climate  generally  temperate  and  healthful;  winters  of  upland 
districts  often  severe;  lower  river  valleys  delightful  throughout  the 
seasons.  Mean  annual  temperature,  48  deg.  Rainfall  fairly  uniform- 
average  for  year,  27  inches;  heaviest  in  Harz  Mountains.  Mean 
temperature  Berlin,  January,  32.8  deg.;  July,  66.7  deg.;  year,  48.5  deg.; 
rainfall,  29.98  inches.  Konigsberg,  year,  43  deg.  Cologne,  50  deg.;  rain- 
fall. 23  inches. 

Forests  occupy  34,473,362  acres,  or  about  25  per  cent  of  total  area 
of  Empire.  Forestry  an  important  industry;  scientifically  conducted 
understate  supervision;  furnishes  an  important  revenue  in  main  dis- 
tricts; revenue  of  Prussia  alone  derived  from  forests,  about  820,000,000 
annually. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Productive  area  91  per  cent  of  total;  arable 
lands  and  vineyards,  65,148,203  acres;  grass  and  pasture,  2l.70S.350  acres. 
Cereals  largely  raised;  rye  leading  crop;  vine,  flax,  and  beet-root  ex- 
tensively cultivated.  Principal  crops  1897:  Eve,  238.665,5(30  bushels; 
oats,  273,25^,760;  wheat,  93,249,935;  barley,  88,058,000;  potatoes,  a  staple 
food  of  peasantry,  907,622,092;  beet  root,  grown  for  manufacture  of 
sugar,  and  also  as  food  for  cattle.  391,109,392;  hay,  12,616,432  tons. 
Fruits  and  vegetables  grown  extensively.  Area  under  vineyards, 
287.520  acres;  yield  averages  386  gallons  wine  per  acre.  Valleys  of 
Rhine,  Moselle,  Neckar,  and  Main  long  celebrated  for  their  wi; 

Live  8tock.— Stock  raising  a  prominent  industry  in  many  dis- 
tricts. Cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  reared  in  large  numbers.  Saxony  and 
Silesia  long  renowned  for  excellence  of  their  wools.  Number  of 
domestic  animals  in  Germany  W,:  Horses, 4,038,485;  cattle,  18,490,772; 
sheep,  ]0,866,772;  swine,  14,274,557.  Dairy  products  and  cured  meats 
exported. 

Fisheries.— Sea  fisheries  comparatively  unimportant;  fisheries  in 
inland  waters  an  important  source  of  revenue  in  many  districts- 
salmon,  trotu,  carp,  and  pike  principal  fish  taken.  Latest  reports  give 
total  of  32.199  engaged  in  industry;  sea  and  shore  fisheries  employed 
12,224;  fishing  on  inland  waters,  19,975.  In  1897  fresh  fish  exported 
valued  at  $1,689,800. 

Manufactures  varied  and  of  vast  proportions;  rapid  development 
of  industries  has  given  great,  impetus  to  trade  and  commerce.  In  1895 
leading-  industries  in  larger  states  employed  3,012,387  persons— textile 
industries,  993,257;  iron  manufactures,  524,7t»7;  machinery  and  instru- 
ments, 532,672.  Number  of  iron  and  steel  works— Germany  and  Lux- 
emburg— 1.560;  finished  iron  produced,  8,139,194  tons;  value.  -. 
Prussia  center  of  industries;  Germany  surpassed  only  by  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  Value  of  foundry  products,  1896,  Sll3.oll.-298. 
Production  of  beer-root  sugar  important;  factories.  399:  raw  sugar 
produced.  [.917.120  tons;  reflned,  1,004.401:  molasses,  377.410.  Breweries 
in  operation, 7,682;  output.  1,352,538,000  gallons  of  beer.  Distilleries, 
62,118;    output,  68,222,000  gallons  of  alcohol. 


GERMANY.  291 


Commerce.— One  of  the  foremost  commercial  countries.  Value 
imports  1897,  SI, 176,217,594.  Chief  imports:  Raw  textiles,  yarn,  $154,- 
449.496;  cereals,  §92,341,261;  live  stock,  etc  .  $54,127,131;  hides," 832.566.459; 
coffee,  §38.247,768;  petroleum,  $17,913,019.  Exports,  M'3.0l8,178;  metals, 
metal  wares,  machinery,  etc..  8194,726,425;  textiles,  $70,831,252;  sugar, 
854,83(1.673;  woodemvare.  $35,097,421;  haheidashery,  8.'7.53t;.'..'71;  hosiery. 
819,622.826.  Merchant  marine  of  country,  1898:  Nuuibir  of  Bailing 
s,  2.520.  tonnage,  855.571;  steamers,  1,171,  tonnage,  969,800.  During 
year  77.117  vessels  of  16,489,970  tons  entered,  and  ;7,734  vessels  of 
16,626,628  tons  cleared  the  ports. 

Minerals.— Among  European  countries  Germany  one  of  the  richest 
in  mineral  wealth.  Prussia  leading  producer;  coal  and  iron  principal 
minerals  worked;  country  leads  all  others  in  output  of  zinc;  yields 
about  one-half  the  world's  annual  production.  Mining  and  metal 
works  support  over  20,0n0.0\)  inhabitants:  iron  mines  employ  35.223 
people;  coal  and  lignite  354,708.  Value  mineral  output  Germany  and 
Luxemburg  1897,  $204,871,500.  Coal, 91.055,000  ions:  lignite,  29,419,500;  iron. 
15,466,000;  zinc,  663,900;  copper,  700,600;  lead,  15  >,20o:  gold  (value  i, $1,649,- 
406;  silver,  83,270,272.  Extensive  deposits  of  excellent  rock  salt  in 
Prussia  and  several  other  states,  763.400  tons  mined  in  1897. 
.  Population  1895.  52,279.901;  male,  25,661,250;  female,  26.618,651:  per 
square  mile,  250.  Agricultural  population.  18.06S.663.  Emigrants  iv'7, 
24,631;  to  United  States,  20,346;  total  to  United  States  in  past  25  years, 
2,370,958.  Nearly  90  per  cent  of  inhabitants  Germans;  non-Germans, 
8,403,390,  2.900,000  Poles. 

Cities.— Berlin  chief  city,  capital  of  Prussia  and  the  Empire;  third 
city  in  Europe:  population  1895,  1,677.304.  Hamburg,  principal  seaport, 
center  of  commerce  and  foreign  trade;  625,552.  Munich,  capital  of 
Bavaria;  industrial  center,  university,  art  museums,  etc.,  celebrated; 
407,307.  Leipzig,  publishing  center.  399.'.'63.  Dresden,  capital  of  Saxony; 
art  collections  renowned;  336,410.  Cologne,  railway  center;  321,564; 
Breslau,  one  of  the  principal  commercial  and  manufacturing  centers; 
373,169. 

Railways,  Etc.— Railways  operated  1896,  29,461  miles  (Govern- 
ment, 26,959);  telegraph  lines,  87,513. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  highly  advanced  throughout  the 
Empire.  Of  army  recruits,  1896-7  only  0.11  per  cent  unable  ro  read  or 
write.  Primary  education  free  and  compulsory;  school  age.  6-14.  Esti- 
mated number  of  elementary  schools  1-91,  56.5fu:  pupils,  7,925,000;  ex- 
penditure, 857. S12,400.  Secondary  schools.  1,080,  besides  181  normal,  32 
technical  schools.  Naval  academy  at  Kiel:  military  academies,  Berlin 
and  Munich:  schools  of  navigation,  47;  military  schools,  9:  cadet  insti- 
tutions, 9.  For  higher  education,  21  universities  with  31,110  students 
1897-8. 

Religion.— All  religions  accorded  complete  equality.  Relation  be- 
tween Church  and  State  varies  in  different  parts  of  Empire.  In  1890 
Protestants  numbered  3U '26.810;  Roman  Catholics,  17,674,921;  other 
Christians,  145,540;  Jews,  567,884. 

Government,  Etc..  a  constitutional  monarchy;  King  of  Prussia 
hereditary  German  Emperor,  with  supreme  direction  of  militarj  and 
political  affairs.  Legislative  power  vested  in  two  bodies  the  l  nndes- 
rath,  representing  the  states  in  union,  and  Reichstag  elected  by  the 
people,    standard  of  value,  gold;  old  thalers  (silver)  still  legal  tender. 

Defense.— Service  in  army  or  navy  obligatory;  substitution  not 
allowed.  Peace  footing,  army  1S9S-9,  23.176  officers  and  562,277  men; 
estimated  war  strength,  over  3,000.000  trained  men.  Navy  consists  of 
163  war  vessels,  25,M53  men,  including  B22  officers.  Subsidized  as  auxiliary 
cruisers:  Fuerst  Bismarck,  Augusta  Victoria  (Hamburg-American); 
Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Grosse,  Kaiser  Friederich  III.  Spree,  Havel, 
Lahn  i  North  German  Lloyd  i. 

GRAND  DUCHY  OF  LUXEMBURG.    Grand  duchy  under 

Kim.'  of  Netherlands  1815.  Included  from  1815  to  1866  in  d 
manic  Confederation  Declared  neutral  territorj  1867.  Area,  '■'>  Bq. 
miles;  population,  217,583,  Catholic  predominant.  Important  ma  n» 
n fact n res  of  leather  and  gloves,  also  woolen,  cotton,  and  linen 
factories,  and  breweries;  Iron  ore  is  worked.  Railway  27o  miles; 
telegraph  457  miles.    Government  in  hands  of  Grand  duke. 


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NETHERLANDS. 

Historical.— In  Middle  Ages,  Netherlands  and  Belgium  divided 
among  Brabant,  Flanders,  Holland,  and  other  duchies;  united  with 
Burgundy  15th  century;  passed  i  o  Hapsburg  family  1177;  later  to  Spain. 
Revolution  under  William  of  Orange,  and  Pacification  of  Ghent  1567: 
Union  of  Utrecht  1579;  Dutch  Republic  acknowledged  1648;  united 
wiih  England  1689;  conquered  by  France  H94;  kingdom  under  Louis 
Bonaparte  18J6;  union  with  Belgium  in  Kingdom  of  Netherlands  1815; 
revolution  1830.  ended  1833;  settlement  with  Belgium  L889. 

Area,  12,648  square  miles  divided  among  il  provinces  and  1,123 
communes      Greatest  length,  196  miles;  breadth,  u)9. 

Physical  Features.— Surface  tl a r  -.  one-fourth  of  area  below  sea 
level;  western  pare  lu  to  L2  feet  below.  Average  elevation  37  feet: 
highest— in  souihwest— 787  feet.  Abounds  in  inland  waters;  Drotected 
from  inundations  by  1,500  miles  of  dykes.  Length  of  navigable 
waters  excluding  canals  — about  3,000  miles.  Chief  rivers— Rhine, 
Maas,  Scheldt. 

Climate  humid  and  variable;  winters  severe.  Mean  annual 
temperature,  49.8  deg.;  January,  34.7  deg.;  July,  65  deg.:  rainfall,  27. 8 
itii'hcs. 

Auriculture,  Etc.— Area  under  culture  2,267,143  acres.  About  85 
per  cent  of  all  estates  less  than  fifty  acres  in  extent;  over  57  per  cent 
of  estates  tanned  by  their  owners.  Principal  crops  1896:  Oats, 
573  bushels;  rye,  13,174,785;  wheat,  4,897,142:  barley,  4,418,601; 
potatoes,  80,546,338.  Area  of  orchards  and  gardens  15i,670  acres; 
cherries,  apples,  pears,  and  strawberries  largely  grown.  Bulbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees  grown  extensively.  Area  under  forests,  613,505  acres, 
chiefly  in  Gelderland. 

Liive  Stock. -bearing  of   live  stock  a  prominent  pursuit.     Area 
under  pasture,  2.921,711  acres— over  one-fourth  of  entire  area  of  country 
laid  down  toirrass  or  meadows.   Number  of  cattle  1S9j>,  1,583,000;  : 
267.01X);    sheep,    700,000;    swine.    1,260,400.      Dairy   products    excellent; 
quality  of  butter  and  cheese  unsurpassed:  large  quantities  exported. 

Fisher:es,  especially  herring,  valuable.  In  1897  industry  engaged 
5,318  vessels  and  18,387  men.  Product  of  herring  fishery  of  North 
Sea  1897,  valued  at  82.238,237:  total  number  oysters  produced,  40  million, 
about  one  fourth  or"  amount  exported  to  England. 

Manufactures.— Shipbuilding  and  manufactures  pertaining 
thereto  among  the  foremost  industries;  also  distilling  and  brewing. 
Other  important  industries  include  the  manufacture  of  textiles,  car- 
pets, leather,  and  paper,  making  of  brick  and  pottery,  production  of 
gold  and  silver  articles,  diamond  cutting.  Latest  reports  give  514 
distilleries  and  49s  breweries,  numerous  salt  works  and  vinegar  fac- 
tories, 31  beet  sugar  manufactories  with  10  Bugar  refineries. 

Commerce.  Imports  1897,  8710,833,300;  exports,  $616,250,000.  Chief 
imports:  Cereals,  iron,  steel,  coal,  textiles,  coffee;  exports,  cereals, 
butter,  cheese,  cattle.  In  lk97.  11,098  vessels  with  an  aggregate  of 
s, 399, 358  tons  entered  and  cleared  the  ports.  Merchant  marine  612 
vessels  of  3(16,652  tons. 

Population.  1897,  5,004,204;  per  square  mile,  396.  Foreigners, 
47,838,  of  whom  28,767  were  German.  Inhabitants  belong  to  Germanic 
race-.    Dutch  the  common  language. 

Cities.— The  Hague,  official  capital;  population,  1897,  1S7  545. 
Amsterdam,  commercial  capital,  seanort;  487,772.  Rotterdam,  sea- 
port, 228.5:»7. 

Railways,  Etc.— Railway  open,  1S97.  1,699  miles.  Latest  reports 
give  1,90?  miles  of  canals.      Telegraph  lines,  state,  1897.  3.598  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Public  schools  1897,  3.208;  enrollment,  513,639. 
Expenditures  Dutch   Reformed  (Presbyterian)  to  which 

Court  belongs,  2,194,619  adherents;  Roman  Catholics,  1,506,482;  .Tews, 
97.3. '4. 

Government,  Etc.- Hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  Ex- 
ecutive vested  in  Sovereign;  legislative  in  Sovereign  and  States  Gen- 
eral—composed of  an  upper  and  lower  chamber.  Gold  legal  tender, 
and  silver  coins  issued  previous  to  1875.  Peace,  footing  of  army,  27,834 
men,  1,971  officers.     Navy,  144  war  vessels;  7,000  seamen,  535  officers. 


AUSTRIA -HUNGARY.  295 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Historical.— Early  Inhabitants  Boii,  Daci,  etc.,  Celtic  tribes.  Terri- 
tory annexed  to  Roman  Empire  about  33  A.  D.;  overrun  by  Huns, 
Avars,  etc.,  5th  and  6tb  centuries;  conquered  by  Charlemagne,  791-96. 
Magyars— of  Finnish  origin  — and  Ungri  —  Scythian  tribe  —  settled  In 
Hungary,  889-890.  Austria  acquired  by  Ottocar  of  Bohemia,  1254;  by 
Rudolph  von  Hapsburg,  Emperor  of  Germany,  1278;  declared  an  arch- 
duchy, 1453.  Acquired  Netherlands,  1477;  Spain,  1498.  Emperor  Charles 
V  reigned  over  Germany,  Austria,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Spain.  Nether- 
lands, 1519-1556.  Thirty  Years'  War— 1618-1648— resulted  in  the  acknowl- 
edged independence  of  Switzerland  and  Holland,  cession  of  Alsace 
to  France,  autonomy  of  German  States.  Seven  Years'  War,  1756-1763. 
Emperor  Francis  of  Germany  assumed  title  of  Emperor  of  Austria, 
1304;  joined  allies  against  Napoleon,  1813.  Austria  head  of  German 
Cofederation,  1815;  retired,  1866.  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy  formed, 
1867      Entered  Triple  Alliance  with  Germany  and  Italy,  1883. 

Physical  Features.— Three  fourths  of  surface  mountains  or  hills; 
country  traversed  hy  three  great  systems:  Alps  (Ortler  Spitze,  12,800 
feet  i,  Bohemian,  and  Moravian  mountains,  and  Carpathians  (Gerls- 
dorf  Spitze,  8,700  feet).  ^Principal  rivers:  Danube— with  its  tributaries, 
waters  more  than  two-thirds  of  Empire— Dniester,  Theiss,  \  istula, 
Elbe.    Largest  lake,  Balaton,  in  Hungary. 

Area  of  Austria,  exclusive  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  115,903  square 
miles:  Hungary,  including  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  125,039. 

Climate  characterized  by  extremes  of  temperature,  warmest  region 
alcng  Adriatic  coast  Painful  Last  abundant  in  interiors  of  Eclnniii 
and  Moravia.  Mean  temperature  Lemberg:  January,  24.4  deg.:  July,  65.4 
deg.;  year,  44.6  deg.;  rainfall,  26.9  inches.  Budapest:  January,  29.4  deg.; 
July,  71.1  deg.;  year,  49.8  deg.;  rainfall,  20.75  inches.  Ragusa:  January, 
47.7  deg.;  July,  77.2  deg  ;  year,  G1.2  deg.;  rainfall,  65.7  inches. 

Commerce,  including  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina:  Imports  1897,  $302,- 
120,000.  Textiles,  raw  and  manufactured,  §57,012,4u0;  hides  and  leather, 
S17.414.S0U;  grain,  §16,074,400;  metals  and  machinery,  815,614,400;  fuel, 
$12',552,S00.  Exports.  $3U6,4So,000.  Timber,  etc.,  829,938,100:  sugar.  $24,552,- 
800;  live  stock,  $18,203,600;  eggs,  $17,568,400;  grain,  $15,990,000;  Merchant 
marine:  Austria,  1897,  12,115  vessels  of  215,258  tons:  Hungary,  1898,  502 
vessels  of  68,879  tons.  In  1896  116,271  vessels  of  13,364,330  tons  entered 
the  ports.    Austria  has  87  per  cent  of  total  shipping. 

Government.—  Austria-Hungary  an  hereditary  dual  Monarchy. 
Common  head  of  Monarchy  Emperor  of  Austria  and  King  of  Hungary. 
Each  State  has  its  own  Parliament.  Ministry,  and  Administration. 
Affairs  common  to  the  two  States:  Foreign  affairs,  military  and  naval 
affairs— excluding  legislation  concerning  army— and  finance  relating  to 
common  affairs.  Army,  1898,  peace  footing,  24,583  officers,  333,628  men; 
liable  for  war  service,  4,000,000.    Navy,  110  vessels— 20  armor  clad. 

AUSTRIA. 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Of  total  area  36.7  per  cent  arable;  32.6  per  cent 

forest;  23.8  per  cent  pasture  and  meadow.  Cultivated  area  1897,  69,596.- 
034  acres.  Leading  crops:  Wheat,  34,751,750  bushels;  bailee.  18,218.500; 
oats,  93,192,000;  rye,  63,791,750;  grapes,  624,910  acres  —  61.050,000  gallons 
wine;  potatoes,  8,821,212  tons:  sugar  beets,  54,249,615;  tobacco,  6,945; 
hops,  9,261;  flax,  41,100.  Barley  and  wine  chief  agricultural  exports.  In 
1890  8,469,223  persons  engaged  in  agriculture  and  forestry.  Fori  Bts  ad- 
ministered under  State  by  trained  officials;  area  under  pine,  1895,  16,866,- 
185  acres;  other  tree.>,3,52n.62J  acres.  Live  stock:  1,54-,  197  horses,  s.iiT,,- 
936  cattle,  3, 186,787  Sheep,  3,549,700  swine,  1,035,832  goats.  Value  St  94.800,000. 

Manufactures,  Etc.— In  1890  manufacturing  industries  employed 
2,880,897  persons.  Textiles,  296,481  persons  155.098  In  Bohemia;  metals 
and  metal  wares,  99,353:  glass  and  stone  ware,  72,547—38,131  in  Bohemia; 
machinery,  57,129;  chemicals,  :;3.2i;t.  Sugar  factories,  1895.  68.836-  tobacco, 
33,000.  Output  of  beer,  1895,  380,057.650 gallons;  alcohol,  3n,l06,S6s  gal- 
lons; tobacco,  61,904.120  pounds.  Value  furnace  products,  1896,  $14,588,- 
400-pig  iron,  811,512,350;  silver,  $856,365;  lead,  $til0,886. 

Minerals.— Country  rich  in  metals  and  minerals.  Value  mineral 
products,  $35,143,177.  Coal,  $28,593,013;  salt,  $9,194,140;  iron,  $1,378,590; 
silver,  $768,613;  lead,  $423,425;  gold,  $19,364. 


290 


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longitude   last    ft 


297 


/fv,"S'*  "Novibazar 

f/;.;oxTEv-  s 


AUSTRI A-HU  N  G  ARY. 

Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

0  5*J ion 200 

Copyright,  1'800,  LyTtand,  McITaUy  &  Co. 


EUROPE. 


Population,  1890,  23,895,413;  per  square  mile,  206.  Germans,  8,461,580; 
Bohemians,  Moravians,  Slovaks,  5,472,871;  Poles,  3.719,232;  Ruthcnlans, 
3,105,221;  Slovens,  1,176,672;  Servians,  Croatians,  644,936;  Italian.-,  Rou- 
manians, etc.;  892,554. 

Cities.  — Vienna,  capital,  Beat  of  civil  and  military  Government,  com- 
mercial and  Industrial  center  of  Monarchy;  population,  1897,1,594,129. 
Prague,  Important  commercial,  manufacturing,  and  railway  center; 
pqpul  ti  [on,  364,632,     Trieste,  chief  Beaport;  population,  nil, 886. 

Railways,   Etc.—  Railway    in  operation,   1897,  11,371  miles; 
line-,  1,594;  companies1  lines,  5,844;  companies'  lines  worked  by   : 
933.    Telegrapb  fines,  31.  i s i  miles. 

Education*— Elementary  education  free  and  compulsory;  - 
age,  6-12  or  u.  in  1890  40  per  cent  of  population  illiterate.  School 
r.),440;  pupils,  3,430,456.    Has  8  state  universities;  students  L896,  I 

Religion.— Freedom  of  worship  accorded  all   legally   reci 
religious  bodies.    Latest  reports  of  religious  population  give  18, 
Roman  Catholics,  2,sl4,iit>o  Greek  Catholics,  3.0UO  Armenian  Catholics, 
8,000  Old  Catholics,  545,000  Greek  Oriental,  1,000  Armenian   oriental, 
436,000  Evangelical,  6,000  other  Christians,  1,143,000  Jews,  5,0  10  ol  I 

HUNGARY. 

Agriculture,  Etc.—  Agriculture,  chief  industry,  together  with 
forestry  employs 60.55  percent  of  population.  Agricultural  holdings, 
1895,  3,411,686,  comprising  79,863,053  acres— about  41  per  cent  arable,  28 
per  cent  woodland,  23  per  cent  meadow  and  pasture.  Leading  crops, 
1897:  Wheat,  87,08;), 750  bushels;  oats,  54,928,500;  rye,  36,511,750;  corn,  112,- 
802,250;  potatoes,  127,468,500;  sugar  beets,  1,427,340  tons;  tol.acco.5u.s62 
tons.  Area  under  vineyards,  618,090  acres;  wine  product.  21>.7;6.um  gal- 
lons. Forests  under  State  administration.  Area  over  22,000,000  acres, 
Export  Of  timber  and  forest  products.  1896,  813,413,770. 

Live  Stock,  Etc.— Horses,  2,308,457:  a^ses,  mules,  25.766;  cattle, 
6,738,365;  sheep,  8,122.682;  swine,  7,330,343;  goats,  308,810.  Silk  culture 
engaged  107,454  families  in  1897;  cocoons  produced  equaled  2,934. 600 
pounds,  value  1417,564.  Bee  culture  followed  in  11,819  communes;  prod- 
uct, 6,296,672  pounds  honey,  438,060  pounds  wax;  value,  8478.539. 

Manufactures  include  woodenware,  clothing,  metals,  machinery, 
textiles,  crockery,  glass,  chemicals.     Value  furnace  products,  If 
706,475;  pig  iron,  §6,408,350:  gold,  82,012,067;  silver.  8614,643.    Beer  outj  ut, 
35,135,892  gallons;  alcohol,  22.5S5.016  gallons;  beet  sugar,  165,475  tons;  to- 
bacco (State  monopoly),  59s,7<H.i,inio  cigars,  794,300,000  cigarettes. 

Minerals.— Value  mineral  products,  1897,  89,860.050.  Coal,  87,430,- 
188;  iron  ore,  31,511,315.  Mining  and  smelting  employed  62,082  persons; 
salt  works,  2,208  persons. 

Population  in  1890, 17,463,791;  per  square  mile,  140.  included  7.426.- 
730  Hungarians  or  Magyars;  2,107,577  Germans;  1,910,279  Slovaks;  2.591,VR'5 
Roumanians;  3S3.392  Ruthenians;  1.551,000  Croatians;  1,057,264  Servians. 

Cities.— Budapest  capital  —adjoining  towns  Pest  and  Buda  incor- 
porated 1873  under  above  title;  Buda,  seat  of  administration;  Pest,  com- 
mercial district;  population,  1890,  505,763.    Fiume,  chief  port;  30.337. 

Railways,  Etc.—  Railway  open.  1897,  9,784  miles;  State  lines.  4,753; 
companies',  1,763.     Telegraph  lines,  13,375  miles. 

Education.— Elementary  education  free  and  compulsory;  school 
age.  6-12.  Number  schools,  1897,  1S.321;  pupils,  2,437,330.  In  1890  54.5  per 
cent  of  population  illiterate. 

Religion.—  All  legally  recognized  religions  equal.  In  1S90  50  per 
cent  of  population  Roman  Catholic,  12.17  per  cent  Greek  Oriental,  r,'.s2 
per  cent  Helvetian  Evangelical,  9.64  per  cent  Greek  Catholic,  6.94  per 
cent  Augsburg  Evangelical, 4.18per  cent  Jews, 0.35  percent  Unitarians. 

BOSNIA  and  HERZEGOVINA  nominally  provinces  of  Turkev; 
occupied  and  administered  by  Austria-Hungary  since  1878.     Area.  28,- 
262  square  miles.     Population  1,568.092,  chiefly  Servian     Sir 
Bosnia,  capital  and  principal  city;  population  3S.083. 

LIECHTENSTEIN.- Principality  lying  between  Province  of 
Tyrol  and  Rhine:  practically  part  of  Austrian  Empire,  though  not  in- 
corporated by  treaty.  Area.  65  square  miles.  Population— 1891, 
9,434— agricultural  and  nearly  all  Catholics.  Corn,  wine,  flax,  fruit, 
timber,  chief  products.  Capital,  Vaduz.  Inhabitants  pay  no  taxes,  and 
not  liable  to  military  service. 


RUSSIA.  299 


RUSSIA.     R„Bh'-a. 


H  istorical.— Naine  of  Russia  derived  from  Roxolani,  Slavonic  tribe. 
Territory  ancient  Sarinatia;  early  overrun  by  Goths,  Huns, 
Magyars,  etc.  Varangians,  Norse  warriors,  under  Ruric, entered  Nov- 
gorod about  S62.  Christianity  introduced  10th  century.  Mongol  in 
vasion  and  conquest  1240;  freedom  from  Mongol  rule  1480.  Phenom- 
enal development  under  Peter  the  Great  16^9-1725.  Russo-Turkisb 
wars  1768-74,  1789-92.  War  with  Sweden  1788-90,  with  France  1798-1801. 
More  recent  events  include  invasion  of  Russia  l>v  Napoleon,  and  burn- 
ing of  Moscow  by  Russians  1812.  Crimean  war  1853-56.  Emancipation 
of  serfs  1861.  Growth  of  Nihilism;  Russian- America  sold  to  United 
States  1867.    Alexander  II  assassinated  1S81.    Famine  1891-2. 

Area  of  Russian  Empire,  8,660,395  square  miles,  comprising  more 
than  one-seventh  of  total  land  surface  of  globe.  Russia  largest  coun- 
try in  Europe,  area  2,1.95,616  square  miles,  or  over  half  of  that  of  entire 
Continent.  Asiatic  Russia— 6,564, 779  square  miles— embraces  over  one- 
third  the  total  area  of  Asia. 

Physical  Features.- Surface  of  European  Russia  a  succession 
of  lowland  plains  sloping  gradually  toward  Baltic,  Black,  Caspian,  and 
White  seas.  Tundras  —  frozen  marshy  plains  —  occupv  the  north,  im- 
mense forests  tha  center,  and  steppes— open  treeless  plains— the  smith. 
Central  plateau  culminates  in  Valdai  Hills  ( 1,100  feet);  Ural  Mountains 
geographical  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia  (Tol-Pas  5,54n  fret 
highest  point-;  Caucasus  on  southern  border  line  (Mt.  Elbruz  1S.463 
feet,  highest  elevation  of  Europe).  Petchora  (900  miles)  most  import- 
ant river  of  Arctic  basin,  Neva  of  Baltic,  Dniester  (700  milesj  and 
Dnieper  (1,200  miles)  of  Black  Sea,  and  Volga  (2,200  miles)  and  Ural 
(1,150  miles)  of  the  Caspian.  Principal  lakes:  Ladoga  (7,000  square 
miles),  largest  in  Europe;  Onega,  3,763  square  miles. 

Climate  varied  owing  to  wide  range  of  latitude;  winters  severe 
everywhere;  summers  hot.  Rainfall  comparatively  light ;  varies  from 
25  inches  near  Baltic  to  5.7  inches  at  Astrakhan.  Mean  temperature 
Archangel,  January,  7.7  deg.;  July,  60.8  deg.;  year,  32.1  deg.;  rainfall, 
15.6  inches.  Moscow,  January,  14  deg.;  July,  66.5  deg.;  year,  40.1  deg.; 
rainfall,  21.1  inches.  Sebastopol,  February,  34.9  deg.;  July,  74  deg.; 
year,  54.4  deg.;  rainfall,  15.2  inches. 

Forests.— Crown  forests  of  Russian  Empire  1895,  comprised  618,244,- 
000  acres,  net  revenues,  $10,875,000.  More  than  one-third  of  European 
Russia  still  occupied  by  forests;  southern  portion  of  forest  region 
covered  with  deciduous  woods;  in  the  north  dense  forests  of  conifer- 
ous trees  abound.  Area,  including  those  of  Poland  and  Finland,  422,- 
307,000  acres.  Forests  in  each  province,  since  1888,  protected  through 
especially  appointed  committee. 

Agriculture  chief  industry  of  people.  About  26  per  cent  of  land 
area  of  European  Russia  arable;  nearly  16  per  cent  orchards,  meadow, 
and  pasture;  "Black  Earth"  district  of  south  most  fertile  region  of 
Europe;  embraces 367,000 square  miles.  Area  of  European  Russia  under 
crops  1896,  170.253,400  acres;  Poland,  10,234,650  acres.  Products  1897: 
Wheat,  6,805,000  tons;  rye,  15,425,000:  barley,  4,665,000;  oats,  8,347,000; 
various  grains,  3,973,0: N);  potatoes,  21,413,<>00:  hay,  including  West  Siberia 
and  North  Caucasia.  33;208,000  tons:  flax,  290,000  tons  fiber,  645,000  tons 
linseed;  hemp,  301,500  tons  fiber,  370,000  tons  hempseed;  average  yield 
of  hops, 325  tons.  Tobacco  crop:  Russia.  Siberia.  Caucasia,  1*95,63,170 
tons.  Area  tinder  vines,  16,000,000  acres  (361,000  under  proper  culture) ; 
wine  product,  4,550.000  gallons. 

Live  Stock.— Vast  numbers  of  cattle  reared  on  the  steppes.    In  1888 
Russia  and  Poland  had  27,622,660  cattle,  48,220,115  sheep,  10,742,100 
In  1891,   21,665,632  horses.     Finland   1895,300,650  horses,  l,4o:i,l-:j  cattle, 
1,067,384  swine,  129,984  reindeer,  14,540  go 

Manufactures  show  marked  increase  since  emancipation  of  serfs 
1861.  In  1893  manufactories,  mines,  etc.,  in  Russian  Empire,  employed 
1,406,775  persons;  value  of  products,  81,319,498,250.  Leading  items: 
Textiles,  8164,958,750;  iron  and  steel,  $125,124,750;  machinery,  849,515,750. 
Output  of  sugar  works  1898,636,890  tons  of  refined  Bugar;  distilleries 
18%,  S2,2 I6,0oo  gallons  of  alcohol;  breweries  1893,  87,282,100  gallons  of 
beer.  Flour  mills  1895,  averaged  35,100  tons  flour  daily.  Tobacco, 
cigars,  cigarettes,  etc.,  1892,  1,073,080  hundred  weight. 


300 


301 


302  EUROPE. 


Commerce.—  Imports  ism;,  $392,426,250;  exports,  1460.073,250.  Lead- 
ing Imports  1897:  Machinery  and  metal  goods,  839,602,500;  raw  metals, 
i*'>,:;n-.'.MiK);  raw  cot  i  on,  833,5IS,SH>:  raw  wool  and  -ilk,  *19,6?o,0O0:  tea, 
$8. 933, 500;  textiles,  86,56l.5uo.  Exports:  Cereals  and  Hour,  8W6,676,500;  Max, 
•28,091,000;  timber  and  woodenware.  82;. 390,500;  linseed  and  grass  Beed, 
122,654,500;  eggs  and  dairy  products,  ~  ir>.'.n 7.5(H):  naplit ha,  naphtha  oils, 
112,579,000;  hemp,  85,61 »7,5(Ki;  sugar,  ?-5,l57.5m.  Merchant  marine  1898, 
2,146  vessels  of  272,023  tons.  In  ls97,  9,666  vessels  above  20  tons  —  total 
tonnage  7,758,848— entered  the  ports,  in  1896,  18,055  vessels  of  233,714 
tons  entered  Caspian  porta. 

Minerals. —Must  valuable  deposits  found  in  Ural  Mountains;  dis- 
trict employs  232, 2s5  workmen.  Total  number  engaged  in  mining  and 
metal  work  ls'95,  I9s.:;5i.  Petroleum  output  from  Caspian  fields  1896, 
1,536,180,000  gallons.  Gold  mined  1895, 1,087,770  ounces;  platinum,  116,- 
820  ounces;  silver,  284,630  ounces:  lead,  412  tons;  zinc,  4,951;  copper, 
5,570;  pig  Iron,  1,450,000;  coal,  9,o>i9.00n:  naphtha,  7,057,000;  salt.  1,528,000. 

Population  of  Russian  Empire  ism;,  I2s.»i32.l73:  per  square  mile,  15: 
European  Russia,  including  Poland  and  Finland,  106,191,795.  Estimated 
number  .Jews,  3,5O0.otK).     About  forty  languages  and  dialects  spoken. 

Cities.— St.  Petersburg,  capital  and  largest  city;  has  extensive  manu- 
facturing and  commercial  interests.  Contains  St.  Isaac's  Cathedral, 
Palace  of  Grand  Duke  Michael,  winter  palace,  the  Hermitage  — a 
museum— Imperial  library,  university,  etc.;  population  1897, 1,267,023. 
Moscow,  second  capital  and  place  of  coronation:  chief  commercial  and 
railway  center;  first  In  manufactures;  has  numerous  churches,  the 
Kremlin  or  citadel-fortified  enclosure— containing  Imperial  Palace, 
cathedrals,  monastery,  convent,  arsenal,  etc.;  population,  988,614. 

Railways,  Etc.— Length  of  railway  in  Empire  open  for  traffic 
1898,27,644  miles;  building,  7,424.  State  lines  1897,  17,000  miles.  State 
expenditure  for  railways  1896,  6139,141,646.  State  telegraph  lines  1895, 
78,396  miles;  nineteen-twentieths  of  total  system  State  property. 

Education  backward;  only  20  per  cent  of  recruits  able  to  read  and 
write.  Most  schools  under  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction.  Imperial 
treasury,  1896,  supported  2.505  schools;  local  authorities.  2o,0e4.  Primary 
schools  under  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  18%,  29,14J:  pupils,  2,138.180. 

Religion.— Established  religion  of  Empire  Graeco-Russian,  official- 
ly Orthodox  Catholic  Faith.  Emperor  head  of  church.  Restraints  are 
laid  on  Jews  and  dissenters;  latter,  estimated  at  12,000,000  in  Great 
Russia,  often  severely  persecuted;  restricted  liberty  extended  to  only 
those  of  "  United  Church":  other  religions  may  be  freely  professed. 
Adherents  of  Greek  Church,  1895,  estimated  at  75,000,000; United  Church 
and  Armenians.  55.1 100;  Roman  Catholics,  8,300,000;  Protestants,2,950,000; 
Jews,  3,000.000;  Mohammedans,  2,600,000. 

Government  an  absolute  hereditary  monarchy.  Entire  legislative, 
executive,  and  judicial  power  vested  in  Czar,  whose  will  alone  is  law. 
Estimated  revenue  of  Empire  1899, 8734.564,100;  expenditures.  $731,329,616. 
Army,  peace  footing,  36,000  officers,  860,000  men;  war  footing,  3,500,000. 
Navv:  239  vessels.  2.627  officers,  29.85!)  men. 

POIjA  N  D.— Formerly  a  kingdom.  First  partition  between  Russia, 
Prussia,  Austria  1772:  final  partition  1795.  Russian-Poland  formed  king- 
dom under  Russian  Empire  1815;  insurrections  1830-46-63;  kingdom 
ceased  to  exist  1864;  incorporated  with  Russia  1868.  Area.  49,159 
square  miles.  Agriculture  and  cattle-breeding  chief  pursuits; 
55  per  cent  of  land  arable.  Has  extensive  forests:  considerable 
mineral  wealth.  3fanufnctures  employed  153,360  persons 
value  textiles  produced,  1898,  829.113.500.  Population.  9.455.913 
cent  Poles,  14  percent  Jews:  prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic. 
Government  administered  by  Governor-general  having  supremecon- 
trol  in  civil  and  military  affairs.     Warsaw,  capital-.population,  (.33,209 

FINIjAN I).  -Grand-duchy,  ceded  to  Russia  by  Sweden  1809. 
Area,  144,255  square  miles.  Agriculture  and  cattle-breeding 
chief  pursuits.  Forests  cover  50.498.OOO  acres;  timber  export.  189«, 
8i5.sso.ooo.  [Ylanufactures,  1895, employed  65,250 persons.  Valueof 
products,  836,563,665.  Population.  2,520.437-86  per  cent  Finns.  13  per 
cent  Swedes.  Education  very  advanced,  only  .04  per  cent  children 
of  school  age  without  instruction,  1896.  Lutheran  religion  predom- 
inates. Executive  government  vested  in  a  Senate,  composed  of 
members  appointed  by  Crown  under  presidency  of  Governor-general. 
Helsingfors,  capital;  population,  77,414. 


SWEDEN  —  NORWAY. 


SWEDEN.    Swe'-den. 

Historical.— Ancient  inhabitants  —  Finns— driven  northward  by 
Scandinavians  and  Goths.  Early  historv  obscure.  Christianity  Intro- 
duced about  1000  A.  D.  Regular  government  established  1279.  Sweden, 
Denmark, and  Norway  united  in  one  kingdom,  1397;  independence  re- 
covered 1521.  Reformation  1527.  Gustavua  Adolphus  bead  of  P 
taut  cause  in  Germany  1628.  Conspicuous  in  European  politics  through- 
out  17th  century.     Norway  united  to  Sweden  1814. 

A  rea.  Etc.— Area.  172,876  suuare  miles.  Surface,  an  inclined  plain 
sloping  toward  Baltic  Sea.  diversified  by  narrow  valleys  and  lakes; 
culminating  point,  Kebnekaisse,  7,192  feet  Principal  rivers:  Dal,  Gotba. 
Nearly  one-tenth  of  area  covered  by  lakes;  largest,  Wener,  Wetter. 

Climate  healthful;  range  of  temperature  betwi  en  winter  and  sum- 
mer, wide.  Rainfall  heaviest  near  coast.  Mean  temperature  Stock- 
holm, January,  26  deg.;  July,  61  de.tr.;  year.  41.4  des.-  rainfall,  16.4  inches. 
Jockmock.  February,  6 deg.:  July,  58.2  deg.;  year.  29  3  deg. 

Agriculture.  Etc.  About  8  per  cent  of  land  area  cultivated;  47 
per  cent  forest.  Value  cereals  1897,  s71,6O1.00O.  Chief  crops:  Oats,  56,- 
666,225  bushels;  rye,  22,870,100;  barley,  13.861.375;  wheat.  4.43 i>nn;  pota- 
toes, 54,374,375.  Live  stock:  Horses,  512,406:  cattle,  2,554.577;  sheep, 
1,298,732;  pigs,  788,736.  Forests  of  pine,  fir,  larch,  etc.:  products  form 
staple  export. 

Jttannfactares.— Most  flourishing  connected  with  iron,  timber, 
sugar,  cotton.    Pig  iron  1896.  4^7,147  tons;  bar  iron,  321,615:  lead,  1,674. 

Commerce.— Imports  1896,  .{-96,744,970.  Textiles.  #2o,S27.200;  coal, 
etc..  *  12. 18 1.000:  metal  goods.  Sll.864,130;  cereals,  flour,  $10,327,230.  Ex- 
ports, $91,876,420.  Timber.  $41,064,490;  animals,  §17.369.840:  metals,  etc., 
$14,083,980  Merchant  marine  2,769  vessels  of  496,819  tons.  Entered  pons, 
32,711  vessels  of  7.051.424  tons. 

Minerals.— Country  rich  in  minerals.  Output  of  iron  ore,  1896, 
20,038,094  tons;  silver  and  lead,  15,381;  copper,  27,315;  zinc,  44.041;  coal, 
225.878;  gold,  silver,  lead,  manganese,  zinc  nickel,  cobalt,  also  occur. 

Population  in  1897,  5,009.632;  per  square  mile.  28.7.  Inhabitants, 
except  24,548  foreign  born,  19,505  Finns,  and  6,846  Lapps,  all  Swedes. 

Cities.  -sto<:khotm,  capital;  commercial  auu  industrial  center;  popu- 
lation 288,602.    Gothenburg,  principal  port;  120,552 

Railways,  Etc.— Miles  of  railway  1897,  6.350;  State,  2,283.  State 
telegraph  1896,  5,398  miles,  private  lines,  2,883  miles. 

Education.  Etc.—  Elementary  education  free  and  compulsory. 
Schools  1896,  11,342;  pupils,  730,259.  Expenditures,  s4.355.6S0.  Less  than 
.6  per  cent  of  recruits  illiterate.  State  religion.  Lutheran,  all  others 
tolerated.     Evangelical  Lutherans,  4,735,218;  other  Protestants,  44,378. 

Government,  Etc.—  Constitutional  Monarchy.  Executive  vested 
in  King  and  Council  of  State.  Legislative  in  Parliament  of  two  Houses. 
Standard  of  value,  gold.     Army,  3,728  officers,  35,500  men. 


NORWAY. 


Nor'-wa. 


Historical.— Aboriginal  inhabitants,  Lapps  and  Finns,  early  con- 
quered or  expelled  by  Germanic  Goths.    Native  kings  ruled  -. 
Christianity  introduced  998.     Reign  of  Canute    1028-1035.    Subject  to 
Sweden   1319;  to   Denmark   1380;  united   with  both   1397.    Union  with 
Sweden  1814;  nobility  abolished  1822. 

Area,  Etc.— Area.  124,445 square  miles.  Surface,  a  serlesof  ele- 
vated plateaus:  elevation  of  57  per  cent  of  area  1,000  feet  or  more  (Gold- 
hoopinger), 8,540  feet.  Coast  indented  by  fjords  and  fringed  wit'i  is- 
lands: famous  whirlpool,  the  Maelstrom,  between  two  Lofoden  Islands. 
Lakes  number  30,000.    Principal  rivers:  Glommen,  Laagen,  Oticrn. 

Climate  dry  and  healthful:  temperature  modified  by  maritime 
situation.  Rainfall  abundant  on  coast,  scanty  in  interior  Mean  tem- 
perature Chri8tiania,  February,  23.7  deg  ;  July,  62.8  deg.;  year,  41.6  deg.; 
rainfall,  22.7  Inches.  Bergen,  February  32.3  deg.;  July,  58.5  deg.;  year, 
44.2  deg.:  rainfall,  67.72  indie.-.  Tromso,  February,  24.9  deg.;  July,  51.8 
deg.;  year,  36  deg.;  rainfall,  35.9  inches. 


304 


V 


305 


306  EUROPE. 


Agriculture,    Etc.— Unproductive  area,  75   per   cent  of  whole; 
forests,  22  per  cent;  cultivated,  3  per  cent.    Value  of  cereals  189 
380,940;   potatoes,  *6,697,92o.     Live  stock   L891:    1,006.499  cattle,   1 , 1 1 7,524 
sheep,  170,134  reindeer.     Estimated  foresi  area  26,320  Bquare  u 
chiefly  pine.    Value  timber  exports  1897, 111,251,960. 

Fisheries  constitutes  leading  industry;  employed  113,227  persons 

1896.  Value  of  catch,  17,263,062. 

Commerce*— Imports  1897,  171,284,070.    Breadstuffs,*  10331,630;  lex- 
rues,  ss,795,?on.     Kxports,  $I:;,I2:;,:J5h:  Timber  and  wooden  goods,  $16,652, 
060;  animal  products,  si  1,531, 5311.     Merchant    marine    1898,7,147' 
of  1,552,199  tons,    in  1896,  13,201  vessels  of  2,906,946  tons  entered. 

Population  1891,  2,(100,917;  per  square  mile,  16.1.  Number  of  Lapps, 
20,786;  Finns,  9,378. 

Cities.—  <  'nristiania,  capital  chief  city  and  seaport;  population  1898, 
203,337.    Bergen,  port,  center  of  fishing  industry;  53,684.    Hamm 
northernmost  town  of  Europe;  3,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— .Miles  of  railway  1S97,  1,213,  State,  1,120.  State 
telegraph,  5,474  miles;  railway  telegraph,  1,172  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Primary  education  free  and  obligatory;  expen- 
diture si, 796, 123.  Elementary  schools,  5,983;  pupils.  311,346;  expenditure 
81,796,123.    National  church  Evangelical  Lutheran,  all  others  tolerated. 

Government,  Etc.    Nominally  a  Constitutional  Monarchy,  virtu- 
ally a  Republic.    Executive  represented  by  King  and  Council  oi  5 
Legislative  vested  In  Storthing— 114  members-elected  by  the  people. 
Standard  of  value,  gold.    Army  1894,  900  officers,  30,000  men. 

DENMARK.     Den  mark 

Historical.— First  known  inhabitants  the  Cimbri;  expelled  bv  Jutes 
and  Angles;  latter  succeeded  by  Danes  in  5th  century.  Viking  age— 
700-1050— included  reign  of  Canute  the  Great,  King  of  Denmark,  Nor- 
way, and  England  1029-1035.  Denmark  mistress  of  the  Baltic  1157-1227. 
Denmark  one  kingdom  with  Norway  and  Sweden  1397-1412.  Lost 
Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lauenburg  1864. 

Area,  Etc.— Area,  15,289  square  miles.  Surface  low,  undulating 
plains  diversified  by  heaths,  marshes,  and  lakes;  highest  altitude  560 
feet.  Numerous  short  streams;  Guden  longest.  Climate  tempered  by 
maritime  situation.  Mean  temperature  Copenhagen,  January,  31  deg.; 
July.  63  deg. ,  year,  44  deg.;  rainfall,  21.5  inches. 

Agriculture.— Productive  area  80  per  cent,  6  percent  forest,  re- 
mainder arable,  pasture,  and  meadow  land.  In  1896 2,876,000 acres  under 
grain;  under  clover,  656,600  acres;  meadow,  2,247,000.    Value  of  crops 

1897,  $86,354,870.  Oats,  34,140,000  bushels;  barley,  18,580,000:  rye,  17.370,000; 
wheat,  3,368.000;  potatoes,  19,550,000.  Daises  more  live  stock  in  propor- 
tion to  its  size  than  any  other  European  country.  Number  horses  1896, 
410,639;  cattle,  1,696.190;  sheep,  1,246,552;  swine.  829,131.  Hairy  interests 
enormous  and  constantly  increasing.    Leading  export,  butter 

manufactures  include  spirits,  beet  sugar,  bricks,  pottery,  ma- 
chinery, tobacco,  and  gloves.  In  1897,  distilleries  produced  3,586,000 
gallons  alcohol;  breweries  1S96,  50,370,000  gallons  of  beer;  beet  sugar 
factories,  48,345  tons  of  sugar.    Fisheries  employ  32,912  persons. 

Commerce.— Imports  1897,  $112,535,380;  textiles.  813,317.550;  metals 
and  hardware, s8.765.817;  cereals.  516,426,250.  Exports  >^.:x\6is. butter, 
eggs,  lard,  etc.,  S51, 197,126;  animals,  87,469.000  .Merchant  marine.  3,696 
vessels,  356.108  tons     In  1S97,  32.036  vessels  of  2.712.224  tons  entered. 

Population  1890,  2,185.335;  of  Denmark  proper  96.61  percent  horn 
in  Denmark.    Foreign-born  only  about  3  per  cent  of  whole. 

Cities.—  Copenhagen,  capital,  commercial  center  and  chief  seaport; 
population,  375.251;  Aarhux,  33.308;  Orterase,  30,277. 

Railways.  Etc.— Railway  lines  1897,  1,532  miles;  State,  1,087  miles. 
State  telegraph  lines,  2,988  miles. 

Education,  Etc.  — Education  widely  diffused.  Elementary  instruc- 
tion free  and  compulsory.  Number  of  schools,  2,940;  pupils,  231,940. 
Established  church  Lutheran,  all  other  creeds  tolerated.  In  18902,154,- 
484  Lutheran  adherents,  Jews  numbered  4,080;  Catholics.  3/47. 

Government,  Etc.— Constitutional  Monarchy.  Executive  vested 
in  King  and  Council.  Legislative  in  King  and  Riksdag  or  Diet  con. 
jointly.     Standard  of  value,  gold.    Army  1899,  800  officers,  9,000  men. 


THE  BALKAN  STATES.  307 

THE  BALKAN  STATES. 

RODIAN'IA  consists  of  the  Danubian  principalities  of  Wallachia 
and  Moldavia,  united  18®;  union  publicly  proclaimed  1861;  indepei 
from  Turkey  confirmed  1878;  raised  to  a  kingdom  1881.  Area, 
square  miles.  Greater  part  of  country  level;  western  district  hilly  or 
mountainous,  with  extensive  forest!*.  Area  of  crown  forests,  2,301  270 
acres;  products  yield  $467,600  yearly.  Danube  Delta  within  Roumania- 
country;  well  watered  by  its  tributaries  Climate  one  of  extremes 
and  wide  range.  Extremes  ou  plains  %  deg.  and-18  deg.;  mean  for 
year  52.9  deg.;  summer  72.5  deg.:  winter  27.5  deg.;  rainfall  averag 
inches  yearly.  Agriculture  employs  70  per  cent  of  population;  of 
total  area  68  per  cent  productive.  Principal  products,  1897:  Corn  and 
Wheat,  112,630.650  bushels;  other  grains,  36,701,225  bushels.  Wine,  5,491,- 
860  gallons;  tobacco,  8.356,950  pounds.  Colza, flax,  and  hemp  also  grown 
Livestock.  is97:  Horses,  670,909;  cattle.  2,138,315;  sheep.  6>47.vir,- 
swine.  1,079,312.  Country  rich  in  minerals,  deposits  chiefly  in  Car- 
pathians; coal  and  petroleum  worked:  salt  a  State  monopoly.  3Ianu- 
faetures  include  paper,  cement,  sugar,  woolens,  and  leather,  im- 
ports, IS97,  $71.15*;,  40  i;  chiefly  textiles,  metals, and  metal  goods.  Exports, 
$14,836,000;  in  1897  cereals  constituted  82  per  cent  of  exports.  Popula- 
tion estimated  at  5.Si>0.000,  comprising  about  4,500,000  Roumanians 
300,000  Jews.  200,000  Gypsies,  50,000  Bulgarians,  20,000  Greeks 
Bucharest,  capital  and  center  of  trade, 232,000  inhabitants.  Jassy,  for- 
mer capital  of  .Moldavia,  seat  of  Greek  archbishop  and  Roman  Catholic 
bishop;  population  66,000.  Gal  ate  on  Danube,  chief  port  of  Roumania; 
population  57,000.  Railways  State  property;  1,800  miles  open  in  1898. 
Telegraph  lines,  4,290  miles  1897.  Education  backward:  free  and  com- 
pulsory where  schools  exist.  Pupils  in  primary  schools,  I  ■ 
school"  expenditure.  $1,828,105.  Language  a  Latin  dialect  with  many 
Slavonic  words.  Predominating  religion,  Creek  orthodox:  esti- 
mated adherents,  4,950,000;  Roman  Catholics,  loO.oio;  Protestants.  . 
Armenians,  15,0)0;  .lews,  300,000;  Mohammedans.  2n-30,(\0.  Govern- 
ment vested  in  King  assisted  by  a  Council  of  State,  a  Senate— 120 
members,  and  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Public  debt.  $224,969,905.  Every 
Roumanian  between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  forty-six  liable  to 
military  service.  Strength  of  army,  3,478  officers,  56,489  men.  Navy, 
22  vessels. 

BULGA  K I A  colonized  by  Bulgarians,  a  Slavonic  tribe,  6th  century; 
during  9th-10th  century,  and  again  in  12th,  ihcir  rule  extended   over 
nearly  all  of  Balkan  Peninsula:  annexed  to  ottoman  Empire  1396.     By 
Treaty  of  Berlin    1S7S,  constituted  an  autonomous  principality  under 
suzerainty  of  Turkey:  Eastern  Ronmelia,  now  South  Bulgaria,   incor- 
porated with  State  1885.    Area.,  37,060  square  miles.    Balkans  ti 
country  from  east  to  west;  country  north  chiefly  a  plain.     Climate 
characterized  by  wide  range  of  temperature  and  abrupt  chant 
deg.  to  -2  at  Sofia).    Agriculture  occupation  of  live-sevenths  of 
population,  soil  generally  fertile;  wheat  principal  crop;  wine,  tobacco, 
silk,  also  produced;  roses  largely  cultivated  ou  southern  slopes  o 
kan>:  attar  of  roses  largely  manufactured.    Livestock.  1893:  Sheep, 
7.2211.256;  goats,  1,263,772:  cattle,  1,767,974;  Bwine, 461,725.  Leading  manu- 
factures, textile.-.,  cigars,  cigarettes.    Domestic    products  include 
carpets,  trimmings,  ribbons,  and   hosiery.     Commerce   largely  in 
hands  of  Greeks,    Austrians,   Roumanians.      Principal    item,  wheat; 
other  exports  include  live  stock,  woolens, attar  of  roses, and  skins. 
Value  of  exports.  $11,958,102.    Imports,  $16,798,847;  inosl  important  are 
textiles,  metal  goods,  and  machinery.    Minerals  belong  to  ■ 
iron  exists  in  large  quantities;  also  gold,  silver,  n  ipper. 

and  salt.    Over  35,300,000  cubic  feel   of  stone  quarried  annually.    Coal 
mines  at  Pernik  worked  bv  government.     Salt  deposits  near  B 
yield  12,000  tons  annually.    Population.  1893, 3,309.816,  comprised  2,504,- 
336  Bulgarians,  569,728  Turks,  60,018  Greeks.  51.754  Gypsies.    Capital, 
Sofia:  population   16759.1.     Philippovolis,  founded  340  B  C.byPhillpIl 
of  Macedon,  former  capital  of   Eastern  Rouinella;  population.  I 
Ruxtchuk. fortified  town  on  Danube;  has  arsenal,  port. and  royal  palace; 
population,  37,171.    Railways  open,  1898, 612  miles;  undi 
Hon,  157.    Telegraph,  1897, 3,250  miles,     [n  1891 
tons  entered  ports.    Elementary  education  free,  nominally  obllga- 


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310  EUROPE. 


tory;  primary  schools.  L896,  1,585,  with  847,605  pupils.  National  church, 
Orthodox  Greek;  adherents,  1893,  2,606,786;  Roman  Catholics,  22,617; 
Armenian  Gregorians,  6,643;  Protestants,  2,884.  Government  a  con- 
stitutional monarchy  vested  In  a  Prince,  Council  of  Ministers,  and  a 
Sohranje,  or  National  Assembly.  Military  service  obligatory  from  age 
of  twenty;  about  16,000  recruits  drafted  annually;  Mohammedans  may 
purchase  exemption.    Strength  of  army,  39,300  men.    Navy,  13  v< 

SEI1VIA  settled  by  Serbs,  7th  century; conquered  by  Turks,  1459; 
ceded  to  Austria,  1718;  regained  by  Turks,  1739;  Independence  practi- 
cally established,  1829;  recognized,  1878;  proclaimed  a  kingdon 
Area,  19,050  square  miles.  Surface  largely  mountainous;  Morava, 
largest  river;  Danube  forms  northern  boundary.  Forests  still  exten- 
sive: are  under  government  supervision;  vast  quantities  cask  staves 
exported  to  France  and  Austria.  Climate  healthful  and  invigorating 
but  inclined  to  continental  extremis.  Agriculture  chief  industry; 
56  per  cent  of  area  productive  1893.  Corn  and  wheat  leading  crops; 
yield,  1893,  18,078,347  bushels;  other  grain,  7.099,900  bushels;  tobacco,  3,- 
292.2S6  pounds;  hemp,  10,969,500  pounds;  flax,  1,237,226  pounds;  wine, 
9,261,516  gallons;  fruit,  chiefly  plums,  828.508  tons.  Large  areas  under 
pasture;  rearing  of  live  stock  greatest  industry.  Live  stock,  1896: 
Horses,  169,928;  cattle,  922,399;  sheep,  3,094,206;  buffaloes,  7.471;  swine, 
9U4.416.  manufactures  include  flour,  carpets,  beer,  tile,  and  glass. 
Value  goods  produced  in  131  establishments,  1893,  $435,400.  Com- 
merce chiefly  with  Austria-Hungary.  Imports,  1897,  $9,062,764,  prin- 
cipals textiles,  hides,  and  skins;  exports,  Sll,os7,996  —  82  per  cent  ani- 
mals and  agricultural  products.  Mineral  deposits  valuable;  include 
coal,  copper,  zinc,  lead,  gold,  silver,  iron,  and  Qil  shales.  Population, 
2.312,484;  about  90  per  cent  Servians;  other  Slavs,  3,731;  Roumanians, 
159,510;  Gvpsies,  46,212;  Jews,  5,048.  Servians  outside  of  Servia  number 
about  i.iiio.iin;!.  Bil.qrude,  capital;  population,  59,494.  Length  of  rail- 
ways. 1897,  354  miles;  telegraph  lines,  2,522  miles.  Elementary  instruc- 
tion compulsory;  all  schools  under  Ministry  of  Education,  including 
university,  free;  elementary  schools  1894,  914;  pupils,  77,175:  attendance 
compulsory.  State  religion;  Greek  Orthodox;  adherents  numbered 
2,281,018  in  1895;  Roman  Catholics,  1891,  11,596;  Protestants,  1.149;  .lews, 
4,652;  Mohammedans.  16,764.  Government  administered  by  King, 
council  of  8  ministers,  and  National  Assembly  of  Deputies.  Public 
debt,  §81,907.500.  Military  service  compulsory  between  the  ages  of 
twenty-one  and  forty-eight.  Army,  1897,  consisted  of  1,248  officers, 
21.200  men.  War  strength  353,366  men— regular  army  160,751;  national 
militia  192,615. 

MONTENEGRO  originally  peopled  by  Servians  who  refused  to 
acknowledge  supremacy  of  Turkey,  13S9;  claimed  independence  and 
waged  war  against  the  Turks  over  400  years;  absolute  independence  of 
principalis  acknowledged  and  territory  doubled  by  Treaty  of  Berlin, 
1878.  Area,  3,680  square  miles.  Country  consists  of  a  series  of  ele- 
vated ridges  with  lofty  mountain  peaks;  originally  co\  ered  with  dense 
pine  forests,  hence  Montenegro  '"Black  Mountain."  Forests  of  beech, 
oak,  and  conifers  occupy  large  part  of  uncultivated  area.  Mean  annual 
temperature  ranges  from  61  deg.  at  Dulcigno,  on  the  coast,  to  28.5  deg. 
on  eastern  plateau.  Agricultural  methods  primitive:  principal 
crops,  corn,  tobacco,  oats,  and  barley:  on  the  coast  belt  and  in  the  low, 
warm  valleys  vine  and  olive  cultivated:  also  fig,  pomegranate,  almonds; 
in  more  elevated  districts  the  temperate  fruits.  Live  Stock  raised 
extensively;  sheep  and  goats  number  500,000;  cattle.  60,000;  swine.  8,000; 
-.  3,i  oo.  Manufactures  include  only  coarse  woolens  and  other 
art  icles  for  home  consumption.  Exports,  1897,  about  $25u,000;  imports, 
867,500.  Population.  22sj  00,  almost  entirely  of  Servian  descent.  Cap- 
ital. OtiariP:  population  2.920;  Podgoritea,  fortified  town:  population 
6,534.  Dulcigno.  fortified  coast  town:  seat  of  Roman  Catholic  bishop; 
population  5,000.  Length  of  telegraph,  400  miles.  Education  free 
and  compulsory;  elementary  schools.  10;  pupils,  3,300.  Church  nomin- 
allv  independent  of  State.  Number  of  Orthodox  Greek  churches.  177; 
adherents,  201.067:  Mohammedan.  19-13.840;  Roman  Catholic,  13-12.924. 
Government  an  independent  principality  exercised  under  patriarchal 
conditions:  Prince  assisted  by  Council  and  Ministry.  No  standing 
army;  ah  able-bodied  inhabitants  trained  as  soldiers  and  liable  to  service. 
Mohammedans  exempt  from  military  service  upon  payment  of  capita 
tion  tax. 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE.  311 

TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Historical.— Peopled  originally  by  Tartars,  founders  of  Empire 
in  Asia  Minor  under  Ottoman  1299;  most  of  Balkan  Peninsula  conquered 
"14th  century;  Constantinople  taken  1453:  zenith  of  power  under  Solyman 
1520-66.  Repulse  toeforc  Vienna  1683.  War  with  Russia,  1876,  resulted 
disastrously  to  Turkey;  by  Treaty  of  Berlin,  !  -  us  of  Empire 

greatly  reduced.      As  a  result    of  the  late  war  with  Greece   Turkey 
receives  $20,000,000  indemnity. 

Area,  Etc.— Area   of  Empire,  including  States  nominally  si 
1,576,077  square  miles;  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  62  744  -quire  miles.    Sur- 
face   mountainous;  chief  ranges,  Balkans.  Pindus,  and   Dinaric  Alps; 
culminating   point,    Shar-Dagh,    9,800   feet.       Chief    rivers,    Danube, 
Maritza,  and  vardar;  lakes,  Scutari  and  Othrida. 

Climate  generally  warm  and  delightful;  subject  to  extremes  in 
mountainous  regions;  winter  range,  32-43  deg.;  summer,  71.5-82.5  dcg. 
Rainfall,  28.40  inches.  Mean  temperature  Constantinople.  February, 
41.7  deg.;  July,  73.9  deg.;  year,  57.6  deg.    Rainfall,  28.23  in< 

Agriculture,  Etc.— Agricultural  methods  primitive:  soil  fertile. 
Estimated  area  under  cultivation,  Ottoman  Empire,  44.tM),uiu  acres; 
under  forests,  21,000,000  acres -3,500,000  in  European  Turkey.  Principal 
products,  fruits,  nuts,  tobacco,  cereals,  cotton,  coffee,  madder,  opium, 
gums,  valonia.  Wine  product,  22,000,000 gallons  annually;  silk  ci 
1-^7.  9,922,500  lbs.;  oil  of  roses,  4,410  lbs.  Value  Bosporus  fisheries, 
S  1,215,0)0;  Mediterranean  coast  produces  sponges;  Red  Sea,  mother-of- 
pearl;  Persian  Gulf,  pearls. 

Manufactures.—  Rugs  made  on  hand  looms  largely  exported; 
brass  and  copper  utensils  and  paper  and  glass  manufactured  to  limited 
extent. 

Commerce. -Imports,  1S98,  $116,980,200;  exports.  §66.825,000.  Lead- 
ing imports,  1895:  Textiles,  $16,382,971;  sugar,  $6,480,890;  cereals,  flour, 
$9,664,150;  coffee,  $4,210,984;  quilts.  $5,604,330;  cotton  yarn,  $3,9 
Beading  exports:  Grapes.  $7,278,33  .>;  other  fruits,  $4,203,490;  silk,  $5,568,- 
580;  cocoons,  81,912,360:  olive  oil.  $2,572,580;  mohair.  -:■■.";,..'  .  opium, 
82,522,630.  Tobacco.  1893,  30,486,370  lbs.  Merchant  marine.  is'.ts;  i.i::i; 
vessels  of  299,445  tons.  There  were  1S8,033  vessels  of  38,409,144  tons 
entered  the  ports. 

Minerals  include  copper,  lead,  silver,  iron,  manganese  chrome, 
bitumen,  sulphur,  salt,  alum.  Coal  abundant  but  little  worked.  Min- 
ing laws  restrictive. 

Population  of  Empire,  38,790,736;  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  5,711,000. 
Turks,  Greeks,  Albanians,  equally  numerous,  constitute  70  per  cent  of 
total;  other  races,  Serbs,  Bulgarians,  Roumanians,  Armenians,  Mag- 
yars, Gypsies,  .Jews,  and  Circassians. 

Cities,— Constantinople,  capital,  chief  port  and  commercial  center; 
contains  mosque  of  St.  Sophia,  built  558  A.  D.;  royal  palace,  univer- 
sity, libraries,  etc.;  population, 873,565.  Salonica,  second  in  size;  popu- 
lation, 150,000.  Adriatiople,  center  of  large  trade  and  manufactures, 
70,881  . 

Railways,  Etc.— Railways  in  operation  within  Ottoman  Empire, 
1897,  2,5 12  miles.    Telegraph  lines,  21,800  miles. 

Education,  Etc.— Education  encouraged  by  Koran;  public  schools 
established  in  most  towns;  colleges  with  libraries  attached  to  prin- 
cipal mosques  afford  limited  instruction.  Free  elementary  school  at- 
tached to  mosque.-.  ti8).  Mohammedans  constitute  one-half  popula- 
tion; other  officially  recognized  religions,  Roman  Catholic,  * 
Armenian,  Syrian  and  United  Chaldean.  Maronite,  Protestant,  Jewish. 

Government,  Etc.— Fundamental  laws  based  on  precepts  of 
Koran;  will  of  Sultan  absolute,  if  not  in  opposition  to  .Mohammedan 
creed.  Legislative  and  executive  authority  exercised  under  supreme 
direction  of  Sultan  by  head  of  temporal  government  -(.rand  Vizier, 
and  head  of  church  —  Sheik  ul-Islam.  total  debt,  $684,589,000.  Gold 
standard  of  value.  Military  Bervice  compulsory  on  all  Mohammedan 
subjects;  other  inhabitants  pay  exemption  tax.  Strength  of  army, 
700,620  officers  and  men.    Navy,  50  vessels,  390  officers,  39,000  men. 


312  EUROPE. 


GrliEECE.    Gres. 


Historical.— Name  derived  from  Graecus,  an  ancient  king. 
Authentic  history  begins  776  B.  C.  Period  of  greatest  power  5th  cen- 
tury B.  C.  Became  province  of  Roman  Empire  146  B.  <  .:  of  Byzantine 
Empire  395  A.  D.  Conquered  by  Turks,  1456;  Incorporated  with  Turkish 
Empire  16th  century.  Independence  regained  1821-29;  declared  a  king- 
dom under  protection  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Russia,  1830.  War 
with  Turkey,  189?,  resulted  in  Greece  accepting  international  control 
in  financial  affairs  and  the  payment  of  large  Indemnity  to  Turkey. 

Area)  Etc.— Area,  25,014  square  miles.  Including  islands,  3,149  square 
miles;  divided  among  16  provinces.    Surface  mountainous  throug 
highest  peak,  Nkiona,  8,240  feet;  most  celebrated,  Mt.  l'arnassus,  8,065 
feet.    Principal  rivers:    Rhouphia,  Salambria,  Aspro,  Vasllo. 

Climate. —  Chief  characteristics,   moderate  temperature  and  dry 
summers;  during  summer  rainfall  at  Athens  less  than  four-fifths  of 
an  inch.    Mean  temperature  Athens,  January,  4U.4  deg.;  July,  8<>. • 
year,  63.1  deg.    Rainfall,  15.04  inches.    Corfu,  January,  50  8  deg.;  July, 
80  deg.;  year,  64.5  deg.     Eainfall,  46.5  inches. 

Agriculture,  Etc.—  Country  mainly  agricultural;  soil  unusually 
fertile.    Industry  backward,  owing  to  primitive  methods.    Productive 
area,  1893,  5.563,100  acres;  pasture  5,000,000  acres.    Principal  crop-. 
Cereals,  20,250,000  bushels  —  wheat  leads  in  importance,  7,000.000;  cur- 
rants most  widely  cultivated  and  most  successful  crop.  \  ield  3" 
pounds;  figs,  60,000,000;  olives,  15,000,000;  tobacco,  16."u0,000.    Silk  cul- 
ture followed  in  Messenia;   product,  1897.  330,750  pounds  of  co 
17,640  pounds  of  silk.    Live  stock,  1892:  Sheep,  2,900,000;  cattle,  360,000; 
horses,  100,000.    Forests  cover  2,025,400  acres. 

Manufactures.—  Wine  and  olive  oil  industries  most  important; 
wine  product,  1893,  66,O0O,i!OO  gallons;  powder  and  dynamite  mills,  1896, 
produced  842  tons  powder,  112  tons  dynamite;  soap  factories,  8,240  tons 
olive  soap;  27  smelting  furnaces  at  work,  1897.  Other  manufactures  in- 
clude engines,  glass,  leather,  flour,  textiles,  and  spirits. 

Commerce.— Imports,  1897,  $21,944,212;  exports,  *15,500,942.  Leading 
imports:  Cereals,  textiles,  coal;  exports,  currants,  §6,113,600;  ores, 
$3,730,400;  wine,  $1,094,620.  Merchant  marine,  1898,  1,270  vessels  of  326,041 
tons.    During  year  4,560  vessels  of  2,491,522  tons  entered  the  ports. 

Minerals.-  Marketable  ores,  1897:  Manganese  iron,  192,789  tons; 
hematite,  136,811;  zinc,  24,830;  lead,  various  forms,  3S,235. 

Populatiou,  1896,  2,433,806— about  2,200,000  Greeks,  100,000  Albanians; 
in  Ottoman  Empire  5,900,000  Greeks,  making  total  of  race  8,100,000.  . 

Cities.  —  Athens,  capital,  is  becoming  industrial  center.  Contains 
ancient  acropolis  or  citadel  with  ruins  of  Parthenon  and  Erechtheum; 
Academy  of  Sciences,  modern;  palace:  government  buildings;  univer- 


sity and  museum  of  rare  antiquities;  population  111,486.    Pirceus,  port 

42,1"" 
vays,  Etc.— Railways  in  op 
struction,  300.    Telegraph  lines— land  and  submarine— 1896,  5,0S7  miles. 


of  Athens;  chief  seaport;  population 
Railways,  Etc.— Railways  in  operation,  1898,  591  miles;  under  con- 


Educatiou,  Etc.—  Elementary  education  compulsory;  law  not 
strictly  enforced;  of  army  recruits  30  per  cent  are  illiterate.  Number 
elementary  schools.  1892, 2,745;  pupils,  139,3S5.  State  church  Greek  Ortho- 
dox; Patriarch  of  Constantinople  nominal  head;  toleration  granted  all 
sects.  Adherents  of  State  Church,  1889,  1,902,800:  other  Christians, 
mainly  Catholics,  14,677;  Mohammedans,  24,165:  Jews,  5,792. 

Government.— Executive  power  vested  in  King;  legislative  in 
single  chamber,  called  Boule,  composed  of  207  elected  representatives. 
Public  debt,  $139,052,890.  Strength  of  army,  1896,  1,880  officers,  48,986 
men.    Navy,  45  vessels,  185  officers,  2,980  men. 

CRETE,  ancient  Caudia,  island  in  Mediterranean,  forms  autono- 
mous province  of  Turkey.  Area,  3,326  square  miles.  Surface  moun- 
tainous (Mt.  Ida  8,060  feet).  Excessive  summer  heat  tempered  by 
north  winds.  One-third  of  area  under  cultivation.  Products,  olive 
oil,  soap,  wine,  fruits,  silk,  etc.;  honey  of  Mt.  Ida  celebrated.  Popu- 
lation 294,190-200.000  Greek  Orthodox,  88,000  Mohammedans.  Official 
language  Greek.  Canea  capital;  population  22,000.  Executive  power 
vested  in  Governor,  known  as  High  Commissioner.  Service  in  Muni- 
cipal Guard  compulsory. 


ASIA. 313 

ASIA.    A'-shia. 

Historical. —  Asia  regarded  as  birthplace  of  mankind;  region  of 
Hindoo  Koosh,  according  to  oldest  Asiatic  Legends,  first  borne  of  man, 
Great  religions  of  the  world  had  their  origin  in  Asia— Judaism, 
Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism  among  Semitic  people;  Zoroas- 
triauism,  Brahmiuism,  and  Buddhism  among  Aryans.  Continei 
of  many  ancient  civilizations.  Chinese  claim  an  antiquity  o 
rears  B.  C.  Assyrian  and  Babylonian  empires,  established  by  Semitic 
tribes  in  valleys  of  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  constituted  earliest  civiliza- 
tion in  Western  Asia;  annals  dating  from  2200  B.  C.  exist;  zenith  of 
power  6th  and  7th  centuries  B.  C.  Rise  of  Mohammedan  power  6tb 
century  A.  D.;  climax  under  Harun-al-Rashid  9th  century.  Genghis 
Khan  (Mongol)  conquered  Central  Asia  1218-21;  Kublai  Khan  estab- 
lished Mongol  rule  from  Dneiper  to  Sea  of  Japan,  Siberia  to  Malay 
Peninsula,  13th  century.  Ottoman  Empire  founded  in  Asia  Minor  1288; 
Mogol  Empire  in  India  1526.  Beginning  of  British  influence  in  Asia 
17th  century,  greatly  extended  1760-1858.  Russian  power  dates  from 
16th  century;  now  embraces  more  than  one-third  of  continent.  Politi- 
cal influence  balanced  by  British  supremacy  in  south,  Russian  in  north. 

Area.— Total  area.  17,074,050  square  miles,  or  more  than  four  times 
that  of  Europe;  one-third  total  land  area  of  globe;  islands,  i,o:;;i,sno 
square  miles;  peninsulas  3,300,000.  Extreme  length  east  and  west,  5,990 
miles;  greatest  breadth  5.360  miles. 

Physical  Features. —  Central  Asia  occupied  by  vast  table-land 
of  Thibet  (9,000-16,000  feet)  bounded  on  north  by  Kuenlun  Mountains, 
on  south  by  Himalayas  <Mt.  Everest,  29,000  feet)";  plateau  extends  east 
into  China,  west  into  Iran  and  Asia  Minor.  Second  and  lower  table- 
land to  north  includes  Tarim  and  Desert  of  Gobi.  Continent  has  four 
great  mountain  systems:  Altai,  Hindoo  Koosh,  Himalaya,  and  Armen- 
ian. North  of  Altais  stretches  the  great  plain  of  Siberia,  broadening 
westward  to  mountains  of  Persia  and  Afghanistan.  Deserts  of  Arabia 
and  India  principal  detached  plains.  Chief  rivers:  Yang-tse-kiang, 
Hoang-ho,  Amoor,  Mekong,  Irawaddy,  Ganges,  and  Indus  flowing  into 
Pacific  and  Indian  oceans;  Obi,  Yenisei,  and  Lena  into  Arctic;  Tigris 
and  Euphrates  into  Persian  Gulf.  Largest  fresh-water  lake,  Baikal; 
Caspian  and  Aral  seas  regarded  as  lakes. 

Climate.— Extremes  of  temperature  everywhere  greater  than  in 
corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe.  Interior  plateaus— remote  from 
sea  influences— subject  to  great  heat  in  summer  and  excessively  cold 
land-winds  in  winter;  extremes  of  heat  on  Arabian  and  Indian  plains. 
Annual  temperature  ranges  from  79  deg.  (Rangoon)  to  2  deg.  (Verk- 
hoiansk).  Climate  of  east  and  southeast  coasts  modified  by  periodic. 
ocean  winds  (monsoons).  Rainfall  insufficient  in  southwest  and 
interior  portions;  abundant  in  India,  Japan,  Eastern  Archipelago. 

Forests  of  Northern  Asia  differ  chiefly  in  species  from  those  of 
Europe  and  America.  Siberian  steppes  bounded  south  by  for< 
pine,  birch,  willow;  poplars,  elms,  and  maples  border  river  courses. 
Himalayas  chief  timber  district:  slopes  clothed  with  forests  of  pine, 
oak,  walnut,  maple;  fig  trees  and  banyans  characterize  lower  ridges. 
Teakwood  found  throughout  India;  exported  chiefly  from  Burma. 
Other  trees  of  commercial  importance,  palm,  sal,  sandalwood,  satin- 
wood,  etc.    Dyewoods  and  medicinal  gums  obtained  in  Southern  Asia. 

Vegetation,  Etc*  —  Vegetation  rich  and  diversified.  Herbaceous 
plants  abound  in  Siberia.  Below  62d  parallel  soil  generally  adapted  to 
agriculture.  Steppes  and  plateaus  of  western  and  central  regions 
abound  in  rich  pastures,  inhabitants  wandering  tribes  chiefly  engaged 
in  pastoral  pursuits.  Valleys  of  Armenia  extremely  fertile;  India  and 
China  leading  agricultural  countries:  products  of  temperate  and 
tropical  zones  cultivated.  Rice,  sugar  earn-.  Indigo,  hemp,  cotton,  tea, 
various  nuts  and  spices,  native  to  Asia.  Fruits  grown  comprise  almost 
all  varieties.  Other  products,  cereals,  coffee,  leguminous  plants.  Ani- 
mals native  to  Asia— elephant,  buffalo,  camel,  yak,  reindeer,  etc.— 
largely  utilized  as  beasts  of  burden. 

Minerals.— Vast  but  undeveloped  coal  fields  of  china  place  it 
among  first  coal  countries  of  the  world;  Japan,  Burma,  and  Bengal 
rich  in  coal.  Excellent  iron  ores  found  in  China,  Japan,  India,  and 
Arabia.    Malay  tin  mines  unrivaled;  tin  said  to  be  abundant  in  Japan. 


> 


814  ASIA. 

Copper  produced  in  China,  India,  and  Japan;  lead  in  China,  Burma, 
Turkcv,  Arabia,  and  Persia;  gold  and  sliver  In  Siberia,  India,  China, 
Japan,  Malay  Peninsula,  Persia,  and  Arabia.  Precious  stones  widely 
distributed.  Burma  produces  ones!  rubles  In  the  world,  besides  sap- 
pblres,  Jade,  amber,  etc.;  turquoises  mined  In  Persia  and  Thibet:  in 
Altai  and  Ural  Mountains  jasper,  malachite,  and  beryl  abound.  Petro- 
leum, exported  largely  from  Baku  district,  Caspian  Sea,  i-  Important 
product  of  Burma,  and  occurs  In  Slain  and  Euphrates  Valley.  Salt 
abounds  throughout  Asia.  Sulphur  fouud  In  .Japan  and  Arabia.  Kaolin 
.  deposits  in  china  and  Japan  furnish  material  for  pottery. 

Population  1895  (estimated),  839,523,000,  or  more  than  half  the 
Inhabitants  of  the  globe.  Population  Irregularly  distributed;  bo nth- 
eastern  portion  of  continent— about  one-fourth  total  area— estimated 
to  contain  seven-eighths  of  entire  Asiatic  population.  Average  den- 
sity of  remainder  about  8  per  square  mile;  parts  in  which  greater  den- 
sity exists,  eastern  skirts  of  central  plateau  and  parts  of  Asia  Minor. 

Religion*—  Prevailing  religions:  Brahmlnlsm  or  Hindoolsm  con- 
fined to  India;  Buddhism  prevailing  beyond  the  Ganges  and  In  China, 
Japan,  and  Ceylon;  Mohammedanism— in  Western  Asia. partly  in  India 
and  Eastern  Archipelago.  Estimated  number  Hindoos,  Buddhists, 
Confucians,  etc..  648,207,000:  Mohammedans,  151,328,000;  Christians, 
26,493,000  (11,797.000  in  Asiatic  Russia):  Jews.  253,0H>:  others,  13,243,000. 

Race.- Inhabitants  usually  grouped  in  three  classes:  Mongolian 
race,  including  peoples  of  China.  Thibet,  Indo-China,  parts  of  Siberia. 
and  dominant  people  of  Turkey;  Aryan  race,  embracing  pe< 
Hindoostan,  Afghanistan,  Baluchistan.  Persia.  Caucasus,  besides  Rus- 
sians, Greeks,  Armenians,  etc.,  in  Siberia;  and  Semitic  race,  including 
Syrians,  Arabians,  Jews.     Malays  only  in  Malacca  Peninsula. 

Government.— Political  divisions  comprise  three  empires -China, 
Korea,  Japan:  two  absolute  monarchies— Persia  and  Siam:  the  mon- 
archy of  Afghanistan;  two  independent  States— Nepal  and  Bhotan;  and 
Russian,  British,  Turkish,  Dutch,  French,  American,  and  Portuguese 
possessions. 

SIBERIA*  an  extensive  territory  belonging  to  Russian  Empire. 
Area,  4,833,496  square  miles.  Surface  presents  mountains,  plateaus, 
fertile  plains,  and  treeless  tundras;  chief  rivers,  Obi,  Yenisei,  and  Lena, 
important  channels  of  communication  and  trade;  lakes  numerous, 
Baikal  largest.  Climate  severe:  winter?  everywhere  cold;  Bummers 
hot;  mean  temperature  Verkhoiansk,pole  of  cold  for  Asia.  January,  -56 
deg.;  July,  60  cleg.;  year,  2  deg.,  Blagovestchensk,  January,  -13  cleg.; 
July,  72  deg.;  year,  32  deg.  Agriculture  successfully  carried  on 
below  62d  parallel;  prairies  of  southwest.  Altai  valleys,  and  Baraba 
Steppe  granaries  of  Siberia;  cattle-breeding  widelv  followed.  Manu- 
factures and  mining  backward;  1,034,000  ounces  gold  extracted, 
208,000  ounces  silver:  lead,  copper,  iron,  coal  mined  in  small  quantities; 
salt  abundant:  precious  stones  obtained.  Imports  chiefly  manufac- 
tured goods  and  groceries:  exports  live-stock  products  and  furs. 
Population,  5.727,09<>,  including  3.760,1  >hi  Russians.  2S4.00O  Kalmucks, 
230,000  Yakutes.  110.000  Tartars,  7S,"00  Lapps.  Finns,  etc.,  50,000  Mongols, 
10,000  Jews:  annual  immigration  from  Russia  about  100,000;  exiles  20,000. 
Trans-Siberian  railway  built  by  Russian  government  at  cost  of  8150,- 
000,000,  practically  completed  to  Stretinsk,  the  terminus.  4,600  miles 
from  St.  Petersburg.  Connects  at  Kidalova  with  Chinese  Eastern  rail- 
wav.  building  rapidly  through  Manchooria  to  Port  Arthur  Tomsk, 
commercial  and  intellectual  capital  of  West  Siberia;  population  52,430; 
Irkutsk,  capital  of  East  Siberia.  51.434. 

BOKHARA.— Russian  vassal  State  In  Central  Asia,  ruled  by 
Ameer.  Area,  about  H2,IK'0  square  miles.  Western  part  lowland; mid- 
dle and  eastern  parts  mountainous.  Climate  varied.  Products  are 
corn,  fruit,  silk,  tobacco,  and  hemp.  Sheep,  horses,  and  camels  bred. 
Minerals  include  gold.  salt.  alum,  and  sulphur  Chief  exports  silk, 
cotton,  rugs,  furs.  etc.  Population,  about  2,500,000.  Bokhara,  capi- 
tal, about  75,000  inhabitants.    Religion  Mohammedan. 

KHIVA.  —  Russian  vassal  State  in  Central  Asia,  ruled  by  Khan. 
Area,  22,320  square  miles  ;  oasis  watered  by  canals.  5.210  square  miles, 
rest  steppe.  Fertile  districts  produce  grain,  cotton,  mulberries  (for 
silkworms),  fruits  and  melons.  Exports  cotton.  Estimated  popu- 
lation, 700,000,  largely  Turkomans.  Mohammedanism  prevails. 
Khiva,  capital;  population  5,000. 


V 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 3JS 

TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

Area.  Divisions,  Etc  — Area,  RKXOffJ  square  miles,  comprising: 
Asia  Minor,  lWjcftte;  Armenia  and  Kurdistan,  12,491;  Mesopotamia 
100,205;  Syria  —  including  Palestine  -109,509;  Arabia,  173,700.  Country 
divided  into  vilayets  or  pashaliks,  under  same  general  government 
as  Turkey  tn  Europe. 

Physical  Features,  Etc.— Characteristic  features:  Elevated 
plateau  of  Asia  Minor  extending  eastward  into  the  highlands  of  Ar- 
menia and  Kurdistan  (Mount  Ararat,  16,920  feet);  narrow  plateau  of 
Syria  traversed  by  two  principal  mountain  chains-  the  .Mount  Lebanon 
of  the  Bible:  vast  plains  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris;  and  the  West- 
ern Highlands  of  Arabia,  chief  rivers,  Euphrates  and  Tigris;  Jordan 
most 'famous.  Forest  area.  lT.r.Hn.nuii  acres.  Ash.  evergreen,  oak, 
beech,  planes,  etc  ,  ou  mountains  of  Asia  Minor;  Lebanon  Mountains 
chiefly  wooded  with  pines,  oak,  sycamore,  and  oleander. 

Climate  generally  warm  and  pleasant  but  varies  greatly  owing  to 
inequalities  of  elevation.  Extremes  of  Armenian  table-land  severe: 
similar  differences,  less  marked,  in  interior  of  Asia  .Minor.  Season-  of 
rain  and  drought  occur  regularly. 

Agriculture,  Ere.  Soil  of  Asia  Minor  and  valleys  of  Lebanon  ex- 
tremely fertile.  Chief  p  oducts,  tobacco,  cereals,  cotton,  hemp,  flax, 
and  fruits— oranges,  dates,  raisins,  figs,  almonds,  etc  Silkworms 
largely  raised;  cocoons  produced,  1896,  11,849,461  pounds;  value,  $2,71"v 
585.  Horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  angora  goats  reared  in  large  numbers. 
Camel  ordinary  beast  of  burden.  Wool  produced,  1896,  39,000,000 
pounds.     Fisheries  yield  pearls,  mother-of-pearl,  and  sponges. 

Manufactures  mostly  domestic;  include  saddlery,  swords,  fire- 
arms, leather,  coarse  linen,  woolen  ajid  cotton  goods  shawls,  carpets, 
wine,  silver  and  gold  thread  and  laces;  gold  and  silver  filigree  and 
embroidery  made  by  women. 

Commerce. —  Chief  imports,  coal,  provisions,  clothing,  cereals, 
ironware,  oils,  etc.;  exports,  grapes,  wine,  mohair,  barley,  cocoons, 
opium,  coffee,  madder,  valonia,  etc.  Value  of  imports,  1897,  $37,023,013; 
exports,  $27,976,798. 

Minerals  include  coal,  iron,  copper,  alum,  silver,  had,  emery, 
chrome,  and  asbestos,  and  rock  salt  in  Armenia  and  Asia  Minor. 
Mineral  riches  practically  untouched. 

Population.  16.823,50.1;  Asia  Minor,  9,238,900;  Armenia  and  Kurdis- 
tan, 2,472,4130;  Mesopotamia,  1,35J,300:  Syria,  2,711,900;  Arabia,  1,050,000. 
Turku,  6,800,000;  Syrians  and  Arabs,  5.300,000;  Greeks,  1,000.000. 

Cities.— Smyrna,  chief  seaport;  commercial  center  of  the  Levant; 
seat  of  archbishoprics  of  Greek  Orthodox,  Soman  Catholic,  and 
Armenian  churches;  population.  200.000.  Hugdad,  numerous  manufac- 
tures ;  important  transit  trade;  145.00a  Aleppo,  extensive  commerce 
and  manufactures:  127,000.  Beirut,  fortified  seaport;  good  export  trade; 
chiefly  silks;  130,000. 

Railways.— First  railway  m  Asiatic  Turkey  completed  1861;  mile- 
age, 1897,  1,496. 

SAMOS.—  Island  principality  off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  under 
sovereignty  of  Turkey.  Important  center  of  Greek  commerce,  civil- 
ization, and  art,  6th  century  B.  C.  Area  Is"  square  miles.  Surface 
mountainous;  valleys  extremely  fertile.  Climate  dry  and  bracing. 
Products,  wine,  olive  oil,  grapes,  and  hides.  Rich  mines  and  quarries 
exist.    Population  51,7  15-  Greels  Christians.    Vathy  capital. 

ARABIA  most  westerly  of  the  three  great  peninsulas  of  Asia. 
Area  estimated  al  1,2  10,00  >  square  miles  ;  one-third  sandy  desert.  Sur- 
face largely  a  table  laud:  average  elevation,  3,500  feet;  highest  eleva- 
tions in  mountains  of  Oman  in  southeasl  19,900  feet)  and  Mt.  Slnal 
(8.535  feet  i  in  northwest.  Numerous  oases  in  Interior.  No  permanent 
rivers.  Climate  our  of  driest  in  the  world;  some  parts  entirely 
rainless.  Heat  of  plains  excessive;  mountainous  regions  of  STemen 
and  Iladramaut  temperate;  winters  of  elevated  regions  of  NTeJd  rigor- 
ous. Agricultural  methods  rude.  Most  fertile  tracts  In  southwest. 
In  Yemen.  Products  Include  dates,  cereals,  bananas,  tamarinds,  and 
in  southwest  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  spices,  drugs,  gums,  and    r< 


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Interior  plateau  of  the  Nejd  famous  for  its  horses  and  camels.  Man- 
ufacl  hits  consist  of  hair  tent-covers  and  bags  and  coarse  linen  and 
woolen  fabrics  woven  by  Bedouin  women,  lias  large  trade  by  caravan 
and  sea  from  surrounding  country.  Minerals  include  silver,  lead, 
iron,  sulphur,  and  precious  stones.  Population  5,000,000;  about  one- 
fifth  Bedouins  or  true  Arabs,  tent  dwellers.  Principal  seaports  Jeddah 
in  Kl  Hejaz  on  Red  Sea,  population  about  30,000;  Maskat,  In  Oman. 
largest  town  in  Arabia,  key  to  Persian  Gulf;  Aden,  controlled  by  Brit- 
ish, key  to  Red  Sea;  Hodeidah  on  Red  Sea,  port  of  Sana,  latter 
largest  town  In  Yemen,  center  of  great  coffee  district.  Within  the 
Turkish  province  of  El  Heiaz  lie  the  holy  cities  of  the  Mohammedans: 
Mecca  the  birthplace  and  Medina  the  burial  place  of  the  prophet.  Po- 
litically Peninsula  of  Sinai  belongs  to  Egypt;  El  Heiaz  and  Yemen  on 
the  Red  Sea,  and  El  Hasa  on  the  Persian  Gulf  vilayets  of  Turkey; 
Aden  in  the  south  a  British  possession  since  1839:  remainder  of  coun- 
try under  independent  rulers.  Oman  an  independent  sultanate  in  the 
southeast  and  Iladramaut  in  south  principal  independent  powers; 
Nejd  or  Central  Arabia  under  influence  of  Wahhabees. 

CYPRUS.- Island  in  Mediterranean  60  miles  west  of  Asia  Minor; 
under  British  administration;  annual  tribute  to  Turkey,  $464,000. 
Area  3,584  square  miles.  Surface  mountainous.  Climate  generally 
healthful.  Soil  fertile.  Products,  corn,  cotton,  linseed,  olives,  raisins, 
fruit,  silk,  wines,  etc.  Valuable  sponge  fisheries  off  coast.  Popu- 
lation 209,286,  mainly  Greek  Christians.  Kicosia  capital;  population 
12  515. 


PERSIA.    Per-sha 


Historical.— Territory  includes  greater  part  of  ancient  Iran,  be- 
lieved to  be  first  home  of  Aryan  races.  Kingdom  founded  by  Cyrus 
6th  century  B.  C;  overthrown  by  Alexander  334;  era  of  Seleucides  fol- 
lowed. Parthian  supremacy  about  250.  Second  Persian  empire  226 
A.  D.;  climax  of  power  7th  century.  Conquered  by  Mohammedan 
Arabs  641.  Came  under  Seljukes  1038;  Kharesmians  1194.  Taken  by 
Mongols  under  Genghis  Kahn  1223;  ravaged  by  Timur  1399.  Sun"  dynasty 
1501.  Nadir  Shah  conquered  India  1739.  Reigning  Turkoman  dynasty 
founded  1795.     War  with  England  1856. 

Area,  628,000  square  miles  divided  into  thirty-three  provinces; 
length  north  to  south,  700  miles;  east  to  west,  900. 

Physical  Features. —  Surface  an  elevated  plateau  (6,000  to  8,500 
feet)  bordered  on  north,  west,  and  south  by  lofty  mountains.  Interior 
plateau  largely  an  arid,  treeless  desert.  Elburz  Mountains  north  (Mt. 
Demavend,  18.600  feet).  Karun  chief  river.  Uruiniah,  in  northwest,  larg- 
est lake.  Maritime  plains  and  mountain  slopes  clothed  with  line  forests. 
Trees  embrace  all  varieties  common  to  Europe,  except  conifers. 

Climate  subject  to  extremes;  Mountain  valleys  mild  and  delightful. 
Plains  along  Persian  Gulf  and  Caspian  Sea  hot  and  unhealthful.  Rain- 
fall low;  air  generally  dry  and  pure.  * 

Agricultural  and  pastoral  pursuits  chief  industries.  Valleys  and 
plains  of  the  Karun  extremely  fertile.  In  northwest,  wheat,  barley, 
maize,  tobacco,  cotton,  tropical  nuts  and  fruits  are  grown.  Rice- 
largest  crop  in  Caspian  provinces -sugar,  opium,  silk,  dyes  and  drugs 
important  crops.  Grapes  trrown  largely  for  raisins  and  wine.  Wines 
of  Shiraz,  Ispahan,  and  other  districts  famous.  Fruits  common  to 
temperate  regions  produced  in  profusion.  Persian  wheat  crop,  1S97, 
20,000,000  bushels;  annual  yield  of  silk.  606,100  pounds.  Numerous  mules, 
horses,  sheep,  and  goats;  wool  one  of  most  valuable  products. 

Manufactures  include  shawls,  carpets,  dyes,  wine,  sugar,  leather, 
opium,  silks,  felts,  copper  and  brass  wares,  glazed  tiles,  etc.;  mosaic 
work  in  bone  and  ivory,  and  enameling  on  metal  done  in  Shiraz. 

Commerce  centers  largely  at  Tabriz,  Teheran,  and  Ispahan.  Im- 
ports chiefly  textiles,  glass,  carriages,  petroleum,  sugar,  tea.  coffee, 
and  drugs.  Estimated  value  of  imports  and  exports  1^97-S.  ?4o,000,000. 
Spun  and  floss  silk  exported  from  Resht  district,  1S97,  611,760  pounds, 
value  $669,658;  dried  cocoons,  390,000  pounds,  value  $160,380;   opium, 


PERSIA  —  AFGHANISTAN.  319 

$3,&45,000;  carpets,  $6S0,400.  Annual  export  of  tobacco,  5,500  tons;  cot- 
ton, 9,934,400  pounds:  wool.  7,714,000  pounds;  other  exports, dried  fruits. 
silk,  pearls,  turquoises. 

HI iuerals.— Turquoise  mines,  Khorassan,  yield  840,000  annually 
Coal  mined  on  Elburz  slopes;  lead  in  Ispahan-,  marble  quarried  at 
Azerbijan; petroleum  abundant  near  Caspian  Sea.  Gold,  copper,  sil- 
ver, lead,  tin,  sulphur,  iron,  manganese,  and  nickel  occur;  salt,  borax, 
and  alum  also  produced.  Pearl  fisheries  of  Persian  Gulf  richest  in  the 
world. 

Population  (estimated),  1S97,  9,000,000  (Europeans,  800);  Nomads 
include  260,100  Arabs,  720,000  Turks,  6?5,000  Kurds  and  Leks,  20,600 
Baluchis  and  Gypsies,  and  234,000  Lurs. 

Cities.—  Teheran,  capital  since  close  of  ISth  century,  contains  royal 
palace  and  palaces  of  Persian  nobility;  has  well  furnished  shops  and 
bazaars;  population,  210,000.  Tabriz,  chief  commercial  center;  contains 
citadel  and  famous  "  Blue  Mosque":  population,  180,000.  Ispahan  -ur- 
rounded  by  famous  orchards  and  gardens;  trade  second  only  to  Tabriz: 
80,0-30. 

Railway.— 6  miles  -between  Teheran  and  Abdulazim.  Telegraph 
line,  4,150  miles  (3,400  belong  to  Government). 

Edncatiou.— Majority  of  inhabitants  taught  only  to  read  the  Koran. 
Colleges  supported  by  public  funds  afford  instruction  in  religion, 
Arabic  and  Persian  literature,  etc.;  numerous  schools  for  children. 
Polvtechnic  school  opened  in  Teheran  1849.  Military  colleges  at 
Teheran  and  Tabriz. 

Religion.— Mohammedans  predominate.  Persian  Mohammedans 
about  8,000,000.  Sunnis  —  Turkish  Mohammedans  -  800,000;  Jews,  25,000; 
Armenians,  45,000;  ^estorians,  25,000. 

Govern meut  an  absolute  monarchy  under  a  hereditary  Shah. 
Laws  of  country  based  upon  precepts  of  Koran. 

AFGHANISTAN.  k«»m«*. 

Belonged  successively  to  the  Greek  and  Persian  empires:  became  an 
independent  power  1747;  war  with  British  1838-42  and  again  in  1878. 
Area,  215,000  square  miles.  Greater  part  of  surface  mountainous ; 
elevation  of  plains  with  few  exceptions  over  4,000  feet  with  large  areas 
above  7,000.  Principal  mountain  range  Hindu  Kush  (23,000  feet). 
Mountain  ranges  traversed  by  numerous  passes  often  of  great  military 
and  commercial  importance.  Largest  rivers.  Halmund  and  Cabool. 
Climate  varied:  generally  healthful;  subject  to  intense  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold.  Rainfall  in  winter  slight:  in  summer  rain  seldom  falls. 
Agriculture  largely  dependent  on  irrigation.  Valleys  of  Cabool  and 
Peshawur  and  district  near  Herat  fertile  regions.  In  most  districts 
cultivable  crops  yield  two  harvests  during  the  year:  spring  crops 
chiefly  wheat,  barley,  peas,  and  beans;  autumn,  rice,  millet,  maize,  and 
arzun.  Many  characteristic  plants  abound,  as  madder  and  castor-oil; 
others  yielding  various  gum-resins,  as  asafetida— largely  exported  to 
India;  and  leguminous  plants  and  shrubs  from  which  gums  like  the 
well-known  tragaeanth  of  commerce  is  obtained.  Fruits  produced  in 
greatest  profusion:  fresh  or  preserved  staple  food  for  large  class;  pre- 
served fruits  exported  in  large  quantities,  especially  from  Kandahar. 
Domestic  animals  include  camels,  excellent  horses,  two  varieties  of 
fat-tailed  sheep,  goats,  etc.  Manufactures  Include  munitions  of 
war,  made  at  Cabool;  silks,  largely  made  at  Kandahar;  carp 
Herat;  felts,  sheepskin  '"postins,"  and  rosaries.  Chief  imports,  t< 
indigo,  sugar,  drugs,  and  tea;  exports  largely  wool,  silk,  fruit,  nuts, 
asafetida,  horses,  and  spices,  minerals  abundani  Iron,  lead,  anti- 
mony, and  sulphur  produced:  copper,  gold,  coal,  and  niter  found. 
Population  estimated  at  1,000,000  to  5.000,000  divided  Into  qui 
tribe-.  Afghans  -Pathans— number  oyer  2,50  ,000.  Mohammedanism 
prevailing  religion.  Cabool,  capital,  notable  Btrateglc  and  commer- 
cial center;  population,  70,000.  Herat,  of  great  military  and  Btrateglc 
importance;  natural  emporium  of  trade;  30,000.  Kandahar,  ctaiei  emu- 
menial  center  of  south;  25,000.  Government  nominally  monarch- 
ical, under  one  hereditary  prince  (Ameer;. 


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Copyright,  1899,  by  Rand,  Mc.Vally  &  Co. 


11 


322  ASIA. 

INDIA.    Iu  dia 

Historical.— Settled  by  Aryans  al  early  period.  Prehistoric  Hin- 
doo l-riiniui)  mi  prseded  by  Buddhism  6th  century  B.C.  Alexander  in- 
vaded Punjab  327-5.  Hindoo  worship  ve\  Ived  aa  Brabmanl»in  500 A.  l» 
Mohammedan  Invasions  nth  century.  Conquered  by  Gcnghi-s  Khan 
1219.  Visited  by  Vasco  do  Gama  1497;  Portuguese  established  trade 
1510.  Mogol  empire  founded  1519.  English,  Dutch,  and  French  Bast 
India  companies  established  1600-2  1.  British  acquired  Bomba 
Calcutta  101)8.  Decline  of  Mogol  empire  1707;  Persian  invasion,  Delhi 
sacked,  inhabitants  massacred  1739.  British  successful  In  war  with 
French  1746-9.  English  acquire  Lower  Burma  1826;  Punjab  1857.  - 
rebellion  1857.  Sovereign  v  conferred  on  British  Crown  1S5S;  Victoria 
proclaimed  Empressof  India  1877.    Upper  Burma  annexed  1891. 

4  reu.— Total  area,  1,559,603  square  miles;  British  provinces,  964,993; 
native  States,  595,167. 

Physical  Features.— Himalayas  on  north  most  striking  of  great 
natural  features  of  India.  Country  consists  of  two  great  divisions: 
Great  lowland  plain  of  the  north,  specially  distinguished  as  llindo- 
Stan,  and  plateau  of  the  center  and  south-bordered  by  mountains  of 
moderate  altitude-known  as  the  Dec«an.  Rivers  divided  into  two 
sections:  Streams  of  southeastern  slope  draining  into  Bengal  Bay- 
Brahmapootra,  Ganges,  Mahanuddy,  Godaveri,  and  Kistna;  and  Indus, 
Nerbudda,  and  Tapti  of  southwestern  slope  draining  into  Arabian  Sea. 

Climate  varies  with  elevation.  Generally  hot  everywhere  except 
in  mountain  regions  and  on  elevated  table-lands.  Heat  of  plains  exces- 
sive. Climate  g-reatlv  influenced  by  monsoons,  periodical  winds  pre- 
vailing throughout  southern  Asia.  Malignant  fevers  prevalent  on  low- 
land plains  and  iu  forests.  Mean  temperature,  Bombay,  80  deg.;  rain- 
fall, 71.4  inches.  Calcutta,  temperature,  78  deg.;  rainfall,  65.6  inches. 
Madras,  temperature,  82  deg.;  average  rainfall,  49.1  inches. 

Forests.— Dense  forests  still  cover  large  districts;  area,  63.969,955 
acres.  South  of  the  conifer  forests  of  the  Himalayas  are  extensive 
tracts  of  bamboo  and  sal;  teak  forests  cover  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Ghauts.  Timber  of  northwest  mostly  deodar.  Sandalwood,  ironwood, 
sissu,  satiuwood,  numerous  palms  (cocoanut,  date,  sago,  and  areca), 
banian,   and  acacia  trees  found  in  various  localities. 

Igriculture  supports  seven-tenths  of  inhabitants.  Area  under 
crop's,  K>6-7,  177,456.9:29  acres;  under  rice,  66.-234.4S5;  wheat.  16,183,987; 
other  cereals,  7S,:237.544;  sugar  cane  2,651,721;  tea,  423,932  acres,  chief 
districts  Assam  and  Himalayas;  coffee,  eastern  slopes  of  Ghauts;  cot- 
ton, 9.45s.st-2  acres,  mainlv  on  table  lands;  fibers,  2,817,101;  jute  leading 
product  Bengal:  indigo  1.5S3,Stis,  most  abundant  on  northern  plains  and 
in  certain  districts  of  Madras;  opium  culture  Valley  of  Ganges  and 
Central  India;  pepper  on  mountains  in  south:  cinchona  near  Mysore 
and  in  Hi  nalivas.  Universal  crops  millet,  pulse,  oilseeds.  Silk  cul- 
ture chiefly  in  Bengal.    Fruits  of  temperate  and  tropical  zones  grown. 

Animals.— Besides  ordinary  domestic  animals  India  has  the  ele- 
phant, camel,  humped  ox,  yak,  and  Kashmir  goat.  Recent  returns 
give  India  r,i,oo,i.iiin)  cows  and  bullocks,  13.000.000  buffaloes,  2,000,000 
horses  and   donkevs,  and  28,000,000  sheep  and  goats. 

Manufactures.—  Native  manufactures  of  fine  textiles  —  chiefly 
silks,  muslins,  shawl*,  and  rues— and  metal  wares  important.  In  1896-7 
were  151  cotton  mills,  having  37,303  looms,  3  975,719  spindles,  and 
148,997  employes.  Over  30  jute  and  one  hemp  mill  contained  12.784 
looms,  :25s,l5i  spindles,  and  employed  91,389  persons.  There  were  5 
woolen  and  8  paper  mills;  product  of  latter.  38,5O0,0U0  pounds,  value, 
8l,si7,6»i>.     Heer.  5.4-JS.3S3  eallons.     In  1397,  SI  vessels  of  2,975  tons  built. 

Commerce.— Chief  imports,  yarns,  textiles,  etc.,  metals  and  metal 
waivs,  provisions;  exports,' ice.  jute,  tea,  coffee,  spices,  indigo,  cotton, 
opium.  Seaborne  trade.  1897-8:  Imports,  s-391.4: 1.446:  merchandise, 
•235,713,472.     Exports.   $335,300,553;    merchandise,  $312,424,899 

Minerals.— Coal,  iron,  and  salt  abundant;  gold,  copper,  silver, 
lead,  antimony,  tin,  cobalt,  and  gems  found;  saltpeter  and  petroleum 
alsoob rained. '   Output  of  collieries  is>,7.  4.<>63,127tous;  value.  $3,9 

Population  '.-91.  •JS7J23.3:,ti:  British  Provinces,  221,172,952;  native 
States.  65.950.39S.    Average  density  W  per  square  mile. 

Cities.—  Calcutta,  founded  1686,  capital  since  1773,  chief  commercial 


INDIA. 


center  of  Asia;  population,  1S91  861,764.  Bombay,  Becond  commercial 
and  chief  manufacturing  center  of  India;  population,  821,764.  I,  ,  i- 
goon,  third  commercial  city;  population,  180,324.  Madras,  fourth 
seaport  in  importance;  Beat  of  various  societies  and  educational  insti- 
tutions; population,  452,518     Hyderabad,.  115,039.    Lucl  now,  2;  ; 

Railways,  Etc.  — Mil  miles; 

owned  ami  worked  by  native  States,  953.    Telegraph  line,  18,584  miles. 

Education.— Educational  institutions,  1897,  152,025;   public, 
private,  (w.TS4;  pupils.  4,&i6,870.    Expenditure  (publii 
In  British  India  about  22  per  cent  of  boys  of  school  age  attend  Bchool; 
less  than  3  per  cent  of  girls.    Head  of  national  system,  universities  at 
Calcutta,   Madras,    Bombay,    Allahabad,   and     the     Punjab.     Normal 
schools  in  everv  Province.    Engineering,  art,  and  technical   BCbools. 

Religion.— Hindoos   number   nearly  three-fourths  of   population; 
together  with  Mohammedans  comprise  92  per  cent  of  whole.     HI 
1891,207,731,727;  Mohammedans,  57,321,164;  Buddhists— mostly  in  Burma 
—7,131,361;    Sikhs,  1,907,833;    Jains.  1,416,638;    Christians,  2,284.380. 

Government  vested  in  Secretary  of  State  and  Council  for  India 
(in  London);  supreme  authority  in  India  vested  in  Governor-General 
(Viceroy)  appointed  by  Crown.  Native  States  under  their  own  rulers, 
subject  to  British  control,  represented  by  residents  or  political  agents. 

BALUCHISTAN.—  Brahuis  dominant  race,  descendants  of 
Brahui  Khans  of  Khelat,  who  established  their  power  here  at  close  of 
17th  century.  Baluehis,  nomads,  far  more  widely  spread.  Area, 
130,000  square  miles.  Country  mountainous,  largely  arid  table-lands. 
Climate  one  of  extremes;  rainfall  limited  and  uncertain.  Agricul- 
ture confined  to  valleys.  Rice,  wheat,  barley,  millet,  tobacco,  dates, 
and  other  fruits  grown.  Camels,  horses,  cattle,  buffaloes,  sheep,  and 
goats  reared.  Exports  include  wood,  hides,  madder,  dried  fruit,  and 
tobacco.  Coal  mines  worked;  lead,  copper,  and  petroleum  exist.  Popu- 
lation, 500,000.  Mohammedanism  prevailing  religion.  Khelat, 
capital;  population  14,000.  Quetta,  important  strategic  point;  popula- 
tion, 27,300.  Government  nominally  exercised  by  Khan  of  Khelat 
under  direction  of  agent  of  Governor-General  of  India. 
"FRENCH  INDIA.— French  East  India  Company  established 
1664;  settlement  at  Pondicherry  1668.  Relics  of  French  possessions  in 
India:  Pondicherry  on  Coromandel  Coast,  Chandernagore  on  the 
Hooghly,  Karikal  in  Cauvery,  and  Tanaon  in  Godaveri  Delta;  and 
Mahe,  town  on  west  coast.  Area,  205  square  miles.  Rice,  indigo, 
tobacco,  betel  nut,  and  cotton  cultivated.  Chief  export  oil  seeds, 
Imports  at  Pondicherry  and  Karikal,  1897,  $712,160;  exports,  §2,993,000. 
Population.  286,913.  'Pondicherry,  chief  city  and  seat  of  government; 
population,  49,052. 

PORTUGUESE  INDIA.— Portuguese  first  Europeans  to  visit 
India  and  acquire  territory  there.  First  settlements  established  1502. 
Permanent  settlement  at  Goa  1510.  Portuguese  possessions  now  com- 
prise Goa,  seaport  of  Daman,  and  island  and  town  of  Din,  all  on  west 
coast.  Area,  1,558  square  miles.  Lands  fertile.  Climate  hot  and 
unhealthfui.  Products  include  rice,  other  grains,  tropical  fruits,  pepper, 
teak,  medicinal  plants.  Numerous  salt  works,  annual  production  over 
12,000  tons.  Iron  abundant  in  Goa.  Population,  572,290.  New  Goa 
or  Panjim,  center  of  trade  and  seat  of  government. 

NEPAL.  Ne-pal' 
Aboriginal  inhabitants,  Tartars  or  Chinese,  conquered  by  Hindoos 
14th  centurv;  country  overrun  by  Ghurkas  driven  from  Kajputana 
by  Mohammedans  1768.  Dependency  of  Chinese  Empire  r. 
Area,  54,000  square  miles.  Kingdom  lies  within  the  Himalayas,  sur- 
face comprises  highland  region  (10,000  to  16,000  teen.  Nepal  Valley 
(4,000  to  10,000),  and  southern  lowlands  BlopingtO  Indian  plain,     inr- 

c»t-  rich  in  valuable  woods.    Climate  ranges  from  arctic  through 
temperate  to  tropical.     Agriculture  widely  pursued.    Rice 
culture  and  chief  food  plant;  wheat,  barley,  ginger,  Bugar-cane,  pota- 
obacco,  also  grown.     Fruit  abundant;   orange,  citron,  peach, 
oaerry,  etc.,  cultivated.    Domestic  animals, 

and  Bheep.  Chief  imports:  <  attJe,  etc.,  Bait,  petroleum,  leather  and 
metal  wares,  cotton  goods;  exports,  drugs,  resins,  dyes,  Jute,  oil  seeds, 


:i'j| 


■  0'        V^M — '■ 


INDIA 

_^  -Mnitoor  r 


Scale  of  Statute  Miles. 

0    SO   100     .  SOO        300        400        ToWellTs  %-.      Atoll 
Copyright;  1904,  by  Rani.  McXally  &  Co.  '  '" 


-Mnuooy  r, 

Mow  Atoll,. 


326  ASIA. 

spices,  timber,  saltpeter,  etc.    Minerals,  iron,  copper,  sulphur,  jas- 
per,  marble,  and  rock  salt.     Population  2.000,000  to  5,000,000:  Ghur- 
eas  dominant  race.    Religion,  Buddhism.    Khatmando,  capital;  popu- 
olatlon  50,oou.   Government,  military  oligarchy. 
BHOTA1N.    Boo-t,n'. 

Original  Inhabitants,  Tephos,  conquered  by  colonists  from  Thibet, 
17th  century.  Outrages  on  British  subjects  led  to  invasion  by  England, 
1864,  and  annexation  of  tracts  with  passes  to  hills.  ,\  rea,  16,800  square 
miles.  Country  lieswlthin  the  Himalayas;  forests  extensive.  Rice, 
Indian  corn,  millet,  musk,  and  silk  chief  products.  Native  ponlefi 
noted  for  superior  strength;  large  numbers  reared.  Manufactures 
coarse  cotton  and  woolen  cloths,  buffalo  leather,  guns,  and  fine  steel 
swords.  Trade  small,  exports,  wool,  musk,  caoutchouc,  and  ponies. 
Population,  about  35,000  Buddhism— of  corrupt  form— prevailing 
religion.  Punakha,  capital.  Authority  nominally  divided  between 
secular  and  spiritual  heads  of  State. 

CEYLON.    Se-lon'. 

Island  settled  by  Portuguese  1505;  conquered  by  Dutch  about  1658; 
became  a  British  possession  1795:  separate  colony  170s.  Area.  25,333 
square  miles.  Surface  of  interior  and  south  mountainous,  .-ur- 
rounded  by  lowland  plain;  highest  altitude  8.300  feet.  Climate  warm 
and  uniform;  unhealthful  on  coast.  Over  10  per  cent  of  population 
engaged  iu  agriculture.  There  are  2.159,698  acres  under  cultivation. 
Cocoanuts  occupy  678,9)9 acres;  rice  and  other  grain,  728,112  acn 
404,574;  cocoa,  coffee,  cinchona,  cinnamon,  and  tobacco  largely  grown. 
In  1897  live  stock  comprised  4,007  horses,  1,289.536  cattle,  86,627  sheep, 
155.495  goats.  Exports,  1897, 317.615,610;  tea,  $9,714,756;  cocoanut  products, 
$2,720,522;  imports,  $20,291,686;  principal  articles,  rice  and  other  grain,  cot- 
ton goods,  and  coal.  Minerals  include  plumbago  and  precious  stones. 
Population,  census  of  1891,  3,009,461.  Singhalese.  2,174,200:  Tamils, 
960,745;  Moors,  205,588;  burghers  or  European  descendants,  23,663;  Euro- 
peans,6,545;  remainder  Malaysand  Veddahs- aboriginal  tribes.  Colombo, 
on  western  coast,  capital  and  chief  seaport;  population  127,836;  Kandv, 
old  native  capital  in  interior,  20,558:  Point  de  Galle,  southern  coast,  33,- 
590;  Trincomalee,  northeast  coast,  11,948.  Nearly  300  miles  of  railway. 
Predominant  religion  Buddhism.  Buddhists,  1.877, '43;  Hindoos,  615,- 
932;  Mohammedans;  211,995;  Christians,  302,127.  Number  receiving  in- 
struction 1897, 184,506.  Government  schools,  474;  unaided  schools,  2,331; 
There  is  a  technical  college,  agricultural  school,  school  of  forestry,  and 
industrial  schools.  Government  administered  by  Governor  assisted 
by  Executive  and  Legislative  Councils. 


SI  AM.     Si-am'. 


V 


Siamese  settled  in  upper  valleys  of  Meuam  middle  of  7th  century; 
Ayuthia  established  1350;  trade  with  Europe  opened  16th  century.  French 
protectorate  over  Cambodia  acknowledged  1867.  Total  area  of  Siam 
84,600  square  miles,  comprising  the  basin  of  the  Menam  River  ForesJs 
in  north  include  teak,  rosewood,  ebony,  cedar,  sapan,  iron  wood,  resinous 
shrubs,  and  wild  indigo;  on  coasts,  mangroves,  banian,  pandanus,  areca, 
cocoanut,  and  other  palms  and  rattans  abound.  Climate  hot  but  not 
unhealthful.  Mean  temperature,  Bangkok,  80.1  deg.;  rainfall,  58.55  in. 
Rice  leading  agricultural  product;  staple  article  of  food  and  chief 
export;  other  products,  pepper,  salt,  dried  fish,  cattle,  and  sesame.  <  i it- 
fee,  cotton,  hemp,  and  tobacco  grown.  Fruits  abundant.  Silk,  cotton 
cloths,  shoes,  gold  and  silver  work,  paper,  tiles,  jars,  mats,  arrack,  and 
sugar  made.  Value  of  imports,  1897, $7,961,382;  exports,  $10,250,297:  rice 
nearly  80  per  cent  of  whole.  Minerals  gold.  tin.  iron.  coal,  siiver,  petro- 
leum, and  gems.  Population  (estimated)  5,000,000.  Bangkok,  capita] 
and  onlv  important  seaport;  chief  manufacturing  center:  population, 
250,000.  'Railway  1897,  179  miles.  Telegraph  line,  1,830  miles.  Educa- 
tion chiefiv  in  hands  of  Buddhist  priests,  under  an  English  inspector. 
Teachers'  Normal  College  established,  EB2.  Siamese  official  language. 
Buddhism  predominant  religion.  <Jovernment  vested  in  King, 
advised  by  Cabinet.  Military  service  obligatory.  Army  on  peace  foot- 
ing, 4,000  to  5,000  men;  war,  60,000. 


CHINA.  827 


CHINA,  en'., 


Historical.— Trustworthy  history  dates  from  about  the  cia  of 
Confucius,  6th  century  B.  <  .  T-in  dynasty  under  which  Great  Wall  was 
built  began  249  B.  C.  Man  dynasty  founded  206  B.  C;  al  cl< 
A.  D.  country  divided  into  the  "Three  Kingdoms."  Complete  unity  of 
empire  under  Suy  dynasty  (590-618  ;  period  noted  for  promotion  of 
science,  education,  industry,  and  commerce.  Country  Invaded  by 
Tartars  9th  to  11th  centuries;  north  occupied  by  Jenghiz  Kahn  1215 
Mongol  dynasty  established  1280;  Ming,  1368.  Manclitis  conquered 
country  and  founded  present  dynasty  1643.  War  with  Great  Britain, 
1840-42,  resulted  in  cession  of  Hongkong  and  opening  of  treat]  ports. 
Amur  country  ceded  to  Russia  1858.  War  with  Japan,  1894,  resulted 
in  defeat  of  China,  independence  of  Korea,  and  cession  of  Formosa 
to  Japan.  In  1898  leases  were  granted  on  Port  Arthur  and  Talien- 
wan  to  Russia,  Wei-Hai-Wei  and  mainland  opposite  Hongkong,  Great 
Britain,  Klau-Chou,  Germany,  and  Bay  of  Kwang-Chau,  France 

Area. --Total  area.  4.218,401  square  miles.  China  Proper,  most 
important  division  of  Empire.  1,336,841  square  miles. 

Physical  Features. —  Surface  generally  mountainous,  slopes 
eastward  from  lofty  table-lands  of  Thibet,  Ranges  of  southeastern 
region  (trending  with  coast)  short,  irregular  and  intersected  bj 
numerous  streams.  Western  and  Central  China  traversed  by  Tliia'n 
Shan  and  Kuenlun  mountains  (highest  summit  20,33o  feet  >:  southwest 
separated  from  Iudia  by  Himalayas.  Extensive  fertile  lowland  plains 
in  east;  traversed  by  Yang-tse-Kiang  (chief  commercial  highway)  and 
Hoang-ho.    Great  Mongolian  Desert  in  northwest. 

Climate  generally  temperate  but  subject  to  wide  annual  range; 
summers  hot,  winters  severe.  Mean  temperature  Pekin,  53.3  deg.; 
rainfall,  18  inches;  Shanghai,  62.5  deg.;  Canton,  70.3;  rainfall,  70  inches. 

Forests  largely  contined  to  mountainous  districts:  those  of  Man- 
churia most  important;  here  pine,  walnut,  oak,  and  elm  attain  un- 
usual size.  Among  valuable  trees  are  the  tallow,  varnish,  camphor. 
Chinese  pine  and  banian,  funereal  cypress,  and  silk  mulberry.  Chest- 
nut, hazel  nut.  mulberry,  and  orange  native.  Palm  largely  cultivated 
for  its  leaves:  kuanlan  for  its  pith,  which  yields  an  edible  flour. 

Agriculture.— Rice,  sugar,  cotton,  indigo, etc., cultivated  in  south; 
cereals,  peas,  and  beans  in  north.  Culture  of  tea  and  silk  extensive ; 
most  productive  tea  districts  south  of  Yang-tse-Kiang.  Silkworms- 
native  to  China  — reared  in  large  numbers:  silk  of  Euperior  quality 
extensively  produced.  Opium  grown  in  all  provinces;  cultivation  ex- 
tending rapidly.  Vegetables,  oil  plants,  and  tobacco  universal.  Horti- 
culture largely  pursued.    Farm  animals,  oxen  and  buffaloes. 

Manufactures.— Chinese  excel  in  manufacture  of  porcelain,  silks. 
emhroidery,  and  lacquered  wares:  carved  goods— tortoise  shell,  Ivory, 
horn— engraving,  paper,  ink  also  excellent. 

Comui free.— Value  of  imports,  1897,  8128,098,917.  Chief  articles: 
Opium,  cotton,  metals,  oil,  and  kerosene.  Exports,  $130,871. 3;iti;  tea, 
$21,035,913;   silk,  839,780,475.     In  1S97,  44,500  vessels  entered  and  cleared. 

Minerals.— Coal  in  every  province;  anthracite  deposits  unrivaled. 
Iron  ores  abundant.  Copper,  tin,  lead,  silver,  granite,  porcelain  clay, 
jasper,  marble,  porphyrv,  and  gems  found.    Salt  extensively  produced. 

Papulation.-  Recent  estimate,  402.»>8i>.000;  China  Proper,  386,000,000. 
Foreigners,  18;*7,  11,667.  Majority  of  inhabitants  Mongols;  Manchus  — 
reigning  family  of  that  race— constitute  only  a  small  proportion. 

Cities.-^- Pekin,  capital,  consists  of  two  walled  cities:  Imperial  city 
and  Chinese  or  commercial  section;  population  aboul  1,000,000.  Canton 
a  leading  commercial  city;  manufactures  extensive  and  varied  popu- 
lation 2,500,000;  Shanghai,  chief  seaport;  opened  to  Foreign  trade  1842; 
manufactures,  silk,  glass,  paper,  etc.;  population  about  586,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— There  are  100  miles  of  railway  open  for  traffic; 
concessions  granted  for 3,000 miles.    Imperial  telegraph  Lines  rapidly 
extending  throughout    the  Empire.    Rivers,  connected   with   • 
principal  means  of  communication. 

Education  along  certain  lines  very  general,  yet  large  numbers  of 
adults  are  illiterate.  Larger  cities  have  colleges  for  training  candi- 
dates for  government  appointments.    Schools  for  extension  oJ 


330  ASIA. 

ern  languages  and  sciences  greatly  Increasing.  Naval  and  military 
schools  connected  with  different  arsenals. 

Religion.  —  Chinese  recognize  three  religions:  Confucianism, 
Buddhism,  and  Taoism.  Confucianism  mainly  professed  by  higher 
classes;  majority  of  people  Buddhists.  Mohammedanism  and  <  oris- 
tianity  both  have  large  numbers  of  adherents. 

(«overunient  an  absolute  monarchy,  supreme  direction  of  Em- 
pire vested  in  Priv/  Council.  Buperlor  offices  equally  divided  among 
Manchus  and  Chinese  Each  province  ruled  by  Governor  or  Governor* 
Genera]  responsible  to  Emperor. 


IION(JKO\(J,  an  island  near  mouth  of  Canton  River  ceded  to 
Creat  Britain  1841;  with  Kowloon,  on  opposite  mainland,  ceded  1861, 
forms  British  Crown  Colony.  Area,  29  square  miles,  center  of  large 
trade;  Chinese  silk  and  tea  trade  largely  through  Hongkong.  In 
1897,  4,974  vessels  of  6.063,640  tons  entered  the  port.  Population 
221,441—8,545  white.     Victoria  capital,  population  136,900. 

MACAO  ISLAND  at  mouth  of  Canton  River  ceded  to  Portu- 
guese during  latter  half  of  16th  century.  Area,  5  square  miles.  Trade, 
chieflv  transit,  in  hands  of  Chinese:  opium  principal  article;  value  1896, 
$1,428,000.    Population  1896,  78,627. 

FRENCH  INDO-CHINA. 

French  intervention  began  in  Indo-China  in  1787.  Possessions  now 
comprise  the  colonies  of  Cochin-China  (acquired  1862),  Tongking  (an- 
nexed 1884),  and  the  protectorates  of  Annam  (acknowledged  1884)  and 
Cambodia  (1863),  together  with  the  Laos  territory  ceded  1893 and  1896. 
Total  area,  353,000  square  miles.  Annam  in  great  part  mountainous 
and  heavily  wooded;  Cambodia  and  Cochin-China  mainly  vast  alluvial 
plains;  deltas  of  Tongking  and  Cochin-China  wide,  fertile  districts 
densely  populated.  Mekong  chief  river.  Climate  governed  by  prev- 
alence of  monsoon  winds;  wet  and  dry  seasons  alternate.  Rich  in 
agricultural  resources.  Sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  and  spices, 
principal  products  of  alluvial  districts;  maize,  other  cereals,  coffee, 
manioc,  betel  nut,  and  fruits  also  grown.  Bamboo,  excellent  timber, 
india  rubber,  copra,  and  dye  and  medicinal  plants  produced.  Exports 
to  France,  1S97,  88,568,209;  largely  rice,  fish,  salt,  sugar,  and  spices; 
imports,  $13,165,350.  Minerals  include  gold,  silver,  tin,  lead,  and 
copper,  coal  and  salt.  Population,  23,536,000;  chiefly  Mongols  and 
Malays.  Saigon,  chief  seaport,  capital  of  Cochin-China,  and  also  of 
French  Indo-China;  population,  90,000;  Pnom  Penh,  capital  of  Cam- 
bodia; 50,000;  Hanoi,  capital  of  Tongking;  150,000:  Hue,  capital  citv  of 
Annam;  30,000.  Buddhism  prevails,  Christians  said  to  number  830,000. 
Miles  of  railway,  120.  Government  administered  bv  a  Governor- 
General  through  a  Lieutenant-governor  and  Residents  General. 

KOREA.  Kore'-a. 
History  of  great  antiquity;  country  inhabited  in  12th  century  B.  C. 
Claimed  by  China  from  1122  B.  C;  present  dynasty  (Tsitsien)  founded 
1392;  conquered  by  Japanese  1592;  retaken  by  Koreans  and  Chinese 
1598;  second  invasion,  treaty  relations  established  1S76.  Ports  open  to 
other  foreigners  1882;  Chinese  claim  renounced  and  Korea  declared  in- 
dependent 1S95.  Area,  82,000  square  miles.  Surface  mountainous; 
greatest  elevation  4,500  feet.  Chief  river  Amnok.  Climate  in  sum- 
mer, though  hot,  modified  by  sea;  winter  cold  very  severe.  Raiufall 
June  to  September:  on  east  coast  62  inches,  west  32.  Agriculture 
chief  industry;  fruits,  rice,  beans,  tobacco,  ginseng,  and  cereals  grown. 
3Ianufactures  chiefly  coarse  cotton  cloth  and  paper.  Value 
of  imported  merchandise  (open  ports)  1897,  $10,067,514.  Exports, 
$8,973,895;  rice,  $5,558,780.  Gold  to  China  and  Japan  1S97.  *2.034,079. 
There  are  five  treaty  ports.  In  1S97,  2,417  foreign  vessels  of  601,275  tons 
entered.  Minerals  include  gold,  iron,  coal,  and  copper.  Popula- 
tion, 10,52s,937;  foreign  14,300.  Seoul,  capital,  population  1897,  200,000; 
Ping-  Yang,  30,000.  Schools  subsidized  by  Government  include 
foreign  schools  and  a  number  of  native  schools  for  small  boys.  Bud- 
dhism and  Confucianism  prevail.  Government  hereditary  monarchy; 
ruler,  Emperor,  ratifies  laws  and  resolutions  submitted  by  Cabinet. 


JAPAN.  331 


JAPAY      "Snnrise 


Kingdom." 

Historical.— An  island  empire  of  Asia.  Pounded,  according  to 
Japanese  history,  660  B.  C.  Authentic  history  (hue-  from  500  A.  D. 
Buddhism  introduced  from  Korea  about  550.  Authority  of  Mikado 
usurped  by  Shogun— military  dignitary— 1192.  Islands  visited  by  Marco 
Polo  in  the  13th  century.  Portuguese  merchants  and  missionaries  had 
access  to  islands  1543 to  1638.  Native  Christians  persecuted  from  1624. 
Country  isolated  except  restricted  trade  with  Dutch  until  American 
expedition  under  Perry,  1853,  resulted  in  signing  of  commercial  treaty, 
March 31, 1854.  Commercial  treaties  with  other  countries  followed. 
Revolution  of  180S  overthrew  power  of  Shognnate,  reestablishing 
authority  of  Mikado.  Feudal  system  abolished  1871.  Bonin  Islands 
annexed  1876.  Suppression  of  Satsuma  rebellion,  istt.  Ryukyu  or 
Loochoo  islands  annexed,  18T9.  Constitution  promulgated  1889. "  War 
with  China.  1894-95,  resulted,  by  Treaty  of  Shinonosekl,  Pekin,  l-'.<:>.  in 
independence  of  Korea  and  acquisition  by  Japan  of  Formosa  and 
Pescadores  islands. 

Area.— Geographically  Japan  comprises  four  principal  Islands— 
Nippon,  Kyushu,  Shikoku,  Ezo  (Hokkaido)— and  about  4,000  smaller 
islands.  Area,  excluding  Formosa  and  Pescadores,  147,655  square 
miles.  Area  of  Formosa,  13,451  square  miles:  Pescadores,  49  square 
miles.    Politically  the  country  is  divided  into  85  provinces. 

Physical  Features.— Islands  all  mountainous  and  volcanic. 
Among  the  higher  mountains  several  are  volcanoes  and  extend  above 
snow  line  — Fujiyama,  sacred  mountain  of  Japan,  the  highest  (12,425 
feet  i.  Coasts  deeply  indented  and  of  great  extent;  length  of  line, 
17,150  miles.  Rivers  short  with  rapid  fall  in  beds  and  abundant  water; 
of  great  value  in  plains  for  irrigation.  Volcanic  eruptions  and  earth- 
quake shocks  frequent.     Hot  springs  numerous. 

Climate  temperate  and  healthful.  Rainfall,  abundant.  Snowfall, 
especially  west  of  mountains,  enormous.  Range  of  temperature  very 
great.  Mean  temperature  of  Tokyo,  January,  36.4  deg.;  Augu-t.  77.6 
deg.;  year,  5G.3  deg.  Rainfall,  60.4  inches.  Hakodate,  January,  27. '.i  deg.; 
August,  70.4  deg.;  year,  46.5  deg.  Rainfall, 44.5  inches.  Nagasaki,  Janu- 
ary, 42.0  deg.;  August,  80.5  deg.;  year,  61.1  deg.    Rainfall,  77. ti  inches. 

Agriculture  the  chief  industry.  Principal  food  crops:  Rice- 
occupying  three-nftbs  of  grain  area— acreage,  1896,  6,830,075;  product, 
179,65  ,843 bushels;  wheat,  17.0  2.137  bushels;  barley,  38,955.217  bushels; 
rye,  29,396.483  bushels.  Tea  grown  chiefly  in  the  south  of  Nippon:  pro- 
duction, 18%,  70,386,168  pounds.  Lacquer  tree,  furnishing  material  for 
one  of  the  oldest  Japanese  industries,  largely  cultivated  in  north  of 
island.  Mulberries,  grown  in  three-fourths  of  the  provinces,  furnish 
one  of  principal  products.  Raw  silk  produced,  1896,  19,041,417  pounds; 
cocoons,  9,118,813  bushels.  Sugar,  51,444  tons.  Vegetables,  oranges, 
peaches,  apricots,  grapes,  pomegranates,  melons,  and  chestnuts  are  also 
grown.    Live  stock,  unimportant:  cattle,  is'.i:,.  1,136,278;  horses,  1,530,603. 

llauufactures.  Etc. -Textile  industries  rapidlv  developing.  In 
1897  there  were  65  cotton  mills  with  773.738  Bpindles,  employing  12,672 
male  and  42,656  female,  operatives.  Cotton  consumed,  20, 171.1  n  pounds. 
Number  mills,  1898,  76.  spindles,  1,086,082;  looms,  2,900.  Value  silk  and 
cotton  textiles,  lS'.tS,  357.f»o,5'.M;  cotton  varn.  product  7''., 22!  tons.  Cotton 
yarn,  1896,  82,933  tons.  In  l-.u,  2..>  .;>;i  persons  and  337,501  boats  en- 
gaged in  fishing.  Product:  Salted  flsh,  27,986  tons;  dried,  66,258  tons; 
fish  manure,  is  1.932  tons;  fish  oil,  6,289  ton-;  seaweed.  2'.>.<W2  toii>.  Mat  eh 
factories  and  paper  mills  numerous  and  important.  Firearms,  ordnance. 
and  ammunition  u>ed  in  Imperial  army  manufactured  at  arsenals  of 
Tokyo  and  Osaka:  Murata  rifle,  now  used  in  army,  Invented  in  .Japan. 

Commerce.— value  of  impoi  87,471;  exports,  160.746,356; 

Imports,  1897, $109,431,000;  export.-,  |81,4u4,0  0.  Chief  exports:  silk  (raw 
and  wasto,  silk  goods,  rice,  tea,  coal,  and  matches.  Chief  Imports: 
Raw  cotton,  cotton  yarn,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  sugar,  and  petro- 
leum. Twenty-live  percent  of  trade  with  China  and  Hongkong;  21  per 
cent  with  United  states:  17  per  cent  with  Great  Britain;  13percen1  with 
France.  First  native  steamship  company  established  1874.  Merchant 
navy,  ls,97,  comprised  570  steamers  of  foreign  type,  227. Ml  tons;  169 
sailing  vessels  of  foreign  type, 25,485  tons;  668  native  craft  above  50  tons, 
51,152  tons. 


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334  ASIA. 

Minerals.— Mineral  wealth  Importanl  and  being  developed  rapidly. 

Rich  in  coal  and  iron.  Coal  production  Increased  from  196.000  tons  in 
l877to  over  h.ixm.ikhi  in  1892;  Increase  of  coal  between  1892  and  1895  six- 
fold; gold,  threefold;  silver,  sevenfold;  copper,  fivefold;  iron,  twofold. 
Sulphur  product  in  ten  years  Increased  from3.834,000  pounds  to  15,700,000 
pounds;  graphite,  24,000  pounds  to  10,098,000  pound.-.  Kaolin  abundant 
for  ancient  and  celebrated  porcelain  industry. 

Population.  1895  (excluding  Formosa  and  Pescadores),  12,270,620; 
per  square  mile,  286.  Classification:  Male.  21,435.750;  female, 20,924,870. 
Foreigners,  8,246;  Chinese, 3,642;  English.  1,878;  Americans,  1,022:  Ger- 
mans,  493;  French,  391;  Russians,  222;  Portuguese,  127;  Dut< 
Japanese  residents  abroad,  46,277.  Population  of  Formosa,  1,996,989; 
Pescadores,  44,820. 

Principal  Cities.— In  1891  there  were  fi  towns  with  more  than 
100,000  inhabitants;  11  with  from  50,000  to  100,000;  17  with  from  30,000  to 
50,000.  Tokyo  (Yedo),  capital;  population,  1,268,930.  Commerce  and 
manufactures  important.  Seat  of  Imperial  University.  Yokohama, 
chief  treaty  port,  with  large  foreign  trade;  population,  170.252;  17  miles 
from  Tokyo,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail.  Port  of  call  or  ter- 
minus for  Pacific  Mail,  Canadian  Pacific,  and  other  lines  of  steamers. 
Kyoto,  population,  340,101 ;  until  1869,  for  centuries  the  residence  of  the 
Mikado;  contains  Imperial  palace;  has  manufactures  of  porcelain. 
Osaka,  population,  487,184;  manufacturing  and  commercial  center  of 
Japan;  contains  arsenal  and  mint.  Nagasaki,  population,  72,301;  one  of 
chief  commercial  cities;  exports,  coal,  rice,  tea.  camphor,  and  tobacco; 
Desima  Island,  near  by,  seat  of  Dutch  trade,  1640  to  1859. 

Railways.— First  railway,  Tokyo  to  Yokohama,  opened  June,  1872; 
total  mileage,  1897,  2,505  (State  railways,  632  miles;  private,  1.S73  miles); 
under  construction.  1,500.  State  roa'ds,  4,481  miles;  provincial  roads, 
15,362.  Telegraph,  11,120  miles;  submarine  cable,  3S7  miles;  telephone, 
528  miles. 

Education.— Elementary  education  compulsory.  School  age,  6-14. 
Number   of   school   age,    1895,    7,670,837;    elementary    schools,    26,631; 


teachers,  73,182;  pupils,  3,670,345.  Special  schools,  1,263;  teachers.  8.250; 
pupils,  64.94S.  Kindergartens.  220;  teachers,  482;  pupils,  17,481.  Technical. 
97;  teachers,  1,078;  pupils,  14,806.  There  is  an  Imperial  university  and 
49  normal  schools.  Libraries,  25;  volumes,  441,034.  Books  published, 
1895,  26,792;  periodicals,  753;  total  issue,  409.429,528  copies. 

Religion.— No  State  religion;  absolute  freedom  of  belief.  Popular 
religions:  Shintoism  or  ancestor  worship,  and  Buddhism.  Roman 
Catholics,  adherents  of  Greek  Church,  and  Protestants  number  about 
20,000.  Number  Shinto  temples,  1895.  190.754;  priests.  14.927:  students, 
1,939.    Buddhist  temples,  71,821;  priests,  53.275;  students,  9,286. 

Government.— A  constitutional  monarchy  with  an  Emperor,  an 
Advisory  Cabinet,  Privy  Council,  and  an  Imperial  Diet  of  two  Houses, 
members  of  Upper  House  being  in  part  elected.  Estimated  revenue, 
1898,  $119,345,742;  expenditures,  $124,547,286;  total  debt,  1896,  $205,167,568. 
Imperial  Diet  controls  finances  and  administration  of  justice.  Stand- 
ard of  value,  gold,  established  October,  1897:  ratio  to  silver,  32J^  to  1. 
Peace  footing  of  army,  1897,  284,741,  including  4,760  officers.  Japan 
maintains  a  staff  college,  military  college,  military  school,  cadet  col- 
lege, gunnery  school,  and  school  for  non-commissioned  officers;  total 
number  of  students,  2,400.  Navy  comprises  13,685  officers  and  men,  45 
war  vessels,  30  torpedo  boats. 

FORMOSA.—  First  visited  by  Portuguese,  1590:  taken  by  Dutch, 
1642;  by  Chinese,  1683;  ceded  to  Japan,  1S95.  Length. 245  miles;  breadth, 
65  miles.  Geysers  and  sulphur  springs  numerous;  rich  in  coal  and  iron. 
Other  resources  include  grain,  camphor,  sugar,  tea,  indigo,  spices,  and 
fruits.  Owing  to  abundant  rice  crop,  known  as  the  "Granary  of 
China."  Chief  exports,  camphor  and  tea.  Of  American  products,  im- 
ports of  flour  and  petroleum  show  large  increase.  A  line  of  railway 
extends  from  Kelung  to  Tai-nan.  Tai-wan,  capital  and  principal  sea- 
port; population,  estimated  at  70.00(1;  formerly  seat  of  Dutch  factory; 
has  2  famous  temples. 

PESCADORES  OR  FISHERS'  I  ELANDS.- Group  of  21 
islands,  notoriously  dangerous  to  navigators.  Jfakung,  capital  and 
chief  seaport;  population,  12,000;  has  large  fisheries;  exports,  fish,  pork, 
peanut  oil. 


MALAYSIA.  335 


MALAYSIA. 


Ma-la'-  si-a. 


Malaysia  or  Malay  Archipelago  comprises  six  large  islands— Borneo, 

Sumatra,  Java,  Celebes,  Luzon,  and  Mindanao— and  an  almost  innumer- 
able number  of  minor  islands.  Politically, -with  the  exception  ol  the 
Philippines  (belonging  to  the  United  States),  the  Island  of  Labuan  and 
northwestern  portion  of  Borneo  (British),  and  the  eastern  portion  of 
Timurand  neighboring  Isle  of  Pulo  Cambing  (Portuguese),  this  vast 
archipelago  is  controlled  by  the  Dutch.  Islands  all  of  volcanic  origin. 
Surface  of  nearly  all  islands  mountainous;  extinct  and  active  vol- 
canoes numerous:  Kinabalu,  Borneo  (13,680  feet),  and  Indrapura, 
Sumatra  (12,030  feet),  highest  elevations.  Numerous  short  Btreams. 
Interior  of  larger  islands  covered  with  dense  forests  abounding  in 
hardwoods— teak,  ebony— of  great  commercial  value,  and  numerous 
aromatic  plants  and  shrubs.  Teak  forests  of  Java  belong  to  Govern- 
ment, area  2,300  square  miles.  Other  forest  products  are  India  rubber, 
gums,  resins,  drugs,  and  spices.  Cocoanut,  other  palms,  and  bam- 
boos, abundant  throughout  the  Archinelago,  of  far  greater  economic 
value  to  the  inhabitants.  Climate  of  islands  tropical;  low  coast 
lands  and  forests  hot  and  moist;  higher  regions  temperate  and  health- 
ful. Rainfall,  governed  by  monsoons,  heavv.  Mean  annual  temper- 
ature Batavia  (Java),  78.6  deg.;  rainfall,  70  inches.  Sumatra,  75  deg.; 
rainfall  abundant.  British  Borneo,  74-S6  deg.,  rainfall,  102  inches. 
Macassar  (Celebes),  80  deg.;  rainfall,  127  inches. 

DUTCH   EAST   INDIES. 

Region  visited  by  Marco  Polo  1292;  by  Portuguese  1525.  Dutch  East 
India  Company  created  1602;  trading  stations  established  at  Jam  hi, 
Sumatra,  1616;  Batavia,  Java,  1619;  Macassar,  Celebes,  1660;  entire  region 
gradually  came  under  control  of  Company;  latter  dissolved  and  terri- 
tories transferred  to  State  1795.  The  Dutch  possessions  comprise  the 
largest,  and,  excluding  the  Philippines,  the  most  valuable  islands  of 
Malaysia.  Total  area,  736,400  square  miles;  Borneo,  284,630  (72  per 
cent  of  entire  area  of  island);  Sumatra,  161.612;  Celebes,  71,470;  Java 
and  Madura,  50,554;  Molucca  Islands,  43,864;  New  Guinea,  151,789. 
Soil  generally  of  great  fertility.  Java  chief  agricultural  district; 
hulk  of  population  engaged  in  industry.  Greater  part  of  island  gov- 
ernment property.  Private  estates  chiefly  in  western  part;  area  of 
lands  in  hands  of  Europeans,  2,069,733  acres;  Chinese,  639,999;  other 
Orientals,  34,856.  Rice,  sago,  Indian  corn,  and  fruits  staple  food  of 
inhabitants;  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  tea,  cinchona,  nutmegs, 
cotton,  and  cocoanuts  largely  cultivated  for  export.  Area  cultivated 
in  Java  and  Madura,  1S%,  S,950,399  acres;  under  rice,  4,828,642;  Indian 
corn,  cotton,  etc.,  3,595.226;  sugar  cane,  213,349;  tobacco,  258.930;  indigo, 
54,252.  Sugar  product  1897,  546,750  tons.  Java  one  of  chief  coffcegrow- 
ing  countries  of  the  world.  Production  of  coffee  in  Dutch  East 
Indies  1896.  116.065,065  pounds.  Cinchona  (Java),  8,355,441  pounds. 
Tobacco  (Java,  Sumatra,  etc.),  63,942,375  pounds.  Tea  (.Java),  8,616,075 
pounds.  Indigo  (Java),  1,587,781  pounds.  Fruits  include  bananas, 
melons,  pomegranates,  tamarinds,  breadfruit,  oranges,  shaddocks,  etc. 
Buffaloes,  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  goats,  and  swine  bred  in  all  larger  in- 
lands. Horses  never  used  for  agricultural  purposes;  those  bred  in 
Celebes-  all  exported  highly  esteemed.  Live  Stock  chief  wealth  of 
Javanese.  In  1895  island  contained  2,643,000  buffaloes,  2.572,000  oxen 
and  cows,  and  485,500  horses.  Manufactures  chiefly  domestic. 
native  women  weave  cotton,  make  mats,  baskets,  and  earthenware. 
Javanese  most  advanced  in  mechanical  arts;  excel  in  metal  works; 
Value  of  imports  1896,  867,339,453;  total  merchandise,  163,520,652;  (pri- 
vate, $60,822,120);  total  specie,  13.818.800;  exports,  $79,852,284:  total 
merchandise,  $79,495,516  (private,  873,765,413).  Exports  (four-fifths  to 
the  Netherlands)  sugar,  coffee,  tea,  rice,  indigo,  cinchona,  tin,  and 
tobacco.  Small  export  duty  on  coffee  and  tobacco;  duty  on  sugar 
abolished.  In  1896,  3,905  steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  of  l,.lo:!,ii-ju  t,,ns, 
entered  Dutch  East  Indies.  Gold,  copper,  and  iron  found  in  Borneo. 
Sumatra,  and  Celebes;  sulphur,  tin,  petroleum,  coal,  limestone,  an. I 
marble  in  Sumatra;  diamonds,  antimony,  and  other  minerals  m 
Borneo.     Valuable  tin  mines  at  Banca,  Biliton,  and  Riouw  worked 


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338  MALAYSIA. 


yield  1896-97, 15,600  tons.  Mineral  oils  produced  1896,  29,230,189  gallon. 
Salt,  only  mineral  worked  ta  .Java,  Government  monopoly.  Popula- 
tion, 1897,  about  34,090,000;  Java  and  Madura,  25,697,701,  Borneo,  i.w,- 
578;  Celebes,  1,997,860;  Sumatra,  3,299,137.  Last  official  records:  Euro- 
peans, 67,156;  Chinese,  KiO.oOO;  Arabs,  24,000;  other  Orientals,  27,000;  mi- 
tives,  32,000,000,  chiefly  Malays.  Batavia,  Java,  chief  commercial  renter 
of  Dutch  East  Indies:  old  or  commercial  town  Mounded  L619)  built  on 
network  of  streams  and  canals;  population,    1896,    105,000;    Europeans 

9,423.  Smrabaya,  145,690;  Europeans  6,988.  Falembang,  Sumatra,,  on 
Musi  River;  population,  55,000.  Padang,  seaport  on  west  coast  Suma- 
tra, founded  1649;  population,  40,000.  Acheen,  Sumatra,  seaport  in  ex- 
treme soutb;  35,000.  Macassar,  Celeb  s,  free  harbor  and  a  leading  port 
of  Dutch  East  Indies;  population,  20,000.  Menado,  Celebes,  free  port; 
large  trade  with  Bata\la  and  China;  population,  4,000.  Banjermasin, 
capital  of  Dutch  Borneo;  seat  of  active  trade  in  gold  dust,  diamonds, 
spices,  wax,  drugs,  rattans,  etc.;  population, 39,350.  PonManak,  Borneo, 
free  port  since  1856:  population  1887,  8,400.  Length  of  railway  (State 
and  private)  open  for  traffic,  1896,  1,112  miles.  Telegraph  line,  6.699 
miles.  Public  schools  for  Europeans,  1896,  included  middle  class 
schools  (930  pupils),  and  elementary  schools  (attendance  14,280).  There 
were  2,970  pupils  in  private  elementary  schools.  Schools  for  natives 
included  4  normal  (168  pupils)  and  4  schools  for  sons  of  natives  (220 
pupils);  and  in  Java  and  Madura  Government  elementary  schools  with 
37,103  pupils,  private  with  20,753  pupils.  In  1895  native  schools  in  Out- 
posts included  Government  schools  with  41,656  pupils  and  private 
schools  with  24,085.  Entire  liberty  granted  all  religions.  Christians 
among  natives  and  foreign  Orientals,  1896,  309,258.  Missionaries,  114. 
Mohammedanism  prevailing  religion  of  natives.  Executive  authority 
of  Dutch  East  Indies  vested  in  Governor-General.  Java  divided  into 
22  residencies,  each  (except  Krawang)  ruled  by  Eesident  having 
almost  absolute  authority.  The  Outposts  (other  islands)  administered 
by  Governors,  Residents,  Controleurs,  etc. 

BRITISH  EAST  INDIES 

Comprise  British  North  Borneo,  Island  of  Labuan,  and  protector- 
ates of  Brunei  and  Sarawak.  British  North  Borneo  held  under 
grants  from  Sultans  of  Brunei  andSulu;  became  a  British  protectorate 
1888.  Labuan  placed  under  government  of  British  North  Borneo  Com- 
pany, 1889.  Area,  31,106  square  miles.  Coast  line  900  miles.  Tobac- 
co, coffee,  cocoanut,  india  rubber,  and  ramie  plantations  established. 
Sago,  rice.  Indian  corn,  sugar  cane,  cotton,  ground  and  betel  nuts,  tapi- 
oca, and  sweet  potatoes  grown  by  natives.  Value  of  imports,  18y7, 
81,887,49S;  exports,  82.942,293.  Value  of  leaf  tobacco  exported,  1897, 
81,686,173.  Other  exports  are  timber,  rattan,  india  rubber,  sago,  birds' 
nests,  and  pearls.  Shipping  entered,  95,300  tons;  cleared,  94,168. 
Minerals  include  gold  and  coal  in  paying  quantities.  Population, 
175,000,  principally  Mohammedan  settlers  on  coast,  aboriginal  tribes  in 
interior,  and  some  Chinese  traders  and  artisans.  Sandakan,  capital; 
population.  7,000.  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  missions  established. 
Region  under  jurisdiction  of  British  North  Borneo  Company:  admin- 
istered by  Governor  at  Borneo  and  Court  of  Directors  in  London. 

Sarawak.— Part  of  territory  obtained  by  Sir  James  Brooke  from 
Sultan  of  Brunei  1842;  other  accessions,  1861,  1885,  and  1890:  placed  under 
British  protection  1888.  Area,  50,000  square  miles:  coast  line,  400 
miles.  Extensive  level  tracts  along  coast.  Principal  vegetable  prod- 
uct sago;  Sarawak  export  of  sago  largest  in  world:  cocoanuts  also 
abundant.  India  rubber  and  other  forest  products,  obtained  chiefly 
in  middle  section,  and  gambler  and  pepper  all  largely  exported.  Value 
of  imports,  1896,  83.701.394;  exports  s3,557,S6S.  Southern  section  rich  in 
minerals;  antimony  and  quicksilver  exported:  coal  abundant,  also 
gold  and  silver.  Population,  300,000.  K itching  or  Sarawak,  capital; 
population  about  25,000.  Catholic  and  Church  of  England  missions 
with  schools  at  Kuchlng.    Government  administered  by  a  Rajah. 

Brunei  placed  under  British  protection  1888.  Area,  3,000  square 
miles.  Products  similar  to  those  of  North  Borneo.  Coal  mined.  Pop- 
ulation, 50,000.  Capital  Brunei,  on  wide  estuary  of  Brunei  River; 
population,  25,00.    Head  of  government  Sultan. 


PHILIPPINES.  339 


PHILIPPINES.     <  Vearl  of  tho  Orient." 
Named  in  honor  of  Philip  II  of  Spain. 

Historical.— Islands  discovered  byMagalhaes  (Magellan)  1521;  first 
settlements  by  Spaniards  made  on  Island  of  Cebu  1565.  Spain  took 
formal  possession  of  islands  1569;  Manila  erected  into  colonial  capita] 
1571.    Conquest  of  islands  attempted  by  Chinese  1574;  various  contests 

with  Dutch  1(106-42:  Manila  captured  by  English  1762;  restored  1764. 
Numerous  native  rebellions  have  occurred ;  most  important  those  of 
1822,  1841,  1872.  and  1896.  War  declared  between  United  Slates  and 
Spain  April,  1S9S:  Spanish  fleet  in  Manila  Bay  destroyed  and  arsenal 
captured  by  Americans  in  May;  city  or"  Manila  surrendered  August; 
Philippines  ceded  to  United  States  December.  Native  insurgents 
protested  against  American  occupation  and  warfare  continued. 

Area.— Number  of  islands  in  group  about  2,000— many  mere  rocks 
and  uninhabited  islets;  cultivable  or  valuable  for  mineral  or  other 
resources,  between  400  and  500.  Area,  including  Sulu  Islands,  esti 
mated  at  114,30*)  to  115,300  square  miles. 

Physical  Features.— Entire  archipelago  probably  of  volcanic 
origin.  Interior  of  all  islands  mountainous;  many  volcanoes  exist; 
Apo  (10,280  feet),  on  Mindanao,  and  Halcon,  Mindoro,  highest  eleva- 
tions in  Philippines.  Between  the  numerous  mountain  chains  are 
luxuriant  plains  and  wide,  fertile  valleys.  Rivers  and  lakes  numerous, 
especially  in  larger  islands.  Coast  line  irregular,  the  numerous 
creeks  and  bays  forming  many  natural  harbors;  eastern  coast  steep 
and  rugged.    Hot  springs  of  iron  and  sulphur  occur. 

Climate  continual  summer.  Hottest  season  from  March  to  May; 
most  islands  receive  rain  during  southwest  monsoon;  rainy  season, 
beginning  middle  of  April,  lasts  six  months;  dry  season  other  half  of 
year.  On  all  coasts  facing  Pacific  Ocean  seasons  reverse  of  above; 
hottest  months  June,  July,  and  August.  Temperature  ranges  from  60 
deg.  to  90deg.,  mean  average  81  deg.  Annual  rainfall,  Manila.  99  inches; 
along  eastern  coast  rainfall  almost  incessant.  Greater  part  of  archi- 
pelago periodically  disturbed  by  terrific  hurricanes.  Earthquakes 
frequent.  Islands  in  general  healthful,  excepting  in  marshy  districts, 
where  malaria  exists;  rate  of  mortality  low.    Yellow  fever  unknown. 

Forests  extensive;  practically  untouched.  Mountain  ranges  in 
general  thickly  clothed  with  trees.  Many  varieties  of  rare  hardwoods, 
suitable  for  interior  wood-working,  manufacture  of  furniture,  ship- 
building, etc.,  abound;  other  trees  afford  dyewoods",  gums,  resins,  and 
flowers  used  in  manufacture  of  perfumery.  Numerous  palms— includ- 
ing cocoanut— and  bamboos  grow  in  profusion.  Tropical  fruits  abun- 
dant. Pineapples  grown  chiefly  for  fiber  from  which  the  beautiful  pifia 
cloth  is  woven.  Among  numerous  bananas  is  included  the  .1//^/ 
texUlig,  which  furnishes  the  well-known  Manila  hemp  (abaci)  of  com- 
merce.   Medicinal  herbs  and  roots  abound  everywhere. 

Agriculture.— Agricultural  resources  of  country  unsurpassed. 
Large  proportion  of  cultivable  area  entirely  undeveloped.  Boil  of 
extraordinary  richness  and  fertility.  All  economic  plants  of  tropics 
successfully  grown.  Chief  industries  of  Islands  production  of  hemp, 
sugar,  copra,  and  tobacco.  Leading  product  hemp,  plant  found  wild 
on  all  mountain  slopes;  cultivated  most  extensively  in  islands  of  Lej  te 
and  Province  of  Albay,  Luzon;  product  averages  over  100,000  tons 
annually.  Sugar  industry  second  in  importance.  ugar  cane grown  in 
all  parts  of  archipelago;  chief  centers  ot  production  Luzon  and  N 
yearly  export  of  raw  sugar  over  200,000  tons.  <  ocoanut  plantations 
profitable.  Production  of  copra  — dried  k<  rnel  of  cocoanut  con- 
stantly Increasing.  Culture  of  tobacco  prominent.  Plant  Introduced 
from  Mexico  In  sixteenth  century;  finesl  qualltj  of  tobacco  grown 
in  northern  provinces  of  Luzon;  leaf  from  cast  coa  ranks 

second.    Coffee  industry,  owing  to  ravages  of  Insects,  declined  In  value 
from $4,000,000  to  *M,ihw  in  lsiflf.    Cacao  nourishes  in  all  hot,  damp  dis- 
tricts.   Bice  generally  staple  food  of  natives;  Indlancorn  In  llmitj 
tricts  in  the  south;  sweet  potato,  or  vain,  also  a  favorite  article  ol  rood. 
Tropical  fruits  not  cultivated;  found  In  abundance  on  all  the  islands. 

Live  Stock.— Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  introduced  from  Spain; 
number  in  islands  not  large.    Domestic  pigs  and  chickens  numerous 


340 


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342  MALAYSIA. 


in  farming  districts.     Carabao,  or  water  buffalo,  principal  b< 
burden;  oxen  also  used.    Philippine  ponies  found  In  large  numbers; 
small  in  size,  but  possessed  of  great  Bt  rengtb  and  endurance. 

Manufactures.  Cigarsthe  Btaple  article  of  manufacture.  Pifla 
muslin  of  pure  pineapple- leaf  fiber,  with  rough  cloth  from  -• 
hemp  fiber,  and  some  Bpeclai  cotton  and  woolen  fabrics  constitute  the 
textiles.  Straw  hats  and  mats  and  cordage  manufactured.  Rough 
pottery,  whitewood  furniture,  wood  carving,  bamboo  furniture, 
handsome  embroideries,  and  work  in  Bilver  and  gold  arc  among  local 
industries.  Preparation  of  copra  for  shipment  rank-  among  the  newer 
industries;  is  one  of  the  most  promising  pursuits  in  the  Islands,  fu- 
ture of  hemp  industry  of  great  Importance. 

Commerce.  -Value  of  imports.  1897,  817,342,990;  exports,  $41, 
Principal  imports:  Flour,  rice,  wines,  clothing,  petroleum,  coal,  arms, 
machinery,  and  iron.  Principal  exports  1897:  Hemp,  818,040,760;  - 
S12.1»2S,0fK);  copra,  s4.U>2,9-jn:  tobacco  leaf.  s-J.7sc.-2m:  cigars,  $1,694,600; 
indigo,  1107,000;  coffee,  196,000;  rope,  863,400.  Import*  from  United 
States  1896,  $162,446;  1897,  $94,597;  exports  to  United  States  1896.  84,- 
982,857;  1897,  .■?l>:s.7in.  Amount  of  hemp  exported  — chiefly  to  United 
States— 1397,  12o,3'20  tons:  sugar,  chiefly  to  China  and  Japan,  226,342 
tons;  tobacco,  chiefly  to  Europe,  15,695  tons. 

Minerals.— Gold  found  in  nearly  all  water  courses.  No 
matic  mining  has  been  undertaken.  Galena  found  in  Luzon  and  Cebu; 
most  important  deposits  on  Island  of  Marinduque.  Iron  containing 
from  75  to  80  per  cent  pure  metal  abundant  in  Luzon.  Cebu,  and  Panay. 
Finest  deposits,  Bulacan  Province,  Luzon.  Copper  occurs  in  nearly 
all  the  islands.  Sulphur  in  neighborhood  of  active  and  extinct 
volcanoes.  Coal  exists  in  many  localities;  extensive  deposits  in  Cebu 
and  Batan;  petroleum  and  lead  also  found  in  Cebu:  lead  mines  partially 
devEloped  'March  -f  fm?  quality  eslcfcs;  quarried  in  limited  quantities 
Pearl  fisheries  of  Sulu  Islands  a  source  of  wealth. 

Population  estimated  '  at  8,000.000.  Inhabitants  are  Europeans 
(25,000),  Chinese  (100.000),  mixed  races  and  natives.  Native  population 
chiefly  Malayan;  some  aboriginal  tribes  of  Negritos. 

Cities.— Manila,  capital  of  islands,  founded  1571  by  Spaniards; 
situated  on  western  coast  of  Luzon,  at  junction  of  Pasig  River  and 
Bay  of  Manila.  Distance  from  Hongkong.  628  miles;  two  and  a  half 
days  by  steamer.  Old  city  surrounded  by  wall;  contains  cathedral  of 
17th  century,  other  churches,  archbishop's  palace,  monasteries,  con- 
vents, governor's  palace,  and  numerous  government  buildings.  Great 
commercial  center,  Binondo,  on  north  bank  of  Pasig.  Retail  trade 
almost  entirely  in  hands  of  Chinese;  import  and  export  trade  chiefly 
in  the  hands  of  foreigners.  City  contains  a  university,  school  of  art, 
an  observatorv,  and  many  educational  and  charitable  institutions. 
Population,  including  suburbs,  about  30ti,iim.  lloilo,  second  port  of 
Philippines,  situated  on  southeastern  coast  of  Island  of  Panay.  Has 
well-sheltered  harbor  with  excellent  anchorage.  City  has  number  of 
foreign  residents  engaged  in  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  several  vice- 
consulates.  Inadequacy  of  communication  with  interior  towns  retards 
development  of  port.  Shipping  center  for  Panay  and  Xegros  islands. 
Sugar,  hemp,  and  sapan-wood  exported.  Population.  11,900.  Ce*w,on 
eastern  coast  of  Cebu  Island,  third  port.  City  a  place  of  great  histori- 
cal interest.  Capital  of  Colony  from  1565  to  157L.  Contains  a  fortress 
built  at  time  of  first  Spanish  settlement.  Former  residence  of  Brig- 
adier-Governor of  Visayas  and  of  Cebu  Island.  Is  a  cathedral  city  and- 
a  bishop's  see.  Hemp  and  sugar  exported ;  line  pina  stuffs  also  sold 
here.    Population  about  12,000. 

Railways,  Etc.— Line  from  Manila  to  Dagupan.  123  miles.  Tele- 
graph 720  miles;  1894,  total  telegraph  and  cable  from  Manila  to  Hong- 
kong and  southern  islands.  1,592  miles.  Mail  service  between  Manila 
and  Hongkong,  and  Manila  and  principal  ports  of  southern  islands. 

Education,  Etc.— Schools  connected  with  all  the  churches.  Edu- 
cation principally  in  charge  of  priests.  Spanish  the  official  and  com- 
mercial language.  Large  number  of  dialects  Bpoken.  Exercise  of  any 
religion  other  than  Roman  Catholic  was  forbidden. 

Government.  Etc.— Islands  were  divided  among  three  govern- 
ments: Luzon,  the  Visayas.  and  Mindanao  with  the  Sulu  Archipelago. 
At  present  under  military  rule  of  United  States. 


AFRICA.  343 


AFRICA 

Historical.  —  Continent,  with  exception  of  Egypt  and  northern 
coast,  known  to  ancients  as  Lybia.  Egypt— peopled  from  Asia  seal 
of  earliest  civilization;  date  of  first  dynasty  and  founding  of  Memphis 
variously  estimated  as 5004 and 4400 B.  C;  conquest  by  Assyrians  7th 
century.  In  3d  century  Carthage  disputed  empire  of  the  world  with 
Rome.  Saracens  conquered  Northern  Africa  637-709  A.  it.  Vascoda 
Gama  doubled  (ape  of  Good  Hope  and  explored  coast  1197.  South 
Africa  colonized  by  Dutch  1(352.  Bruce  disco\  ered  source  of  Blue  Nile 
1772;  Livingston  made  explorations  in  southeastern  and  central  Africa 
from  1840  to  1^73;  Stanley  in  1871,  '74,  "79,  '87. 

Area,  including  .Madagascar  and  other  islands,  11,521,530  square 
miles.    Length  north  and  south,  4,980  miles;  east  and  west,  4,840  miles. 

Physical  Features.  —  Surface  mainly  plateau,  diversified  by 
mountain  chains;  northern  poition  occupied  by  Sahara,  greatest 
desert  of  the  globe.  Principal  mountain  ranges:  Atlas  in  northwest, 
Drakensberg  in  southeast.  Eastern  plateau  culminates  in  volcanic 
cones— Kilimanjaro,  19,700  feet;  Kenia,  18,400  feet— highest  peaks  of 
Africa.  Great  rivers:  Nile,  flowing  into  Mediterranean;  Niger  and 
Kongo  into  Atlantic;  Zambezi  into  Indian  Ocean.  Largest  lakes:  Vic- 
toria Nyanza,  Tchad,  Tanganyika,  Nyassa,  Rudolf. 

Climate.— Hottest  of  the  earth's  divisions— only  one-fifth  of  Africa 
within  the  temperate  zone.  Mean  temperature  at  sea  level  everywhere 
above  68  deg.  except  in  Barbary  and  South  African  coast  region. 
Rainfall  in  general  scanty;  regions  of  exceptional  drought  are  Somali- 
land,  Sahara  and  Kalahari  deserts;  abundant  only  in  western  part  of 
equatorial  area  and  portions  of  southern  and  southeastern  coast. 

Vegetation.  Etc.— Fertile  regions  of  north  characterized  by  ever- 
green oak,  pine,  cypress,  and  cork  tree;  cereals  and  semi-tropical 
fruits  are  grown.  Date-palm  abundant;  fruit  constitutes  chief  food 
of  natives;  deleb  and  douin  palms  found  further  south.  Fertile  oases 
of  Sahara  abound  in  groves  of  palm  and  olive.  Among  cultivated 
aud  indigenous  plants  of  Nile  valley  are  papyrus,  cotton,  lotus,  wheat, 
rice.  etc.  Vegetation  of  Abyssinia  resembles  tnat  of  Southern  Europe, 
coffee  plant  native  here.  Principal  wooded  area- estimated  by  Stan- 
ley 321,057  square  miles -lies  between  Kongo  and  great  lakes;  dense 
forests  of  this  region  contain  trees  of  extraordinary  height.  Valuable 
products  of  western  and  tropical  Africa  are  coffee,  gum  copal,  banana, 
peanut,  monkey-bread  tree,  tamarind  and  custard  apple.  In  temper- 
ate portions  of  south  herbaceous  plants  and  heaths  abound. 

Minerals.— Except  in  South  Africa,  the  coast  regions, and  extreme 
north,  mineralogy  of  Continent  little  known.  Gold  fields  of  the  Trans- 
vaal richest  known;  furnish  one-third  of  world's  product;  most  valu- 
able diamond  mines  in  the  world  in  South  Africa.  Iron,  coal,  copper, 
and  lead  occur  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal,  and  excellent  iron  ores  are 
found  in  Algeria.    Salt  is  most  valuable  product  of  the  Sahara. 

Population  1S95  (estimated)  137,038,000;  negroes  100,680,000;  Semites 
16,890,0<X);  flamites  12,340,000;  Hottentots  and  Bushmen  500,000;  Malays, 
in  Madagascar,  3,515,000;   Europeans  1,716,000;  Asiatics  345,000. 

Religion.— Mohammedanism,  introduced  by  Arabs,  prevails  in 
North  and  East  and  in  certain  Soudan  States;  adherents,  60,061,000. 
Orthodox  Christians  confined  to  European  settlements  In  BOUth  and 
north;  corrupted  form  of  Christianity  survives  among  Copts  of  Egypt 
and  Abyssinians:  total,  6,208,000.  Jews  number  258,000:  Buddhists,  335,- 
000;  Pagans,  comprising  natives  of  Central  and  South  Africa,  70,078,000. 

Races.— Africa  native  home  of  negro  race,  which  occupies  most  of 
Continent  south  of  Sahara.  Bantu  tribes  predominate,  Including  Kaffirs 
of  Cape  Colony  and  Natal,  Basutos,  Bechuanas,  Matabcles,  Zulus, 
Swazis,  etc.  Hottentots,  formerly  most  powerful  blacks  of  Central 
Africa,  now  confined  to  southwest:  among  interior  negro raci 
Bushmen  and  Pygmies.  Markedly  different  are  Semitic  and  Bamltic 
peoples  of  North  and  East— Berbers,  Moors,  and  Arabs  ol  Barbarj  and 
Sahara,  Egyptians,  Abyssinians.  Soma!  (mixed  race),  and  numerous 
Jews  in  Atlas  States.    Dominant  race  of  Madagascar,  Malays 

Political. -With  exception  of  the  sultanate  of  Morocco,  the  king- 
dom of  Abyssinia,  and  the  republic  of  Liberia,  the  African  continent 
la  divided,  politically,  among  European  powers. 


844 


345 


346  AFRICA. 


NORTHWESTERN  AFRICA. 

FRENCH   POSSESSIONS.  -Algeria.—  Original  inhabitants 

Numidlans  or  Berbers,  conquered  by  Romans   and  vandals.   Turkish 

possession  L5l9to  L710.    Piratical  power  16th  to  19th  centuries;  d< 

by  United  States  1815.   Algiers  taken  by  Franc 

Kalis  les  subdued  and  Abd-el-Kader  captured  1847.  Area,  307,91 1  square 

miles  divided  among  three  departments  -Algiers,  Oran.  and  Constan- 

tine,  and  the  Algerian  Sahara.    Algeria  presents  three  distinct  i 

ultivated  territory  extending  inland  from  the  Mediterranean;  the 
mountainous  regions  beyond  traversed  by  ranges  of  Tell  or  Little  Atlas 
(7.60J  feet);  and  the  Algerian  Sahara  extending  indefinitely  to  the 
south;  latter  a  vast  region  of  oases,  each  with  numerous  towns  and 
villages  surrounded  by  groves  of  date-palm,  fig,  and  olive.  Chief 
rivers  Roumel  and  Shcliff.  Climate  on  northern  mountain  slopes 
equable;  marshy  plains  unhealthful.  Winters  mild,  rain  abundant. 
Forest  area  8,119,230  acres;  cork  sold,  1896,  4,867,082  pounds,  value 
8132.3J1.  Agriculture  chief  industry.  Agricultural  population, 
3,482,358-205,642  bluropeans-in  1895  occupied  49,400,000  acres.  Wheat 
product,  1895-6,  25.985,817  bushels;  barley  88,643,833;  oats,  5,203,207;  pota- 
toes, millet,  and  legumes  also  grown  in  north;  alfa,  valuable  fibre  plant, 
almost  sole  product  of  plateaus,  37,946  tons;  flax  and  ramie  produced; 
tobacco,  12,534,792 pounds.  Vine  thrives;  wine  product  1896,  114,886,669 
gallons.  Other  products:  Olives  (6,500,000  grafted  trees),  datc>,  oil 
seeds.  Live  -stock  includes  horses,  mules,  asses,  camels,  and  cattle; 
sheep  most  important  domestic  animal;  number  in  colony,  7,891,979; 
goats,  3,545,041.  Value  imports  1897,  $52,611,271— animals  and  products, 
timber,  tissues,  clocks,  etc.;  exports,  954,120,996;  flour,  $182,013;  colonial 
produce,  8931,715;  metals,  81,004,894.  Minerals  valuable;  iron  most 
important;  value  of  ore  mined  18%,  8511,100;  zinc  and  lead,  8160,360; 
antimony,  118,050;  phosphate  of  lime,  8475,859.  Population,  1896, 
4,429,421;  French,  318,137;  other  foreigners,  446,343;  natives,  3,i 
Algerian  Sahara,  50,000.  Algiers,  capital,  leading  seaport  and  popular 
winter  resort;  population,  82,585;  Oran,  74,510;  Constantine,  46,581. 
Railway,  1897,  2,156  miles.  Telegraph  line,  1896,  5,025  miles.  Prirnary 
and  infant  schools,  1896,  1,278;  pupils,  127,198.  Other  institutions 
include  communal  colleges,  lycees,  and  Algiers  Academy.  Natives 
Mohammedans.  Territory  governed  as  detached  part  of  France 
through  Governor-General,  assisted  by  consultative  ministry. 

Tunis.— As  part  of  Roman  Africa  region  leading  seat  of  Latin 
Christianity.  Invaded  by  French  1270;  by  Spanish,  1535;  became  a 
Turkish  province  1575;  ruled  by  beys  and  long  noted  as  a  piratical 
State.  Occupied  by  France  1881.  Area,  51,000  square  miles.  Physi- 
cal features  similar  to  those  of  Algeria.  Atlas  ranges  separated  by 
wide,  fertile  basin  of  Mejerda,  chief  river.  Valleys  well  watered;  cork 
forests  important.  Numerous  rich,  well  populated  oases.  Climate 
generally  healthful;  thermometer  rarely  rises  to  92deg.;  mean  tempera- 
ture winter  or  rainy  season,  60  deg.  Rainfall  November  to  April. 
Agriculture  leading  industry;  cereals,  fruits,  olives,  nuts,  and  the 
vine  cultivated.  Olive  trees,  12,000,000;  annual  value  of  oil,  §2,950,000. 
Date  trees,  1,350,000;  wine  product,  1895,  5,017,900 gallons.  Live  stock, 
1897.  2,088,180;  cattle,  252,220;  sheep,  907,642:  goats,  612.621;  camels, 
112,265.  Fisheries  important;  value  of  sardines,  anchovies,  sponges, 
and  sepia,  1895,  $273,738.  Manufactures  chiefly  wool  fabrics,  caps, 
soap,  and  leather.  Value  imports,  1896,  §8.824,464;  exports,  86.556,431; 
wheat,  §1,710,000;  olive  oil,  $760,000;  barley,  §570.000:  cattle.  8380,000;  wines, 
$385,000;  sponges,  $228,000.  Dates  exported  annually,  $190,000.  Miner- 
als include  zinc,  iron.  lead,  copper,  silver,  salt,  phosphate,  and  fine 
marble.  Population.  1,700,000,  mostly  Arabs  and  Berbers;  45.000 
Europeans.  Tun  in,  capital  and  seaport;  has  important  textile  manu- 
factures; population.  145,000.  Railway,  883  miles.  Telegraph.  3.670 
miles.  Primary  schools,  1895,  97  .Mohammedanism  prevails.  Gov- 
ernment in  nands  of  French  Resident-General. 

Senegal  embraces  a  number  of  stations  on  Senegal  River  and  the 
coast  from  Cape  Blanco  south  to  the  Gambia.  Colonized  by  French 
1637;  held  by  British  1758  and  1800.  Area,  115,S00  square  miles.  Sur- 
face near  Atlantic   low;    interior  mountainous.  Senegal  important 


^ 


NORTHWESTERN    AFRICA.  347 

waterway  connecting  coast  with  fertile  countries  oi  interior.  Climate 
hot  and  unhealthful.    Value  of  exp<  included  are 

India  rubber,  dyewoods,  palm  nuts  and  oil,  ivory,  mahogany,  ground 
nuts,  gums,  etc.;  imports, $4,750,1  U0;  cliietly  cotton  goods,  cutlei  < 

mid  ammunition.     Population,  2,000, St.  Lou,,,  capital  and  chief 

town;  population  20,000;  Dakar,  2,000,  and  Ruflsgui  Lmportanl  trade 
centers.  Railway  1898,  246  miles;  telegraph  574.  Government 
administered  by  Governor-General  and  Colonial  Council. 

French  Guinea  detached  from  Senegal  1890  and  Brsi  known  as 
Rivieres  du  Sud  Colony.  Coasi  territory  extends  inland  between  Sierra 
Leone  and  Portuguese  possessions  to  Futa  Jallon.  Climate  hot  and 
unhealthiul.    Population  47,541.    Konakry,  Isle  of  Tombo,  capital. 

Ivory  Coast  or  Indenie.— Annexed  by  France  1892-3.  Colon] 
extends  inland  between  Liberia  and  British  (.old  Coast,  embracing 
Kong  and  other  States  on  northeast.  Eastern  section  flat  and  marshy; 
gradual  elevation  toward  west  coast.  Climate  moist  and  hot. 
Products  include  valuable  woods,  gold,  india  rubber, cotton,  and  pine- 
apples. Commerce  increasing;  value  exports,  1895,  $851,800;  im- 
ports, $343,900.  Coast  settlements  comprise  Grand-Bassam,  Assinie, 
Grand  La/1021,  and  Jackeville. 

Dahomey  stretches  inland  between  Togoland  and  British  Lagos; 
frontier  of  interior  undetermined.  Area  of  coast  and  protected 
inland  colonies  14,000  square  miles.  Surface  undulating  plain.-  and 
plateaus  partly  covered  with  tropical  forests.  Inhabitants  engaged  in 
agriculture;  chief  products  palm-oil,  Indian  corn,  cattle,  ivory, 
and  india  rubber.  Annual  export  of  palm-oil,  10,000  tons;  palm 
kernels,  20,000  tons.  Total  population,  550,000.  Natives  pure 
negroes  and  fetich  worshipers.  Capital,  Abomey;  chief  trading 
centefs,  Kotonou,    Grand  Pop o,  and   Whydah. 

French  Soudan  embraces  the  countries  of  the  Upper  Senegal, 
Upper  and  Middle  Niger,  and  those  extending  inland  from  Senegal, 
French  Guinea,  Indenie,  and  Dahomey.  Country  divided  into  annexed 
territories-area,  54,000  square  miles  — aDd  protectorates— 300,000 
square  miles.  Interior  an  elevated  plateau  sloping  north  and  east  to 
Great  Desert.  Climate  tropical;  dangerous  for  Europeans.  Rainy 
season  April  to  October.  Territory  in  great  part  fertile,  well  wooded 
and  watered;  productions  rice,  other  cereals,  tobacco,  cotton,  sugar, 
gums,  and  india  rubber.  Value  of  import-.  1897,  81,634,842;  exports, 
8907,683.  Iron  and  gold  found.  Population  annexed  territories, 
360,000;  protectorates,  2.50o,0(.iO.  Railway  open  Hon:  Kayes  to 
Bafoulabe,  94  miles.  Government  vested  in  Superior  Military  <  om- 
mandant  under  authority  of  Governor  of  Senegal  residing  at  Kayt  S. 

MOROCCO  the  Mauritania  of  the  ancients;  conquered  by  tin- 
Arabs  about  TOO.  Present  dynasty,  Scheriffs,  pretended  descendants 
of  Mohammed,  established  1516.  Most  flourishing  period  of  country 
1579-1603.  Slavery  of  Christians  abolished  1814;  piracy  prohibited  L817. 
Area,  estimated  at  219,000  square  miles;  southern  frontier  toward 
Sahara  unsettled.  Country  comprises  a  "Tell*' or  fertile  region  open- 
ing upon  the  Atlantic,  an  elevated  region  bevond  traversed  by  ranges 
of  Atlas  Mountains  (Ayashiu  14,150  feet),  and  the  eastern  or  desert 
region  of  Sahara.  Coast  district  intersected  by  numerous  Bhorl  rivers, 
Muluya  largest.  Climate  warm  and  generally  healthful.  North- 
west has  sufficient  rain  from  October  to  March:  droughts  not  un- 
common in  southwest.  Soil  of  coast  region  and  mountain 
fertile;  yields  abundantly  under  rudest  cultivation.  Products  wheat, 
barley,  Indian  corn,  bemp,  henna,  and  tropical  and  subtropical  fruits; 
dates  a  regular  crop  in  south.  Wealth  of  Arabs  consists  ol  cattle, 
hor-es,  sheep,  and  ostriches.  Manufactures  comprise  carpets, 
fezes,  leather,  woolens,  silks,  ieweirv,  saddlery,  earthenware,  etc. 
Imports,  1897,  including  specie,  -5..V1:;.  1— ;  chiefly  cotton  goods  and 
provisions:    exports;   *:3,r>;o,Tls,    including    bi  ::    cattle   and 

wool,  #721,865;    goat   skins,    1321,372;    eggs,    1446,429.       Mineral 
posits— undeveloped-include  iron,  gold,  sliver,  manganese,  antimony, 
lead,  etc.;   fine   amethysts    found.      Population.   5,000,000;   mostly 
Berbers  and  descendants  of  Al  orthern   capital:    leading 

commercial  city;  population  140,000.    Morocco,  southern  capll 
manufactures  of  morocco  leather;  70,000.    Tangier  d  chlel 

center  of  trade;  30,000.    Mequinez,  royal  residence;  30,000.     Ednca- 


348 


v    rr^wi — i 


8  S  £1 


350  AFRICA. 

tion  limited  to  teachings  from  Koran.  Mohammedanism  predomi- 
nant religion*  Government  absolute  despotism;  Sultan  chief 
of  state  and  head  of  religion.  Army  comprises  about  12,000  men 
under  European  discipline  and  an  additional  force  of  8,000  militia 
and   10,000  Infantry. 

SPANISH  POSSESSIOXS.-Canary  Islands-known  to 
Phoenicians;  visited  by  Portuguese  and  Genoese  during  14th  century; 
became  a  Spanish  possession  1493.  Administratively  part  of  Spain. 
Area  of  archipelago,  2,808  square  miles.  Surface  mountainous, 
diversified  by  plains  and  valleys.  Climate  equable.  Mean  temper- 
ature Teneriffe,  70  deg.;  highest,  st  deg.;  lowest.  46  deg.  Rainy  - 
November  to  February.  Chief  products  sugar,  cochineal,  and  wine; 
other  products,  tobacco,  silk,  oil,  wheat,  barley,  and  tropical  fruits. 
Population,  287,7^8.  Capital,  Santa  Cruzde  Teneriffe;  chief  port, 
Patmas.  Religion  Roman  Catholic.  Rio  de  Oro  and  Adrai — 
area,  243,000  square  miles;  population,  lOO.oeo  —  under  governorship 
of  Canary  Islands  with  sub-governor  at  Bio  tie  Oro. 

PORTUGUESE  POSSESSIONS. -Cape  Verde  Islands 

discovered  and  colonized  by  Portuguese  1460.  Area,  1,480  square 
miles.  Islands  mountainous.  Climate  tropical;  mean  temperature, 
71  deg.;  September,  91.5  deg.;  December,  58  deg.  Islands  subject  to 
droughts-  rainy  season  August  to  September.  Has  flourishing  cin- 
chona plantations.  Other  products  include  coffee,  cacao,  tobacco, 
sugar,  brandy,  palm-oil,  fruits.  Cattle,  goats,  pigs,  numerous.  Manu- 
factures:.  Salt,  soap,  linens  pottery,  and  leather.  Imports,  1896,  81,851,- 
244;  exports,  $448,340.  Iron  and  amber  in  southern  islands.  Popula- 
tion, 114,130;  of  mixed  race,  descendants  of  Portuguese  settlers  and 
negroes.    Capital  Porto  Praya.    Colony  administered  by  Governor. 

Portuguese  Guinea. -On  Senegambia  coast  surrounded  on 
land  side  by  French  possessions;  includes  Bissagos  Archipelago  and 
Bolama  Island.  Area,  4,440  square  miles.  Chief  products:  india 
rubber,  wax,  oil  seeds,  ivory,  and  hides.  Imports,  1895,  $328,280;  exports, 
$•256,360.    Population,  £20,000.    Capital,  Bolama:   chief  port,  Btesao. 

St.  Thomas  and  Prince  Iwlauds.-St.  Thomas  (Sao  Thomg) 
discovered  by  Portuguese  1470;  with  Prince  Island  (Ilha  do  Principe.), 
its  dependent,  forms  province  of  Portugal.  Area,  360  square  miles. 
Volcanic  and  mountainous  (Pico  de  Sao  Thome  7,028  feet)  with  luxu- 
riant vegetation.  Climate  unhealthful:  more  rain  than  on  main- 
land. Chfef  products,  coffee  (St.  Thomas  4,961,250  lbs.),  cacao  (Prince 
1,323,000  lbs.),  cinchona;  sugar  and  vanilla  also  produced.  Popu- 
lation, 24,660;  principally  Creoles  and  Negroes.  Capital,  Oidade  de 
Sao  Thome.    Chief  town  and  port  (Prince  Island)  Sao  Antonio. 

Madeira  Islands.— Islands  known  to  ancients;  visited  by  Arabs 
12th  century;  re-discovered  and  colonized  by  Portuguese  1420.  Area, 
505  square  miles.  Very  mountainous  (Pico  Ruivo,  6.060  feet).  Notable 
health  resort  for.  European  invalids.  Mean  temperature,  65  deg.; 
highest,  85  deg.;  lowest,  54  deg.  Sugar-cane,  tobacco,  and  all  tropical 
and  European  fruits  grown;  wines  famous.  Population,  130,584. 
Funchal,  capital,  18,778.     An  administrative  district  of  Portugal. 

BRITISH  POSSESSIONS. —  (.old  Coast  — Danish  settle- 
ments transferred  to  England,  1850;  Dutch  claims.  L872;  colonial  gov- 
ernment established  1374;  Ashantee  placed  under  British  protection 
1895-6.  Area,  15,000  square  miles ;  including  protectorate,  46,600. 
Coast  regions  level:  interior  hilly.  Soil  fertile.  Products:  Palm-oil 
and  kernels,  india  rubber,  kola  nuts,  and  timber.  Value  imports, 
1397,  84,425,224;  exports,  S5,16S,873;  india  rubber.  1896,  sl.2S4.900.  Gold 
widely  distributed.  Population,  1.473.882  t50n  Europeans).  Akra. 
capital  and  chief  city:  population  16.267;  Cape  roast  Castle,  11,614.  Tele- 
graph, 623  miles.  Education  mainly  in  hands  of  religious  bodies; 
enrollment,  1^97,8.499.     Government  schools  at  Akra  and  Cape  Coast. 

Lagos.— Island  permanently  occupied  by  Great  Britain,  1861:  depen- 
dency of  Gold  Coast  until  1886.  Area,  including  mainland,  1.500  square 
miles;  including  Voruba— interior  negro  kingdom— 20,070.  Chief  prod- 
ucts and  exports:  Palm  oil  and  kernels,  cotton,  gum  copal,  ivory, 
india  rubber,  coffee,  and  cocoa.  Live  stock,  1897:  Sheep,  1,693;  hogs, 
2,680;  cattle,  948;  horses,  45.     Value  of  imports,  1897,  $3,744,683;  exports, 


NORTHWESTERN  AFRICA,  85i 

$3,942,338;  palm  oil  and  kernel-,  exported,  1896  ,$2,441,300;  rubber  $1,689- 
900.  Populatiou,  100,000  (200  whites);  Including  rbruba,  iooO.OOO 
Lagos,  capital  and  chief  city;  population,  32,500.    Pagane  predoii 

Gambia.—  Territory  discovered  by  Portuguese  1447;  fori 
Usbed  by  English  1686;  became  British  posse,-!, «n  i>;5;  annexed  to 
Siena  Leone  1841;  independent  colony  1S88.  Area,  2,700  squan 
(settlement  proper,  6t»j.  Pruducts  and  exports:  Groundnuts,  bides, 
beeswax,  rice,  cotton,  corn,  and  india  rubber.  Value  of  imports  1897 
$821,694; exports, $806,244.  Population  50,000;  settlement  proper,  1894 
14,978  62  wbiti  -  Balhurst,  capital  and  chief  city;  population  6,000 
Schools,  5;  enrollment,  861.    Mohammedans  predominate. 

Sierra  Leone.— Northwest  of  Liberia.  Unsuccessful  attempt  made 
to  colonize  liberated  slaves  17S7 ;  territory  annexed  by  England  1791- 
became  Crown  colony  1807.  Area,  including  Sberboro  Island  and  ad- 
joining territory,  30,000  square  n,iles;  Sierra  Leone  proper,  i.tmn 
Surface  of  coast  an  undulating  plain;  interior  elevated  plateaus.  For- 
ests extensive.  Soil  fertile;  rice  yields  abundantly  in  interior 
plentiful;  indigo  practically  wild.  Exports  include  palm  oil  and  palm 
kernels,  benni  seed,  ground  and  kola  nuts,  tropical  fruits,  india  rubber, 
copal,  and  hides.    Value  imports  HO;  exports. - 

coanut-oil  produced;  workers  in  gold  and  silver  numerous  and  skillful. 
Population,  1891,  74,833  (whites  224):  1898,  250,000.  Freetown,  capital; 
most  important  seaport  (fortified)  of  WeBt  Africa;  population  30,033. 
Enrollment  in  schools,  1896, 10.500.    Paganism  prevails. 

Niger  Coast  Protectorate  occupies  most  of  Atlantic  coast 
from  Lagos  to  Kamerun.  Area.  3,000-4,000  square  miles.  Climate 
hot.  moist,  and  unhealthy.  Products  and  exports:  Palm  oil  and  ker- 
nels, groundnuts,  ivory,  india  rubber,  ebony,  camwood,  indigo,  . 
hides,  and  cacao.  Imports:  Textiles,  hardware,  spirits,  tobacco,  pro- 
Visions,  pottery,  guns,  etc.  Value  imports  1896-';.  sports, 
$3,108,932.  Trading  centers,  Old  Calabar  (40,000),  Opobo,  Bonney,  etc. 
Training,  industrial,  and  other  schools  established.  Government 
entrusted   (i891    to  Imperial    Commissioner  and  Consul-General. 

Niger  Territories  comprise  region  of  Niger  basin  (except  Niger 
Coast  Protectorate)  between  French  and  German  spheres  of  influence; 
Sokoto,  Gando,  Borgu,  and  part  of  Bornu  obtained  by  treaties  with 
native  tribes  since  1882.  Area,  500,000  square  miles.  Niger  delta  tin- 
healthful:  climate  of  interior  better.  Gando  rich  in  agricultural 
resources;  cotton  produced.  Imports:  Textiles,  earthenware,  hard- 
ware, beads,  tobacco,  and  salt;  exports:  Gums,  bides,  india  rubber, 
ivory,  palm  oil  and  kernels,  etc.  Population,  20,000,000-35,000,000. 
Asaba,  capital;  Akassa  and  Gangana  ports  of  entry.  Government 
administered  by  Royal  Niger  Company  (chartered  1886). 

GERMAN  POSSESSION.— Togoland  on  Slav.-  (Oast  between 

Dahomey  and  Gold  Coast  Colony.  Declared  a  German  protectorate 
1884.  Area  33,000  square  miles.  Coast  low  and  unbealtbful,  interior 
salubrious.  Maize,  yams,  tapioca,  ginger,  bananas  grown;  coffee  cul- 
ture introduced.  Forest  products,  cocoa,  palm  oil,  caoutchouc,  dye- 
woods.  Exports,  palm  oil,  gum.  palm  kernels.  I'opulni  ion  2 
Lome  chief  town  and  port.    Governed  by  imperial  Commissioner. 

WBERIA.— Countrv  settled  1822  by  free  Negroes,  Bent  out  under 

American    Colonization    Society;    declared  independent   1847.    Area, 
14,360  square   miles.      Coast  lands  generally    low   and   sandy;    Interior 
hills  and    mountains  covered  with  beautiful    forests,    diversified  by 
well-watered,  fertile    valleys;  largest   rivers  St.  Johns  and    st.  Pauls. 
Climate  unhealthful,  seasons  wet  and  dry;  hottest  month  January; 
heat    mitigated    by   almost    constant    land   and   sea  Inezes.     <  offee- 
rettowned  for  its  excellence- and  ginger  chief  products.    Maize,  rice, 
cotton,  arrowroot,  sugar  cane,  cereals,  and  vegetables  readllj  produced. 
Fruits  abundant  and  finely  flavored.    Value  exports,    189 
leading  articles,   coffee,   palm  oil    and  palm    kernels,    rubber,   i 
sugar,  arrowroot,   ivory,  bides,  and    plassava;   imports,  - 
tiles,  clothing,  provisions,  hardware,  tobacco,  furniture,  et<      Popu- 
lation, 1,065,000;  18,000   Americo-Llberians;  remainder    aboriginal   in- 
habitants.    Monrovia,  capital;  population,  tt  -    Krootown, 
5.0ixi.    Harper,  3,000.    Regular  system  of  common  school*,     i 
tive   vested   in   1'resident    assisted   by  Council    of    Minister.-.      I 
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12 


354  AFRICA. 


NORTHEAST  AFRICA. 

EGYPT  earliest  known  Beat  of  civilization;  renowned  alike  for 
its  great  antiquity  and  former  splendor.  Modern  history  begins  wltb 
conquest  by  Mohammedans  638  A.  D.;  taken  by  Mamelukes  1260;  be- 
came Turkish  province  1517.  Invaded  by  Napoleon  1798;  restored  to 
Turkey  1801.  New  era  began  with  Mehemet  All,  rounder  of  present 
dynasty;  reigned  L805  19.  Suez  Canal  opened  1869.  Natlverevolt  under 
Arabi  Pasha,  1831,  suppressed  by  British;  English  linaneial  adviser 
appointed  Mahdists  in  Soudan  revolted  1881  -85:  conquer*  d 
Area,  400,000  square  miles.  Great  natural  features  are  River  Nile 
and  Desert.  The  Nile  has  its  source  in  Victoria  Nyanza;  by  m;  annual 
inundation  and  deposit  of  loam  is  great  fertilizer  of  Egypt;  delta- 
characterized  by  network  of  lagoons,  fivers,  and  canals  -comprise 
square  miles,  chain  of  bills  on  the  east  separates  Nile  from  Nubian 
Desert,  plateau  1,600  to  3,000  feet  in  height.  Lybian  Desert  on  the 
west  contains  chain  of  fertile  oases.  Chiei  lake,  Birket-el-Kerun. 
Climate  Of  ETpper  Egypt  continuously  hot  and  dry;  tart  her  north 
hot  season  is  April-November;  temperate,  December-March.  Rain- 
fall scanty,  except  in  Delta.  Mean  temperature  Cairo,  January,  54 
deg.;  July,  95  deg.;  year,  71  deg.;  rainfall,  1.34  inches.  Perennial 
irrigation  assures  two  or  three  crops  annually;  in  winter,  cereals; 
summer,  cotton,  sugar,  and  rice;  autumn,  rice,  maize,  and  vegetables. 
Cultivated  area,  1891;  6,330,224  acres;  under.wheat,  1,252,316;  maize  and 
durrah,  1,576,912;  cotton,  897,372.  Cotton  yield,  1896,  341,034  tons;  sugar, 
1897,3,609,4.i3  tons.  Date  most  important  fruit,  3,452.674  productive 
trees;  tig,  orange,  lemon,  and  olive  plantations  exist.  Domestic  ani- 
mals, including  dromedary,  horse,  donkey,  camel,  sheep,  and  ox. 
number  1,668,860  head.  Manufactures  chiefly  cotton,  linen,  and 
woolen  textiles,  leather,  coarse  pottery,  glassware,  embroideries,  and 
cigarettes.  Total  imports,  181)7,  $64,245,620:  textiles  lead,  value  $16, 
751,660;  others— cereals,  coal,  metal,  etc.  Exports,  $69,780,820;  chiefly 
raw  cotton,  $4:2,348,290;  cereals,  etc.,  $11,350,740;  tobacco.  $4,962,715. 
Mineral  resources  limited;  natron,  salt,  petroleum,  sulphur,  and 
emeralds  found.  Quarries  comprise  granite,  syenites,  porphyry,  mar- 
ble, alabaster,  limestone,  and  sandstone.  Population,  1897,  9,811. ."42— 
577,363  nomadic.  Nile  Valley  and  delta  most  densely  peopled.  Copts, 
descendants  of  ancient  Egyptians,  dwell  chiefly  in  Upper  Egypt,  I 
capital,  on  Nile;  founded  bv  Saracens,  970;  contains  museum'  of  antiqui- 
ties, mosques,  public  buildings,  etc.;  population,  1897,570,062.  A 
dria,  founded  332  B.  C,  commercial  center  and  chief  seaport;  popula- 
tion 319,766.  Port  Said,  at  mouth  of  Suez  Canal;  population  42,095. 
Railways  belonging  to  Stat< .  1899, 1,166  mites;  to  companies. 72  miles. 
Government  telegraph  1S97,  2,038  miles.  Suez  Canal,  87  miles  long, 
connects  Mediterranean  with  lied  Sea;  gross  tonnage,  ls'.i7.  11,123,403; 
receipts  814,158,259.  Arabic  language  spoken.  Schools  under  govern- 
ment control.  Copts  support  1,000  elementary  schools;  teaching  of 
Coptic  language  compulsory;  though  no  longer  spoken.  Coptic  -till 
used  in  liturgy.  Dominant  religion  Mohammedanism.  Moslems.  1897, 
numbered  8,97S,775;  Christians,  730,162  (608.446  Copts);  Jews.  25,200. 
Supreme  religious  and  judicial  authority  vested  in  sheikh  ul  Islam. 
Principality  tributary  to  turkey.  Power  nominally  in  hands  of  Khedive 
and  Ministry,  supported  sine  1882  by  British  advisers.  Army,  reorgan- 
ized 1882,  under  command  of  British  general. 

Egyptian  Soudan  extends  from  Egyptian  frontier  to  Albert 
Nyanza  and  from  Red  Sea  to  confines  of  Wadai.  Area  about  950,008 
square  miles.  Population  before  revolt  about  10,000,000.  Chief 
towns:  Khartoum,  capital;  Omdurman,  formerly  Dervish  capital; 
Wadi/  Haifa.  Convention  of  1899  provides  for  Governor-General  ap- 
pointed by  Egypt  with  consent  of  Great  Britain. 

TRIPOET  a  possession  of  Carthage,  later  of  Rome;  conquered 
successively  by  Arabs  and  Turks;  formed  one  of  Barbary  States;  inde- 
pendence secured   1711:  reconquered   by  Turkey  1835,  now  a  vilayet  of 

that  country.  Area,  including  oases.  398.900  square  miles.  Surface 
mostly  desert;  mountainous  in  west  and  south.  Coast  line  800  miles; 
chief  harbor,  Tripoli.  Climate  variable;  abundant  rainfall  north 
November-March.    Fertile  regions  are  mountain  table-lands,  oases, 


NORTHEAST  AFRICA.  855 

and  narrow  coast  belt.  Products,  fruits,  vegetables,  cotton,  silk,  to- 
bacco, madder,  castor  oil,  saffron,  senna.  Cattle,  horses,  and  camels 
reared,  manufactures  include  clothing,  skins,  sacking,  morocco 
leather,  potash,  and  earthenware.  Value  imports  1897,  $l,706,248-cloth, 
.tobacco,  provisions,  etc.;  exports,  si. 764, 991— ostrich  feathers,  skins, 
hides,  cattle,  etc.  Minerals  salt  and  sulphur.  Population  1,300,000 
(Benghazi  500,000).  Tripoli,  capital,  seaport,  and  commercial  center; 
population  30,000.  Education  neglected.  Mohammedanism  prevails. 
ABYSSINIA  visited  by  Portuguese  1492;  the  various  small  mon- 
archies united  in  one  kingdom  1855;  overthrown  by  British  1868:  Italian 
protectorate  declared  18S9;  independence  recognized  1896.  Area,  in- 
cluding dependencies,  etc.,  150,000  square  miles.  Surface  a  succession 
of  lofty  table-lands  traversed  by  mountain  ranges  (Kas  Dashan,  15.160 
feet).  Contains  Lake  Tana  (elevation  6,1 10  feet;  source  of  Blue  Xile. 
Gorges  and  ravines  thickly  wooded  with  valuable  trees.  Climate 
generally  temperate  and  healthful.  Cotton,  sugar  cane,  vine,  and  date 
palm  flourish  in  many  districts;  little  land  under  cultivation.  Chief 
products,  cereals,  coffee,  cotton,  "tef  ,■'  sugar  cane,  hops,  fruit.  Pasto- 
ral leading  pursuits;  large  herds  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  reared;  ex- 
cellent horses  and  long-wooled  sheep  in  higher  elevations.  Manu- 
factures comprise  cotton  and  woolen  cloth,  and  working  of  leather 
and  metals,  etc.  Caravan  trade  important;  hides,  skins,  ivory,  wax, 
gum,  coffee,  gold,  ostrich  feathers,  etc.,  exchanged  for  manufactured 
articles.  3Iiuerals  include  sulphur,  ro  k  sa  t,  gold,  silver,  antimony, 
and  iron.  Population  3,500,000,  chiefly  Ethiopians.  Anlcober  leading 
city  commercially  and  politically,  population  7,000.  Gondar,  ecclesias- 
tical city  of  Abyssinia,  5.000.  Besso  and  Sokoto,  important  trade  cen- 
ters. Education  restricted  to  teachings  of  secular  and  regular 
clergy.  Abyssinians  mostly  members  of  Alexandrian  Church.  Gov- 
ernment a  feudal  monarchy  under  an  Emperor. 

ITALIAN  POSSESSIONS.— Eritrea-Colony  of  Eritrea 
constituted  1890.  Assab,  occupied  1880.  town  and  island  of  Massaua  1885. 
Colony  now  embraces  coast  of  Red  Sea  from  Kas  Kasar  to  Strait  of 
,Bab-el-Mandeb,  670  miles,  extending  inland  about  2&» miles.  Area 88,500 
square  miles  Lands  adapted  to  agriculture.  Excellent  pasturage 
abundant;  sheep,  goats,  oxen,  and  camels  reared;  meats,  hides,  and 
butter  produced.  Pearl  fisheries  at  Massaua  and  Dahlak  Archipel- 
ago; industry  in  hands  of  Banians  (Indians).  Annual  value  of  pearls 
taken,  $17,500;  mother-of-pearl,  $152,000.  Total  imports  to  Massaua,  1896, 
15,404,084.  Population  450,ot.M,  largely  nomadic;  Europeans,  1893,  3,452. 
Massaua,  on  sterile  coral  island  200  yards  from  mainland,  capital,  forti- 
fied seaport  and  important  center  of  commercial  exchange;  population 
7,775  (600  Europeans  exclusive  of  garrison).  Railway  33  miles.  Tele- 
graph line  381  miles.  Administration  autonomous;  central  govern- 
ment represented  by  civil  governor  under  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Italian  Somali  Laud.- Sultanate  of  Obbia  placed  under  Italian 
protection  February,  188a;  protectorate  extended  in  April  and  in  1892 
and  1^96.  By  treaty  of  Adis  Abeba,  1896,  Italian  dominion  restricted  to 
strip  of  coast  extending  from  Raa  Alula  to  mouth  of  Juba  River. 
Area  100,000  square  miles.    Population  400,000. 

BRITISH   POSSESSIONS.-Britisu  Somali    Land 

became  a  protectorate  1884.  Region  extends  from  Lahadu  to  Zivada, 
with  an  area  of  68,000  square  miles.  Value  of  imports,  1897-8,  $1,671,184, 
chiefly  rice,  textiles,  and  dates;  exports,  si, 681.730— skins,  hides,  ostrich 
leathers,  cattle,  sheep,  and  gum.  Population  Mohammedans  and 
nomadic.  Berbera  chief  town;  population  30,000  (in  trading  season;. 
Government  administered  by  Political  Agent  and  Consul. 

Socotra  Island  captured,  1507,  by  Portuguese;  Mohammedanism 
supplanted  Christianity  in  17th  century;  annexed  by  British  1876.  Area 
L382  pquare  miles.  Dates  and  gums  produced.  Cattle,  goats,  and  sheep 
reared.    Population  about  12,000;  mixed  race,    Arabs  and  Bedouins. 

FRENCH   POSSESSIONS.- Obock    and    Somali    Coast 

Protectorate  acquired  by  France  1864.  Situated  on  (iulr  of  Aden, 
surrounded  by  Eritrea,  Abyssinia,  and  British  Somali  Land.  Area 
8,640  square  miles;  extends  inland  about  40  miles.  Trade  chiefly  with 
interior  countries.  Population  30,000.  Chief  cities  Obock  and  Tajoora. 


356 


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CENTRAL 
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358  AFRICA. 


CENTRAL  AFRICA. 

BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA  comprises  main  portion  of  high- 
lands of  eastern  equatorial  Africa  (Mt.  Kenla  18,400  reel  and  Ruwen- 
zorl  16,600,  highest  elevations),  and  the  high  plateau  east  and  norl 
of  Victoria  Nyanza.    Surface  In  -  gradually  to  lowland-  of 

coast;  west  and  northwest  to  Valley  of  Upper  Nile.  Principal  river 
Nile;  Tana  and  Juba  chief  rivers  entering  Indian  Ocean.  Baa  many 
interesting  lakes,  embraces  northern  half  of  Victoria  Nyanza.  Politi- 
cally district  divided  among  the  protectorates  of  East  Africa,  Uganda, 
and  Zanzibar. 

East  Africa  Protectorate  includes  the  coast  from  Julia  River 
to  German  East  Africa  and  inland  to  Uganda  borders.  Higher  pla- 
teaus, clothed  with  luxuriant  grasses,  especially  adapted  to  stock  rais- 
ing. Value  of  imports,  1897-8,  $2,098,468;  exports,  $511,015— ivory,  india 
rubber,  cattle, goats,  grain,  copra,  gum  copal,  hides  and  horns.  Ship- 
ping entered,  196,630  tons.  Population,  2,500,000;  includes  13,500 
Asiatics,  and  390  Europeans  and  Eurasians.  Mombasa,  capital  and 
chief  city;  has  a  fine  harbor;  population  24,700.  Lamu  and  Eismayit 
chief  ports  in  the  north;  Vanga  and  Takaungu  south.  Railway, 
1899,  260  miles.  Telegraph  line,  110  miles.  Protectorate  under  control 
of  Commissioner  and  Consul-General. 

Uganda  Protectorate  came  under  sphere  of  British  influence 
1894.  Includes  Uganda  proper,  Usoga  to  the  east,  and  Unyoro  and  other 
countries  west  within  British  sphere  of  influence.  Soil  fertile.  Natives 
skillful  in  pottery  and  wTorking  in  iron.  Value  of  imports,  1895.  8104,- 
342;  exports,  8115,022.  Mengo,  capital.  Protectorate  administered  by 
Commissioner  residing  at  Port  Alive  on  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Zanzibar  Protectorate.— Zanzibar  an  important  Mohammedan 
power  under  Imans  of  Maskat  16ii$-lS07:  independence  confirmed  1861; 
placed  under  British  protection  1890.  Area,  with  Pemba,  1.020  square 
miles.  Surface  undulating  and  well  watered:  soil  fertile,  carefully 
cultivated;  chief  product  cloves.  Value  imports,  1897,  85.799,519;  ex- 
ports, 85,781,786.  In  1897,150  vessels  of  24e,368  tons  entered.  Total 
population,  200,000— Arabs  dominant  race— (Pemba  50,000);  British 
Indian  subjects,  7,000.  Zanzibar,  free  port;  chief  trade  center  in  this 
region;  population  30,000.  Mohammedanism  prevails;  Christian  mis- 
sions established.    Protectorate  governed  through  a  native  Sultan. 

GERMAIN  POSSESSIONS.-German  East  Africa  — Ger- 
man possessions  in  East  Africa  acquired  1S85  to  1890.  Sphere  of  influ- 
ence embraces  a  coast  line  of  about  620  miles,  stretches  south  from 
British  East  Africa  to  Portuguese  possessions  and  westward  to  Lakes 
Nyassaand  Tanganyika.  Area,  38-1,000  square  miles.  Co«st  belt  low; 
interior  mountainous,  forming  wide  plateaus  with  lofty  isolated  peaks; 
Kilimanjaro,  19,700  feet,  highest.  Chief  rivers  Rueha  and  Ruvu.  Vic- 
toria Nyanza  on  the  north.  Forests  of  mangroves,  coco  palms, 
baobab,  tamarind,  etc.,  cover  coast  regions;  acacia,  cotton  tree,  syca- 
more, banian,  etc.,  abound  in  higher  sections.  Coast  lands  oppressively 
hot  and  unheal thful;  interior  climate  less  dangerous.  Large  areas 
adapted  to  agriculture.  Chief  products:  Millet,  bananas,  coco  nuts, 
cloves,  castor  oil,  sugar  cane,  and  vegetables.  Natives  have  large 
banana  plantations,  also  cultivate  Indian  corn  and  pulse.  On  coast 
lands  German  plantations  of  cacao,  coco  palms,  vanilla,  tobacco,  and 
india  rubber  established;  in  more  elevated  districts  coffee  is  grown. 
Among  natives  goat  most  common  domestic  animal;  cattle  and  sheep 
also  reared.  Value  of  imports,  1897,  81, 993.180;  cottons,  ironware,  colo- 
nial wares,  rice.  oil.  and  liquors  lead;  exports.  8946,910;  ivorv,  $386,860; 
india  rubber,  8205,160;  sesame,  $25,300;  gum.  $40,020.  Minerals  known 
to  exist  are  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  malachite.  Native  population, 
4,000,000,  mostly  Bantus  with  Asiatic  element  near  coast.  Europeans, 
1897,  922  (678  Germans).  Chief  seaports:  Dar-es-Salaam  13,000:  Bmia- 
moyo  13,000;  Kihca  10,000.  Railway  open  from  Tanga  to  Pongwe.  10 
miles,  under  construction  to  Karagwe.  Telegraph  stations  at  nine 
coast  towns.  Protestant  mission  societies.  7:  Roman  Catholic,  3.  Pro- 
tectorate  administered  by  an  Imperial  Governor. 

Kaiucrun  region  extends  along  coast  of  Bight  of  Biafra  199  miles; 
surrounded  inland  by  French  Kongo  and  French  and  British  spheres 


CENTRAL  AFRICA.  359 

of  influence.  Region  became  German  protectorate  1884.  Area,  191,130 
square  miles.  Surface  of  interior  high  plateaus  sloping  abruptly  to 
Atlantic  coast  lands:  latter  generally  low  with  exception  of  lofty  vol- 
canic peaks  of  Kameruns  (Mongo  Ma  Loba,  13,000  feet)  rising  near  sea. 
Rivers  unfit  for  navigation.  Lake  Tchad  on  northern  boundary. 
Climate  less  unhealthful  for  Europeans  than  that  of  surrounding 
territories.  Coast  regions  clothed  with  luxuriant  tropica",  vegetation, 
soil  of  great  fertility.  Tobacco,  coffee,  and  cacao  successfully  estab- 
lished. Coffee  bushes  1895,  31,596;  cacao  trees.  364,820.  Interior  plateaus 
abound  in  extensive  savannas  well  adapted  for  rearing  cattle.  Value 
of  imports,  1S9T,  11,228,200;  chiefly  cottons,  salt,  rice,  spirits,  wood,  and 
tobacco;  exports,  8852,380:  rubber  exported,  $243,800:  palm  oil,  8234.41  Hi; 
palm  kernels,  8303,600;  ivory,  885,100;  cacao.  810,120;  ebony,  825,53d.  Gold 
aud  iron  found.  Population,  3,500,000;  Bantu  negroes  near  coast; 
Sudan  negroes  inland.  Whites,  1897,  253  181  Germans.  Kamerun  chief 
town;  Bitea,  Victoria,  and  Campo  important  trading  stations;  chief 
native  settlements  are  Bell-town  and  Aqua-town.  Government  and 
mission  schools  established.    Protectorate  under  Imperial  Governor. 

KONGO  INDEPENDENT  STATE  grew  out  of  the  Kongo 
International  Association,  founded  18:35  by  Leopold  II,  King  of  Belgi- 
ans, and  organized  by  Stanley,  first  Governor-General.  Boundaries 
of  State  defined  by  neutrality  declarations  1885;  State  placed  under 
sovereignty  of  the  King,  who,  1889,  bequeathed  his  sovereign  rights  to 
Belgium.  At  the  convention  of  1890,  between  Belgium  and  the  Inde- 
pendent State,  former  reserved  the  right  to  annex  the  latter  after  ten 
years.  Area,  900,000  square  miles.  State  embraces  the  larger  portion 
of  the  Kongo  basin.  Kongo  River  and  its  many  tributaries  great 
natural  features  of  country.  Surface  rises  from  low  coast  lands  to  an 
interior  elevation  of  1500-1600  feet.  Extensive  forests  in  east. 
Climate  generally  unhealthful,  especially  in  river  lowlands;  changes 
of  temperature  more  frequent  but  fevers  less  dangerous  on  higher 
elevations.  Agriculture  leading  industry;  tribes  along  the  Kongo 
and  tributaries  excellent  fishermen  and  boatmen.  Chief  products, 
rubber,  ivory,  palm  nuts,  and  palm  oil;  coffee  and  tobacco  thrive. 
Commerce  has  extended  rapidly.  Value  of  imports  1897,  $3,665,645; 
chiefly  clothing,  provisions,  metals,  machinery,  arms  and  ammunition; 
experts,  36,194,772;  rubber,  81,579.261;  ivorv.  8934,131;  palm  nuts  and  palm 
oil,  $332,327.  Population,  30,000,000,  mostly  of  Bantu  origin;  many 
pygmy  tribes.  Europeans,  1898,  1,678  (Belgians  1,060).  Boma,  capital, 
and  port  on  Kongo  River;  population  15,000:  Banana,  seaport  on 
Kongo  River  Kongo  River  navigable  from  mouth  to  Matadi,  and 
beyond  Stanley  Pool  1,000  miles;  navigation  between  Matadi  and  Stanley 
Pool  impeded  by  rapids;  towns  connected  by  railway  250  miles  in 
length.  Native  religion  fetichism;  missions  (67  stations)  co-operate 
with  government  in  educational  matters.  Central  government 
at  Brussels;  local  administered  by  a  Governor-General. 

ANGOLA.— Region  discovered  by  Portuguese  1486.  Possessions 
extend  from  mouth  of  Kongo  to  Cunene  River,  over  1,000  miles;  sur- 
rounded inland  by  Kongo  Independent  State,  British  South- Africa, 
and  German  Southwest  Africa.  Area,  484,000  square  miles.  Coast 
regfon  narrow,  arid  lowland,  succeeded  by  uplands  reaching  to  moun- 
tains bounding  an  interior  plateau.  District  west  of  Kongo  basin 
extremely  mountainous;  large,  areas  well  wooded.  Country  well  watered 
by  numerous  rivers;  Kuanza  navigable  over  200  miles.  •  Coast  lands 
unhealthful;  climate  of  interior  European  in  character.  Soil  fertile, 
agriculture  a  flourishing  pursuit.  Oil  palm  not  found  below  10  deg. 
south:  coffee  grows  wild  in  nearly  all  hilly  districts,  chief  export  irom 
Ambriz;  cotton  grown  in  district  of  Mossamedes,  sugar  in  lowlands; 
Other  productions  rubber,  wax,  vegetable  oils,  cocoanuts,  oxen,  fish, 
and  ivory.  European  domestic  animals  reared.  Trade  largely  with 
Portugal.  Value  of  imports,  1896,  $3,658,543,  principally  textiles;  exports, 
18,  coffee  and  rubber  leading  articles.  In  L896,  286  vessels  of  431,- 
771  tons  entered  the  four  ports.  Malachite,  copper,  salt,  petroleum, 
and  iron  found  in  large  quantities;  gold  also  exists.  Population. 
$,119,000;  White  population  greater  than  in  any  other  Central  African 
ion.  St.  Pttulde  Loanda,  capital  and  seaport;  population  about 
14,000.  Port  Alexander  Beat  of  fish  salting  industry.  Railway  open 
1896,  230  miles;  telegraph  line,  430. 


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362  AFRICA. 


FRENCH  KONGO  AND  GA BOON. -Kongo  cowt  dlscov- 
ered  In  i5tn  century  by  Portuguese.  First  trading  post  on  Gaboon 
established  by  French  1842;  autbority  extended  to  Cape  Lopez  m nfl 
Ogowe  River  1862;  Interior  between  Ogowe  and  Kongo  explored  bj  de 
Brazza  1878-80,  large  tracts  of  country  annexed;  French  claims  recog- 
nized by  Berlin  Conference  i^.">.  Region  easl  of  Kamerun  and  north  to 
Lake  Tchad  conceded  to  French  L894.  Area,  197,001)  square  miles. 
Country  well  watered  and  covered  with  extensive  (brents.  Kongo 
and  Mobangi  rivers  on  eastern  and  southern  frontiers.  Climate  gen- 
erally healthful  for  Europeans.  Richest  region  In  tropical  Africa; 
Colony  one  of  most  promising.  Cotton,  tobacco,  cinnamon,  pepper, 
gums,  resins,  and dyewoods  produced.  Exports,  1897:  India  rubber, 518 
tons;  ivory,  105;  palm  oil,  140:  palm  kernels,  sue,;  ebony,  1,748;  mahog- 
any, 3,421 ;  coffee,  kola  nuts,  piassaA  a,  and  cocoa  also  exported.  In  1897, 
mi  vessels  of  -.'.v.!, I i',i i  tons  entered  the  harbors.  Estimated  native  pop- 
ulation, 5,000,000;  Europeans  Desides  garrison,  300.  Libreville,  capi- 
tal and  seaport.  Schools  for  hoys,  IS;  girls,  7:  total  pupils.  800.  Civil 
and  military  government  administered  by  Commissioner-GeneraL 

SOUTH  AFRICA. 

CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE.— Discovered  by  Portuguese  1487;  col- 
onized by  Dutch  105O-2:  immigration  of  Huguenots  1686;  occupied  by 
British  1796,  and  again  1806;  finally  ceded  to  Great  Britain  1815;  repre- 
sentative government  obtained  1853;  responsible  government  1872; 
Zulu  War  1879.  Area,  including  dependencies— East  Griqualand, 
Tembuland,  Transkei,  and  Waltisch  Bay— 221,311  square  miles.  Surface 
rises  from  coast  to  interior  by  a  series  of  terraces  or  plateaus  separat- 
ed by  mountains  ranging  from  4,000-8,000  feet.  Largest  plateau,  Great 
Karroo  (2,800-4,000  feet).  Chief  rivers.  Orange  and  Olifants.  <  oast 
line,  1,225  miles,  contains  few  harbors.  Climate  generally  healthful, 
dry  and  temperate;  hottest  month  usually  January;  coldest  July. 
Karroo  plateau  and  Orange  Kiver  plains  subject  to  droughts.  Rain 
falls  in  eastern  districts  in  summer,  in  western  in  winter.  Area  of 
lands  disposed  of  up  to  189S,  127.550. -ISO  acres;  area  of  undisposed  lands, 
49,453,840.  Cultivable  area  extending  through  irrigation.  Leading 
agricultural  products,  1898:  Wheat,  1,950,831  bushels,  oats,  l. 
barley,  907,920;  mealies,  2,0(1(1,742;  Kaffir  corn,  1,140,615;  rve,  :■ 
tobacco,  3,931,277  pounds.  Vine,  extensively  cultivated,  yielded  4.861,- 
056  gallons  of  wine,  1,387,392  gallons  of  brandy,  and  2,577,909  pounds  of 
raisins;  fruit  trees.  4,195,624— peach,  apple,  pear,  plum,  apricot,  orange, 
lemon,  and  fig.  lave  Mock  industry  one  of  the  two  leading  sources 
of  wealth;  sheep  farming  ranks  first:  farms  often  comprise  :;. 
15,000  acres.  Ostrich  farming  alsc  successful.  Farm  animals, 
19,842,293;  sheep,  12.616.883;  Angora  goats.  5,316,767;  cattle,  1,201,522; 
ostriches,  239,451.  Cape  wool  renowned  for  its  excellence;  yield  39,141,- 
445  pounds;  mohair,  8,115,370;  ostrich  feathers,  2U1,733.  Manufac- 
tories limited  to  flour  mills,  breweries,  tanneries,  tobacco  factories, 
etc.  Industrial  otablisbments,  1891,  2,230:  capital,  $7,605,399;  value 
annual  product,  §44,960,908.  Commerce  largely  with  United  King- 
dom. Value  of  imports.  1807.  SS7.469.254,  chiefly  textiles,  clothing,  and 
provisions;  exports,  S105.2ii8.620;  raw  trolu.  553,420,760;  diamonds, 
•21,648,267;  wool,  $7,274,345;  Angora  hair,  $3.2s\4v.i:  ostrich  feathers, 
$2,940,581.  Minerals  of  vast  importance.  Diamond  fields  lead:  dia- 
monds first  diM-overcd    1867;  coal  output   constantly  increasing;  yield 

1896,  117,969  short  tons;  copper  output  valuable.  Manganese,  lead,  iron, 
and  zinc  found.  Population.  1891,  including  dependencies.  1.527,- 
224  (colony  proper  956.  1n>>:  white:-.  oTi"..'»>7.  .  capital,  sea- 
port: and  railway  terminus;  population  lsvn.  51,251  (with  suburbs, 
83,718'.  Kimberley,  diamond  mining  center:  28,718.  Port  Elizabeth, 
seaport;  23,266.  Length  of  railway  1897,  2,260  miles  (359  private); 
telegraph  line  (Government)  6,609.  Education  not  compulsory. 
In  1891  only  56.84  per  cent  of  European  population  could  read  and 
write.    Total  children  school  age*  (5-14)  1891,  415,432.      Aided  schools. 

1897,  2,315;  enrollment,  120,019.  Aided  colleges,  1896,  5;  students,  505. 
No  State  church.  Annual  appropriation  granted  to  Dutch  Reformed, 
Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches;  amount, 
1896-7,831,031.    Dutch  Reformed,  with  306,320  adherents,  leading  church. 


SOUTH    AFRICA. 


Executive  government  vested  in  Governor  (Commander-in-Chief 
of  army;  and  Executive  Council  appointed  by  Crown;  Legislative  in 
Legislative  Council  and  House  of  Assembly.  Cape  Mounted  Riflemen 
comprise  1,015  officers  and  men.  Every  able-bodied  man  between  18 
and  50,  within  and  beyond  colonial  limits,  subject  to  military  service. 

NATAIj.  —  Discovered  by  Portuguese  1497;  Dutch  settlements 
1719-21;  British  15:24:  Boer  immigration  (Pietermaritzburg  founded) 
1837;  became  a  separate  Crown  colony  1S5G.  A  rea  35,000  square  miles. 
Surface  rises  in  a  succession  of  terraces  to  the  Drakensberg;  greatest 
elevation  Mont  aux  Sources,  11,150  feet.  Colony  well  watered;  Tugela 
principal  river.  Climate  in  general  pleasant  and  healthful;  coast 
subtropical;  interior  cooler.  Hot,  rainy  season,  October  to  April. 
Soil  of  great  fertility;  subtropical  coast  belt  produces  sugar,  bananas, 
tobacco,  tea,  aTrowroot,  coffee,  etc.;  interior,  cereals.  Area  cultivated, 
£45,950  acres  (59\790  by  natives);  under  tea,  2,664  acres;  yield 
848,930  pounds;  sugar.  3i'>.5:)»''.8iA>  pounds.  Pastoral  pursuits  important; 
sheep,  cattle,  and  ostrich  farming  especially  profitable;  live  stock 
1897  included  £40,821  cattle,  306,978  goat.-,  670,962  sheep,  48,681  horses. 
Value  exports,  1897,  17,882,545;  wool,  $2,206,949;  hides,  8^4S,929;  Angora 
hair,  $169,575;  coal,  $436,734.  Imports,  >29,0s0,242;  haberdashery,  iron 
—  wrought  and  unwrought— and  machinery.  In  1897  registered  ship- 
ping of  colony  comprised  29  vessels,  of  3,653  tons,  there  were  780  ves- 
sels of  1,246,390  tons  entered,  and  789  of  1,248,073  tons  cleared.  Min- 
erals include  coal— output,  1897,  243,960  tons  gold,  copper,  lead,  iron, 
and  building  stone.  7'otal  oopulation,  1898,  829,0051  61,000  Euro- 
peans, 53,370  Indians,  and  714,635  Kaffirs.  Pitirrrn<irii\burg  capital; 
population  1898,24.595.  Durban  leading  port  and  railway  terminus; 
17,900.  Railway  mileage  4S7.  Government  schools,  1897,  317;  pu- 
pils, 7,685.  Schools  for  natives,  159;  pupils,  8,542;  Indian  schools,  30; 
pupils,  l.'96L.  Government  administered  by  Governor,  assisted  by 
Legislative  Council  and  Legislative  Assembly. 

B  A  SU  TO  Jj  AND.  —  Country  placed  under  British  protection 
#1868;  annexed  to  the  Cape  Colony  1371;  erected  into  a  separate  govern- 
ment under  Resident  Commissioner  1Ss4.  Area  10,293  square  miles. 
Surface  an  elevated  plateau  broken  by  high  mountains;  drained  by 
Orange  River.  Climate  healthful;  winter  in  elevated  districts 
rigorous.  Soil  fertile;  finest  grain  country  in  South  Africa;  wheat 
and  Kaffir  corn  largely  grown.  Extensive  areas  of  well  watered 
luxuriant  pasture  for  immense  herds;  wool  an  important  product. 
Horses,  1891,  SI. 194;  cattle.  320,934.  Imports,  1897-8,  §487,360:  exports, 
$673,110.  Population,  1395,  250;000  (578  Europeans  1891);  European 
settlement  prohibite  1.     Maseru  capital:  population  862. 

BECHUANACAND  PROTECTORATE  comprises  the  ter- 
ritory lying  between  the  Molopo  and  Zambezi  rivers  and  extending 
from  tbe  South  African  Republic  and  Matabeleland  west  to  German 
Southwest  Africa.  Area  213,000  square  miles.  Climate  fine.  Na- 
tives engaged  in  agriculture  and  cuttle-rearing.  Gold  fields 
near  Tati.  Population  200,000.  Palachwe  chief  town:  population 
25,000.  Railway  extends  from  Buluwayo  to  Cape;  telegraph  line 
connects  with  Fort  Salisbury  and  the  Cape.  Government  adminis- 
tered by  Resident  Commissioner,  acting  under  the  High  Commissioner. 

RHODESIA  embraces  the  territory  wit  lin  the  British  sphere 
of  influence  to  the  north  of  Bechu  inaland  and  the  South  African 
Republic.  Divided  into  Northern  and  Southern  Rhodesia  by  the  Zam- 
bezi. Area  of  Southern  Rhodesia  174,728  square  miles.  Soil  and 
climate  adapted  to  European  cereals  and  vegetables;  numerous  trees, 
Shrubs,  and  plants  common  to  subtropical  regions  successfully  grown. 
Forests  Of  hardwood  timber  abound.  India  rubber,  indigo,  and 
cotton  Indigenous.  Country  rich  in  minerals;  gold,  silver,  copper, 
tin,  lead,  coal,  plumbago,  and  antimony  exist.  Population  esti- 
mated at  240,000.  Capital  Salisbury;  population  l,8oo;  linln inn/o  com- 
mercial center,  present  terminus  of  railway  connecting  with  Cape 
Town  and  projected  to  Cairo;  population  5,000.  Government 
administered   by    B  inmissioner  and   Executive  Council. 

CENTRAL    AFRICA     OR    NORTHERN     RHODESIA 

embraces  British  territory  north  of  the  Zambezi  extending  east  and 


964  AFRICA. 


west  between  the  Portuguese  possessions.  Area,  251,000  square  miles. 
Northern  plateau  healthful.  Large  ureas  suitable  for  stock  raising. 
Wheat  and  European  fruits  grown;  region  abounds  in  fiber  plants, 
affording  materia]  for  new  ami  promising  Industry.  Gold  and  coal 
found,  under  British  South  Africa  Company;  Resident  Commissioner 
at  LiitliH. 

BRITISH     CENTRAL     AFRICA      PROTECTORATE 
Includes  region  on  south  and  west  shores  of  Laki  Area, 

42.21?  square  miles.  Climate  in  general  unfavorable  to  Euro] 
Rice,  oats,  and  barley  grown.  Culture  of  coffee  extending:  esti- 
mated crop,  1897.  400  tons.  .Merino  sheep  and  Natal  ponies  Introduced. 
Imports,  ISDN,  §42(i,uio,  cotton  <.'ot>ds,  machinery,  provisions,  hardware, 
etc.;  exports,  $133,34:5,  ivory  and  coffee.  Population,  1897,  845,295. 
Blantyre  chief  town;  population  6,100.  Znmba  seat  of  administration. 
Administered  by  a  Commissioner  under  Foreign  Office. 

VAAL  RIVER  COL.ONY.-A  British  colony  known  for- 
merly as  the  South  African  Republic  or  Transvaal.  Country  settled 
1848,  by  Boers  who  left  the  Cape  Colony  1835,  first  settling  in  Natal.  Inde- 
pendence recognized  1852.  Country  annexed  by  Great  Britaii 
Revolted  1880-S1  and  self-government  restored  under  suzerainty  of 
Great  Britain;  in  1884  British  control  restricted  to  foreign  affairs.  War 
declared  against  Great  Britain  October,  1899;  Boers  defeated  and  coun- 
try annexed  by  the  British  in  1900.  Area,  119,139  square  miles.  Coun- 
try largely  an  elevated  plateau  (altitude  from  3,000  to  4.000  feet)  sloping 
west  and  north  from  the  Drakensberg  to  Limpopo  River;  chief  rivers 
Limpopo  and  Vaal.  Forests  confined  chiefly  to  river  courses  and 
mountain  gorges.  Climate  generally  healthful;  ranges  from  temper- 
ate through  sub-tropical  to  tropical.  Country  adapted  to  agricul- 
ture and  grazing.  Number  of  farms,  12,245;  area  cultivated,  50,000 
acres.  Maize,  tobacco,  the  vine,  and  most  European  fruits  and  vege- 
tables thrive.  Chief  industry  of  inhabitants  rearing  of  live  stock. 
Manufactures  include  products  of  iron  foundries,  distilleries,  brew- 
eries, tanneries,  potteries,  sugar  refineries,  and  saw  and  flour  mills, 
gunpowder  and  tobacco  factories.  Value  of  imports  1897,  $104,562,900; 
leading  articles  are  clothing,  machinery,  railway  material,  iron  wire, 
plates,  etc.  Exports  include  gold,  wool,  cattle,  hides,  ostrich  feathers, 
ivory,  etc.  Richest  mineral  section  of  South  Africa;  gold  leads  in 
importance;  most  productive  field  Witwatersrand.  Silver,  copper, 
lead,  plumbago,  cobalt,  iron,  zinc,  tin,  bismuth,  platinum,  cinnabar, 
limestone  and  coal  exist.  Value  gold  output  1884  to  18DT  inclusive, 
§260,919,068;  1897,  155,774,623;  coal,  $2,867,286.  Population.  1898.  1,094,- 
156;  whites,  345,397.  Pretoria,  capital;  white  population  10,000;  Jo- 
kannesburg,  founded  18S6,  largest  and  most  important  town  in  South 
Africa;  mining  center  of  Witwatersrand  gold  fields;  population  1896, 
102,1)78;  whites,  50,907.  Railway  mileage  1898,  774.  Telegiaph  line, 
2,000  miles.  Schools  number  429,  with  11,552  pupils;  expenditure, 
86S1,789.  State  church  Dutch  Reformed;  adherents 30,000;  other  Dutch 
churches,  32,760;  English  Church,  30,000. 

ORANGE  RIVER  COLON  Y.-A  British  colony  previous  to 
the  Boer  War  known  as  the  Orange  Free  State  Republic.  First  set- 
tled by  Boers  who  emigrated  from  the  Cape  Colony  in  1S36  and  follow- 
ing'years.  Annexed  by  Great  Britain  1S4S;  independence  de> 
constitution  proclaimed  1S54.  War  with  Great  Britain  1SD9  and  1900 
resulted  disastrously  to  the  Republic  and  the  country  was  annexed  by 
Great  Britain.  Area,  48,326  square  miles.  Surface  undulating 
plains  and  plateaus  sloping  gradually  toward  the  west.  Average  ele- 
vation, 4,50U  feet;  eastern  boundary  formed  by  the  Drakensberg. 
Country  watered  by  numerous  tributaries  of  Orange  and  Vaal  rivers. 
Climate  temperate  and  healthful.  Area  adapted  to  agriculture 
small;  within  certain  sections,  cotton,  sugar-cane,  rice,  coffee,  hemp, 
maize,  tobacco,  and  fruits  are  grown.  Agricultural  population 
(white)  10,761.  In  1890,  10.4D9  farms  comprised  29,918,500  acres;  area 
cultivated,  250.600  acres.  Pastoral  pursuits  chief  source  of  wealth; 
ostrich  farming  lucrative.  Farm  animals,  1890,  8,622,124;  sheep, 
6,619,992;  goats,  858,155;  ostriches,  1,461.  Commerce  conducted 
through  ports  of  the  Cape  Colony  and  Natal.    Value  of  imports,  1S97, 


SOUTH  AFRICA.  365 

$5,986,057;  chiefly  cereals,  wool,  horses,  cattle,  and  merchandise; 
exports,  $3,719,416;  diamonds,  $2,143,085.  Minerals  include  gold, 
Iron,  coal,  lead,  copper,  plumbago,  saltpetre;  diamonds,  garnets, 
and  other  precious  stones  found.  Total  population,  1890,  207,503; 
whites,  77,716.  Bloemfontein,  capital  and  chief  town;  population,  1890, 
3,379.  Railways  open  366  miles.  Telegraph  line,  1,762  miles.  System 
of  education,  national;  free  for  very  poor  children.  Government 
schools,  1897,  179;  pupils,  7,390;  private  schools,  37;  pupils,  650.  Dutch 
Reformed  the  leading  church;,  has  68,940  adherents.  State  grant  for 
religious  purposes,  $48,843. 

PORTUGUESE  EAST  AFRICA.- First  Portuguese  settle- 
ments made  on  west  coast  1505;  colony  formed  1891.  Possessions 
divided  into  three  districts:  Mozambique,  Zambezia,  and  Lorenzo 
Marquez;  Inhambane  districts,  and  Gaza  (military  district)  now  in- 
cluded. Area,  301,000  square  miles.  Surface  of  coast  low  and 
swampy,  gradually  rising  toward  interior,  generally  covered  with 
forests.  Chief  river  Zambezi.  Soil  fertile.  Natives  largely  engaged 
in  agriculture ;  Indian  corn  grown  extensively-.  Coffee,  cotton,  and 
sugar  cane  thrive.  Industrial,  commercial,  agricultural,  and  mining 
operations  conducted  by  Zambezia  Company.  In  1S96  Zambezia  River 
plantations  of  Mozambique  Sugar  Company  yielded  1,300  tons.  Value 
of  imports  at  Mozambique,  Beira,  and  Lorenzo  Marquez,  1897,  $7,359,- 
609,  chiefly  cotton  goods,  spirits,  beer,  and  wine.  Exports,  $1,137,390; 
oil  nuts,  seeds,  india  rubber,  ivory,  indigo,  gum,  etc.  Gold,  copper, 
iron,  coal  exist.  Population,  3,120,000.  Mozambique,  capital;  popu- 
lation 7,000.  Lorenzo  Marquez,  leading  seaport;  population  7,700— 1,700 
Europeans.  Guilimane,  8,000.  Railway,  279  miles.  Telegraph  line 
950  miles.  Administered  by  a  Commissioner.  Manica  and  Sofala 
region  administered  bv  Mozambique  Company  under  royal  charter, 
granting  sovereign  rights  for  50  years  from  1891. 

GERMAN  SOUTHWEST  AFRICA.- Region  annexed  by 
,Germany  1834.  Possessions  extend  along  Atlantic  coast  930  miles, 
exclusive  of  Walfisch  Bay;  adjoin  Angola  on  north,  British  Central 
Africa  east,  separated  from  the  Cape  Colony  bv  Orange  River.  Area, 
322,450  square  miles,  divided  into  Damaraland  and  Great  Namaqualand. 
Agriculture  limited,  soil  of  southern  district  and  large  areas  in  east- 
ern barren  and  desert.  Pastoral  pursuits  chief  industry.  Natives  have 
large  herds  of  cattle;  sheep  introduced  from  the  Cape,  and  native  goats 
also  reared.  Value  of  imports,  1897,  81,187,618;  exports,  $302,957,  guano 
and  ostrich  feathers.  Copper  and  gold  have  been  found.  Popula- 
tion, -200,000  (whites,  1897,  2,628).  Natives  chiefly  of  Hottentot,  Bush- 
man, Bantu,  and  Damara  races.  Protectorate  administered  by  Imperial 
Commissioner;  Great  Windhoek,  seat  of  administration.  Chief  har- 
bors Sandwich  and  Angra  Pequena. 

MADAGASCAR. —Island  known  to  the  ancients  and  early 
Arabs;  first  described  by  Marco  Polo;  re-discovered  by  Portuguese 
1506.  France  asserted  claim  over  island  as  early  as  1642.  Christian- 
ity introduced  1810-28.  War  with  France  1883-85  resulted  in  estab- 
lishment of  French  protectorate;  island  and  its  dependencies  declared 
a  French  colony  1896  Area,  with  adjacent  islands.  228,500  square 
miles;  length  975  miles;  breadth  358.  Interior  generally  elevated  and 
mountainous;  coast  regions  and  many  parts  of  northern  half  of  island 
clothed  with  tropical  forests;  luxuriance  of  vegetation  almost  un- 
rivaled; southern  portion  usually  plateaus,  with  widely  extending 
savannas.  Coasts  hot  and  unhealthf  ul;  higher  parts  of  interior  more 
moderate  and  less  trying  for  Europeans.  Agriculture  and  cattle- 
breeding  chief  Industries.  Rice,  sugar  cane,  coffee,  vanilla,  cotton, 
cacao,  and  sweet  p  latoes  grown.  Domestic  manufactures  include 
weaving  of  silk  and  cotton  and  textures  from  rofia  palm  fiber.  Im- 
ports, cotton  and  metal  goods,  rum,  crockery,  etc.;  value,  1896,  $2,563,- 
689;  principal  exports,  cattle,  hides  and  tallow,  india  rubber,  Bugar, 
vanilla,  wax,  gum  copal,  rice,  and  seeds;  value  $685,031.  Minerals  in- 
clude gold,  copper,  iron,  lead,  sulphur,  graphite  and  lignite.  Popula- 
tion, 3,500,000;  dominant  race  Ilovas,  of  Malay  origin.  Antananarivo, 
capital;  population  100,000.  Tamatare,  chief  seaport;  population  6,000. 
Telegraph  line  180  miles.  Schools  ("mostly  mission)  1,800;  pupils  170,- 
000.    All  forms  of  religion  permitted;  Protestants  estimated  to  num- 


366  OCEANIA. 


ber -150,000;  Roman  Catholics,  50,000.    Government  administered  by 
Governor-General  and  Administrative  <  louncll. 

MAURITIUS.  Island  la  Indian  Ocean, 500  miles  east  of  I 
gascar.  Discovered  by  Portuguese  1505:  confirmed  as  British  pos- 
session 1814.  Area,  705  square  miles.  Climate  unhealthful;  mean 
temperature  Port  Louis,  January  79  deg.;  July  68  deg.;  year  71  deg.; 
rainfall  52  Inches.  Sugar  cane,  hemp,  wheat,  maize,  yams,  and  manioc 
grown.  Chief  export  raw  sugar.  Population,  371,655;  two-thirds 
native.  Spoken  language  French,  official  l-.nglisii.  Port  Louis  capital; 
population  about  55,645.  Government  with  dependencies,  Rodrl- 
gues.  Diego  Garcia,  Seychelles  Islands,  vested  In  Governor  and  Ex- 
ecutive Council. 

REUNION  or  BOURBON. -Island  about  110  miles  southwest 
of  Mauritius.  French  possession  since  1764.  Area*  965 square  miles. 
Of  volcanic  origin,  mountainous  (Piton  des  Neges  10,070  feet).  Cli- 
mate agreeable;  annual  rainfall  St.  Benoit,  162.4  inches;  .-;.  Denis, 
49.1.  Agricultural  products,  sugar — 15,700  tons  exported  1896— coffee, 
cacao,  vanilla,  and  spices.  Live  Stock,  27,215.  Si.  Denis,  capital  , 
population,  30,000;  connected  by  railway,  length  77  miles,  with  Point 
des  Galles,  chief  port,  and  St.  Benoit.    Population,  171,713. 

ST.  HELENA  in  South  Atlantic  about  1,200  miles  from  west 
coastof  Africa.  Discovered  by  Portuguese  1502:  belonged  to  East  India 
Company  1651  to  1834.  Now  a  British  colony.  Napoleon  I.  imprisoned 
here  1815  to  1821.  Area,  47  square  miles.  Climate  mild  and 
able;  mean  temperature  for  year,  71  deg.  Value  of  imports  1897,  1171,- 
825;  exports,  $21,570.    Capital,  Jamestown;  population,  2,233. 


OCEANIA. 


Oceania,  the  fifth  grand  division  of  the  globe,  embraces  the  Continent 
of  Australia  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  east  to  Easter  Island 
( 109  deg.  W.).  -  Islands  generally  grouped  in  two  great  divisions:  Aus- 
tralasia and  Polynesia.  Australasia  subdivided  into  Australia  proper 
and  Melanesia,  "islands  of  the  blacks";  latter  includes  New  Guinea, 
Bismarck  Archipelago,  New  Caledonia  Island,  and  Solomon,  Santa 
Cruz,  New  Hebrides,  and  Loyalty  groups.  The  Fiji  Islands  (Poly- 
nesia), for  convenience,  are  usually  treated  with  Australia, as  are  New 
Zeaiand  and  Tasmania.  Polynesia,  "many  islands",  comprises  Poly- 
nesia proper— Ellice  Islands  west,  Palmyra  north,  and  Low  Archipelago 
east— and  Micronesia,  "the  little  islands";  latter  embraces  the  remain- 
ing islands  of  Pacific,  including  Marianne  and  Ladrone  west  and  Ha- 
waiian east.  Land  area  of  Oceania  3,450,223  square  miles— more  than 
three-fourths  belonging  to  Australia.  Most  of  the  smaller  islands  and 
groups  are  either  of  volcanic  origin  or  of  coral  formation.  Climate 
of  Oceanic  islands  in  general  delightful;  temperature  varies  but  slightly 
throughout  the  year;  tropical  heat  greatly  modified  by  constant  sea 
breezes.  Soil  of  volcanic  islands  extremely  fertile:  vegetation  luxuri- 
ant. Population  (estimated)  5,952,000:  according  to  race,  4,244,000 
Europeans,  1,605,000  Australians  and  Polynesians.  73,000  Mongols.  15,000 
Semites,  10,000  Asiatic  Aryans,  and  7,000  Malays.  Politically  the  islands 
of  Oceania  are  divided  among  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  and  The  Netherlands. 

UNITED  STATES  POSSESSIONS. 

For  Hawaii,  See  Article  Following 
The  Oceanic  possessions  of  the  United  States  comprise  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  the  Island  of  Wake,  and  (jnam,  the  largest  and  most  impor- 
tant of  the  Ladrone  or  Marianne  group.  Latter  a  fertile  island  about 
100  miles  in  circumference,  thickly  wooded  and  well  watered.  Aguno, 
on  west  coast,  seat  of  the  military  governor. 

BRITISH  POSSESSIONS. 

Besides  the  islands  constituting  Australasia,  the  principal  groups, 
and  isolated  islands  belonging  to  Great  Britain  are  Cook's  or  Ilervey's 
Islands,  Manihiki  (12sq.m.,  pop.  1,000) , Tokelau  (7  sq.  m.,  pop.  1,050), 
and  Phoenix  (16  sq,  ui.,  pop.  59)  groups.    Ellice  Islands,  Gilbert  Islands, 


OCEANIA.  367 


Santa  Cruz  Islands,  British  Solomon  Islands,  and  the  Islands  of  Pit- 
cairn  (2  sq.  m.,  pop.  126),  Fanning  (15  sq.  m.,  pup.  150),  Maiden  (35  sq. 
in.,  pop.  168),  and  Christmas  (234  sq.  in.,  pup.  100).  -New  Hebrides  Islands 
jointly  protected  by  Great  Britain  and  r  ranee. 

COOK  ISLANDS?.—  Discovered  by  Cuok  1T7T.  Taken  under 
British  protection  1888.  Group  in  Polynesia;  comprises  6  islands  and  9 
Area  142  square  miles.  Cocoa-palms,  bread-fruit  trees,  and 
plantains  abound;  coffee,  cottun,  oranges,  and  copra  produced.  Total 
population  8,400.  Inhabitants  Malays;  skillful  in  various  manufac- 
ture-;. Laws  administered  by  an  Executive  Council,  of  which  native 
kings  or  queens  are  members.    British  Resident  at  Baratonga. 

GILBERT  ISLANDS.— Discovered  by  Commodore  Byron  1765; 
re-discovered  by  Gilbert  and  Marshall  1788;  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
1892.  Group  in  Polynesia,  north  and  south  of  equator  west  of  long.  170 
deg.  E.  Largest  island,  Taputeonan;  must  important,  Butaritari;  total 
area  166  square  miles.  Cocoanuts,  pandanus,  bread-fruit,  and  taro 
chief  products.    Population  22,000  to  25,000;  inhabitants  fishermen. 

TONGA  OR  FRIENDLY  ISLANDS  discovered  by  Tasman 
1643;  visited  by  Cook  1777.  Placed  under  British  protection  1899. 
Islands  southeast  of  Fiji  in  lat.  20  deg.  S.  Area  374  square  miles. 
Yield  plantains,  bananas,  coffee,  cocoanuts,  arrowroot.  Value  of  im- 
ports, 1897,  $362,366,  drapery,  provisions,  timber,  etc.;  exports,  $315,370, 
copra,  green  fruit,  and  fungus.  Natives  produce  fishing  nets,  tapa— 
textile  from  bark— copra,  mats,  etc.  Population,  1893,  17,500;  for- 
eigners, 250.    Nukualofa  capital  and  chief  port. 

ELLICE  ISLANDS.— Discovered  by  Americans  1319.  Annexed 
by  Great  Britain  1892.  Islands  north  of  Fiji,  lat.  10  deg.  S.  Area 
14 square  miles.  Chief  pruducts  copra  and  guano.  Population  2,400; 
inhabitants  Christianized. 

SANTA  CRUZ  ISLANDS.— Discovered  by  Mendana  1595;  vis- 
ited two  centuries  later  by  Carteret,  who  called  them  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands.  Group  —7  in  number— lies  in  Melanesia,  southeast  of  Solomon 
.Islands.    Area  337  square  miles;  population  5,650. 

FRENCH  POSSESSIONS 

Comprise  New  Caledonia  and  dependencies,  and  the  Society  Islands, 
the  Austral  Islands,  and  the  Marquesas,  Low  or  Tuamotu,  Gambier, 
and  Tubuai  groups,  and  the  Island  of  Pvapa. 

SOCIETY  ISLANDS_discovered  by  Spanish  1606; visited  by  Capt. 
Wallis  1767;  by  Cook  1769.  Under  French  protection  since  1842;  Wind- 
ward group  annexed  1880;  Leeward  1885.  Archipelago  in  eastern  portion 
of  Polynesia.  Area  630  square  miles  (.Tahiti,  412;  Moorea,  50).  Islands 
mountainous;  well  watered  by  numerous  streams.  Area  under  culti- 
vation in  Tahiti  and  Moorea,  7,000  acres;  chief  productions  vanilla, 
coffee,  copra,  and  sugar.  Value  of  imports,  1897,  8722,121;  exports, 
$593,626;  mother  -of -pearl,  8214,269;  vauilia,  §169,869;  copra,8130,347.  Popu- 
lation of  Tahiti,  10,237;  Moorea,  1,596.  Papeete  chief  town  and  port; 
9,804.  Inhabitants  nominally  Christians.  Government  vested  in  a 
Governor  and  Consulting  Council. 

NEW  CALEDONIA  (French  penal  colony)  discovered  by  Cook 
1774;  seized  and  colonized  by  French  1853.  island  and  dependencies— 
Isle  of  Pines,  53  square  miles,  Loyalty  Archipelago,  756  square  miles, 
Huon   and  Chesterlield    islands,  betweei  and  Fiji,  and  Wallis 

Archipelago,  northeast  of  Fiji.  Area  6,000  square  miles.  Products, 
cereals,  pineapples,  coffe  >n,  manioc,  vanilla, 

vines,  etc.     Number  of    can:.-.  1897,   120,000.    Value  of  imports 
§1,774,172;  chief  articles,  apparel,  wines,  Bpirits,  provisions,  etc.     Kx- 
11,109,470,   nickel,  preservi  irome,  and  silver  lead  ore. 

Minerals  include  coal,  nickel,  lead  ore,  chrome,  and  cobalt.    Value  of 
[ported,  1897,  1741,000.     Population    I  96, 51,033^natives, 27,345; 
penal,  10,757.  Noumea,  capital  and  seaport;  population  6,679.    Govern- 
ment vested  in  Governor, with  Council-General  and  municipal  councils, 

MARQUESAS.— Four  of  the  islands  discovered  by  Mendana  1596; 
others  by  <  ook  1774.  Under  French  protection  since  1842.  Group  com- 
prises 13  islands  in  Polynesia,  lat.  8  and  11  deg.  b.,  long.  140  W.    Area 


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480  square  miles.    Surface  mountainous.    Products  pulse,  yams,  sugar 
cane,  bambdbs,  cocoanuts,  wild  cotton,  etc.    Live  ".lock  and  vege- 
tables exchanged  for  tobacco  and  munitions  of  war.  Population 
M>\\   ARCHIPELAGO  OR  TUAMOTU   ISLANDS 

covered  1797;  French  missionaries  settled  at  Mangareva  i 
over  s*»  in  cumber,  lie  between  lat.  14 and  24  deg.  s.  and  long  135 
deg.  W.    Group  forms  a  dependency  of  French  possession  of  Tahiti. 
Total  area  330  square  miles.    Very  Uttle  productive  soil.    Popnla- 
tiou  7,000-8,000.    French  Resident  at  Rotoana,  on  Fakarava  Island. 

GERMAN  POSSESSIONS 

Embrace  the  northeastern  portion  of  New  Guinea  (Kaiser  tt'ilhelm's 
Land),  Bismarck    Archipelago,   the   northerly   part  of  the  Solomon 
group.  Marshall  Islands,  the  Marianne  or  Ladrone  Islan 
of  Guam),  and  the  Caroline  Islands. 

CAROLINE  ISLANDS.— Discovered  by  Portuguese  1526;  named 
for  Charles  II  of  Spain  16S6:  Spanish  claims  contested  by  Englisl 
awarded  to  Spain  by  Pope  1885,    Ceded  to  Germany  1899.    Group  con- 
sists of  700l8lands  lying  east  of  Philippines.    Area  270  square  miles. 

Chief  products  oranges,  bread-fruit,  eoeoanuts,  cloves,  and  BUgar  cane. 
Population  about  32,000.    Western  capital  Yap,  eastern  Poru 

MARIANNE  OR  LADRONE  ISLANDS  discovered  by  Ma- 
gellan 1521;  occupied  by  Spain  166S;  with  exception  of  (.nam.  ceded  to 
Germany  1893.  Group  lies  directly  north  of  Caroline  and  east  of  Phil- 
ippine islands.    Area  420  square  miles.    Population  10,172. 

MARSHALL  ISLANDS. -Annexed  to  Germany  1885-6.  Group 
of  33  coral  islands— in  two  chains— east  of  Caroline  Islands.  Area  158 
square  miles.  Coco  palms  cultivated.  Copra  chief  article  of  trade;  pro- 
duction, 1897,  2,366  tons.  In  1897,  84  vessels  of  12,333  tons  entered. 
Population  13,000.  Europeans,  74.  Jaluit  chief  island,  seat  of  German 
Imperial  Commissioner. 

BISMARCK  ARCHIPELAGO.  —  Discovered  by  Dampier 
1699  and  named  New  Britain  Islands.  Became  a  German  protectorate 
and  renamed  1884.  Archipelago  lies  northeast  of  New  Guinea 
Area,  including  Admiralty  Islands,  20.000  square  miles.  Soil  and  cli- 
mate suited  to  tropical  productions.  Natives  agriculturist.-.  Cotton 
plantations  established  by  Germans;  yield,  1897,  77,360  pounds;  cocoa- 
nut  trees,  46,200.  Value  of  imports,  1897.  $161,000;  chief  exports, 
nuts,  copra,  and  cocoanut  fibers.  Population  about  188,000.  Matupi 
trading  station  for  New  Guinea  Company. 

ISLANDS  OCCUPIED  JOINTLY. 
NEW  GUINEA  discovered  by  Portuguese  1511;  named  Papua 
in  1526:  New  Guinea  1545.  Visited  by  Dutch  1676.  Circumnavigated  by 
Dampier  1699.  Dutch  took  possession  of  country  west  of  141  d  - 
1828.  Southeastern  portion  became  British  protectorate  1884;  a  (town 
Colony  1888,  German  protectorate  established  in  northeast  1884.  Total 
area  about  312,000  square  miles.  Interior  wide  plains  and  lofty  moun- 
tains; greatest  elevation  16,000  feet.  Chief  rivers  Baxter  and  Fly 
Northern  coast  mountainous;  southwestern  low  and  marshy.  Coast 
line  deeply  indented;  has  fine  harbors  Climate  hot;  rainfall  abundant. 
Dens--  forests  contain  cedar,  sandalwood,  ebony,  india  rubber,  areca 
and  sago  palms,  bamboos,  etc.  Soil  adapted  to  tobacco,  rice,  tea,  sugar 
cane,  coffee,  cotton,  fruits,  etc.  Germans  have  established  cotton  and 
tobacco  plantations.  Bananas,  yams,  sweet  potatoes,  and  taro,  chief 
food  of  natives.  largely  cultivated.  Horses,  cattle,  and  goats  reared. 
Chief  industries  wood  carving  and  manufacture  of  rope  and  pottery. 
Leading  imports  food  stuffs,  tobacco,  drapery,  and  hardware:  exports, 
copra,  pearl-shell,  trepang,  gold,  pearls,  and  sandalwood.  Gold,  coal, 
and  plumbago  found.  Population  about  l.ser.mi.  Area  of  British 
New  Guinea,  90,540  square  miles;  population  350,000.  Government 
administered  by  Lieutenant-Go v<  rnor.  New.South  Wales,  Victoria,  and 
Queensland  furnish  funds  and  have  a  voice  in  its  affairs.  Port  Mort  s&y. 
capital;  population  1,500.  Kaiser  Wilhelin's  Land-German  New 
Guinea— area  70,000  square  miles;  population  about  110,000.  In  hands  of 
German  New  Guinea  Company.    Stephansort  seat  of  government. 


AUSTRALIA.  371 


S  V1IO  \  ISIjANDS.— Earliest  explorations  by  Bougainville  1768; 
Christianity  introduced  1S30.  Neutrality  and  independence  guaranteed 
by  Great  Britain.  United  States,  aud  Germany  1889.  Islands  divided  be- 
tween Germany  and  United  States  1899.  In  middle  of  Pacinc  -about  400 
miles  northeast  of  Fiji;  the  largest,  Savaii  and  Upolu.  belong  to  Ger- 
many, Tutuila  and  adjacent  islands  to  United  States.  Total  area  1,701 
square  miles.  Chief  products  sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  maize,  tropical 
fruits.  Value  of  imports  1S97,  $320,1011;  exports,  s-232,497.  Population 
31,000  (Upolu  16,600,  Savaii  12,500,  Tutuila  3,750).  Foreigners,  1895,  400. 
Apia  chief  trading  center;  population  3,742.  Pagopagc,  Tutuila,  fine 
natural  harhor.    Natives— Polynesians — are  Christians. 

NEW  HEBRIDES  discovered  by  Spanish  1606;  explored  and 
named  by  Cook  1774.  Group  northeast  of  New  Caledonia,  stretches 
northwest  and  southeast  500  miles.  Area  5,700  square  miles.  Chief 
products  rice,  maize,  tobacco,  bread  fruit,  cocoanut,  manioc,  sugar, 
coffee,  cotton,  cacao,  vanilla,  fruits,  bamboo  and  palms.  -Population 
about  80,000.    Islands  under  joint  protection  of  France  and  England. 

SOLOMON  ISLANDS  discovered  by  Mendana  1567-8;  re-discov- 
ered bv  Bougainville  1768.  Archipelago  in  Melanesia,  500  miles  east  of 
New  Guinea.  Area  16.950  square  miles,  in  large  part  covered  with 
thick  forests.  Chief  commercial  products  tortoise  shell,  copra, 
ivory  nuts,  and  sandalwood.  Germany  has  Bougainville  and  depen- 
dencies in  the  north;  southern  portion  of  group  under  British  rule; 
Choiseul  and  Isabel  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  Germany  1899. 


AUSTRALIA. 


Historical.— Discovered  by  Portuguese  1601.  Visited  by  the 
Dutch  1606.  New  South  Wales  visited  and  named  by  Captain  Cook 
1770;  British  penal  colony  established  at  Sydnev,  1788;  at  Brisbane, 
Queensland,  1S25.  First  occupation  of  Western  Australia  1S26;  settle- 
ment made  at  Portland,  Victoria,  1834;  at  Adelaide,  South  Australia, 
1836.  Convict  transportation  restricted  to  Van  Diemen's  Land  (Tas- 
mania) 1839.  Copper  discovered  in  South  Australia  1845;  gold  in  New 
South  Wales  aud  Victoria  1851.  Commonwealth  of  Australia  created 
.  federation  of  States  of  New  South  Wales, Victoria,  Queensland, 
South  Australia,  Western  Australia,  and  Tasmania.  2sew  Zealand, 
Fiji,  and  British  New  Guinea  did  not  enter  federation.  Government 
of  Colony  administered  by  a  Governor-General  appointed  by  the  Crown. 
Physical  Features.— Eastern  portion  mountainous;  Great  Divid- 
ing Chain,  extending  north  and  south,  culminates  in  Australian  Alps 
(Mt.  Kosciusko.  7,336  feet).  Interior  mainly  level  or  rolling  plains. 
Western  portion  vast  sandy  desert,  mountainous  toward  the  coast. 
Chief  rivers  rise  on  western  slope  of  Alps;  Murray  Kiver  most  im- 
portant. Largest  fresh  water  lake,  Alexandrina;  numerous  salt  lakes 
occur.  Climate  generally  warm,  dry,  and  healthful ;  south  temperate, 
north  tropical.  Interior  subject  to  prolonged  drought  andhoat.  Rain- 
fall abundant  only  on  portions  of  north,  northeast,  and  southeastern 
coasts;  rainy  season.  May  to  August.  Seasons  reversed  from  those  of 
Northern  hemisphere,  December  being  midsummer,  June  midwinter. 
Mean  temperature  Melbourne,  January,  65  cleg.;  July,  47  deg. ;  year,  57 
deg.  Rainfall. 26  inches.  Brisbane,  January,  78 deg. ;  July  58  deg.;  year, 
69  deg.    Rainfall,  52  inches. 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES,  oldest  Australian  state.  Explored 
and  named  by  Captain  Cook  1770.  First  settlement— penal— made  at 
Botany  Bay  1788.  Responsible  government  established  1855.  Ana, 
310,700  square  miles.  Forests  cover  one-fourth  of  surface;  Male 
timber  reserves,  5,488,800  acres.  Cultivated  area,  1898,  1,831,829  acres; 
leading  crops,  cereals,  tobacco,  and  potatoes.  Yield:  Wheat,  10,560,111 
bushels;  maize.  6,713,060  bushels;  tobacco,  1,371,800  pounds.  Oranges 
and  grapes  principal  fruits  grown.  Area  under  vines,  8,083  acres; 
under  oranges,  13,943 acres;  wine  product,  1899, 864,514 gallons;  oranges, 
7,839,216  dozens.    Pastoral  aud  agricultural  pursuits  engage  120,014 


372 


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374 OCEANIA. 

Per.Sn?£s\.   Block-raisin*  and  production  of  woo]  chief  Indi 

in  189.  horses    in    State     numbered   498,000;    can 

43,952,900;  value  wool  export,  |44,616,400.    Manufactures  principally 

machinery,  textiles,  clothing,  preserved  meats,  ete.     \__n •■•-.■He  capital 
invested,   1897.    s;s,!i,-,r,r,(ii);     persons    e,n|, loved,   50,883.     Imports,    iv.o 
1105,677,500;    exports,  1116,030,200,  chiefly  gold   coin,   wool.  bfd< 
coal.    In  1898  number  of  vessels  entered  and  cleared  the  port 
total  tonnage,  6,919,928.    Mineral  resources  valuable  and  extei 
gold   deposits  widely  distributed;   output,  isa7,  s.-,,-jv.i,;oo;    f.0:, 
23,950  square  miles;    also  rich   in  silver,   copper,   lead,  tin,  and   iron 
Total  value  of  minerals  raised  in  State    to  close  of  year  1898  s5')9  26;  - 
145;  coul,  $171, 606,025;   gold  to  close  of  year   imiT,   >222. 111,-55'-   copper 
*2l,756,715;   tin,   831,232,090.     Estimated    population,    1808,    1,: 
Sydney,  capital  and  chief  port  of     Stale,  oldest   city  of    Australia; 
population  417,250.     Broken    mil,    silver  mining  center,  20,790     Wew 
Cattle,  second  seaport,  15,150.    Railway  open   1898,  2,775  mih 
ernment,  2,091  miles.  Telegraph,  12,778 miles.   Elementary  education 
compulsory;  age  6-14;  free  to  poor.    State  Schools,  is;*?;  2,790;  enroll- 
ment, 226,157;  there  were  956  colleges  and  private  schools  wit: 
students.    All  religions  tolerated;  Church  of  England  predominates 
About   two-thirds  of  the   people   Protestants;  at  last  census  Koman 
Catholics   numbered  286,911;  Church  of   England   adherents,   502.980 
Responsible  government  established  1855. 

VICTORIA,  originally  a  part  of  New  South  Wales;  erected  into  a 

separate  colony  1851.  Most  densely  populated  of  Australian  States. 
Area,  S7,SS4  square  miles.  Forests  extensive  and  valuable; 
abound  in  beautiful  and  durable  woods  suitable  for  shipbuilding 
carriage,  cabinet  work,  etc.;  red  gum  most  valuable;  State  timber 
reserves  cover  an  area  of  4,800,000  acres.  Agriculture  growing  in 
importance;  chief  products,  cereals,  hops,  tobacco,  liber  plants,  vine, 
and  olive;  area  under  crops,  1898,  3,170.920  i.ercs.  Live  stock,  1891 
included  434,470  horses,  1,782,880  cattle,  12,692,843  sheep;  value  wool 
export,  1897.  819,411.370;  dairy  industry  has  made  marked  progress; 
number  of  milch  cows,  1897,  457,924;  amount  of  butter  produced  . 
990  pounds.  Manufactures,  1897,  employed  50,754  persons;  capital 
invested,  859,959,760.  Imports,  1S97,  875,108.760:  exports,  sSl.354.S0i',  prin- 
cipally gold— including  specie-  and  wool.  In  1897, 1,888  vessels  of  2  437  - 
190  tons  entered,  and  1,882  vessels  of  2,428,182  tons  chared  the  ports. 
Registered  shipping  comprised  259  sailing  vessels  of  40,637  tons,  and 
149  steamers  of  55,737  tons.  Mineral  wealth  very  great;  State  leads 
in  production  of  gold;  estimated  number  of  miners  working  in  gold 
fields,  1S97,  32,820;  value  of  output,  $15,800,170;  aggregate  value  of 
product,  1851-97,  $1,202,320,390;  other  mincra.s,  coal,  lignite,  silver,  tin 
andiron.  Population,  1S98  (estimated),  1,169,434;  at  last  census  97 
per  cent  of  population  British  subjects  by  birth;  63  per  cent  native 
Victorians.  Melbourne,  capital  and  chief  seaport;  leading  commer- 
cial city  of  southern  hemisphere;  population  458,610;  most  populous 
city  in  Australasia,  Ballarat,  46,137.  Railways  belong  to  State- 
in  1897,  3.130  miles  open.  Telegraph  lines,  6,947  miles.  Primary 
education  free  and  compulsory;  age  6-13  years;  state  schools,  l  BTe 
enrollment,  238.308.  No  State  religion;  75  per  cent  of  population 
Protestants,  22  per  cent  Catholic.    Constitution  dates  from  1854. 

QUEENSLAND.— Eastern  shore  discovered  by  Cook,  1770;  first 
explorations  made  lb23;  first  settlement  established  1825;  became  a 
separate  colony  1859.  Area,  668,497  square  miles.  Forests  co\er 
about  one-half  the  total  surface:  cedar,  cypress,  and  pine  most  uselul 
timbers.  Agriculture  nourishes  on  eastern  seaboard:  leading  grain 
crop,  maize;  area  under  crop,  ls97.  1<>9  721  acres;  yield,  2,803,172  bus!  <  la- 
under wheat,  59,875  acres;  1,009.293  bushels;  sugarcane  occupied 
acres;  sugar  product  of  65,432  acres,  97,916  tons;  cotton,  tobacco.)  ice 
tropical  and  semi-tropical  fruits  successfully  cultivated;  total  area 
under  crops,  371.857  acres;  under  pasture.  245,917,300  acres.  Live 
stock.  1897.  included  479.280  horses,  6,089,013  cattle,  17,797,880  sheep 
Wool  the  staple  production  of  the  State.  Value  of  wool  export 
$12,195,400.  Manufactures  principally  sugar,  preserved  and  frozen 
meats,  meat  extract,  etc.    Imports,  1897,  $26,305,870;  exports,  $44,185  960- 


AUSTRALIA.  375 


leading  articles  gold,  wool,  and  preserved  meats.  Registered  ship 
ping  in  1897  comprised  133  sailing  vessels  of  9,874  tons,  and  90  steamers 
of  12,884  tons.  During  \  ear  642  vessels  of  569,610  tons  entered,  and 
65  i  of  .Vv.vJ.'ii  tons  cleared  the  ports,  in  the  roasting  trade,  6,646  vessels 
Of  3,579,255  tons  entered,  and  6,552  of  3,583,524  tons  cleared.  Min- 
eral.-*, chief  source  of  wraith,  include  gold,  coal,  tin,  copper,  silver, 
lead,  and  opals:  approximate  value  of  output.  18:*r,  $14,780,000.  Amount 
of  gold  mined  from  1858— date  of  discoverv— to  close  of  year  1-97, 
12,006,918  ounces;  production  for  1897,807,928  ounces;  coal,  358,407  tons. 
Population*  189S  i estimated i,  493,701;  Chinese  and  Polynesians, 
3,  12,000.     Brisbane,  capital,  leading  city  and  chief 


18,000;    Aborigines, 

5,738.       Rock 

State:    in  1397,  2,609  miles  open  for 


port;    population   48,738.      Rockhampton,  port    and   mining    center, 
11,629.     Railways   belong  to  St   ' 


traffic.  Telegraph  lines,  10,090  miles.  Primary  education  free; 
elementary  schools,  1897,  797;  attendance,  59-748.  All  religions  equal; 
75  per  cent  of  population  Protestant,  18  per  cent  Catholic.  Responsi- 
ble government  established  1859. 

J^OITH  AUSTRALIA,  proclaimed  a  British  Province  1836; 
second  in  size  of  Australian  States.  Area,  including  Northern 
Territory.  903,690  square  miles.  Forests  cover  12,428  acres.  Cli- 
mate compares  favorably  with  that  of  Southern  France  and  Italy. 
Wheat  chief  agricultural  crop;  State  third  in  production. 
Total  area  cultivated,  1897,  2,604,122  acres;  under  wheat,  1,522,668  acres; 
yield,  1898-99, 8,778,900  bushels.  Wine  product,  1,47:5,216  gallons;  sugar 
cane,  English  fruit,  oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  and  olives  successfully 
grown.  Live  stock,  1397,  included  164,820  horses,  540.149  cattle, 
and  5,032.540  sheep.  Wool  export.  J4.837.600.  Manufactories 
chiefly  brass  and  iron,  farming  implement  factories,  flouring  mills; 
aggregate  employes.  12,685.  Imports.  1897,  $34,634,230;  exports,  $33,673,- 
090;  leading  articles,  wool,  wheat,  flour,  and  copper.  Registered 
shipping  of  State,  1897,  comprised  326  vessels  of  1.785,673  tons.  Dur- 
ing year  1,178  vessels  of  1,774,476  tons  entered,  and  1,191  vessels  of 
1,785,673  tons  cleared  the  ports.  Chief  minerals  copper  and  silver; 
gold,  iron,  and  lead  also  obtained;  value  copper  exported,  1897,  $1,158,- 
000;  total  mineral  product  Northern  Territory,  si, 783,500.  Total 
population,  1898,  358,224;  Northern  Territory,  4,820;  Chinese,  3,848; 
Aborigines,  3,134.  Adelaide,  capital  and  commercial  center;  popu- 
lation 146,125.  Mount  Gambier  center  agricultural  district,  popu- 
lation with  adjoining  District  Councils,  7,000.  Total  railway  in 
operation,  1,370  miles -146  in  Northern  Territory.  Telegraph  lines, 
5,862  miles.  Education  free  and  compulsory.  Schools  1897,  278; 
61.643  pupils.  All  religious  equal;  Protestants  in  1891,  191,846; 
Catholics,  47,179;  Jews,  840.    Constitution  proclaimed  1856. 

WESTERN  AUSTRALIA.  — Largest  Australian  State. 
Area,  975,920  square  miles.  Estimated  forest  area,  20,400,000  acres; 
jarrah  .  noted  for  its  durability,  covers  vast  tracts:  tim- 

ber especially  valuable  for  bridge  building  and  harbor  work;  sandal- 
wood, abundant  in  southwest,  long  an  article  of  export.  Agricul- 
ture limited,  owing  to  lack  of  labor  and  means  of  transport:  large 
tracts  of  fertile  soil  exist;  cultivated  area,  1897,  133,182  acres;  principal 
cereal,  wheat:  fruits  grow  luxuriantly;  culture  of  vine  extending. 
Live  stock,  1S97:  62,222  horses.  244,970  cattle.  2,210,742 sheep.  Value 
wool  exported.  *  1.426,840.  Pearl  fisheries  important.  Imports,  1897, 
$31,194,300;  exports.  $19,148,870,  chiefly  gold,  pearls,  sandalwood,  and 
timber.     Registered  shipping   ;  —els  of   9,710 

There  were  721  vessels  of  1,196,760  tons  entered,  and  707  of 
1,181,072  tons  cleared  the  ports.  Minerals  leading  source  of  wealth; 
gold  export,  1897,  $12,465,780;  iron,  tin,  copper,  galena  also  obtained. 
Estimated  population,  1898,  exclusive  of  atoriglnes,  161,921. 
Perth,  capital  and  trade  center;  population  37,929;  Fremantle,  chief 
port,  17,000.  Railways  open,  1898,  1,456  miles;  state  992  miles. 
Education  compulsory:  government  schools,  1897,  167;  pupils.  12,257. 
-Ml  religions  equal;  Protestants,  1891,  32,894;  Catholics,  12,464. 
Obtained  responsible  government  1890. 


NEW  ZEALAND.  377 

TASMANIA.— Discovered  by  Tasman  1642  and  named  Van  Die- 
men's  Land;  British  penal  colony  established  1804;  transportation 
of  criminals  ceased  1853.  Renamed  Tasmania  1856.  Estimated  area, 
including  Macquarie,  26.385  square  miles.  Surface  in  general  moun- 
tainous (.Cradle  Mountain,  5,069  feet).  Derwent  most  important  river. 
Climate  mild  and  delightful;  mean  temperature  about  55  deg.;  mean 
summer  temperature,  62  deg.;  winter,  47  deg.  Rainfall,  25  inches. 
Extensive  forests,  abounding  in  beautiful  cabinet  woods  and  other 
valuable  timbers,  exist;  blue  gum  most  valuable  tree.  Cultivated 
area,  1897,  530,719  acres.  Chief  cereal,  vheat;  yield.  1898,  1,668,341 
bushels;  oats,  1,102,285  bushels;  hops,  596,'<72  pounds.  Fruit,  notably 
apples  and  pears,  largely  grown  for  export;  value,  1897,  81,112,625. 
Live  stock,  1898:  29,898  horses,  159,486  cattle,  1,588,610  sheep,  43,520 
pigs;  value  wool  export,  81,047,930.  Fruit-preserving  a  leading  in- 
dustrv;  ore  smelting  works,  breweries,  tanneries,  etc.  Imports,  1897, 
86,646,570;  exports,  SS,47S,0o0;  leading  articles  wool,  gold  and  silver, 
tin,  fruit,  timber,  hops.  Minerals  include  gold,  silver,  tin,  copper, 
galena,  and  coal;  value  gold  and  silver  exported,  1897.  82.173,270;  cop- 
per and  pyrites,  81,542,740.  Population,  1891,  146,667;  aborigines 
extinct.  Hobart,  capital;  population,  24,905;  Lavnceston,  17,108. 
Education  compulsory.  There  are  282  elementary  public  schools, 
with  21,759  pupils;  about  25  per  cent  of  population  illiterate.  All  re- 
ligions equal;  Protestants,  1891, 110,950;  Catholics,  25,805. 


NEW  ZEALAND  AND  FIJI. 

NEW  ZEALAND.— Sighted  and  named  by  Tasman,  1642;  visited 
by  Cook  1769 ;  recognized  as  British  possession  1814.  First  colonial  settle- 
ment made  at  Wellington  1840.  Colony  comprises  North,  Middle  or 
South,  and  Stewart  Islands  and  adjoining  islets;  area  104,471  square 
miles.  Large  islands  mountainous  (Mt.  Cook,  12,349  feet);  rivers 
abound,  few  navigable.  Climate  healthful;  rainfall  most  abundant 
on  west  coast;  mean  temperature,  Wellington,  January,  62  deg.;  July, 
47  deg.;  year,  55  deg.  Rainfall,  52  inches.  Forests  cover  31,250  square 
miles;  kauri  pine  most  valuable  for  timber  and  gum.  Two-thirds  of 
area  suitable  for  agriculture  and  grazing;  area  under  cultivation, 
1895,  883,545  acres.  Wheat  and  oats  principal  crops.  Yield,  1897: 
Wheat,  5,670,000  bushels;  oats,  9,736,000  bushels.  Olive,  vine,  and 
semi-tropical  fruits  successfully  grown.  Stock-raising  chief 
industry;  horses  1898,  252,834;  cattle,  209.165;  sheep,  19,687,954;  pigs,  186,- 
027;  value  wool  exported,  1897,  821,593,680.  Leading  manufactures 
freezing  and  preserving  meats.  Value  of  preserved  meat,  1897,  87,849,- 
960.  Imports,  1898,  $40,000,370;  exports,  851,143,190.  Islands  rich  in  min- 
erals; gold,  silver,  coal,  kauri  gum,  manganese,  and  antimony  ob- 
tained; value  of  gold  mined,  189S,  85,252,160;  total  mineral  output,  1897, 
88,359,830.  Population,  1896,  exclusive  of  aborigines,  703,360;  Maoris, 
39,854;  Chinese,  3,711.  Wellington,  on  the  North  Island,  capital,  popu- 
lation, with  suburbs,  41,758;  Auckland,  port  of  call  for  California  mail 
steamers;  population,  with  suburbs,  57,616.  No  state  church ;  Protes- 
tants, 1896,  545,176;  Catholics,  98,804;  Jews,  1,549.  Education  compul- 
sory; age  7-13  years;  primary  schools,  1,585;  pupils,  132,197. 

FIJI  ISLANDS.— Discovered  by  Tasman  1643;  ceded  by  native 
chiefs  to  Great  Britain  1874.  Islands  of  volcanic  origin,  with  lofty 
mountains,  and  well  wooded.  Croup  comprises  more  than  200  islands ; 
area,  8,045  square  miles;  largest,  Viti  Levu,  4.250;  Vanua  Levu,  2,600. 
Climate  warm  but  healthful;  mean  temperature,  about  80  deg., 
extremes  lie  between  60  deg.  and  94  deg.  Sugar,  copra,  bananas,  pea- 
nuts, chief  products.  Cattle  run  wild;  horses,  sheep,  and  Angora  goats 
reared.  Imports,  1897,  81,208,916;  drapery  and  food  stuffs  lead  In  value. 
Exports,  82,098,840;  value  of  sugar.  §1,619,150;  copra,  8350,910.  Estimated 
population,  1897,  121,798;  3,401  Europeans.  Suva,  on  Viti  Levu,  cap- 
ital; has  580  European  inhabitants.  Public  schools  at  Suva  and  Le- 
vuka;  pupils,  1897,  171.  Education  of  natives  conducted  chiefly  by 
Wesleyan  mission;  in  1897  schools  numbered  1,978,  with  34,043  pupils. 
Wesleyan  mission  churches  95,056  attendants;  Catholic,  9,325. 


378  OCEANIA. 


HAWAII. 


Ila-wi'-e. 


V 


Historical.  Islands  visited  by  Spaniards  1542:  rediscovered  by 
Cook  lTTs,  and  named  Sandwicli  Islands  in  bonor  of  the  tben  flrsl  lord 
of  the  admiralty ;  during  Second  visit,  IT79,  Cook  murder*  d  by  the  na- 
tives Trade  with  Datives  established  by  fur  traders  from  America  en 
route  to  china  L786.  Islands  united  Into  a  kingdom  under  Kameha- 
mehal,  1791  Idolatry  abolished  1819.  American  missionaries  Bettled 
in  islands  is:jo.  First  tn-aty  with  United  States  1826;  first  constitution 
proclaimed  1840;  more  liberal  one  1887;  Reciprocity  treaty,  practically 
establishing  tree  trade  with  United  States, ratified  1875.  Reigning 
deposed.  nru\  Islonal  government  formed  1893,  Republic  proclaimed  July 
4,1891;  annexed  to  United  states  1898;  Hawaii  Territory  created  1900. 

Arcsi,  6,449  square  miles.  Group  practically  eomprises  -even  in- 
habited islands  and  eleven  smaller  rocks  or  shoals.  Hawaii.  l,015square 
miles;  Maui, 728  sq.  miles;  Oahu,  600  square  miles;  Kauai,  544  sq  miles; 
Molokai, 261  sq.  miles;  Lauai,  135  sq.  miles;  Niihau,97  sq.  mile.-;  and 
Kahoolawe,  69  sq.  miles. 

Physical  Features.  —  Chain  extends  from  northwest  to  south- 
east; islands  mountainous  and  of  volcanic  formation— partly  sur- 
rounded by  reel's.  Surface  broken  and  diversified  by  many  \ 
and  streams;  Hawaii  and  Kauai,  especially, well  supplied  with  rivers. 
Mosl  prominent  physical  features  of  group,  volcanoes  of  Mauna  Kea. 
13,953  feet  — quiescent  — and  Mauna  Loa,  13,750  feet  — still  active  — on 
Island  of  Hawaii;  tKilauea,  on  same  island,  16  miles  south,  largest  active 
volcano  in  the  world;  circumference  of  its  oval-shaped  crater  ;i  miles: 
depth,  l,000feet.  Mountains  on  other  islands  range  from 4,000  to  5,000 
feet:  extinct  craters  abound  clothed  with  luxuriant  vegetation. 

Climate  of  all  healthful  and  equable;  within  the  tropics,  but  lying 
in  mid-ocean  with  prevailing  winds  northeast  trades,  perpetual  summer 
without  enervating  heat;  extreme  heat  and  eases  of  sunstroke  un- 
known. Temperature  varies  according  to  elevation  and  position; 
mean  average,  71.5  deg.;  highest,  89  deg.;  lowest,  54  deg.;  average 
daily  range  at  Honolulu,  11  deg.  Rainfall  abundant:  annual  average  on 
windward  side,  176.82  inches;  on  leeward  side.  51.21  inches.  Islands 
lie  outside  cyclone  belt;  severe  storms  accompanied  by  thunder  and 
lightning  rare. 

Forests.- Higher  elevations  of  mountains  covered  with  dense  for- 
ests, especially  windward  slopes.  Excellent  ship  timber  and  manv 
ornamental  woods  abound.  Much  fuel  cut.  Attention  now  being  paid 
to  practical  forestry  in  the  islands  and  the  increase  of  the  f( 
steps  being  taken  to  protect  them  from  ravages  of  roaming  cattle. 
Forest  products.  1899.  8125.094.  reported  >>\- 172  farmers. 

Agriculture.— Climate  favorable  to  nearly  all  products  of  tropics 
and  temperate  zone.  Hawaiian  sugar  plantations  most  productive  In 
the  world.  Include  8  per  cent  of  farms,  but  cover  three-fourths  of 
cultivated  land,  employ  87  per  cent  of  agricultural  class,  and  contribute 
four-fifths  the  value  of  all  crops.  In  1899,  2.239.376  tons;  value,  with 
sugar  and  molasses  made  on  spot .  81*. 762,996.  Rice,  X5.442.4dU  pounds. 
$1,562,051 ;  coffee  (production  rapidlv  increasing), 2.297,000  pounds, $246,- 
181;  taro.  the  great  native  food.  169.1323  ba<rs.  8177,*43:  bananas.  141.653 
bunches,  SV2.620:  pineapples.  116.560.  89,160:  oranges.  3.368  hoxes.  *6  714; 
all  crops,  821,417.516:  animal  products.  $623,215.  Total  value  of  farm 
property  (June  1,  1900),  $74,084.9$*;  2.273  farms.  2.609.613  aer-s— 294,545 
acres  improved.  Over  97  per  cent  farming  area  in  116  farms  of  1,000 
acres  or  over;  white  farmers  occupy  80  percent  of  farm  area,  with 
92  per  cent  of  total  value.  Irrigation  large lv  neeessarv.  except  on 
island  of  Hawaii:  has  already  transformed  the  islands.  System  exten- 
sive and  built  at  great  expense.  Percentage  of  farm  area  irrigated. 
1900,28;  land  value, 63  per  cent  that  of  all  farms  All  rice  and  small 
fruits,  three-fourths  of  taro,  two-thirds  of  bananas,  over  half  the  pine- 
apples, and  about  half  the  sugar  are  grown  by  irrigation. 

liive  Stock.— Cattle  and  other  European  domestic  animals  intro- 
duced by  Vancouver  and  succeeding  navigators.  On  Hawaii  herds  of 
wild  cattle  roam  the  mountain  forests.  Hunted  chiefly  for  their  horns 
and  hides.  Animals  on  farms,  1900:  Horses,  12.9*2,  844 1',661;  mules,6,506, 
8590.501:  dairy  cows,  4,028,  $127,820;  young  cattle,  42,025,  $324,576;  other 
cattle,  56,737,  $833,130;  sheep,  102,098, $133,883;  swine, 8,057,  $49,576;  value 


HAWAII  379 


all  live  st  >ck.  82.523.47:).  Exports  of  1899  included  33.848  pounds  tallow, 
15,282  sheepskins.  357,501  pounds  wool,  23.019  goat  and  deer  skins. 

Commercial  and  Naval  Importance.— Islands  occupy  central 
position  in  North  Pacific  Ocean.  Situated  2,089  nautical  miles  south- 
west of  San  Francisco,  4,640  northwest  of  Panama,  3,800  northeast  of 
Auckland.  New  Zealand.  4.950  east  of  Hong-kong,  3,440  from  Yoko- 
hama, and  4.:..".  •  east  of  Manila;  have  steamer  connection  with  Amer- 
ican Continent.  Australasia.  China,  and  Japan.  Commercially.  Hawaii 
Important  as  place  of  call  and  depot  for  ships'  supplies;  from  naval 
Standpoint  the  great  strategic  base  of  Pacific. 

Commerce.— Notable  increase  in  trade  since  adoption  of  reci- 
procity policy,  1S75.  \  alueof  imports. i^76.8l.Ml.77o;  exports. 82.241,041; 
import-  .  exports,  §22,628  .ow.    Value  of  imports  from 

Great  Bi  itain.  $1,159554;  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  8453.727;  Canada, 
$136585.  Chief  imports,  groceries  and  provisions,  clothing,  grain,  tim- 
ber,  machinery,  hardware,  and  cotton  goods.  No  dir.-ct  exports  to 
Great  Bi  itain.  Value  of  sugar  exported,  1900.  823.771.344;  coffee.  $176.- 
749;  hides  and  tallow, 8S2.192.  Of  total  exports.  99.6  >  percent  was  taken 
by  the  United  Stat  s.  in  1899,  656  ships,  of  786.842  tons,  entered  at 
Hawaiian  poits.  Merchant  marine.  1897.  comprised  62  vessels  of  34.066 
tons.    Wharfage  accommodation  at  Honolulu  being  greatly  enlarged. 

Population  census  of  1832,  130,313;  1853,  73.138:  1872,  56.897;  1890, 
89.990;  1900,  154,001:  Male,  106,369;  female.  47.632:  native  born.  63.221: 
foreign.  90,78  :  white,  66,890—37,656  Hawaiians  or  part  Hawaiians.  28,819 
Caucasian  -.415  South  Sea  Islander.-;  colored.  87.  Ill— Negro,  233;  Chinese, 
25.767:  Japanese,  61,111.    Total  increase  since  1-32.  23.688. 

Cities.— Honolulu,  capital,  chief  seaport,  and  center  of  commerce; 
situated  on  south  coast  of  Island  of  Oahu— best  cultivated  and  most 
populous  and  nourishing  of  group.  Fine  natural  harbor,  formed  by 
|agoon  \\  ith  depth  of  22  teet ;  ample  room  for  large  number  of  vessels; 
wharf  600  feet  long;  facilities  for  ship  repairs.  Public  buildings 
handsome  and  commodious;  many  beautiful  residences  with  nuineious 
churches,  asylums,  and  hospitals,  public  library  with  lo.OoO  volumes. 
Length  of  streets  and  drives.  67  miles.  Has  six  English  newspapers 
besides  those  in  Hawaiian.  Portuguese.  Japanese,  and  Chinese  lan- 
guages Business  chiefly  carried  on  by  Americans  and  Europeans. 
Population.  39.303  Hilo,  second  in  importance;  seaport  on  east  coast 
of  Hawaii— largest  island  of  group.  Population,  about  2,000.  Lahaina, 
on  western  coast  of  Maui:  only  safe  port  on  island,  population,  1.000. 

Railways,  Etc.— There  are  KiO  miles  of  railway  in  the  islands  of 
Hawaii.  Maui,  and  Oahu;  used  chiefly  to  ca  ty  plantation  products  to 
point- of  shipment.  Length  of  telegraph  line.  250  miles;  lines  estab- 
lished throughout  Maui  and  Hawaii,  and  extend  between  Hawaii  and 
Oahu  and  around  Oahu.  Telephones  largely  used  in  Honolulu;  city 
a  so  has  an  eiectric  railway.  Mai conl  system  of  wireless  telegraphy 
used  between  the  islands  of  Oahu.  Molokai,  Lanai,  and  Maui  since 
March,  1901;  two  months  later  was  extended  to  Hawaii. 

Education.— Hawaiian  language  reduced  to  writing  and  first  book 
published  in  Hawaiian.  1822.  Native  seminary  founded,  1831.  Excel- 
lent system  of  free  public  schools  (English)  established  throughout 
the  islands.  Primary  education  compulsory;  school  age.  6  to  14.  In 
hools numbered  189, with 544 teacher-, 282  American,  130 Hawaiian 
or  part  Hawaiian.  66  British.  Number  of  pupils.  15.490:  Hawaiians, 
5.:;-:V;  half -castes, 2,721 ;  Portuguese. 3.822;  Asiatics. 2.455.  Of  Hawaiians 
and  part  Hawaiians,  over  87  per.cent  can  read  and  write. 

Religion.— AH  forms  permitted.  In  1896.  Protestants  numbered 
2.3.773:  Roman  Catholics.  26.363;  Mormons,  4,886;  Buddhists, 44,306. 

(loveruiiient,   Etc.— Government  of  the  Territory  vested  in  a 

governor  appointed  by  the  Pre-ident.    Legislature,  general  elections, 

etc  .  like  those  of  the  other  Territories.    All  legislative  proceedings 

in    English,      v  11    whites,    all    persons    of    African    descent,    and    all 

Hawaiians.  citizen-  of  Hawaii   imniediatelv  prior  to  its  annexation 

to  1'nited   States,  declared    citizens  of    Dnited  state-,    number  of 

registered  electors,  1897. 2,687.    lie  venue.  1900-01,  $2,140,297;  expenditure, 

tal debt,  1900, $4,937,464,    Deposited  in  postal  savings  banks, 

•  '".3,981.    For  military  purposes  islands  attached  to  Department  of 

»rnia.    Regiment  of  8  companies,  numbering 476 officers  and  men. 

Since  188 1  only  gold  coins  of  United  states  legal  tender  for  more  than 

y  Hawaiian  and  United  States  silver  coins  for  smaller  amounts. 


380 


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381 


POPULATION 


OF  THE 


UNITED   STATES 

CENSUS  OF  1900 


BY 


STATES,    COUNTIES,    CITIES,    TOWNS, 
BOROUGHS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


In  the  following  tables  are  given  all  the  incorporated 
cities,  towns,  boroughs,  and  villages  of  each  State  and 
Territory  for  which  the  population  in  1900  is  returned 
separately,  from  that  of  the  townships  to  which  they 
belong,  by  the  census  enumerators.  These  places  are 
arranged  alphabetically  under  States  and  Territories,  and 
furnish  a  complete  list  of  all  cities,  towns,  boroughs,  and 
villages  that  appear  in  the  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United 
States. 


Copyright,  1901,  by 

RAND,     McNALLY     &     COMPANY, 

Cuicago  and  New  York. 


y 


ALABAMA. 


ALABAMA. 


Autauga  .. 
Baldwin  .. 
Barbour. .. 
Bibb     -    . 

Blount 

Bullock  ._. 

Butler 

Calhoun  .. 
Chambers. 
Cherokee. 
Chilton  ... 
Choctaw .. 
Clarke 


Top.  1900 

....  17,915 

....  13,194 

.   ..  85,152 
18,48 

....  23,119 

.   ,  31,944 

...  25,761 

....  34,874 

...  82,554 

....  21,096 

....  16,522 

....  18,136 

....  27,790 


Population,  1,828,697. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop,  MOO 

...  21,189 


Dale  

Dallas  ... 
Dekalb  .. 
Elmore.  . 
Escambia 
Etowab  .. 
Fayette    . 


.  26,099 

,  11,820 

..  27,361 

..  14,182 


Clay 17,099    Jefferson 


Franklin 16,511 

Geneva.. 19,096 

Greene 24,182 

Hale       31,011 

Henry 36,147 

Jackson 30,508 


140,420 


Cleburne 13,206 

Coffee 20.972 

Colbert  22.341 


Lamar. 16,084 

Lauderdale....  26.559 
Lawrence 20,124 


Conecuh  .. 

Coosa  

Covington 

Crenshaw  ._ 


17.514 
16,144 

15.846 
19.668 


Cullman 17.849 


Lee 

Limestone  .. 

Lowndes 

Macon 

Madison 


31.826 

35.651 
23. 126 
43.Ti.l2 


Top.  1900 
Marengo 

Marion      [4,494 

Marshall  ... 

Mobile  

Monroe     

Montgomery. 
Morgan  ..... 

Perry  

Pic  k:  us 

Pike    2ft. 172 

Randolph 21,647 

Russell   

St.  Clair 

Shelby 

Sumter 32,710 

Talladega.... 
Tallapoosa....  29,675 
Tuscaloosa  ...  36.147 

Walker  25.162 

Washington  ..  11,184 

Wilcox 35,631 

Winston 9,554 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWXS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Abbeville 

Alabama  City. 

Alexander  

Andalusia 

Anniston 

Ashford. 

Ashland  

Ashville 

Attalla 

Athens 

Auburn 

Avondale 

Banks 

Batesville 

Berry  Station. 

Bessemer 

Birmingham.. 


Boiling 

Brantley 

Brewton 

Bridgeport 

Brookside  

Brnndidge  

Calera 

Camden 

Camp  Hill 

Carbon  Hill ... 

Cardiff 

Carrollton 

Cast  lei  icrrv  ... 

Center 

Centerville 

Cherokee  

Childersburg  . 
Chulaflnnee... 

Citronelle 

Clanton  

Clavton  

Clio 


2,276 

1,061 

551 

9,695 

286 

422 

362 

1,692 

1,010 

1,447 

3.1  I6U 

198 

137 

245 

6.358 

38.415 

253 

175 

390 

1.3*2 

1.247 

658 

537 

770 


830 
562 
278 
167 
282 
422 
261 
372 
34 
696 
611 
<ii>S 


Coal  City 

Collinsville  . . 

Columbia 

Columbiana.. 

Cordova 

Courtland 

Cuba 

Cullman 

Dadeville  .... 

Dayton. 

Decatur  

Deer  Creek... 
Demopolis  ... 

Dothan 

Dundee 

Eastaboga  ... 

Eden 

Edwardsville 

Elba 

Elkmont 

Ensley 

Enterprise  ... 

Eufaula 

Eunola 

Eutaw. 

Evergreen  ... 

Falkville 

Faunsdale 

Fayette 

Fitzpatrick  .. 

Flint 

Florence  

Fort  Deposit. 
Fort  Pajrne... 
Fruithurst  ... 

Fulton  

Furman 

Gadsden  

Gainesville  .. 
Gaylesville... 


509 

524 

1,132 

1.075 
567 


1.255 

1,136 

427 

3.114 

332 

2.61 16 

3,275 

249 

398 

177 

448 

635 

174 

2,100 

610 

4.5:32 

132 

884 

1,277 

343 

333 

452 

447 

229 

6.4;8 

1,078 

1.037 

874 

140 

184 

4,282 

'817 

266 


Geneva  

Georglana 

Girard  

Goodwater  ... 

Gordon 

Graysvllle 

Greensboro... 

Greenville 

Guin 

Gurley 

Haleysville 

Hamilton 

Hardawav 

Hartford 

Hartsell 

Headland 

Heflin 

Highland  Park 

Hillsboro  

Hubson  City.. 

Hollins  

Holly  Pond... 

Hollywood 

Horse  Creek .. 

Huntsville 

Hurtsboro 

Ironaton 

Irondale 

Jackson 

Jacksonville.. 

Jasper 

Jemlson 

Jenifer 

Joppa    

Kennedy  

Kinsey 

Lafayette 

Lanett..  

Langston 

Leighton  


1.032 
567 

3,840 
728 
356 
319 

2,416 

3.162 
249 
831 
165 
235 
200 
382 
670 
602 
460 
467 
256 
292 


3i)68 

407 

7:35 

526 

1 .( 39 

1.176 

1.661 

249 

331 

130 

166 

342 

1 ,620 

2,909 

270 

506 


ALASKA  — ARIZONA. 


Alabama  —  Continued 
Pop.  1900 

Lineville 211 

Livingston  ...       851 

Louisville 4iii 

Luverne 731 

McFall 820 

Madison  Station   412 

Marion  1,698 

Mid'and  City..       304 

Midway 430 

Millport  357 

Mobile 38,469 

Monroevflle. . .  423 
Montgomery..  30,346 
Mooresville  ..       150 

Morris 187 

Moulton 290 

Muscadine 132 

Newbern  564 

New  Decatur  .    4.437 

New  Hope 208 

Newton 457 

Nortbport 424 

Oakinan  503 

Oneonta. 583 

Opelika 4.245 

Oxanna 1.184 

Oxford 1,372 

Ozark 1.570 


Pop.  1900 

Paint  Rock...  394 

Pell  City 98 

Ph«.eni\ 4,163 

Pickensville  ..  241 

Piedmont 1,745 

Pinckard 711 

Pineapple 623 

Pollard   267 

Pratt  City 3,4S5 

Prattville 1,929 

Ragland 309 

Reform 198 

Renfroe 180 

Repton  170 

Riverside 300 

Roanoke 1.155 

RockMills....  42(i 

Russell ville  ..  1,602 

Rutledge 346 

Scottsboro  ...  1.014 

Seale 386 

Seddon  229 

Selma.. 8,713 

Sheffield 3,333 

Springville  ...  496 

Stevenson 560 

Sulligent  303 

Sylacauga  ....  880 


SL    Top.  1900 

Talladega 5,056 

Thomasville ..  686 

Thompson 145 

Town  Creek  ..  280 

Townly  124 

Trinity  Station  191 

Trov 4,097 

Trussville   ....  742 

Tusealoosa  ...  5,094 

Tuscumbia  ...  2,348 

Tuskegee 2,170 

Union  Springs  2,634 

Unioutown  ...  1.047 

Vernon 291 

Vienna 70 

Vincent    765 

Walnut  Grove  251 

Warrior  1,018 

Wetumpka....  562 
Whiteoak 

Springs 475 

Wilsonville— .  1,095 

"Wmfleld 316 

WoodlaAvn  ....  2,848 

Wyeth  City...  299 

York  Station..  528 


ALASKA.    Population,  63,592. 

DISTRICTS.  popl9fl0 

Northern 30.569 

Southern 33  023 


Pop.  1900 

TOWNS. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Anvik.... 

166 

Karluk 

470 

Sealevel 

Apollo  ... 

...'..         87 

Kasaan 

Seldovia  .. 

149 

Chomly  .. 

Kenai 

290 

Shakan 

93 

Circle  .... 

230 

Ketchikan 

460 

Sitka 

....     1,396 

Clarance  . 

Killisnoo 

172 

Skagway... 

....    3,117 

Council... 

Klawock 

131 

Snettisham 

Dolomi... 

Kodiak 

341 

Star 

Douglas.. 

825 

Eoserefsky  ... 

135 

Sumdum  ... 

....       137 

Dvea 

261 

Loring 

168 

Sunrise 

130 

Eagle 

458 

Metlakalitla... 

465 

Tanana  

186 

Eaton 

76 

Nome 

12.4S6 

Teller 

Ellamar... 

Nushagak 

324 

Tyoonok.. 

....       107 

Fort  Wrangel. 

Orca 

173 

t  dakta 

Golovin.. 

185 

Petersburg 

Unalaska  . 

....     4-;s 

Grindall.. 

'."".'.         85 

Rampart 

Revilla 

211 

175 

Haines  ... 

Valdez 

....       315 

Homer  ... 

Safety 

Yakutat 

....       247 

Jackson.. 

Saint  Michael. 

857 

York 

Juneau 

1,864 

Sandpoint 

16 

ARIZONA.    Population,  122,931. 
COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900                         Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Apache 8,297     Maricopa 20,457  Santa  Cruz  .        4.545 

Cochise 9,251     Mohave 3,426  Yavapai.             13,799 

Coconino....      5.514     Navajo 8,829    Yuma 4,115 

Gila 4,973    Pima 14,689  San  Carlos  In- 
Graham 14,162    Pinal 7,779  dian  Keserv'n  3,065 


ARKANSAS. 


Arizona— Continued. 

[INCORPORATED  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


Chloride 465 

Flagstaff 1,271 

Globe     1,495 

Jerome 2,861 

Mesa 722 

Nogales 1,761 


Phoenix 5,54-1 

Pima 

Prescott 8,559 

Solomonvllle  .  629 
Terape     .... 

Thatcher 644 


Tombstone  ...  6441 

'I  UC80D 

Wlnslow 1,800 

Yuma 1,519 


ARKANSAS.    1'opiiliiiion,  1,311,564. 


Pop.  1900 

Arkansas 12,978 

Ashley 19,734 

Baxter 9.298 

Benton 31,011 

Boone 16,396 

Bradley 9,651 

Calhoun 8,539 

Carroll 18,848 

Chicot. 14,528 

Clark  21.289 

Clay 15,886 

Cleburne  9,628 

Cleveland 11,620 

Columbia 22,077 

Conway 19,772 

Craighead  19,505 

Crawford 21,270 

Crittenden   ...  14.529 

Cross 11,051 

Dallas   11,518 

Desha 11,511 

Drew 19,451 

Faulkner 20.780 

Franklin 17.395 

Fulton   12,917 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Garland 18,773 

Grant 7,671 

Greene  16,979 

Hempstead  ...  24.101 
Hot  Spring....  12,748 

Howard 14,076 

Independence.  22.557 

Izard 13,506 

Jackson 18,383 

Jefferson 40,972 

Johnson 17,448 

Lafayette 10,594 

Lawrence 16,491 

Lee 19,409 

Lincoln 13.389 

Little  River...  13,731 

Logan... 20,563 

Lonoke 22.544 

Madison  19,864 

Marion 11,377 

Miller 17,558 

Mississippi  ...  16,384 

Monroe 16,816 

Montgomery..    9,444 
Nevada 16,609 


Pop  1900 

Newton 

Ouachita  

Perry. 7594 

Phillips 26,561 

Pike   10,301 

Poinsett 7,025 

Polk 18,352 

Pope 21,715 

Prairie 11,875 

Pulaski 63,179 

Randolph 17,156 

St.  Francis....  17.157 

Saline 13,122 

Scott 13,188 

Searcy 11,988 

Sebastian 

Sevier  16,339 

Sharp 12.199 

Stone 8,100 

Union 22.495 

VanBuren  ....  11,220 
Washington  ..  34,256 

White... 24,864 

Woodruff 16,304 

Yell 22,750 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Alexander  

173 

Alma 

440 

Altus 

500 

Antoine 

197 

Arkadelphia  . . 

2,739 

Arkansas  City. 

1,091 

Ashdown 

400 

Atkins 

745 

Augusta 

1,040 

Austin  Station 

196 

Bald  knob 

707 

Barring  Cross. 

389 

Batesville 

2,3^7 

Bearden  

341 

Beebe  

904 

Beebranch  

122 

Belleville 

552 

Benton  

1,025 

Bentonville ... 

1 ,843 

Berryville 

Blackrock 

551 

1,400 

Blvthesville... 

802 

Bonanza 

906 

Booueville 

988 

Bradford 

222 

Brinkley 

1,648 

Bryant  

113 

Buckner 

400 

Cabot 294 

Camden 2,840 

Cargile 417 

Carlisle 212 

Centerpoint...  334 

Chester 174 

Clarendon 1,840 

Clarksville  ....  1,086 

Cleveland 202 

Clinton 297 

Coalhill 1,341 

Collins 212 

Conway 2,008 

Corning. 1,041 

Cottonplant...  458 

Danville 600 

Dardanelle....  1.602 

De  Queen 1,200 

Dermott 467 

Desarc 640 

Devall  Bluff...  605 

Dewltt  318 

Douglas 117 

Drvden 637 

Dyer... 343 

Eldorado 1,069 

Emmet 217 

England 368 


Eureka  Springs  3,572 

Fayetteville...  4,061 

Fordyce 1,710 

Forrest 1.361 

Fort  Smith....  11,587 
Frostville  .... 

Fulton 504 

Gentry  City...  419 

Grandglaize...  54 

Gravett 447 

Green  Forest..  469 

Greenway  163 

Greenwood  .  . 

Gurdon 1.045 

Hackett 

Hamburg 1,21*0 

Hardy. 347 

Harrlsburg... .  462 

Harrison 1,551 

Hartford 460 

Hazen 429 

Helena 

Hollvgrove....  391 

Hope 1,644 

Horatio 625 

Hot  Springs...  9.973 

Hoxie 125 

Huntington ...  1 ,298 


CALIFORNIA. 


Abkansas  —  Continued. 
Pop.  1900 

Imboden 411    Mountainliome 

Jacksonport  ..  265  Mountainview 
Jamestown...  130  Mount  Nebo  .. 
Jonesboro 4,5o3    Mulberry. 


Judsonia 

Junction 

Kingsland.  .. 

Knobel 

Kress 

Lake  City 

Lamar  

Little  Rock  .. 
Lockesburg .. 

London 

Lonoke 

Luxora 943 

McCrory 225 

McNeil 260 

Magazine 897 

Magnolia 1,614 


600    Murfreesboro. 

1,251     Nashville 

364    Nettleton 

410    Newark 

NewLewisvilie 


2'4 
434 
474    Osceola. 


Pop.  1900 
363 
226 


361 
200 
928 
613 
315 
548 


Newport 2,8 


9.V3 
848 
196 
3,324 
836 
300 
597 
703 
Pine  Bluff 11,496 


,307  Ozark 

550  Palestine.. 

268  Paragould. 

951  Paris 

943  Perryville. 

225  Piggott 

Pike  City 


Plummerville. 


Malvern 1,582    Pocahontas.. 


Mammoth 
Spring. 


Mansfield 

Marianna 

Marked  Tree.. 

Marshall 

Marvel 

Maynard 

Melbourne 

Mena  

Mineralsprings 

Monticello 

Morrillton 


1,707 
i  52 


Portia 

Portland 

Pottsville 

Powhatan  

Prairiegrove .. 


296 
967 
400 
426 
192 
249 
551 


260    Prescott 2,005 


391 
a5S 
256 


168 
383 
520 
333 
138 
453 
1,707    Rogers 2,158 


Princeton  .. 

Quitman 

Rector 

3,423  Redfield  .... 
278    Rej-no  

1,579    Risen 


Pop.  1900 

Russell  .T. 200 

Russellville...  1,832 

St.  Francis,...  420 

St.  Paul 345 

Savre  300 

Searcy. 1,995 

Sedgwick 309 

Sheridan 210 

Shiloh.. 190 

Siloam  Springs  1,748 

Springdale....  1,251 

Stamps  1,021 

StarCitv 251 

Stephens 407 

Stuttgart  1.258 

Sugarloaf 552 

Sulphur  Rock  213 
Sulphur 

Springs 315 

Swifton 206 

Texarkana....  4.914 

Tuckerman...  260 

Upland 385 

Van  Buren 2,573 

Waldo 929 

Waldron 487 

Walnutridge..  845 

Warren.. 954 

Washington  ..  374 

Westpoint  ....  Ill 

Wilmar 844 

Wilmot 378 

Wvnne 1,629 

Yellville 578 


CALIFORNIA.    Population,  1,483,053. 


Pop.  1900 
Alameda 130,197 


509 
11,116 
17.117 
11.200 
7,364 
18.046 


Alpine 

Amador  

Butte 

Calaveras  

Colusa 

Contra  Costa 

Del  Norte 21408 

Eldorado 8.986 

Fresno 37,862 

Glenn 5.150 

Humboldt  ....  27.104 

Invo 4,377 

Ke'rn 16,480 

Kings 9,871 

Klamath 

Lake 6.017 

Lassen 4.511 

Los  Angeles. ..170,298 
Madera 6,364 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Marin 15,702 

Mariposa  4,720 

Mendocino....  20,465 

Merced 9,215 

Modoc 5,076 

Mono 2.167 

Monterey 19,380 

Napa 16.451 

Nevada     17,789 

Orange 19,696 

Placer    15,786 

Plumas. 4.657 

Riverside  17,897 

Sacramento...  45,915 
San  Benito 
SanBernardiii     . 

Sin  Diego 35.090 

San  Francisco  342,782 
San  Joaquin  ..  35,452 


Pop.  1900 
San  Luis 

Obispo 16,637 

San  Mateo  ....  12,094 
Santa  Barbara.  18,934 
Santa  Clara....  60,216 

Santa  Cruz 21,512 

Shasta 17,318 

Sierra 4,017 

Siskiyou 16,962 

Solano 24,143 

Sonoma 38,480 

Stanislaus 9,550 

Sutter 5,886 

Tehama 10,996 

Trinity  4,383 

Tulare  18.375 

Tuolumne  ....  11,166 

Ventura 14,367 

Yolo  13,618 

Yuba 8,620 


INCORPORATED  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 

Alameda 16,464  Bukersfield....  4,836  Cloverdale  ....  750 

Anaheim 1,456    Belvedere 434    Colton 1,285 

Antioch 674    Benicla 2.751    Colusa 1.141 

Areata 952    Berkeley 13,214    Corona  1,434 

Auburn 2,050     Calistoga 690  Coronado  ...    . 

Azusa 863     ChiCO 2,640  Crescent  City.  699 


COLORADO. 


Califobnia— Contln 
Pop.  1900 

Dixon 783 

Downievllle  ..  BOO 

Elsinore  - 279 

Emeryville...  1,016 

Escondldo 755 

Etna       500 

Eureka 7,827 

Ferndale 846 

Fort  Bragg....  1,590 

Fort  Jones....  356 

Fresno 12,470 

Gilroy 1,820 

Grass  Valley..  4,719 

Hanford  2,929 

Hayward 1,965 

Healclsburg...  1,869 

Hollister 1,315 

Hornitos 205 

Kelseyville....  994 

Kern 1,291 

Lakeport 726 

Lincoln 1,061 

Livermore 1,493 

Lompoc   9?2 

Long  Beach...  2,252 
Los  Angeles.. 102,479 

Los  Gatos 1,915 

Martinez 1,380 

Marvsville  ....  3.497 

Merced... 1,969 

Modesto 2,024 

Monrovia 1,205 

Monterey 1,748 


ued. 

Pop.  1900 

Napa  .. 1,086 

National  City.    1,086 

Nevada  City  .       8,250 

Oakland  66,960 

Oceanslde 880 

Ontario 722 

Orange 1,216 

Pacific  Grove.    1.411 

Pal")  Alto 1,658 

lena 9.117 

Paso  Robles  ..     1.221 

Petaluma 3,871 

Placervllle....     1,748 

Pleasanton 1,100 

Pomona  5,526 

Potter  Valley.       563 

Red  Bluff 2.750 

Redding.. 2,946 

Redlands 4,797 

Redondo  Beacb     855 

Redwood 1,653 

Rio  Vista  ....         682 

Riverside 7.978 

Rocklin 1,050 

Sacramento...  29.282 
St.  Helena...      1,582 

Salinas 3.304 

SanBernardino   6,150 

San  Diego 17,700 

SanFrancisco.  342.782 
San  Jacinto...       583 

San  Jose 21,500 

San  Juan 449 


Pop.  1800 

Ban  Leandro..  2,258 
San  Luis  Obispo  3/121 

Ban  Mateo  ....  1,832 

San  Pedro 1,787 

Ban  Rafael 

Santa  An.  1,938 

Santa  Barbar  - 

lara  ...  8,650 
Santa  Crnz 

Santa  Monica  8,057 

Santa  Rosa..  6,678 

Bausalito 1,628 

Selma    1,08.3 

Sonoma  .... 

Sonora 1,922 

SouthPasadena   1.001 

Stockton 17.5IW 

Suis'un 625 

Tulare 2,216 

Ukiah 1,850 

Vacaville 1,220 

Vallejo 7,965 

Ventura 2.470 

Visalia 3,085 

Watsonville  ..  3,528 

Wheatland...  492 

Whlttier 1.590 

Willits 791 

Willows  893 

Winters 785 

Woodland 2,886 

Yreka 1,254 


COLORADO.    Population,  539,700. 


Pop.  1900 

Arapahoe 153,017 

Archuleta 2,117 

Baca  759 

Bent.... 3,049 

Boulder 21,544 

Chaffee 7,085 

Cheyenne 501 

Clear  Creek...    7,032 

Conejos 8,794 

Costilla 4,632 

Custer 2,937 

Delta  5,487 

Dolores 1,134 

Douglas 3,120 

Eagle 3,008 

Elbert 3,101 

El  Paso 31,602 

Fremont 15,636 

Garfield 5,835 

Gilpin 6,690 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Grand 741 

Greenwood 

Gunnison 5.331 

Hinsdale 1,609 

Huerfano 8,395 

Jefferson 9,306 

Kiowa. 701 

Kit  Carson....    1,580 

Lake 18.054 

La  Plata 7,016 

Larimer. 12,168 

Las  Animas...  21,842 

Lincoln 926 

Logan 3.292 

Mesa 9,267 

Mineral 1,913 

Montezuma...    3,058 

Montrose 4,535 

Morgan 3,268 

Otero 11,522 


Pop.  1900 

Ouray 4.731 

Park  2,998 

Phillips 1.583 

Pitkin.  7.020 

Prowers 3.7K6 

Pueblo 34.448 

Rio  Blanco....    1,690 
Rio  Grande...    4,080 

Routt 3.661 

Saguache 3,853 

San  Juan 2.342 

San  Miguel.  ..    5.379 

Sedgwick 971 

Summit 2.744 

Teller 29.002 

Washington...    1.241 

Weld 16.808 

Yuma 1,729 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWXS,  AXD  VILLAGES. 


Aguilar 69S 

Akron 351 

Alamosa 1.141 

Alma... 297 

Altman 659 

Anaconda 1,059 


Animas  .. 
Antonlto. 

Argo 


Bellvue.  . 
Berkeley  . 

Rerthoud 


99 
707 


Aspen 3.303    BlaekHawk..    1,200 


Basalt 
Bed  Rock. 


Bonanza 141 

Boulder 6,150 


CONNECTICUT. 


Colorado— Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Breckenridge .  976 

Brighton 366 

Brush 381 

Buena  Vista..  1,006 

Burlington 183 

Canon  City 3,775 

Carbondale  ...  173 

Castle  Rock...  304 

Central  City  ..  3,114 

Colorado  Citv.  2,914 

Colorado  Sp'gs  21,085 

Como 407 

Conejos 348 

Cortez 125 

Craig  133 

Creede  vcity)  -  938 

Creede  (town)  235 

Crested  Butte.  988 

Cripple  Creek.  10,147 

Dallas 50 

DeBeque 83 

Del  Norte  705 

Delta  819 

Denver 133,859 

Dolores 108 

Dubois 23 

Durango 3,317 

Eagle 124 

Eaton 384 

Edith 282 

Eldora 395 

Elizabeth 215 

Elyria   1,384 

Empire  276 

Erie 697 

Eureka 39 

Evans *  0 

Fairplay 319 

Fletcher 202 

Florence  3,728 

Florissant 131 

Fort  Collins  ..  3.053 

Fort  Lupton..  214 

Fort  Morgan..  634 

Freshwater...  77 

Fruita  126 

Georgetown..  1,418 

Gillett 524 

Gilman 222 

Glenwood  Sp'gs  1,350 


Pop.  1900 

Globeville  ....  2,192 

Gulden  City...  2,153 

Goldfleld 2,191 

Gothic 20 

Granada 204 

Grand  Junct'n  3,503 

Granite 250 

Greeley 3,023 

Green  Moun- 
tain Falls...  40 
Gunnison..  ..  1,200 

Gypsum 76 

Hessie 17 

Holly 364 

Holyoke 451 

Hooper 177 

Hotchkiss.  ...  261 
Hot  SulDhur 

Springs 60 

Idaho  Springs.  2,502 

Ironton 71 

Irwin 26 

Jamestown...  164 

Julesburg 371 

Lafayette 970 

La  Jara 208 

La  Junta 2,513 

Lake  City 700 

Lamar... 987 

Las  Animas...  1,192 

LaVeta 254 

Lawrence 299 

Leadville 12.455 

Littleton 738 

Longmont 2,201 

Louisville 966 

Loveland 1,091 

Lyons 547 

Manassa 739 

Mancos 383 

Manitou. 1,303 

Marble 101 

Meeker 507 

Montclair 415 

Monte  Vista..  556 

Montezuma  ..  40 

Montrose 1.217 

Monument 156 

Nevadavllle...  823 

Newcastle 431 


Pop.  1900 

Ophir 127 

Ordway 138 

Ouray 2,196 

Pagosa  Springs  367 

Palmer  Lake..  166 

Pitkin    203 

Platteville  ....  263 

Poncha  Spri'gs  97 

Portland 69 

Pueblo 28,157 

Red  Cliff 256 

Red  Mountain  30 

Rico.... 811 

Rldgway 245 

Rifle 273 

Rockvale 870 

Rocky  Ford...  2,018 

Rosita  110 

Saguache 73 

St.  Elmo 64 

Salida 3,722 

San  Rafael....  700 

Saw  Pit 94 

Sheridan 442 

Silver  Cliff....  576 

Silver  Plume..  775 

Silverton 1,360 

So.  Canon  City  958 

Spencer 52 

Springfield....  44 

Sterling 998 

Sugar  City  ....  689 

Telluride 2,446 

Tin  Cup 64 

Trinidad 5,345 

Valverde 665 

Victor  (city)..  1.174 

Victor  (town)  4,986 

Villa  Grove...  103 

Walden 141 

Walsenburg  ..  1,033 

Ward.. '300 

Westcliffe 256 

West  Creek...  161 

White  Pine  ...  69 

Windsor 305 

Woodland  P'k  269 

Wray 271 

Yuma 139 


CONNECTICUT.    Population,  908,420. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop  1900                         Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Fairfield 184,203    Middlesex 41.760    Tolland 24,523 

Hartford 195.480    New  Haven.  ..269.163    Windham 46,861 

Litchfield 63,672    New  London..  82,753 

INCORPORATED  CITIES  AND  BOROUGHS. 

Ansonia 12,681     Danielson 2,823    Litchfield 1,120 

Bethel 2.561    Derby. 7,930    Meriden 24,296 

Branford 2.473    Fenwick 23  Mlddletown...    9,589 

Bridgeport  ...  70,996    Greenwich....    2,420  Naugatuck.  ..  10,541 

Bristol 6,268    Guilford 1,512  New  Britain  ..  25,998 

Colchester....       358    Hartford  79350  New  Canaan 

Danbury 16,537    Jewett  City...    2,224  New  Haven  . 


8 


DEL.  — DIST.  OF  COL— FLA. 


Connecticut— Continued. 

Pop.  1900                         Pop.  1900 
New  London..  17.548    Shelton 2,887 


Newtown 254 

Norwalk 6,125 

Norwich 17,251 


Southlngton..  3,411 
SouthNorwalk  6,591 
Stafford  Springs  2,460 


Putnam    ..     ..    6,667    Stamford  15,997 

Rockville 7,287     Stonington  ...    2,278 

DELAWARE.    Population, 
COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

....  32,762    Newcastle  ....109,697 


Kent. 


Pop.  1900 
Torrington 
Walllngford  ..    6,737 
Waterbury....  45,859 
\\v-r  Haven 
Wllllmantlc. 
Wlnsted 6,804 

181,735. 

Pop.  1900 
Sussex 12,276 

Brldgeville  ... 

613 

Camden 

5S6 

Cheswold 

201 

Clayton  

819 

Dagsboro  . .:. 

190 

Delaware 

.     1,132 

Delmar 

444 

Dover   

.    3,329 

Felton 

400 

Frankford  ... 

.       423 

Frederica 

706 

Georgetown  . 

.    1,658 

INCORPORATED  CITIES  AND 

Harrington...  1,242 

Kenton 192 

Laurel 1,825 

Leipslc 305 

Lewes. 2.259 

Little  Creek..  259 

Magnolia 208 

Middletown...  1,567 

Milford 2,500 

Mlllsboro 391 

Milton 948 

Newark 1,213 


TOWNS. 

Newcastle  ....  3,380 

Newport 657 

Odessa 575 

PortPenn 205 

Rehoboth   ....  198 

St.  George  ....  325 

Seaford 1,724 

Smyrna 2,168 

Townsend  ....  399 

"Wilmington  ..  76,508 

Wyoming 450 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

The  District  ..278,718    Washington  ..218,196    Georgetown  ..  14,549 

FLORIDA.    Population,  528,542. 


Pop.  1900 

Alachua 32,245 

Baker 4,516 

Bradford 10,295 

Brevard 5,158 

Calhoun   5,132 

Citrus 5,391 

Clay     5,635 

Columbia 17,094 

Dade 4,955 

DeSoto 8,047 

Duval 39,733 

Escambia 28,313 

Franklin 4,890 

Gadsden 15,294 

Hamilton 11,881 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Hernando 3,638 

Hillsboro 36,013 

Holmes 7,762 

Jackson 23,377 

Jefferson 16,195 

Lafayette 4,987 

Lake  7,467 

Lee 3,071 

Leon 19,887 

Levy 8,603 

Liberty 2,956 

Madison 15,446 

Manatee  4,663 

Marion 24,403 

Monroe 18,006 


Pop.  1900 

Nassau 9,654 

Orange 11.374 

Osceola 3,444 

Pasco 6,054 

Polk 12,472 

Putnam 11,641 

St.  John.. 9,165 

Santa  Rosa....  10,293 

Sumter. 6,187 

Suwanee 14.554 

Taylor 3.999 

Volusia 10,003 

Wakulla 5.149 

Walton 9,346 

Washington...  10,154 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Anthony 

Apalachicola. 

Apopka 

Arcadia 

Aucilla 

Bartow 

Bellair 

Belleview 

Brooksville  .. 

Carrabelle 

Cedar  Keys  .. 

Chipley 

Citra  

Clear   Water 
Harbor 


198 

Cocoa 

382 

Fort  AYhite  ... 

3,077 

Crescent  City . 

352 

Gainesville  ... 

.    3, 

218 

Dade  City 

509 

Goldsboro  .... 

799 

Daytona 

1,690 

Green  Cove  Sp'gs 

173 

De  Land 

1.449 

Hampton 

1,983 

Deleon  Springs 

183 

Hawthorn 

113 

Dunedin 

113 

High  Springs.. 
Interlaken  .... 

.    1, 

137 

Dunnellon 

700 

641 

Eatonville 

e 

Jacksonville  .. 

923 

Eau  GalUe  .... 

Jasper 

739 

Eustis 

411 

Key  West 

17, 

652 

Federal  Point. 

172 

Kissimmee.... 

1. 

322 

Fernandina ... 

3,245 

Lake  Butler... 

Fort  Brook  ... 

1,135 

Lake  City.  .... 
Lake  Helen... 

•    4, 

343 

Fort  Meade  ... 

261 

GEORGIA. 


Florida  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Lakeland 1,180    Ocala ...    3.380  Ran  Mateo....       267 

Lake  Maitland       136  Orange  City..       365     Sneads 368 

Leesburg               765  Orange  Park..       245    Starke 972 

Live  Oak              1,659     Orlando 2.4*1  Tallahassee...    2.981 

Maclenny 350    Ormond 595    Tampa.. 15,839 

Madison". 849     Palatka 3.301  Tarpon  Springs      541 

Manatee 254  Palatka  Heights    354     Tavares 113 

Marianna 900     Palmetto 569     Titusville 756 

.Melbourne....       131     Pensaeola 17.747     Vernon 141 

Miami      1,681  Plant  City.  •_.       720    Welaka. 215 

Micanopy     ...       645  Port  Tampa  City  1,367  West  Palm  Beach  564 

Milton    .          .     1,204  PuntaGorda..       860  West  Tampa..    2.355 

Monticello  ....    1,076    Quincv 847  "White  Springs      690 

Myers 943  St.  Augustine.    4.272    Wildwood 244 

New  Augustine     693  St.  Petersburg    1.575    Williston 184 

New  Smyrna..       543    Sanford. 1,450  Winter  Park..       366 

GEORGIA.    Population,  2,216,331. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Appling 12.336    Favette 10,114    Newton 16,734 

Baker 6.704    Flovd 33.113    Oconee... 8,602 

Baldwin 17.768     Forsvth 11.550  Oglethorpe  ...  17,881 

Banks   10.545    Franklin .17.700     Paulding 12.969 

Bartow 20.823    Fulton.. 117.363    Pickens 8,641 

Berrien 19.440    Gilmer.. 10,198    Pierce 8,100 

Bibb 50.473     Glascock 4.516    Pike 18.761 

Brooks  IS.606     Glynn   14.317     Polk.. 17.856 

Bryan 6,122    Gordon .14.119     Pulaski 18,489 

Bulloch 21.377    Greene 16,542    Putnam 13.436 

Burke     3n.lfi5     Gwinnett 25,585     Quitman 4,701 

Butts         .    ..  12.805  Habersham...  13,604    Rabun 6,285 

Calhoun 9.274    Hall.... .20,752     Randolph 16.847 

Camden 7.669     Hancock 18.277  Richmond  ....  53.735 

Campbell 9.518    Haralson 11.922    Rockdale 7.515 

Carroll 26.576    Harris... 18,009     Schley 5.499 

Catoosa 5.823    Hart. 14.492     Screven 19.252 

Charlton 3.592    Heard .11.177     Spalding 17.619 

Chatham 71.239    Henry 18.602     Stewart 15,856 

Chattahoochee   5,790    Houston 22.641     Sumter 26.212 

Chattooga....  12.952     Irwin 13.645     Talbot  12.197 

Cherokee 15.243    Jackson 24,039  Taliaferro  ....    7.912 

Clarke.... 17,708    Jasper.. 15.0:33     Tattnall 20.419 

Clay... 8.568    Jefferson 18.212     Taylor 9,846 

Clayton       ....    9.598    Johnson 11,409     Telfair 10,083 

Clirich 8,732    Jones 13.358     Terrell. 19,023 

Cobb.. 24.664    Laurens .25.908     Thomas ..31.076 

Coffee 16.169    Lee 10.344     Towns. 4.74* 

Colquitt 13.636    Liberty... 13,093    Troup .24,002 

Columbia 10.653    Lincoln 7.156     Twiggs 8.716 

Coweta.. 24.9SO    Lowndes 20,036     Union.... 8.481 

Crawford 10,368     Lumpkin 7,433     Upson.... 13.670 

Dade   4.578    Me  Duffle 9,804     Walker 15,661 

Dawson 5.442    Mcintosh 6.537     Walton 20.942 

Decatur 29.454    Macon 14.093    Ware 13,761 

Dekalb 21.112    Madison 13,224     Warren 11.463 

Dodge 13.975     Marion lo.osn  Washington  ..  28.227 

Doolv 26,567  Meriwether...  23,339    Wayne 9.449 

Dougherty  ...  13.679     Miller. 6.319     Webster 6,618 

Douglas.; 8,745     Milton 6.763     White 5,912 

Early     14,828     Mitchell 14.767     Whitfield 14.509 

'i     Monroe 2o.6S2     Wilcox 11.097 

Effingham B,334  Montgomery..  16,359    Wilkes 20,866 

Elbert        ..        19,729     Morgan 15313  Wilkinson  ....  11,440 

Emanuel 21.279     Murray. 8.623     Worth 18,664 

Fannin 11,214    Muscogee... 


10 


GEORGIA. 


Georgia  —  Continued. 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Pop.  1900 

Abbeville 1,152    Cbokee 

Acree 

Ac  worth  ... 
Adalrsvllle. 

Add     

Adrian 

Alkeuton. 


Pop.  1900  Pop 

120  Frankl'n 

159    Clarkesville  ..       481  Frazler  

937    Clarkston 362  Gainesville... 

616    Claxton 553  Geneva 

?2i    Clayton 199  Georgetown.. 

833    Cochran 1,581  Gibson 

136    Cohutta 283  Glennville  .... 

263  Gordon 

517  Grantvllle  .... 

3io    Colquitt 820  Graysvllle  .... 

74    Columbus 17.614  Greensboro  .. 

7,674    Coiner 836  Greenville 

245    Concord 231  Griffin 


Albany 4,606    Coleman 

Allapaha 429    College  Park 

Alpharetta 

Alto 

Americus 

Andersonville 

Arabi 

Arlington 

Ashburn 


1900 

218 

264 

348 
29S 
269 


505     Conyers 1,605     Grovet   wn  ... 


755     Cordele 8,473 

1,301     Cornelia 16 


Athens 10,245    Covington 


Guy  ton. 
Hanlra ... 

2,062    Hamilton 


Atlanta .89,872     Crawford 308     Hampton. 


161 


Auburn 

Augusta 

Austell 

Bainbridge 

Baldwin 

Ball  Ground  .. 
Barnesville  ... 

Barnett 

Barrington 

Bartow 

Battle  Hill.... 

Baxley 

Bellton... 

Blackshear 

Blairsville 

Blakely 804 

Blue  Ridge.. 

Bluffton 

Bolingbroke 

Boston 

Bowdon  

Bowersville. 


Crawfordville 

39,441     Culloden 

648    Culverton 

2.641     dimming 

130    Cusseta. 


597    Hapeville 

334    Harlem 

283     Harmony  Grove 

239     Harrison 

Harrisonville. 


302    Cuthbert 2.641     Hartwel 


3,036    Dahlonega . 
381     Dalh 


1,255    Hawkinsville 
644     Hazlehurst... 


34  Dalton 4.315    Helen; 

286  Danielsville... 

223  Darien 

488  Davisboro. 


194     Hephzibah 
1.739     Hillsboro. 


387     Hilton  Station 


257    Dawson 2.926     Hiram 

876    Dawsonville..       217    Hogansville. 


141     Decatur 1.418 

Demorest 

1.148    Denuard 

312    DeSoto. 

Dexter 

22    Doerun 

307    Donalsonville 
294    Douglas 


157 


Homer 
560    Homerville... 

16    Hoschton 

250    Irwinton 

199    Jackson. 

J  akin. 


325    Jaki 
519    Jasper. 
617    Jefferson. 


100    Dublin 
291    Dulutb 


2,987    .lesup. 
336    Jonesboro 


Bowman 367    Douglasville..    1,140    Jenkinsburg.. 

Bras  well .. 
Bremen  .  . 
Brew  ton  .. 
Bronwood. 
Brunswick 
Buchanan . 


292    Eastman. 1,235    Kennesaw 


359  East  Point....  1.315 

9,081  East  Rome. 

359  Eatonton  .. 

Buckhead 240  Edgewood 1,285     KnoxvlHe. 

Buena Vista...    1.161  Elberton 3,834    Lafayette. 

1,352  Elko. 171    La  Grange 


Kingston. 

671     Kirkwood. 

1,823    Kite. 


Buford 
Butler... 
Cairo 
Calhoun. 

Camak  .. 
Camilla  . 
Canton . 


707  Ellaville 

690  Ellijay 

851  Emerson 

115  Etna 

1,051  Fairburn 

847  Fairmount.. 

Carlton.. 277  Fayetteville 


474     Lake  Park 


Laronla. 

Lawrencevllle 

128    Learv 

761     Leesburg 

191     Leslie 

4:30    Lexington 

1,817    Lincolnton 

141     Lithia  Springs 

257     Lithonia  

523     Locust  Grove. 


581 

111 


Carnesville  ...  305  Fitzgerald 

Carrollton  ....  1.998  Five  Forks 

Cartersville...  3,135  Flint  stone 

Cave  Springs..  824  Flovilla.... 

Cecil 394  Flowery  Branch    420    Loganville .... 

Cedartown....  2.823  Folkston 167    Louisville 

Chauncev 422  Forsyth 1,172    Louvale.. 

Chickamauga.  95  Fori'Gaines  ..    1.305    Lovett  ... 

Chipley 459  Fort  Valley...    2,022    Lula 


1.511 
815 

537 

500 
302 

418 

468 

430 

527 

1.454 

322 

711 

1,672 

2,103 

604 

541 
179 
104 
105 
893 
221 
434 
290 
227 
1,487 
267 
379 
726 
255 
805 


512 
699 
156 
300 
491 
4.271 
319 
699 
853 

413 
213 
635 
221 
330 

254 

431 

1,009 

53 

114 
217 


GEORGIA. 

11 

Georgia  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.l 

Lumber  City. 

760 

Pendergrass  .. 

232 

Summit 

264 

Lumpkin 

.     1,470 

Pentield 

375 

Sumner 

333 

Luthersville  . 

209 

Pepperton  

500 

Suwanee 

247 

.       284 
.       584 

650 
330 

Swainsboro  ... 

Sycamore 

895 

Lyons. 

Pinehurst 

274 

McDonough  .. 

.       683 

Plains 

346 

Svivania 

545 

Mcintosh 

.       262 

Powder  Springs     280 

Sylvester 

552 

McRae 

1,020 

Powellville ... 

79 

Talbotton 

1,131 

Machen 

210 

Preston 

146 

Talking  Rock. 

102 

Macon 

.  23.272 

Princeton 

244 

Tallapoosa 

..2.128 

Madison 

.     1,992 

Quitman 

Raccoon  Mills 

2,281 

Tallulah  Falls 

134 

Marietta 

4.446 

441 

Taylorsville  .. 

139 

Marshallville . 

879 

Reidsville 

257 

Temple 

397 

Martin 

160 

Resaca 

128 

Teunille 

1,121 

Maysville 

453 

Reynolds 

436 

The  Rock 

18D 

Meansville 

155 

Rhine 

191 

Thomaston 

1.714 

Meigs 

617 

Richland 

1,014 

Thomasville  .. 

5.322 

Mesena 

124 

Riddleville.... 

178 

Thomson 

1,154 

Metcalf 

259 

Ringgold 

437 

Tifton. 

1,384 

MldvUle 

275 

Rising  Fawn.. 

212 

Tilton.. 

194 

Milledgeville  . 

4,219 

Roberta  .  

252 

Toccoa.. 

2,176 

Millen... 

411 

Rochelle 

793 

Toomsboro  ... 

50 

Milner 

440 

Rockmart 

575 

Trenton. 

349 

Mineral  Bluff. 

158 

Rome 

7,291 

Trion  Factory 

1,926 

Molina 

394 

Roopville 

109 

Tunnelhill.... 

302 

Monroe. 

1,846 

Roswell 

1.329 

Turin. 

196 

Montezuma. .. 

903 

Royston 

579 

Tybee 

381 

Monticello 

1,106 

Ruckersville.. 

99 

Ty  Ty 

175 

Moreland 

229 

Rut  ledge 

469 

I  nadilla 

524 

Morgan 

240 

St.  Charles 

66 

Valdosta 

5,613 

Moultrie 

2,221 

St.  Marys 

529 

Vidalia 

503 

Mountairy 

310 

Sandersville  .. 

2.023 

Vienna 

1,035 

Mt.  Vernon  ... 

573 

Sasser 

322 

Villa  Rica 

576 

Mountville 

224 

Savannah  

54.244 

Waco 

345 

Mystic 

97 

Seney 

121 

Wadley 

630 

Nashville 

293 

Senoia 

782 

Waleska 

170 

Nellievllle .... 

476 

Seville 

1,277 

Waresboro 

269 

Nelson 

254 

Shady  Dale.... 

300 

Warrenton 

1,113 

Newborn 

.    695 

Sharon  

216 

Warthen 

148 

New   England 

% 

Sharpsburg  ... 

137 

v\  ashington  .. 

3.300 

City 

138 

Shellman 

584 

Wassaw 

592 

Newnan 

3.654 

Smithville 

597 

Watkinsville  . 

351 

Newton 

329 

Smyrna 

238 

Waycross 

5.919 

Norcross 

797 

Social  Circle.. 

1,229 

Waynesboro .. 

2,030 

North  Rome.. 

960 

Sparks 

683 

West  Buford.. 

211 

Norwood 

299 

Sparta 

1,150 

Weston 

273 

Oakland  City. 

823 

Spring  Place.. 

213 

West  Point 

1,797 

Ochlockonee  . 

244 

Springvale 

166 

WThigham 

392 

Ocilla 

805 

Statesiioro 

1,197 

Whitehall 

660 

Oconee 

27 

Statham 

172 

White  Plains  . 

290 

Oglethorpe 

545 

Stellaville  .... 

171 

Whitesburg. . . 

29c, 

Omaha 

152 

Sterling 

97 

Willacoochee. 

471 

Oxford 

800 

Stillmore 

741 

Winder 

1.1 4r, 

Palmetto 

620 

Stone  Mountain 

835 

Woodbury 

566 

Parrott 

267 

sugar  Valley.. 

231 

Woodstock  ... 

•Jit; 

Patterson 

314 

Summerville, 

"W  rightsville.. 

1.127 

Pavo 

262 

Chattooga  Co. 

486 

YatesviHe  .... 

283 

Pearson 

336 

Summerville  Rich- 

Young Harris. 

342 

Pelham  

945 

mond  Co 

.3,245 

Zebulon . 

361 

HAWAII.    Populati 

on,  154,001. 

ISLANDS. 

Pop.  1 

Pop.  1900 

PopNl£ 

Hawaii 

46,843 

20,562 

Maui  

25,416 
172 

Molokai ) 

Lanai      )  

Oahu 

2,504 

Kauai 

Niihau 

58,504 

CIT 

Honolulu 

39,306 

Hilo 

3,500 

Lahaina 

1,000 

12  IDAHO  — ILLINOIS. 

IDAHO.    Population,  161,772. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Ada 11,559    Cassia 3,951    Lemhi 3,446 

Bannock 11,702    Custer 2,049    Lincoln  1,784 

Bear  Lake 7,051     Elmore 2,286  Nez  Forces....  13.7I8 

Bingham 10,447    Fremont 12,821    Oneida 

Blaine 4,900     Idaho 9.121     Owvhee 

Boise 4,174     Kootenai 107.21  6    Shoshone 11,950 

Canyon 7,497    Latah 13,451  "Washington...    6,882 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 

Albion 306  Idaho  Falls  ...    1,262  Placerville  ....      230 

Bellevue 356    Juliaetta 287    Pocatello 4,016 

Boise 5,957     Kendrick 490    Post  Falls 287 

Bonners  Ferry      349    Lewiston 2,425    Rathdruin 407 

Caldwell 997    Malade 1.050    Eexburg 1,081 

Coeur  d'Alene      508  Montpelier....    1,444  St.  Anthony ..      411 

Franklin 435    Moscow 2,484    Salmon 398 

Genesee 731  Mountain  Home    529  Soda  Springs..       428 

Grangeville...    1,132    Nampa 793    Troy 285 

Harrison 702    Paris 906    Wallace 2,263 

Idaho  City....       390    Payette 614    Weiser 1,364 

ILLINOIS.    Population,  4,821,550. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Adams 67,058    Hardin 7,448    Morgan 35,006 

Alexander  ....  19.384  Henderson  ....  10,836    Moultrie 15,224 

Bond... 16.078    Henry 40,049     Ogle 29.129 

Boone 15,791    Iroquois 38,014    Peoria 88,608 

Brown. 11,557    Jackson 33,871    Perry 19,830 

Bureau.. 41,112    Jasper 20,160    Piatt 17,706 

Calhoun 8,917    Jefferson 28,133    Pike 31,595 

Carroll. 18,963    Jersey 14,612    Pope 13,585 

Cass 17.222  Jo  Daviess....  24,533    Pulaski 14.554 

Champaign....  47,622    Johnson 15,667    Putnam 4.746 

Christian 32,790    Kane 78,792    Randolph 28,001 

Clark 24.033    Kankakee 37.154     Richland 16,391 

Clay 19,553    Kendall 11,467  Rock  Island...  55.249 

Clinton. 19,824    Knox 43,612     St.  Clair 86,685 

Coles 34,146    Lake  34,504     Saline 21,685 

Cook 1,838,735    Lasalle 87,776  Sangamon  ....  71.593 

Crawford    ....19,240    Lawrence 16.523    Schuyler 16429 

Cumberland  ..  16.124    Lee 29,894    Scott 10.455 

Dekalb 31,756  Livingston....  42,035    Shelby  32.126 

Dewitt 18,9?2    Logan. 28,680    Stark 10,186 

Douglas 19,097  McDonough  ..  28,412  Stephenson  ...  34,933 

Dupage  ..:....  28.196    McHenry 29.759     Tazewell 33.221 

Edgar. .28,273    McLean    67,843     Union 22.610 

Edwards 10.345    Macon 44,003    Vermilion 65,635 

Effingham 20.465    Macoupin 42,256    Wabash 12,583 

Fayette. 28,065    Madison. 64,694     Warren 23,163 

Ford  :. 18,359    Marion 30.446  Washington...  19.526 

Franklin 19,675    Marshall 16,370    Wavne 27,626 

Fulton 46,201    Mason 17,491     White. 25,386 

Gallatin 15,836    Massac. 13,110    Whiteside 34.710 

Greene 23,402    Menard 14.336    Will. 74.764 

Grundy 24.136    Mercer 20,945  Williamson  ...  27.796 

Hamilton 20.197    Monroe 18,847  Winnebago...  47.845 

Hancock 32,215  Montgomery..  30,836    Woodford 21*823 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 

Abingdon 2,022    Albany  629  Algonquin....       550 

Addieville  ....       190    Albion 1.162  Alhambra  ....       368 

Addison  591    Aledo 2,081    Alma 418 

Adeline 216    Alexis  915    Alpha 355 


ILLINOIS. 


13 


Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Altamont ... 

..    1.335 

Bethany. 

873 

Alton 

..  14,210 

Biggsville 

417 

Altona 

633 

Bingham 

273 

Alto  Pass  ... 

..       518 

Bird 

335 

Alvin 

..       368 

BishopHill... 

315 

Amhoy   

..     1,826 

Blandinsville  . 

995 

Andalusia... 

..       326 

Bloomingdale. 

235 

Andover 

..       238 

Bloomington  . 

23,286 

Anna 

..    2,618 

Blue  Island  ... 

6,114 

Annawan 

..       428 

Blue  Mound... 

714 

Antioch 

. .       523 

Bluffs. 

539 

Apple  Eiver. 

..       576 

Bolton 

479 

Areola 

..    1,995 

Bone  Gap  

496 

Arenzville  ... 

..       462 

Bonfield  

165 

Argenta  

..        525 

Bourbonnais .. 

595 

Arlington 

400 

Bowen 

528 

Arlington 

Braceville 

1,669 

Heights  .... 

..    1,380 

Bradford. 

773 

Arrowsmith  . 

317 

Bradley  

1.518 

Arthur 

..       858 

Braid  wood 

3.279 

Ashkum 

..       429 

Breese 

1,571 

Ashland 

..     1,201 

Bridgeport 

487 

Ashley 

953 

Brighton 

660 

Ashmore 

..       476 

Brimneld 

677 

Ashton  

756 

Bristol  ..   

427 

Assumption.. 

. .    1,702 

Broad  well 

202 

Astoria 

.    1,684 

Brocton  

613 

Athens 

.    1,535 

Brooklyn.  Mas- 

Atkinson  

762 

sac  Co 

865 

Atlanta 

..    1.270 

Brooklyn,  Sainl 

Atwood 

.       698 

Clair  Co 

1,019 

Auburn 

..    1,281 

Brookville 

422 

Augusta  

.     1.143 

Brought on  

327 

Aurora 

.  24.147 

Browning 

455 

Ava__ 

984 

Browns 

421 

Avervville  ... 

.     1,573 

Brussels 

270 

Avlston 

387 

Bryant 

355 

Avon 

.       809 

Buckley 

490 

Baldwin 

381 

Buda 

873 

Bardolph 

..       387 

Buffalo 

531 

Barrington... 

.    1.162 

Bunker  Hill... 

1,279 

Barry... 

.     1.643 

Bureau 

545 

Bartelso 

.        274 

Bushnell 

2,490 

Bartlett 

.       360 

Butler  

292 

Basco 

.       318 

Byron 

1.015 

Batavia 

_  3,871 

Cabery  

SS5 

Batchtown... 

360 

Cable 

697 

Bath 

.       330 

Cairo 

12.566 

Baylis.. 

340 

Cambridge 

1,345 

Beardstown.. 

.    4,827 

Campbell  Hill. 

497 

Beecher 

410 

Camp  Point... 

1,260 

Beeeher  Citv. 

340 

Campus  ...:... 

226 

Beechwood  . . 

.       854 

Canton 

6.564 

Belknap  

372 

Cantrall  

Belle  Prairie. 

129 

Capron 

f>i,-j 

Bellerive  

.       370 

Carbondale  ... 

3,318 

Belleville    ... 

.  17,4s  1 

Carbon  Hill... 

Bellflower  ... 

356 

Carlinville 

3,502 

Bellinont 

624 

Carlyle  

1,874 

Belvidere  

.    6,937 

Canni 

2,939 

Bement  

.     1,484 

Carpentersville 

Benson 

361 

Carrier  Mills  . 

127 

iville .. 

874 

Carrollton  .. 

2,355 

Bentlev  . 

Cartervllle 

Benton 

.     1,841 

Carthage 

2,104 

Berlin 

256 

Cary  

398 

Bethalto 

.        477 

Casey 

1,500 

Pop.  1900 

Caseyville  ....  449 

Catlin 697 

Cedarvllle  .  ..  :;77 
Central  City, 

Grundy  Co ..  290 
Central  City, 

Marion  Co...  615 

Centralia 6,721 

Cerro  Gordo..  1,008 

Chad  wick 505 

Champaign 9,098 

Chandlerville.  940 

Channahon  ...  261 

Chapin 514 

Charleston  ...  5,488 

Chatham 629 

Chats  worth  ..  1,038 

Chebanse 555 

Chenoa 1,5'2 

Cherry  Valley  349 

Chester 2.832 

Chesterfield  ..  377 

Chicago 1,698,575 

ChicagoHeights  5,11  0 

Chillicothe....  1,699 

Chrisinan 905 

Cisco 360 

Cisne 400 

Cissna  Park...  623 

Claremont  ....  226 

Clarke  City    ..  621 

Clay  City 907 

Clayton.. 996 

Clifton 652 

Clinton 4,452 

Coal  Citv 2,6o7 

Coal  Valley. ..  259 

fjsatsburg  S91 

Cobden 1,034 

Coffeen... 963 

Colchester....  1,635 

Colfax 1,153 

Collinsville...  4.021 

Columbia 1,197 

Columbus 196 

Compton 428 

Cordova 414 

Cornell 521 

Cortland 261 

Couirerville  ..  650 

Cowden 751 

Creal  Springs .  940 

Crescent  City.  371 

Creston 381 

Crete 760 

Cro8sville 523 

Crotty  i  Seneca 

P.O.)   - 1,036 

Crvstal  Lake  950 

Cuba 1,198 

Cullom.. 156 

Dahlgren 452 

Dakota 269 

Dallas  Citv....  970 
Dalton  City. 

Dana 310 

Danfortb 407 


, 


14 

ILLINOIS. 

Illinois  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Danvers 

607 

Evansvllle  ... 

668 

Danville  ... 

16,864 

K\  ergreen  P'k 

445 

Davis  

398 

419 

Dawson 

574 

Exeter. 

288 

Decatur 

30,754 

Fairbury 

2,187 

Deer  Creek.  .. 

•J!  IS 

Fairfield 

2,888 

Dekalb 

.    5,904 

Fairm<>unt 

928 

DeLand 

411 

Falrvlew 

501 

Delavan 

1,304 

Fancher 

157 

Depue 

488 

Farina  __ 

693 

De  Soto 

560 

Fanner 

1,664 

Des  Plaines... 

1,666 

Fannersville  . 

315 

Detroit 

149 

Farmington  . 

1,729 

Dewitt 

258 

Fayettevllle .. 

282 

Diamond 

672 

Ferris 

269 

Dieterieh 

382 

Fidelity 

222 

Dixon. 

7,1(17 

Fieldon. 

259 

Dolton.-.. 

1,229 

Fillmore 

500 

Dongola 

681 

Findlay 

479 

Donnellson.  .. 

268 

Fisher. 

614 

Dover 

247 

Fithian 

309 

Downers  Grov 

e  2,1(13 

Flanagan 

509 

Dubois 

335 

Flat  Kock 

315 

Dundee 

2.765 

Flora 

2,311 

Duquoin 

4,353 

Forest  City.  .. 

309 

Durand 

571 

Forrest 

952 

Dwight  

2,015 

Forreston 

1,047 

Earlville 

1,122 

Fort  Sheridan. 

1,575 

East  Alton.... 

454 

Fosterburg 

130 

E.  Carondelet. 

222 

Frankfort.  . 

250 

EastDubuque, 

1,146 

Franklin 

687 

East  Dundee, 

FranklinGrove 

681 

(Dundee  P.O.)  1,417 

Franklin  Park 

483 

E.  Gales  burg.. 

663 

Freeburg 

1,214 

Easton 

335 

Freeport 

13.258 

East  Peoria... 

899 

Fulton .. 

2.685 

East  St.  Louis. 

29,655 

Galatia 

642 

Eddyville.  .. 

162 

Galena 

5,005 

Edge  wood  ... 

412 

Galesburg  ... 

is.imr 

Edinburg.  .. 

1,071 

Galva . 

2.682 

Edison  Park.. 

344 

Gardner 

1.H36 

Edwardsville . 

4,157 

Geneseo  ... 

3,356 

Effingham 

3,774 

Geneva 

2.446 

Elburn 

606 

Genoa 

1,140 

Eldara. 

249 

Georgetown  ... 

988 

Eldorado 

1,445 

Germantown, 

Elgin 

22.433 

VermilionCo 

1,782 

Elizabeth 

659 

Germantown, 

Elizabethtown 

668 

Clinton  Co.. 

Elkhart 

553 

Gibson 

2,054 

Elkville 

465 

Gilberts 

222 

Ellis  Grove.  .. 

280 

Gillespie 

873 

Ellisville 

219 

Gilman  

1.441 

Elmhurst 

1,728 

Girard 

1,661 

Elmwood 

l  .582 

Gladstone 

433 

El  Paso. 

1,441 

Glasford 

409 

Elsah 

220 

Glasgow 

235 

Elvaston 

308 

Glencoe 

1,020 

Elwood 

244 

Glen  Ellyn.... 

793 

Emden 

330 

Godfrey.. 

29 

Emington 

206 

Godley 

329 

Entield 

971 

Goleonda 

1,140 

Equality 

898 

Golden  

516 

Erie 

768 

Golden  Gate  .. 

345 

Essex 

385 

GoodHope 

430 

Eureka 

1,661 

Gorevllle 

406 

Evanston 

19,259 

Grafton 

988 

Pop.  1900 

Gralnvflle  390 

(.rand   Ridge  999 
(.rami  TOWOl 

Granite 3,122 

Grant,  Park  .  442 

Granville      ...  830 

Grape  Creek..  610 

Grayslake  ....  116 

Grayville 1,948 

Greenfield  . 

Greenup 1,085 

Greenvlew 1,019 

Greenville  ....  2,504 

Grldley    ...  ..  716 

Grlggsvllle  ...  1,4(4 

Grossdale 1.111 

Gross  Point...  609 

Hamburg 908 

Hamilton 1,344 

Hamletsburg..  280 

Hammond 481 

Hampshire....  760 

Hampton. 374 

Hanover 785 

Hardin 494 

Harlem 4,085 

Harrisburg *,202 

Hartsburg 269 

Harvard 2,602 

Harvel 357 

Harvey... 5,395 

Havana 3,268 

Hebron 611 

Hecker  .  _ 200 

Henderson...  170 

Hennepin 523 

Henry. 1,637 

Hernck 421 

Herrin  1,559 

Herscher 3S4 

Hettick 259 

Hey  worth 683 

Highland 1,970 

Highland  Park  2,&)6 

Hillsboro 1.937 

Himrod 426 

Hinckley 587 

Hindsboro  ....  343 

Hinsdale 2,578 

Hodgkins 195 

Hollowayville.  207 

Homer 1,080 

Homewood  ...  352 

Hoopeston  ....  3,823 

Hopedale 600 

Hoyleton 352 

Hudson 378 

Huev 267 

Humboldt 319 

Hume 598 

Huntley  60S 

Hutsonville...  743 

Illiopolis 744 

Ina 317 

Indian  ola 381 

Industry 463 

Ipava 749 


ILLINOIS. 


15 


Illinois  —  Continued 
Pop.  1900 

Iroquois 427 

Irving  67S 

Ir\  intrton 241) 

Itasca 256 

Iuka  421 

Ivesdale 476 

Jacksonville..  15,078 

Jeffersouville.  386 

Jersevville  ..  3,517 

Jeweit :«2 

Johnson  vllle..  268 

Johnstown 787 

Joliet 29,353 

Jonesboro 1,130 

Kampsville  ...  330 

Kane 588 

Kangley l,im 

Kankakee 13,595 

Kansas... 1,049 

Kappa   17") 

Kaskaskla 177 

Keithsburg  ...  1,566 

Keinpton 409 

Kenihvorth...  336 

Kenney 584 

Kewanee  8,382 

Kevesport 500 

Kinderhook...  /  370 

Kingston 305 

Kingston  Mines     509 

Kimnundy 1,221 

Kinsman 174 

Kirkland  636 

Kirk  wood  ....  1,008 

Knoxville   1.^57 

Lacon... 1,601 

Ladd 1,324 

Lafavette     ...  283 

Lagrange  3,969 

Lagrange  Park      730 

LaHarpe 1.591 

Lake  Bluff....  490 

Lake  Forest  ..  2,215 

Lake  Zurich  ..  215 

LaMoille 576 

Lanark. 1,306 

Lansing 830 

La  Prairie 182 

La  Rose 146 

Lasalle 10,446 

Latham 429 

Lawrencevflle  1,300 

Leaf  River ....  507 

Lebanon   1,812 

Lee 287 

Leland 634 

Lemont 2.449 

Lena 1,252 

Lenzburg 343 

L'Erable 135 

Lerna 396 

Leroy  1,629 

Lewistown 2,504 

Lexington 1,415 

L'berty.  499 

Liberty  vllle...  864 

Lima 280 


Pop.  1900 

Lincoln 8,962 

Lisbon 279 

Litchfield 5,918 

Little  York...  334 

Loami 481 

Lockport 2,659 

Loda 668 

Lombard 590 

London  Mills.  528 

Long  Point...  284 

Loraine 349 

Lostant 480 

Louisville 646 

Lovington 815 

Ludlow 306 

Lyndon 430 

I.ynnville  .  ...  176 

Lvons 951 

McHenry 1,013 

McLean 532 

McLeansboro.  1,758 

Macedonia 315 

Mackinaw 859 

Macomb 5,375 

Macon. 705 

Madison 1,979 

Magnolia 264 

Mahomet 515 

Makanda 528 

Maiden 309 

Malta 507 

Manchester...  430 

Manhattan  ...  393 

Manito 561 

Mansfield 708 

Manteno 932 

Maple  Park...  391 

Maquon 475 

Marengo 2.005 

Marine 666 

Marion 2,510 

Marissa 1.086 

Maroa. 1.213 

Marseilles 2.559 

Marshall 2,077 

Martinsville  ..  1,000 

Martinton 319 

Marysville  ....  764 

Mascoutah 2,171 

Mason.. 369 

Mason  City....  1,890 

Mattison 449 

Mattoon  9,622 

Maywood 4,532 

Mazon  447 

Mechanicshurg  476 

Medora... 449 

Melrose  Park..  2,592 

Melvin 550 

Mendon 627 

Mendota 

Meredosia 700 

Metamora 758 

Met  calf 429 

Metropolis  City  4,069 

Milan 719 

Milford 1,077 


Pop.  1900 


Mill  Creek 
Milh-dgevllle 
Millersburg. 
Millington  ... 
Mill  Shoals.. 

Millstadt 

Milton. 

Mineral 

Minier 

Minonk 2,545 

Minooka 424 

Modesto. 299 

Mokena 281 

Moline 17.248 

Momence 2,026 


273 
633 
305 

■k,; 
(if,!) 
1.172 
420 
339 
746 


Monee 

Monmouth 

Montgomery.. 

Monticello 

Montrose 

Morgan  Park  . 
Morris. 


402 
7.460 

350 
1,982 

300 
2.3:29 
4,273 
Morrison  2,308 


Morrisonville. 

Morton 

Morton  Grove 
Mound  City... 
Mound  Station 
Mt.  Auburn 
Mt.  Carmel. 
Mt.  Carroll. 
Mt.  Erie.... 
Mt.Greenwood 
Mt.  Morris  . 
Mt.  Olive... 
Mt.  Pulaski 
Mt.  Sterling 
Mt.  Vernon 

Mt.  Zion. 

Moweaqua 

MulberryGrove 

Muncie 

Murphysboro  . 
Murrayville... 

Naperville 

Naples 

Nashville 

Nauvoo 1,321 

Nebo 508 

Neoga  1,126 


m 

894 

564 

2,705 

178 

235 

4.311 

1.965 

308 

190 

1.048 

2.935 

1.643 

1 .960 

5. 2 16 

370 

1,478 

632 

324 

6,463 

467 

2.6-29 


2,184 


Neponset 

Newark 

New  Athens 
New  Baden  . 
New  Berlin  . 
New  Boston 
New  Burnside 
New  Canton 
New  Dongla 
New  Grand 

Chain 

New  (irantsb'g 
New  Haven  _. 
New  Holland. 

Newman 

New  Memphis 
New  Minden. 


516 
410 
856 
510 
533 
703 


451 
2-27 
429 

a58 

1,166 

249 
226 


16 


ILLINOIS. 


Illinois— Continue* 
Pop.  1800 

New  Salem....  2»o 

Newton    ......  1,680 

New  Windsor.  473 

Nlantic 654 

Nhes 514 

N lies  Center..  629 

Nilwood 1,878 

Noble      597 

Nokomis l.::;i 

Nora 312 

Normal 3,795 

Norris  City  ...  863 

North  Alton  ..  904 

North  Chicago  1,150 

No.chiliicothe  417 

North  Peoria..  2,358 

Nunda 604 

Oakford  338 

Oakland 1,198 

Oakley 99 

Oblong 743 

Oconee  316 

Odell 1,000 

Odin. 1,180 

O'Fallon 1,267 

Ogden 419 

Ohio 461 

Okawville 544 

Old  Marissa...  216 

Olmsted  268 

Olney. 4,260 

Omaha 569 

Onarga  1,270 

Oneida... 785 

Oquawka 1,010 

Orangeville...  343 

Oregon  1,577 

Orion. 584 

OrlandPark..  366 

Oswego 618 

Ottawa  10,588 

Otterville 208 

Owaneco  255 

Palatine  1.020 

Palestine 979 

Palmer  299 

Palmyra 813 

Pana' 5,530 

Panola 148 

Papineau 188 

Paris 6,105 

Parkersburg . .  211 

Park  Ridge  ...  1,340 

Patoka 640 

Pawnee 595 

Pawpaw 765 

Paxton 3.(66 

Pay  son 465 

Pearl f22 

Pearl  City  ....  437 

Pecatonlca 1,045 

Pekin 8,420 

Peoria 56,100 

Peoria  Heights  309 

Peotone 1,008 

Percy 660 

Perry 642 


1'op.  1900 
Pern 

- 

Phllllpstown..  UK) 
Philo 
Plnckni 
Piper  i 
Plttsneld    . 

Plalnneld 920 

Plainvllle 296 

Piano      ...     .  1,684 

Pleasant  Hill  .  890 
PleasantPlaim 
Plymouth. . 
Pocahontas 

Polo 1,869 

Pontlac 4,266 

Pontoosnc 299 

Poplar  Grove.  323 

Port  Byron....  732 

Prairie  City...  818 
Prairie  du 

Rocher....  347 

Princeton 4,023 

Princeville..  .  735 

Prophetstown  1,143 

Pulaski 424 

Quincy 36,252 

Raleigh 333 

Ramsey 747 

Rankin 754 

Ransom. 339 

Rantoul 1,207 

Rapids  City...  212 

Raymond 906 

Redbud. 1.169 

Reddick 261 

Redmon. 282 

Renault 217 

Reynolds 329 

Richmond 576 

.Richview 444 

Ridge  Farm...  933 

Ridgely 1,169 

Eldgway 839 

Ridott 212 

Ripley 298 

Riverdale 558 

River  Forest..  1,539 

River  Grove..  333 

Riverside 1,551 

Riverton 1,511 

Rlverview 406 

Roanoke 966 

Roberts 44<! 

Robinson 1,683 

Rochelle 

Rochester 365 

Rock  City 174 

Rockbridge. ..  588 

Rock  Kalis...  2.176 

Rockford 31,051 

Rock  Island  ..  19,493 

Rockton 936 

Rockwood 169 

Rome 229 

Romeoyille.  ..  113 

Roodbouse....  2.351 


Pop.  1806 

Rose  vine  ..  i,oi4 
Roslcla 

Rossvllle 1,495 

Ruma 

Rusbvllle 

Rnssellville    .  258 

Rutland 898 

Badorns.  ..  840 

Sailor  Springs  479 

Salem 1,642 

Saline 

Sandoval 1,258 

Sandwich.  . 

Ban  Jose 179 

169 

Saunemin 350 

Savanna 

Saybrook  ... 

Scales  Mound.  418 

Sciota 238 

Scottvllle 364 

Sears 

Seatonville.  ..  9o9 

Secor 

Seneca 1,036 

Shabbona.  .. 

Shannon  

Shawneetown  1,698 

Sheffield 

Shelbyville.  ..  3.546 

Sheldon. 1,108 

Sheridan 

Sherrard  

Shlpman 396 

Shumway 258 

Sibley..." 414 

Sideii ::»; 

Sidney 564 

Sigel 

Simpson 187 

Smithboro  ....  314 

Smithlield  ....  420 

Smithton 4o5 

Somonauk 630 

Sorento 1,000 

South  Danville  898 

South  Elgin...  515 

South  Holland  766 

So.Wilmington  711 

Sparland 

Sparta 2,941 

Spillertown...  848 

Spring  Bay....  128 

Springerton...  444 
Springfield  ...  34,158 
Spring  Forest 

!'.:;;u  (    irden  Wi 

Spring  Valley.  6,214 

St.  Anne 1,000 

st.  Augustine  229 

St.  Charles 2,675 

St.  David 

St.  Elmo 1,050 

St.Fraucisyille  591 

St.  Jacob 4»U 

St.  Joseph  ... 

St.  Libory 820 


INDIANA. 

17 

Illinois—  Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

St.  Mary 

52 

Tremont 

768 

West  Brooklyn 

879 

Ste.  Marie 

406 

Trenton  

1,706 

West  Chicago. 

1,877 

Stanford 

601 

Troy 

1,080 

West  Dundee. 

Staunton 

2,786 

Troy  Grove... 

316 

(Dundee  P.  O.)  l,i 

Steeleville 

562 

Tuscola 

2,569 

West'nSprings 
Westfleld 

662 

Steger 

712 

Union 

322 

820 

Sterling 

6.8o'.i 

Upper  Alton.. 
Urbana 

2,373 

West  Freeport 

724 

Stewardson.. . 

677 

5,728 

WestHammond  2,935 

Stockton 

946 

Utlca 

1,150 

West  Point  ... 

277 

Stonington.... 

438 

Vandal  ia 

2,665 

West  Salem... 

700 

Strasburg 

392 

Varna 

403 

Westville 

1,605 

Strawn 

224 

Venedy 

177 

Wheaton 

2,345 

Btreator 

14.079 

Venice 

2.450 

Wheeler 

2H6 

Stronghurst... 

762 

Vergennes 

416 

Wheeling 

331 

Sublette 

306 

Vermilion 

305 

Whiteball  .... 

2,030 

Sullivan 

2,399 

Vermont 

1.1:15 

Williamsfield . 

447 

Summerfield.. 

360 

Versailles 

524 

Wiliiamsville  _ 

573 

Summit 

547 

Victoria 

329 

Willisville  .... 

398 

Sumner 

1.26S 

Vienna. 

1.217 

Wilmette  

2,300 

735 

111 

552 

2,280 

Wilmington, 
Will  Co 

Swedona 

Virden 

1,420 

Sycamore 

Table  Grove.. 

3.653 

Virginia. 

1,600 

Wilmington, 

376 

"ft  aggoner 

268 

Greene  Co. .. 

213 

Tallula 

639 

"VValdron 

295 

V  incbester  ... 

1.711 

Tamaroa 

853 

Walnut 

791 

Windsor 

866 

Tampico 

807 

Walsh  ville.— 

130 

Winnebago 

405 

Tavlorville.... 

4.248 

Wapella 

442 

Winnetka 

1 1 .833 

Tennessee 

327 

Warren 

1,327 

Winslow 

405 

Teutopolis 

498 

Warrensburg  . 

503 

Winstanley 

Tbebes 

417 

Warsaw. _? 

2.335 

Park. 

1,055 

Thotnpsonville 

398 

Wasbburn 

703 

Witt. 

428 

Tbomson 

467 

Washington... 

1.459 

Woodhull 

774 

Tilton.... 

474 

"W  ataga 

545 

Woodland 

331 

Time... 

125 

^  aterloo 

2,114 

Wood  lawn 

350 

TinlevPark... 
Tiskilwa 

300 

Waterman 

358 

Woodson 

255 

965 

Watseka 

2.5IJ5 

Woodstock  ... 

2.5(12 

Toledo 

818 

Watson 

341 

Worden 

544 

Tolono 

845 

wauconaa 

397 

Wyanet 

902 

Toluca 

2.629 

A\  aukegan 

9.426 

Wyoming 

1,277 

Tonica 

497 

Waverly 

1,573 

Xenia 

800 

Topeka 

160 

Wavne  City... 

522 

Yates  City 

650 

Toulon  

1,057 

V  avnesville  .. 

528 

York 

85H 

Towanda 

467 

Weldon. 

536 

Yorkville 

413 

Tower  Hill.... 

615 

Wenona  ...... 

1,486 

INDIANA.    Population,  2,516,462. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900                          Pop.  1900 

Adams 22.232    Dubois 20,357  Jasper 14,292 

Allen  77,270    Elkhart ...45.052  Jay 26.818 

Bartholomew.  24.594    Fayette 13.495  Jefferson. 22.913 

Benton 13.123    Floyd 30,118  Jennings 15,757 

Blackford  ....  17.213     Fountain 21.446  Johnson 20,223 

Boone ....26.321     Franklin 16.388  Knox 32,746 

Brown 9,727    Fulton 17.453  Kosciusko  ....  29. H>9 

Carroll 19.953    Gibson 30,099  Lagrange 15,284 

Cass 34.545    Grant .54,693  Lake.. 

Clark 31.835     Greene  28.530  Laporte 38,386 

Clay 34,285     Hamilton 29,914  Lawrence         .25,729 

Clinton   28,202  Hancock    .          19,189  .Madison  70,470 

Crawford. 13.476     Harrison 21,702  Marion .197,227 

Daviess 29,914     Hendricks 21.292  Marshall 25.119 

Dearborn 22.194     Henry 25,088  Martin 14,711 

Decatur 19,518     Howard 28.575  Miami 28,344 

Dekalb 25.711  Huntington...  28,901  Monroe 20,878 

Delaware 49,624    Jackson 26,633  Montgomery..  29,388 


18 


INDIANA. 


Indiana  —  Continued 
Pop.  1900 

Morgan 30,457 

Newton 10,448 

Noble 23,588 

Ohio        4,724 

Orange 16,854 

Owen 15,149 

Parke 23,000 

Perry 18,778 

Pike 20,486 

Purler  19,175 

Posey 22,388 

Pulaski  14,083 

Putnam 21,478 


Pop.  1900 

Randolph 28,653 

Ripley  

Push 20,148 

St.  Joseph  ... 

Scott    8,807 

Shelby 26,491 

Spencer 

Stark.-     10,431 

Steuben 15,219 

Sullivan   26,005 

Switzerland...   11,840 
Tippecanoe  . 
Tipton 19,116 


Pop.  1900 

Union 6,748 

Vanderburg  ..  71,769 
Vermilion  .. 

Wabash 28485 

Warren  11,871 

Warrick  

Washington...  19,409 

Wayne 38,970 

Wells 

White    19,138 

Whitley 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Alamo 

241 

Albany  

2,116 

Albion 

1 524 

Alexandria  ... 

7,221 

Alton 

233 

Ambia 

438 

Amboy  

402 

Anderson 

20,178 

Andrews 

746 

Angola  

2.141 

Arcadia 

1.413 

Argos  

Ashley 

1,307 

1,040 

Atlanta 

1,000 

Attica 

3.005 

Auburn  

3.396 

Aurora 

3,645 

Avilla 

658 

Baiubridge  ... 

431 

Bates  ville 

1,384 

Battle  Ground 

150 

Bedford 

6,115 

Bern  

1.037 

Birdseye  

476 

Bloomneld.... 

1,588 

Bloomiugdale . 

505 

Bloomington.. 

6,460 

Bluffton  

4,479 

Boon  ville 

2,849 

Boston 

134 

Boswell 

824 

Bourbon 

1.187 

Bowling  Green 

432 

Brazil 

7,786 

Bremen 

1,671 

Bristol  ..  

546 

Broadrippie  .. 

487 

Bronson  

177 

Brook  

677 

Brooksburg... 

149 

Brookston 

949 

Brookville  .... 

2,037 

Browns  burg... 

676 

Brownstown .. 

1,-685 

Bryant  

884 

Bunker  Hill... 

568 

Burnettsville.. 

497 

Butler 

2,063 

Cadiz 

253 

CainbridgeCity 

1.754 

Campbellsburg 

672 

Cannelburg — 

280 

Cannelton 2.188 

Carbon 951 

Carlisle 699 

Carmel 498 

Carthage 1.028- 

Castletou 199 

Cayuga  832 

Center  Point..  600 

Ceuterville....  785 

Chalmers 462 

Charlestown..  915 

Chesterton  ...  7ss 

Chrisney 513 

Churubusco...  884 

Cicero..*. 1,603 

ClarksHill ....  539 

Clarksville....  2.370 

Clay  City  1,503 

Claypool 399 

.Claysburg 116 

Clifford 233 

Clinton  2.918 

Cloverdale 44". 

Cochran   858 

Colfax 767 

Columbia  City  2,975 

Columbus  8,130 

Connersville  ..  6,836 

Converse 1.415 

Corydon 1,610 

Covington  ....  2.213 

Crandall. 137 

Crawfordsville  6,649 

(rothersville  .  765 

Crown  Point..  2.336 

Culver 505 

Cvnthiaua 502 

Dale 624 

Dana 898 

Danville. 1,802 

Darlington   ...  727 

Decatur 4.142 

Delphi 2,135 

Dillsboro 465 

Dublin  698 

Dunkirk 3,187 

Dunreith 205 

Earl  Park 563 

East  Chicago..  3.411 
East  Connersville  556 
EastGermantown 

305 


Eaton 1,567 

Edlnburg 1,820 

Elizabeth    .   ..  271 

Ellzabethtown  407 

Elkhart  _ 15,184 

Klb-ttsville 70S 

Elnora 9o8 

Elwood 12.9.50 

English 649 

Etna  Green ...  420 

Evansvllle  ....  59,007 

Fairmount 3,205 

Farmersburg . .  625 

Farmland 870 

Flora 1.209 

Forest  Hill 152 

Fort  Branch  ..  849 

Fort  ville 1,006 

Fort  Wayne...  45.115 

Fountain  City.  455 

Fowler "..  1.429 

Francesville"..  596 

Frankfort  ....  7,100 

Franklin 4,006 

Frankton 1.464 

Fredericksburg     281 

Fremont 7o9 

Fieneh  Lick  ..  260 

Garrett 3,910 

Gas  City 3.622 

Geneva  1.076 

Georgetown  ..  350 

Goodland 1,205 

Goshen 7,810 

Gosport  

Grandview  ...  822 

Greencastle  ..  3,661 

Greendale  473 

Greenfield  ....  4,489 
Greensboro . 

Greensburg. ..  5,084 

Greentown 1.2s  7 

Greenville  ....  309 

Greenwood  ...  1,503 

Hagerstown  ..  963 

Hamlet  ISS 

Hammond 12.376 

Hanover 377 

Hardinsburg..  210 

Hartford  City.  5.912 

Hartsville  ....  499 

Hazelton 758 


INDIANA. 


in 


Indiana  — Continued 
Pop.  1900 

Hebron 794 

Hillsboro  500 

Hobart  _ 1.390 

Hope 1,088 

Howell. 1,421 

Hudson 558 

Huntingburg..  2,527 

Huntington...  9,491 
Indianapolis  ..169.164 

Ingalls 542 

Irvington 1.799 

Jamestown...  640 

Jasper 1,863 

Jeflersonville.  10,774 

Jonesboro  ....  1,838 

Jonesville 268 

Judson 186 

Kendabville  ..  3,354 

Kennard 417 

Kentland 1,006 

Kewanna 646 

Keystone 250 

Kirklin 624 

Knigbtstown  .  1,942 

Knightsville  ..  1,171 

Knox 1,466 

Kokomo 10,609 

Laconia 135 

Ladoga 1,176 

Lafavette 18,116 

Lagrange 1,703 

Lagro. 456 

Lanesville 324 

Lapel 869 

Laporte 7,113 

Laurel 600 

Lawrenceburg  4,326 

Leavenworth  .  655 

Lebanon 4,465 

Leesburg 390 

Lewisville  ....  404 

Liberty 1,449 

Ligonier 2,231 

Linden 572 

Linton 3,071 

Little  York....  224 

Livonia  200 

Logansport  ...  16,204 

Loogootee  ....  1.382 

Lowell 1,275 

Lynn 705 

Macy 314 

Madison 7,835 

Marengo  700 

Marion 17,337 

Markle 729 

Martinsville  ..  4,038 

Mauckport....  290 

Mentone 757 

Meroni 478 

Michigan  City.  14,850 

Rfichigantown  417 

Middleburv  ...  572 

Mlddletown...  1,801 

Milan 422 

Milford.  Kosci- 
usko Co 905 


Pop.  1900 
Milford,  Deca- 
tur Co   211 

Millersburg...  481 

Millhousen 265 

Milton 682 

Mishawaka 5,560 

Mitchell 1.772 

Modoc 221 

Monon 1,160 

Monroe  City  ..  688 

Monroeville...  690 

Monterey 261 

Montezuma...  1.172 

Montgomery..  616 

Monticello  ....  2,107 

Montpelier....  3,405 

Moorefleld  ....  113 

MooresHill ...  338 

Mooresville...  974 

Moreland 309 

Morocco 920 

Morristown ...  565 

Mt.  Auburn...  163 

Mt.  Carmel....  153 

Mt.  Etna 175 

Mt.  Vernon....  5,132 

Muncie 20,942 

Nappanee 2,208 

Nashville 393 

New  Albany...  20,628 
New  Amsterdam   200 

Newburg. 1,371 

New  Carlisle..  597 

Newcastle....  3,406 
New  Harmony    1,341 

New  Haven  ...  950 
NewMiddletown  167 

New  Palestine  444 

Newpoint 451 

Newport 610 

New  Richmond      357 

New  Ross 284 

Noblesville....  4.792 

Normal  City...  868 

North  Judson.  944 

North  Liberty.  504 
North  Manchester 

North  Salem  . 

North  Vernon.  2,823 

Oakland  City..  1,991 

Odon 923 

Oldenburg  ....  957 

Orestes 778 

Orleans 1,236 

Osgood 1,035 

Ossian 529 

Owensville....  1,019 

Oxford 949 

Paoli 1,186 

Paragon 413 

Parker 909 

Patoka 71(1 

Patriot 108 

Pendleton 1,512 

Pennville 773 

Peru 8,463 


Pop.  1900 

Petersburg 1,751 

Pierceton 886 

Pine 279 

Plymouth 3,656 

Poneto 332 

Port  Fulton...  1,101 

Portland 4,798 

Posey ville  ....  628 

Princeton 6,041 

Redkey..  2,206 

Remington....  1.120 

Rensselaer 2,255 

Reynolds 393 

Richmond 18,226 

Ridgeville 1,098 

Risingsun 1,548 

Roachdale 942 

Roanu 631 

Roanoke 536 

Rochester 3,421 

Rockport  2,882 

Rockville 2,(U5 

Rosedale 865 

Rossville 598 

Royal  Center..  657 

Rushville 4,541 

Russell  ville...  298 

Salamonia 168 

Salem  ..  1,995 

Saltilloville...  207 

Scottsburg 1,274 

Sellersburg  ...  761 

Seymour 6,445 

Shelburn 523 

Shelby  ville....  7,169 

Sheridan 1,795 

Shirley 381 

Shirley  City...  236 

Shoals 683 

Silver  Grove..  598 

Silver  Lake 504 

South  Bend  ...  35.999 
South  Delphi..      247 

South  Peru....  495 

Southport 285 

South  Whitley  1,113 

Spencer 2,026 

Spiceland 590 

Spring  Grove..  113 

St.  Joe 483 

St.  Leon 369 

St.  Meinrad....  525 

State  Line 174 

Staunton 693 

Stinesville ....  288 

Stranghn 186 

Sullivan 3,118 

Sulphur  Springs     262 

Summitville  ..  1,482 

Sunman .  870 

ei    1,162 

Syracuse .... 

Tell  City 2,680 

Tennyson 302 

Terre  Haute...  36,673 

Thorntown....  1,511 

Tipton 3,764 


20 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


Indiana  —Continued 

Pop.  1900 
Troy 599 

Union  City....    2,710 

Opland     .. 1,208 

Valparaiso  ... 

Van  Buren  965 

Veedersburg..    1,638 

Vera  Cruz 199 

Vernon 557 

Versailles 501 

Vevay 1,588 

Vinoennes 10,249 

Wabash 8,618 

Wakarusa 917 

"VValkerton....    1,037 

Walton 498 

Warren 1,523 


Top.  1900 
Warsaw  .... 

Washington 
Waterloo  1,244 

Waveland 648 

Way  net  own...       757 

West  College  Corner 

392 

Westneld 670 

West  Harrison  304 
West  Lafayette  2,302 
West  Lebanon  688 
West  Madison.        182 

Westport 614 

West  Shoals...  380 
West  Terre  Haute  651 
Westville 468 


Pop.  1900 

Wheatfleld....  806 

Whlteland  ....  su 

Whitewater...  US 
Whiting  ... 

Wllllamsporl  .  1,248 
Wlnamac.. . 
Winchester 

Windfall 0S7 

Wlngate  .  tSl 

Winslow 586 

Wolcott 825 

Wolcottvllle  .  650 

Woodruff  Place  477 

Worthington..  1*448 

ZIonsville 765 


INDIAN  TERRITORY.     Population.  392,060. 

NATIONS  AND  RESERVATIONS. 


Pop.  1900 


Pop. 


Cherokee 101,754    Ottawa  Keser- 


Chickasaw....  139,260 

Choctaw 99,781 

Creek 40,674 


2,205 


ration 

Peoria    Reser- 
vation     1.180 


Seminole 3,786    QuapawReser- 

Modoc  Reserva 


tion. 


vat  ion 


son 


Pop 
Seneca  Reser- 
vation   

Shawnee   Res- 
ervation  

Wyandotte 
Reservation. 


1  H  i 


1900 

970 

297 

1,213 


Ada 

Adair 

Afton  .... 
Alderson. 

Allen 

Antlers  .. 


INCORPORATED  TOWNS,  ETC. 

101  Comanche 547  Indianola 

268  Connervllle...  189  Johnson.. 

606  Cornish  307  Kemp  .... 

800  Cowlington  ...  272  Kiowa.... 

350  Cumberland  ..  34:3  Kosoma.  . 

1,000  Davis. 1,346  Krebs 


Ardmore 5,681    Dewey 

Atoka 1,150    Dougherty 


105    Lebanon 
437    Leflore.. 


Bailey 100    Duncan 1,164    Lehigh 


Bartlesville . 

Beebee 

Berwyn 

Bethel. 

Bluejacket. 

Bokoshe 

Braden  


698  Dura 

100  Earl 

276  Ego. 

150  Elk. 


Bristow 

Buck 

Caddo 

Calvin 

Cameron 

Campbell 

Canadian 

Caney 

Carbon  

Catoosa 

Center  

Centralia 

Checotah... 

Chelsea 

Chickasha 

Choteau 

Claremore 

Coalgate 

Colbert 

Collinsville... 


Elmore 

153  Einet 

100  Erin  Springs 

103  Eufaula 

626  Fairland  .... 

510  Fame 

930  Fort  Gibson. 

205  Foster 

316  Gans 

100  Goodland  ... 

522  Good  water... 

125  Gowen 

350  Graham 

241  Grant 

500  Grove 

100  Hanson 

sor>  Hartshorne  . 

566  I  lea  Id ton 

3,209  Heavener... 

160  II 

S55  Holdenville 

2,614  Holder  . 

127  Houston 


2,969  Lenapah 

225  Leon 

100  Linn. 

152  Loco. 

192  Long  Grove. 

342  McAlester  .. 

200  McGee 

757  McMillan  ... 

499  Mannsville.. 

100  Marietta  .... 

617  Marlow  

im  Miami 

136  Midland 

Ill  Millcreek  ... 

150  Minco 

106  Muldrow.... 

*  115  Muskogee... 

100  Nowata 

314  Oakland 

182  Oakman 

2,352  Oberltn  

im  Ochelata  ... 

234  Oconee     


rv. 262  Okmulgee. 

m  Ola 

112  oologah... 

100  Orr 


155 
204 
221 
100 
117 

2,300 
185 
166 

1,500 
154 
221 
125 
100 
215 
646 
209 
163 
198 
842 

1,016 
1,527 
150 
115 
400 
465 
4.254 
498 

mi 

100 
120 
100 
115 
1,000 
177 


376     Howe. 


626    Overbrook . 


IOWA. 


%  \ 


Indian  Territory  - 
Pop.  1900 

Panama 300 

Paoli 234 

Pauls  Vallev..  1.467 

Peoria 144 

Petms 115 

Pontotoc 366 

Poteau 1,182 

Pry  or  Creek..  495 

Pu'rcell 2,277 

Purdy... 200 

Ramona 150 

Ravia.. 128 

Reagan. 200 

Redfork 130 

Redoak 100 

Reray 100 

Roff 195 

Rush  Springs.  518 

Ryan 1,000 

Salllsaw 965 

Sansbois 891 

Sapulpa. 891 

IOWA. 


Pop.  1900 

Adair 16,192 

Adams 13,601 

Allamakee....  18,711 

Appanoose 25,927 

Audubon 13,626 

Benton... 25,177 

Blackhawk....  32,399 

Boone 28,200 

Bremer. 16,305 

Buchanan 21,427 

Buena  Vista  ..  16,975 

Butler. 17.955 

Calhoun 18,569 

Carroll 20,319 

Cass 21,274 

Cedar.... 19,371 

Cerro  Gordo..  20.672 


-  Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Sayanna 300 

Scipio. 100 

Shadypoint  ...  104 

Silo 246 

South  McAles- 

ter  3.479 

Spiro 543 

Sterrett 575 

Stigler 200 

Stilwell 779 

Sulphur  Springs 

1,198 

Sutter 200 

Tahlequah  ....  1.482 

Talala 135 

Talihina. 748 

Tamaha 237 

Terral. 285 

Texanna 100 

Thackeryille..  154 

Thomasyille..  400 

Tishomingo...  210 


Population,  2,231,853. 

COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900 

Tulsa 1.390 

Tuskahoma...  106 

Tussy 125 

Vian._ 296 

Vinita 2,339 

Vireton 150 

Wagoner 2,372 

Walker 100 

Wapanucka...  130 

Webbers  Falls  211 

Welch 334 

Westville 296 

Whitefield  ....  171 

Wilburton  ....  3,000 

Willis.... 104 

Wilson 100 

Wister 313 

Woodford 130 

Wyandotte  ...  224 

Wynnewood..  1,907 


Floyd  ... 
Franklin 
Fremont 
Greene . . 

Grundy 13,75' 

Guthrie 18,729    Osceola 

Hamilton 19,514    Page 


Pop.  1900 


Pop.  1900 

...17.754    Monona _  17,9HU 

...  14,996    Monroe 17.985 

...  18,546    Montgomery..  17,803 

...  17,820    Muscatine 28.242 

O'Brien 16,985 

.    8,725 
.  24,187 


Hancock 13,752  Palo  Alto 14.354 

Hardin 22.794  Plymouth 22,209 

Harrison 25,597  Pocahontas...  15.339 

Henry 20,022  Polk 82,624 

Howard 14,512  Pottawattamie  54. 


Humboldt 12,667    Poweshiek. 


19,414 


16,570 
17. "07 
12,440 

13,401 

27.750 
43.832 


Cherokee 
Chickasaw 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton  ... 
Clinton  ... 

Crawford 21,685 

Dallas 23,058 

Dayis.... 15,620 

Decatur 18,115 

Delaware 19,185 

Des  Moines 35.989 

Dickinson 7,995 

Dubuque 56,403 

Emmet 9,936 

Fayette 29,845 


Ida 12.327     Ringgold 15.325 

Iowa  .  19,544    Sac 17.639 

Jackson. 23,615     Scott. 51.558 

Jasper 26,976    Shelby 17.932 

Jefferson 17,437    Sioux 23,337 

Johnson 24,817    Story.... 23.159 

Jones. 21,954    Tama 24.585 

Keokuk 24.979    Taylor... 18,784 

Kossuth 2-2.720     Union 19,923 

Lee 39,719  Van  Buren....  17.354 

Linn 55.392     Wapello 35,426 

Louisa 13,516     Warren 2".376 

Lucas 16,126  Washington...  20,718 

Lyon.. 13.165    Wayne 17.491 

Madison 17.710    Webster.. 31.757 

Mahaska 34.273  Winnebago..  .  12.725 

Marion. 24,159  Winneshiek...  23.731 

Marshall 29.991  Woodbury  ....  54,610 

Mills 16,764     Worth ....10,887 

Mitchell 14,916     Wright 18,227 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Ackley 1,445    Agency 


Ackworth. 
Adair. 


134    Ainsworth 


408    Alden. 
404     Algona 


Adel 1,213    Albia 


879     Akron 1,(129     Allerton. 


2.S-9     Allison 


Afton 1,178    Albion 440    Alta 


709 
2.911 
950 
463 
861 


IOWA. 


Iowa  —  Continued. 
Pop.  1900 

AltaVista 179 

Alton 1,009 

Altoona 328 

Alvord 249 

Ames 2,422 

Anamosa 2,891 

Andrew 278 

Angus 333 

Anita 968 

Anthon... 437 

Arlington 427 

Arcadia 405 

Arion 192 

Arlington 863 

Armstrong 9u7 

Arnolds  Park.  251 

Arthur 162 

Ashton. 513 

Athelstan 255 

Atlantic 5,046 

Auburn 293 

Audubon 1,866 

Aurelia 621 

Aurora 331 

Avoca 1,627 

Ayrshire 329 

Badger 240 

Bagley 355 

Baldwin 254 

Bancroft 839 

Barnes  City  . . .  274 

Barnum 175 

Bassett 149 

Batavia 533 

Battle  Creek..  542 

Baxter. 427 

Baxter 41 

(P.O.Muchakinock) 

Bayard 494 

Beacon 953 

Beam  an 266 

Bedford 1,977 

Belle  Plaine...  3,283 

Belle  vue 1,607 

Belmond 1,234 

Bennett 238 

Benton 192 

Bentonsport ..  254 

Bernard 113 

Birmingham..  622 

Blairstown 592 

Blanchard 520 

Blencoe 279 

Blockton 704 

Bloomfield....  2.105 

Bode 409 

Bonaparte  ....  898 

Bondurant 297 

Boone 

Bovden.. 336 

Braddyville...  236 

Bradgate 223 

Bravton 141 

Brazil 615 

Breda 395 

Brighton 807 

Bristow 317 


Pop.  1900 

Britt i,r.m 

Brooklyn l.iss 

Buffalo 372 

Buffalo  Center  B7S 

Burlington  ..  .  28,201 

Burt 501 

Bussey  - 550 

Calamus 287 

Cal  lender 399 

Calmar 1,003 

Calumet 113 

Camanche 713 

Cambridge 667 

Cantril 356 

Carlisle 553 

Carroll 2,882 

Carson 632 

Cascade 1.266 

Casey.. '568 

Castana 355 

Cedar  Falls...  5,319 

Cedar  Rapids..  25,656 

Center  J unct..  255 

Center  Point..  674 

Oenterville....  5,256 

Central  City..  623 

Chariton 3.989 

Charles  City...  4,227 

Charter  Oak...  772 

Chelsea 419 

Cherokee 3,865 

Cliillicothe....  216 

Churdan. 626 

Cincinnati 1,212 

Clarence 675 

Clare 374 

Clarinda 3,276 

Clarion 1,475 

Clarksville....  849 

Clearfield 698 

Clear  Lake....  1,706 

Clermont 513 

Cleveland 202 

Clinton 22,698 

Clio 218 

Coburg 164 

Coggon 498 

Coin 574 

Colesburg 274 

Colfax 2,053 

College  Spr'gs  693 

Collins 540 

Col,,    391 

Columbus  City  388 

Columbus  Jet.  1,099 

Conrad. 483 

Conway 34S 

Coon  Rapids..  1,017 

Coralville 125 

Corning 2.145 

Correctionville      935 

Corwith 651 

Corydon  1.477 

Council  Bluffs  25,802 
Crawfordsville      268 

Cresco 2.806 

Creston 7,752 


Pop.  1900 
Cromwell  ... 

Crystal  Lake  .  240 

Cumberland  591 

Gushing 237 

Dakota 

Dallas  Center.  625 

Danbury 480 

Davenport  ....  35,254 

Davis  City  ....  617 

Dayton 753 

Decatur  City..  367 

Decorah 3,246 

Dedham 

Deep  River....  403 

Defiance 387 

Delinar 592 

Delta 691 

Denison 2,771 

Denver 102 

Des  Moines...  62,139 

De  Soto 345 

Dewitt     1,383 

Dexter 795 

Diagonal 383 

Donnellson  ...  270 

Doon 545 

DowCity 462 

Dows 818 

Drakesville...  238 

Dubuque 36,297 

Duinont 433 

Duncoinbe 350 

Dunkerton  ...  217 

Dunlap 1.355 

Durant 560 

Dyersville 1,323 

Dysart 902 

Eaglegrove  ...  3,557 

Earlham 630 

Earling 340 

Earlvllle 618 

Early 579 

East  Peru 252 

Eddyville 1,230 

Edenville 476 

Edge  wood 565 

Elberon 344 

Eldon. 1,850 

Eldora 2,233 

Eldridge 207 

Elgin 635 

Elkader 1,321 

Elkport 326 

Elliott 516 

Ellston 242 

Ellsworth 319 

Elma 976 

Emerson 502 

Emmetsburg..    2,361 

Ep  worth 549 

Essex 710 

Estherville....  3,237 

Exira... 851 

Fairbank 644 

Fairfield 4,689 

Farley 513 

Farnfington...  1,332 


IOWA. 


23 


Iowa  —  Continued. 

Top.  1900 

Farnhamville.  348 

Farragut. 514 

Fayette 1,315 

Floyd 353 

Fonda 1,180 

Fontanelle.—  853 

Forest  City ...  1,758 

Fort  Atkinson  261 

Fort  Dodge...  12,162 

Fort  Madison.  9,278 

Foster  205 

Franklin. 210 

Fredericksburg     565 

Frederika 170 

Fremont 542 

Galva 45G 

Garden  Grove.  651 

Garner ..  1,288 

Garrison 482 

Garwin 470 

George  

Germanla 384 

Oilman 465 

GilmoreCity..  687 

Gladbrook....  842 

Glenwood 3,040 

Glidden 733 

Goldneld 628 

Goodell 254 

Gowrie 681 

Graettinger...  388 

Grafton 156 

Grand  Junction  1,113 

Grand  Mound.  355 

Grand  River..  326 

Grant  City....  249 

Granville 351 

Gravity 549 

Gray 180 

Greeley 488 

Greene... 1.192 

Greenfield  ....  1,300 

Grimes 186 

Grinnell 3,860 

Griswold 900 

Grundy  (enter  1,322 

Guthrie  Center  1.193 

Guttenberg...  1,620 

Hamburg 2,079 

Hamilton 538 

Hampton 2.72? 

Hancock 276 

Harcourt 192 

Harlan 2.422 

Harper 269 

Harris 217 

Hartley 1,006 

Hastings 404 

Havelock 397 

Hawarden 1,810 

Hawkeye 518 

Hazelton 500 

Hedrick 1,035 

Henderson 211 

Hepburn lis 

Hillsdale 244 

Holland 175 


Pop.  1900 

Holstein 870 

Holy  Cross 115 

Hopeville 145 

Hopkinton ?H7 

Hornick  284 

Hosper. 415 

Hubbard 676 

Hudson  359 

Hull 626 

Humboldt  ....  1.474 

Huineston 945 

Ida  Grove 1,967 

Imogene  296 

Independence.  3,656 

Indianola 3,261 

Invood 477 

Ionia 3uG 

Iowa  City 7,987 

Iowa  Falls  ....  2,840 

Ireton 545 

Irwin.. 295 

Jackson  Junction  171 

Janesville 311 

Jefferson 2,601 

Jesup 690 

Jewell  947 

Jolley. 266 

Kalona 530 

Kamrar 223 

Kellerton 458 

Kellogg 653 

Kelley 187 

Kensett 459 

Kenwood 283 

Keokuk 14,641 

Keosauqua 1,117 

Keota 996 

Keystone 406 

Kingsley 720 

Kinross 132 

Kirkman 203 

Kirkville 402 

Klemme 262 

Knowlton  ....  267 

Knoxville 3,131 

Lacona 496 

Ladora 239 

Lake  City 2,703 

Lake  Mills  ....  1.293 

Lake  Park 541 

Lakeyiew  591 

Lamoni 1,540 

Lamont 636 

LaMotte 272 

Lansing.. 1,438 

Laporte 1,419 

Larch  wood 450 

Larrabee 125 

Laurens 853 

Lawler. 646 

Le  Claire 997 

Ledyard 257 

Le  Grand 408 

Lehigh 806 

Leland 215 

Le  Mars 4.146 

Lenox 1,014 


Pop.  1900 

Leon 1,905 

Lester 225 

Letts as? 

Lewis 613 

Lhnespring ...  605 

Linden. 314 

Lineville 690 

Lisbon 956 

Liscomb  338 

Little  Koek  ...  399 

Little  Sioux...  427 

Livermore 618 

Logan 1.377 

Lohryille 597 

Lone  Tree  ....  600 

Lorimor. 587 

Louden 544 

Low  Moor 318 

Lucas 1.132 

Luverne  534 

Luzerne 169 

Lvnnville 347 

McGregor 1,498 

Mclntire 427 

Macedonia 295 

Macksburg 235 

Madrid 1,021 

Malcom 404 

Mallard 292 

Malvern  1,166 

Manchester...  2,887 

Manilla 773 

Manly 359 

Manning 1,169 

Manson 1.424 

Mapleton 1.099 

Maquoketa 3,777 

Marathon 059 

Marble  Hock..  573 

Marcus  718 

Marengo 2,007 

Marion 4,102 

Marne 410 

Marshalltown.  11.544 

Martelle 158 

Martinsburg  ..  332 

Marysville  ....  322 

Mason  City....  6.746 

Massena  475 

Matiock  94 

Maurice.. 28o 

Maxwell 810 

Maynard 495 

Mechanicsville  703 

Mediapolis 725 

Melbourne 366 

Melrose.. 400 

Menlor.. 428 

Meriden  432 

Merrill 

Meservey 193 

Miles 385 

Mllford 485 

Milo 585 

Milton 849 

Minburn  317 

Minden 328 


24 


IOWA. 


low  \  —  Continued. 
Pop.  1900 

Missouri  Valley  4,010 

Mitch.  -11    245 

Mitchellville..  768 

Modale  383 
Mondauiln  . . 
Monmouth 

Monona (574 

Monroe 917 

Montelth 57 

Montezuma...  1,210 

Montlcello....  2,104 

Montour 502 

Montrose    74s 

Moorbead 2oo 

Moravia   632 

Morning  Sun..  948 

Morrison  17(5 

Moulton 1.4:20 

Mt.Ayr. 1,729 

Mt.  Pleasant..  4,109 

Mt.  Vernon...  1,629 

Moville 507 

Murray 949 

Muscatine 14,073 

Mystic 1,758 

Nashua 1,268 

Neola 921 

Nevada 2,472 

XewAlbin....  543 

Newell 762 

New  Hampton  2,339 

New  Hartford  570 

New  London..  1,003 

New  Market  ..  600 
New  Providence   268 

New  Sharon...  1,252 

Newton 3,682 

New  Vienna  ..  245 

Nichols.. 398 

Nora  Springs..  1,209 

North  English  683 
North  McGregor  616 

Northwood  ...  1,271 

Nor  walk 287 

Norway 533 

Oakland.. 913 

Ocheyedan....  599 

Odeholt 1,432 

Oelweln 5,142 

Ogden 993 

Olin... 692 

Ollie 238 

Onawa 1,933 

Onslow 2(53 

Orange  City...  1,457 

Orient. 359 

Orleans 92 

Osage 2,734 

Osceola 2,505 

Oskaloosa 9,212 

Ossian. 670 

Oto 396 

Ottumwa 18,197 

Oxford 664 

Oxford  Junction   780 
Pacific  Junction   732 

Packwood  ....  284 


Pop.  1900 

Panama 221 

Panora     954 

ParkerBburg  ..  1,164 

Parnell 818 

Paton 

Patterson        .  it;:{ 

Paulllna 617 

Pella 2,623 

Perry 3,986 

Persia 361 

Peterson 521 

Tin-son  358 

Pilot  Mound  ..  315 

Plainfleld 320 

Pleasanton 164 

Pleasant  Plain  2S0 

Pleasantville..  738 

Plover... 187 

Pocahontas  . . .  625 

Polk 438 

Pomeroy 910 

Portsmouth...  316 

Postville 9S4 

Prairie  City...  808 

Prescott 446 

Preston 593 

Princeton 456 

Primghar 814 

Protivin 136 

Pulaski 308 

Quincy 106 

Kadcliffe 645 

Randalia 117 

Randolph 373 

Rathbun 270 

Redding 311 

Redneld 509 

Red  Oak 4,355 

Reinbeck 1.203 

Remsen 835 

Renwick 350 

Riceville 804 

Richland 534 

Ridgeway 371 

Rippev.. 395 

Riverside 698 

Riverton. 687 

Rock  Falls....  124 

Rockford 1,080 

Rock  Rapids..  1,766 

Rock  Valley..  1,054 

Rockwell  830 

Rockwell  City  1,222 

Rodney 173 

Roland 557 

Rolfe 994 

Rome 255 

Rose  Hill 253 

Rudd. 381 

Russell 636 

Ruthven 787 

Sabula 1,029 

Sac  City 2.079 

Salem 548 

Salix 387 

Sanborn 1,247 

Schaller 661 


Pop.  1900 

Schleswig 288 

Scranton  ... 

Searsboro 269 

Seymour.  1,708 

Shannon  City.  380 

Sheffield 688 

Shelby    092 

Sheldabl  178 

Sheldon 

Shell  Rock....  839 

Shellsburg ....  511 

Shenandonh...  3,573 

Sibley 1,289 

Sidney 1.113 

Sigourney 1,952 

Silver  City  ....  438 

Sioux  (enter..  810 

Sioux  City  ....  33,111 

Sioux  Rapids..  1,005 

Slater 426 

Sloan 643 

Smithland 435 

Solon 397 

South  English.  319 

Spencer 3,095 

Spillville 356 

Spirit  Lake....  1,219 

Springbrook..  107 

Springville....  599 

St.  Ansgar  ....  698 

St.  Anthony  ..  174 

St.  Charles....  412 

St.  Olaf... 124 

St.  Paul 65 

Stacyville 490 

Stanhope 297 

Stanton 404 

Stan  wood 415 

State  Center  ..  1,008 
Steamboat  Rock    410 

Storm  Lake...  2,169 

Story  City 1,197 

Stratford 458 

Strawberry  Hill     164 
Sfcrawberry 

Point 1.012 

Struble 172 

Stuart 2.079 

Sumner 1.437 

Superior 1S7 

Sutherland 722 

Swaledale 240 

Swan 406 

SweaCity 328 

Tabor 934 

Tama 2,649 

Templeton  ....  321 

Thaver 394 

Thompson  ....  450 

Thornbarg... .  267 

Thornton 299 

Thor 274 

Thurman 409 

Tingley 488 

Tipton 2,513 

Titonka 224 

Toledo 1,941 


KANSAS.  25 


Iowa  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Traer 1,458    Waterloo 12,580  What  Cheer...    2,746 

Tripoli 655     Waucoma 540  Wheatland....       475 

Union 589    Waukee 292    Whiting 572 

Urbana 3-23     Waukon 2.153  Whitteinore  ..       522 

Ute 407    Waverlv 3,177    Whitten 217 

Vail.... 578     Wayland 394    Williams 500 

Valley  Junction  1,700  Webster  City  .    4,613  AVilliamsburg      1,100 

Vauhbrn 4^4     Wellnian 654  Wilton  Junc- 

Vanraeter 407     Wellsburg 203  tion             .      1,233 

Vanwert 306    Wesley 730    Windsor 143 

Victor 612  West  Bend....       538    Winfield 820 

Villisca 2,211  West  Branch..       647    Winterset 3,039 

Vincent 163  West  Burling-                Winthrop 618 

Vinton 3,499        ton 1,044    Wiota 218 

Volga  City  ....       444  Westchester..       209    Woodbine 1,255 

Wadena 170  West  Decorah      531  Woodburn....       467 

Walcott 362     Westgate 260  Woodward....       550 

Walker 505  West  Liberty .    1,690  VVoolstock ....       274 

Wall  Lake  ....       659  West  McGregor     100  Worthington  .       288 

Walnut 878  West  Mitchell.      207    Wyoming 794 

Wapello 1,398  West  Point....       654  Yorktown  ....       170 

Washington...    4,255    Westside 396    Zearing   388 

Washta 431  West  Union...    1,935 

KANSAS.    Population,  1,470,495. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  190C  Pop.  1900 

Allen 19.507    Greeley 493    Osborne 11.844 

Anderson 13.938  Greenwood  ...  1«  196  Ottawa                11,182 

Atchison 28.6(36    Hamilton 1,426  Pawnee                5.084 

Barber 6,594    Harper 10,310    Phillips 14,442 

Barton.. 13,784    Harvey 17,591  Pottawatomie   18.470 

Bourbon 24,712    Haskell 457    Pratt... 7.085 

Brown 22,369  Hodgeman....    2,032    Rawlins 5.241 

Butler 23.363    Jackson 17,117    Reno    29,027 

Chase _.    8.246    Jefferson 17.533    Republic. 18,248 

Chautauqua...  11.804    Jewell 19,420  Rice                    14.745 

Cherokee 42.694    Johnson 18,104    Riley 13,828 

Cheyenne 2,640    Kearnev 1,107    Rooks 7,960 

Clark 1,701     Kingman 10.663     Rush 6,134 

Clay. _  15,833     Kiowa 2.365     Russell 8,489 

Cloud 18.071    Labette 27.387    Saline 17,076 

Coffey.. 16.643    Lane. 1,563    Scott... 1,098 

Comanche....    1,619  Leavenworth .  40.940  Sedgwick....    44,037 

Cowley 30.156    Lincoln 9,886  Seward     ....          822 

Crawford 38,809    Linn  16,689  Shawnee          .53,727 

Decatur  . 9,234    Logan 1.962    Sheridan 3,819 

Dickinson 21.816    Lyon 25,074     Sherman. 3.341 

Doniphan 15,079  McPherson  ...  21.421     Smith.. ..16,384 

Douglas 25.096     Marion.. 20.676     Stafford 9.829 

Edwards 3,682    Marshall 24.355     Stanton 327 

Elk. 11,443    Meade ..    1.581     Stevens 620 

Ellis 8,626    Miami. .  2L641     Sumner 25,631 

Ellsworth 9.626    Mitchell 14.647  Thomas          ..    4,112 

Finney 3.469  Montgomery..  29.039     Trego 2.722 

Ford    5,497    Morris 11.967  Wabaunsee  ...  12.813 

Franklin 21.354     Morton 304     Wallace. 1,178 

Geary 10.744    Nemaha 20.376  Washington  ..  21,963 

Gove    2,441    Neosho 19,254    Wichita    1.197 

Graham 5,173     Ness 4.535  Wilson          ...15,621 

Grant 422    Norton 11,325     Woodson ia,022 

Gray 1,264    Osage. 28,659  Wyandotte         53,227 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 

Abilene 3,507    Altamont 546    Americus .332 

Alma 966    Alton 287    Anthony 1,179 

Alinena 491    Altoona 299  Arcadia.. 


26  KANSAS 


Kansas  —Continued. 

Pop- 1900  Pop.  1900                           Pop.  1900 

Argentine 5,878     DelphOB 648  Havs 1,136 

Argonia  309  Denton  247  Hazelton 143 

ArkansasClty  6,140    Dexter 880  Hepler 215 

Arlington...  .  S12  Dighton...  194  Herington 1,607 

Ashland     493    Dodge     1,942  Hiawatha 2,829 

Assaria 214  Donlpban .      .  196  Highland 780 

Atchison   15,723  Douglass..  755  Hill 468 

Attica     311     Downs .  938  Hillshoro... 

Atwood 186    Dunlap 4no  Holsington..  78S 

AugUBta 1,197    Edgerton 310  Holton 

Axtell   ..  651     Edna.... 371  Hope 

Baldwin 1,017    Effingham 634  Horace 90 

Barnes         ....  383    El  Dorado 3,466  Ilorton 3.398 

Baxter  Springs  1,641    Elk... 709  Howard 1,207 

Seattle 633  Ellinwood  ....  760  Hoxle 250 

Belle  Plaine...  551    Ellis 932  Hugoton 54 

Belleville 1.833    Ellsworth 1,549  Humboldt 1,402 

Beloit... 2,359    El  wood 623  Hunnewell....  233 

Bennington...  389    Empire 2,258  Huron... 200 

Bird .    88    Emporia 8,223  Hutchinson...  9,379 

Blue  Mound...  738    Englewood 181  Independence.  4.851 

Blue  Rapids...  1.10O  Enterprise....  798  Inman 352 

Bluff .__.  200    Erie 1,111  Iola 5,7W 

Bonner  Springs     609    Eskridge 612  Irving.. 366 

Brainerd 70    Eudora 640  Jamestown...  4i») 

Bronson 361     Eureka 2,091  Jetmore 230 

Brookville....  292    Everest. 502  Jewell 736 

Buffalo "..  299    Fairview 395  Johnson 15 

Burden 519    Fall  River 371  Junction    4,695 

Burlingame...  1,436    Florence 1,178  Kanopolis 240 

Burlington....  2,418    Fontana 237  Kansas  Citv...  51,418 

BurrOak 671    Ford 82  Kincaid 364 

Burrton    627  Fort  Scott  ....  10.322  Kingman 1,785 

Caldwell    1,574    Frankfort 1,167  Kinslev 780 

Caney     887    Fredonia 1,650  Kiowa.. .   765 

Canton. 493    Freeport 83  Kirwin 586 

Carhondale  ...  625    Frontenac 1,805  La  Crosse 536 

Cawker 816    Fulton    .  424  Lacvgne 1,037 

Cedarvale 932    Galena 10.155  Laharpe 610 

Centralia 655    Galva 300  Lakin 259 

Chanute 4,208    Garden 1,590  Lancaster 292 

Chapman 627     Gardner 475  Larned 1,583 

Chenev     ..   ...  429     Garnett 2.078  Lawrence 10.862 

Cherokee   1.326    Gaylord 302  Leavenworth .  20,736 

Cherry  vale....  3.472    Geneseo 466  Lebanon 590 

Chetopa   2.019     Geuda 218  Lebo_ 605 

Cimarron 237    Girard 2,473  Lecompton....  408 

Circleville  ....  223    Glasco 509  Lenora 247 

Clay  Center...  3,069  Glen  Elder....  481  Leonardville..  335 

Clearwater....  368    Goddard 225  Leon 527 

Clifton 609    Goffs 365  Leoti 151 

Clyde... 1,157     Goodland 1,059  Le  Rov 772 

Coffey ville....  4.953    Gove 162  Liberal 426 

Colby 641     Grainfield 115  Libert v 314 

Cold  water  ....  263  Great  Bend...  2.470  Lincoln 1,262 

Colony    483    Greeley 394  Lindsborg 1,279 

Columbus  2.310     Greenleaf 854  Lin  wood 349 

Colwlch        ..  225  Greensburg...  343  Little  River...  457 

Concordia 3,401     Grenola 666  Logan 449 

Conway  Springs     714    Gypsum 552  Lonsrton 564 

Coolidge     ..  288    Haddam 355  Louisburg 665 

Corning 425    Halstead 914  Louisville 336 

Coronado   ....  10    Hamlin 258  Lucas 277 

Cottonwood  Falls  842    Hanover 987  Lyndon 1,004 

Council  Grove  2.265     Harper 1,151  Lyons 1.736 

Courtland 286    Hartford 553  McCracken  ...  312 

Cuba 445  HavensviHe...       437  McCune 657 


KENTUCKY. 


27 


Kansas  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

McLouth 529 

McPherson....  2.996 

Macksville.-.  248 

Madison 683 

Manhattan....  3,438 

Mankato 890 

Marion 1.854 

Marquette 489 

Marysville  ....  2,006 

Meade 326 

Medicine  Lodge  917 

Melvern 469 

Meriden 433 

Midland 164 

Miltonvale   ...  396 

Minneapolis...  1,727 

Moline 695 

Moran... 464 

Morganville...  350 

Morrill 400 

Mound 809 

Mound  Ridge  .  557 

Mound  Valley.  533 

Mount  Hope  ..  327 

Mulvane 667 

Muscotah 462 

Narka 258 

Neodesha 1.772 

Neosha  Falls..  763 

Ness 505 

Netawaka 330 

Newton 6,208 

Nickerson 1,038 

Norton... 1,202 

Nortonville...  700 

Norwich 311 

Oaklev 269 

Oberlfn 937 

Ogden 232 

Oketo 347 

Olathe 3,451 

Onaga 598 

Oneida 279 

Osage 2,792 

Osawatomie  ..  4,191 

Osborne 1.075 

Oskaloosa 978 

Oswego 2,208 

Ottawa 6,934 


Pop.  1900 

Oxford 567 

Paola 3,144 

Parker 306 

Parkerville  ...  146 

Parsons 7,<W2 

Pawnee  Pock.  210 

Peabody 1,369 

Perry 464 

Phillipsburg..  1,008 

Pittsburg 10,112 

Plainville 378 

Pleasonton....  1,097 

Pomona 547 

Powhatan 237 

Pratt 1,213 

Prescott 298 

Quenemo 682 

Randall 268 

Randolph 372 

Reading 304 

Republic 241 

Ritchfield 61 

Robinson 493 

Rosedale 3,270 

Rossville 555 

Russell... 1.143 

Sabetha 1.646 

Salina... 6,074 

Santa  Fe 128 

Scainmon 1,549 

Scandia 598 

Scott 212 

Scranton 1,099 

Sedan 1,067 

Sedgwick  ....  622 

Seneca 1,816 

Severance 424 

Severy 489 

Sharon 116 

Sharon  Springs  180 

Silver  Lake....  259 

Smith  Center  .  1,142 

Soldier 302 

Solomon 817 

South  Haven..  411 
South  Hutchin- 
son    225 

Spearville 157 

Spivey. 134 


Pop.  1900 

Springhill  ....  580 

St.  John 869 

St.Marya 1,390 

St.  Paul 1,047 

Stafford 1,068 

Sterling 2,002 

Stockton 1,030 

Strong... 1,128 

Summerfield  _.  505 

Sylvan  Grove  .  319 

Sylvia 220 

Syracuse 460 

Thayer 542 

Tonganoxle...  848 

Topeka 33.608 

Toronto 695 

Tribune 62 

Troy... 947 

Udall 282 

Ulysses 40 

Pniontown...  293 

Vallev  Center.  343 

Vallev  Falls  ..  1.078 

Vermilion 362 

Vining 245 

Wakeeney  ....  394 

Wakefield 322 

Walnut 603 

Walton 174 

Wamego 1.618 

Washington...  1.575 

Waterville  ....  610 

Wathena 798 

Waverly 586 

Weir 2,977 

Wellington...  4.245 

Wellsville 4-17 

Westmoreland  620 

Wetmore 434 

White 532 

White  Cloud..  713 

Whitewater...  267 

Whiting 384 

Wichita 24,671 

Willis 187 

Wilson 939 

Windom 146 

Winfield 5.554 

Yates  Center..  1.634 


KENTUCKY.    Population,  2,147,174. 


Pop.  1900 

Adair 14,888 

Allen 14,657 

Anderson 10,051 

Ballard   10,761 

Barren 23,197 

Bath 14,734 

Bell 15,701 

Boone 11.170 

Bourbon 18,069 

Boyd 18,834 

Bovle 13,817 

Bracken 12,137 

Breathitt 14,322 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 
Breckinridge..  20,534 

Bullitt 9,602 

Butler  15,896 

Caldwell  14.510 

Calloway 17.(',:« 

Campbell 54,223 

Carlisle 10,195 

Carroll 9,825 

Carter 20.228 

Casey 15.141 

Christian 37,962 

Clark 16.694 

Clay 15,364 


Pop.  1900 

Clinton   7,871 

Crittenden  ....  15,191 
Cumberland  ..    8,962 

Daviess 38,667 

Edmonson  ....  10,080 

Elliott [0,387 

Estill 11,669 

Fayette 42.071 

Fleming 17.074 

Floyd.    15.552 

Franklin 20,852 

Fulton 11.546 

Gallatin 5,163 


28 


KENTUCKY. 


12,042 

I  3.239 
83,204 
19,878 

r.'.j:.:. 
15,482 
8,914 

22.93; 
«».s:vs 


K  BNTTJOKT  —  Colli  in 

Pop.  1900 

Garrard 

Grant  ... 
Graves 
Grayson 
Green  ... 
Greenup. 

Hancock 
Hardin  .. 
Harlan... 

Harrison 18,570 

Hart  18,390 

Henderson  ....  33,901 

Henrv 14,620 

Hickman 11,743 

Hopkins  30,995 

Jackson  10,561 

Jefferson 232.519 

Jessamine 11,925 

Johnson 13,730 

Kenton 63,591 

Knott 8,704 

Knox 17.372 

Larue 10,764 

Laurel 17,592 

Lawrence 19,612 

Lee 7,988 

Leslie 6,753 


ued. 

Pop-  1900 

Letcher 9,178 

Lewis 

Lincoln 17, 


11,854 

25.991 
9.319 


12,448 


Livingston 

Logan  

Lyon 

McCracken 
McLean  .... 
Madison    .       ..  25,607 
Magoffin..  12,006 

Marion    16,290 

Marshall 13,692 

Martin 5,780 

Mason  2o,446 

Meade 10,583 

Menifee 6,818 

Mercer 14.1* 

Metcalfe 9,988 

Monroe 13,053 

Montgomery..  12,834 

Morgan 12,792 

Muhlenberg...  20,741 

Nelson 16.587 

Nicholas 11.952 

Ohio 27,287 

Oldham 7.078 

Owen 17,553 


Pop.  1900 

Owsley 

Pendleton 11.'.)  17 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell  6,448 

Pulaski 

Robertson...  .  1,900 

Rockcastle....  12,416 

Rowan  

Russell 9,695 

Scott 

Shelby  

Simpson 11,624 

Spencer 7,406 

Taylor  11,075 

Todd 17,871 

Trigg 14,073 

Trimble 

Union 21,826 

Warren 29,970 

Washington...  14,182 

Wayne  14,892 

Webster 20,097 

Whitley 25,015 

Wolfe 8,764 

Woodford 13,134 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


Adairville 

720 

Bromley 

543 

Corinth 

331 

Albany 

234 

Brookville 

565 

Corydon  

782 

Alexandria 

359 

Brownsville... 

234 

Covington 

42.D38 

Allensville  ... 

430 

Bryantsville  .. 

92 

Crab  Orchard. 

385 

Anchorage  ... 

421 

Buffalo 

347 

Crescent  Hill.. 

442 

Arlington 

584 

Burgin 

Burkley. 

703 

Crittenden  ... 

199 

Ashland..: 

6,800 

184 

Crofton 

278 

Athens 

186 

Butler  

506 

Cromwell 

Auburn 

697 

Cadiz 

881 

Cropper.. 

162 

Augusta. 

1,718 

Cairo 

155 

Curdsville 

Bagdad 

190 

Calhoun   

631 

Cynthiana 

3.257 

Bandana  

205 

California 

292 

Danville 

4,285 

Barbourville.  - 

1,010 

Calvert.. 

127 

Dawson 

Bardstown 

1,711 

Campbellsburg 

191 

Springs. 

935 

Bard  well 

1.512 

Campbellsville 

1,341 

Dayton 

6,104 

Barnsley 

380 

Campton  

276 

Deanfield 

365 

Beattyville.... 

696 

Caneyville 

294 

Defoe 

123 

Beaver  Dam  .. 

552 

Cannier 

246 

Dexter 

221 

Bedford 

307 

Carlisle 

1.377 

Dixon 

569 

Bellevue 

6,332 

Carrollton 

2,205 

Dover 

819 

Benton 

664 

Carrsville   

278 

Drakesboro  ... 

228 

Berea 

762 

Casevville 

217 

Dublin 

99 

Berry 

Bethlehem 

250 

Catlettsburg.. 

3,081 

Dunmor  

77 

66 

Cave  City    .... 

538 

Dunnville  

139 

Birmingham  .. 

291 

Centertown  .. 

201 

Dycusburg  ... 

219 

Blackford 

243 

Central  City  . . 

1,348 

Earlington 

3.012 

Blaine. 

134 

Central  Cov- 

Eastview   

127 

Blandville  .... 

277 

ington  

2,155 

Eddy  ville 

1.210 

Bloomneld... 

385 

Cerulean 

Eden 

412 

Bonnieville  ... 

270 

Springs 

190 

Elizabethtown 

1,861 

251 
168 

('lav             

450 

585 

Elizaville 

Elkhorn 

199 

Boston 

Clay  City 

87 

Bowling  Green 

8,2-26 

Clinton 

1.462 

Elkton 

1,123 

Bradfordsville 

301 

Cloverport 

Columbia 

1,656 

Elsmere  

519 

Brandenburg  . 

218 

654 

Eminence  — 

1,018 

Bremen 

180 

Columbus 

1,235 

Erlanger 

453 

Briensburg  .  . 

107 

Concord 

200 

Ezel 

149 

Brodhead  

337 

Corbin 

1,544 

Fairfield 

206 

KENTUCKY. 


29 


K  kxtucky  —  Continued 


Pop.  1900 

Fairview 61 

Fallsburg 159 

Falmouth 1,134 

Farmers  341 

Farmington...  118 

Flat  Gap 106 

Flemingsburg  1,268 

Florence 258 

Ford 731 

Fordsville  ....  586 

Foster 148 

Frankfort 9,487 

Franklin 2,166 

Fredonia 196 

Frenehburg  ..  210 

Fulton.. 2,860 

Georgetown  ..  3,823 

Germantown  .  407 

Gest 126 

Ghent 569 

Glasgow 2,019 

Glasgow  Junc- 
tion    224 

Glencoe  226 

Gordonsville..  117 

Gracev 142 

Grange  143 

Grata 246 

Gr.iyson 606 

Greensburg...  564 

Greenup 711 

Greenville....  1,051 

Guthrie 807 

Hanson 549 

Hardin 240 

Hardinsburg..  689 

Hardy  ville....  166 

Harrodsburg  .  2,876 

Hartford 785 

Hawesville....  Lull 

Hazel  Green..  225 

Henderson....  10,272 

Hickman 1,589 

Hickory  Grove  250 

Highland  Park  993 

Hillsboro 227 

Hindman 331 

Hiseville 178 

Hodgensville  .  825 

Hopkinsville..  7,280 

Horse  Cave  ...  867 

Huntsville  ....  120 

Hustonville  ..  425 

Hyden 369 

Independence.  193 

Irvine... 260 

Irvington 385 

Jackson 941 

Jeffersonville.  84 

Jellico 322 

Jonesville 168 

Junction  City.  817 

Kirkmanville.  126 

Kimttsvllle  ...  209 

Kuttawa 858 

Lafavette 199 

La  Grange 646 


Pop.  1903 

Lamasco   184 

Lancaster 1,640 

Latonia 1,882 

Lawrenceburg  1,253 

Lebanon 3,043 

Lebanon  Junc- 
tion   599 

Lee  City 171 

Leitchneld....  914 

Lenoxburg  ...  81 

Lewisburg 239 

Lewisport 328 

Lexington 26,369 

Liberty 450 

Lisman  526 

Livermore 869 

Livingston 605 

Lockport  166 

London 1.147 

Louisa.. 1.099 

Louisville "204.731 

Ludlow 3,334 

Lynnville 56 

Me  Henry 550 

McKee 106 

Mackville 171 

Madisonville..  3.628 

Manchester...  398 

Mannsville  ...  104 

Marion 1,064 

Mart insburg  . .  148 

Mayfleld 4,081 

Mays  Lick 237 

Maysville 6.423 

May  town 106 

Middleburg  ...  182 

Middlesboro  ..  4,162 

Midway 1,045 

Milburh   272 

Millersburg.  . .  862 

Milton. 324 

Minerva  >«J  105 

Monterey 3TU 

Monticello 546 

Morehead 1.100 

Morganfleld  ..  2.046 

Mor^antown  .  587 

Mortons  Gap..  885 

Mt.  Carmel....  144 

Mt.  Eden Ill 

Mt.  Olivet 352 

Mt.  Pleasant ..  557 

Mt.  sterling..  3,561 

Mt.  Vernon  ...  422 
Mt.^Yashington  1.093 

Munfordville  140 

Murrav   ..  1,822 

Nebo    237 

Nepton  293 

New  castle  462 

New  Columbus  129 

Newfoundland  12 
New  Haven 

New  Hope 

New  Libert  v  260 

Newport  .  28,301 

Nicholasville  .  2,393 


Pop.  19:0 

North  Middle- 
town 434 

North  Pleasure- 

ville 228 

Olive  Hill 291 

Owensboro 13,189 

Owenton _  1,014 

Owingsville  ..  958 

Paducah 19,446 

Paintsville  ...  541 

Paradise 107 

Paris 4,603 

Patesville   ....  253 

Pellville 145 

Pembroke 654 

Penrod 80 

Perryville  ....  431 

Petersburg 503 

Pewee  Valley.  464 

Pikeville 508 

Pineville 2,072 

Pleasureville  .  272 

Poole 198 

Poplar  Plains.  236 

Port  Royal....  174 

Prestonsburg.  409 

Prestonville  ..  228 

Princeton  2,556 

Proctor 217 

Providence...  1,286 

Prvorsbu'rg  . . .  250 

Quincy 364 

Pvaywick 140 

Render  426 

Richmond  ....  4,653 

Richpond 88 

Robard. 399 

Rochester 431 

Rockport 525 

Rocky  Hill....  120 

Rosewood 82 

Rosine... 224 

Rowland 390 

Rowletts 198 

Rumsey 283 

Russell  _. 743 

Russell  ville...  2,951 

Sacramento...  434 

Sadieville 532 

Salem 216 

Saloma 64 

Salyersville...  265 

Sanders 218 

Sardis 257 

Scottsville....  824 

Sebree. 1.477 

Sharpsburg  182 

Shelbyville  3,016 

Shepherdsville  277 

Sherburne  ...  .">i 

Siinpsonville..  203 
Skilesville  .. 

Slauglitersville  583 

Smithland  579 

Smiths  Grove  in 
Somerset . 

Sonora 256 


30 


LOUISIANA. 


Kentucky— Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Top.  1900 

Pop.  1300 

South  Caa*ollton   152 

Tyrone 

850 

Wesl  Point.... 

489 

Spottsville....       541 

1  nlontown  ... 

1,582 

White  Plains.. 

200 

Springfield  ..  .    l,oi6 

Upton ?.. 

I2S 

Whltesburg 

194 

Springvllle 

\  anceburg 

1,161 

Whitesvllle... 

449 

st.  Charles....      753 

Vanderburg  .. 

111 

Wiekliffe 

St.  Belena              170 

Versailles  ... . 

Willard 

578 

Stamping  Ground  378 

Vine  Grove  ... 

Williamsburg. 

1 .  195 

Stanford     .        1,651 

Wrul.lv 

168 

"W  imamstown 

618 

Stanton 192 

Walnut  Grove 

99 

Winchester 

5,964 

Stephensport  .      241 

Walton 

538 

wingo  

418 

Sturgis.. 1,258 

\\  arsaw 

785 

\\ oodDurn  

226 

Taylorsville  ..       615 

Washington  .. 
Water  Valley . 

..,.. 

Woodbury 

167 

Tllton  ....  ....       108 

■j:,  i 

Worthviile 

228 

Tompklnsvllle      866 

West  Covington  1,606 

Yoseinite 

201 

Trenton 600 

West  Liberty 

205 

Turners  Station     176 

West  Louisville 

210 

LOUISIANA 


Pop  1900 

Acadia 23,483 

Ascension 24,142 

Assumption...  21,620 

Avoyelles 29,701 

Bienville...:..  17.588 

Bossier 24,153 

Caddo 44,499 

Calcasieu 30,428 

Caldwell 6,917 

Cameron 3.952 

Catahoula 16,351 

Claiborne 2 ',029 

Concordia  ....   13,559 

De  Soto 25,063 

East  Baton 
Rouge 31,153 


Population,  1,381,6 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Iberville 27.(mm; 

Jackson. 9,119 

Jefferson 15,321 

Lafayette 22,825 

Lafourche 28,882 

Lincoln 15,898 

Livingston 


,5. 


8,100 
12.322 
16,634 

33.216 
2S7.H  »4 


Madison. 

Morehouse... 

Natchitoches 

Orleans 

Ouachita 20,947 

Plaquemines..  13,039 
Pointe  Coupee  25,777 

Rapides 39.578 

Red  River 11,548 


Pop.  1900 

St.  James 20,197 

St.  John  the 

Baptist 12,330 

St.  Landry  ....  52,906 

st.  Martin 

St.  Mary 34,145 

St.  Tammany  .  13.335 
Tangipahoa.. 

Tensas  

Terrebonne  .. 

Cnion 

Vermilion  ... 

Vernon 10,327 

Washington...    9.628 

Webster 15.125 

West  Baton 


17,625 

19,oT0 
24,464 
18,520 

-.20,705 


East  Carroll   . 

11,373 

Richland 

11,116 

Rouge 

West  Carroll.. 

10,285 

East  Feliciana  20,443 

Sabine 

15.421 

:;..W5 

Franklin 

8,890 

St.  Bernard 

5,031  * 

West  Felici  na 

15.994 

12.9U2 

St.  Charles.... 
St.  Helena 

9,072 
8,479 

Winn 

9,648 

Iberia 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES 

Abbeville 

1.536 

Crowley^ 

4,214 

Kent  wood 

1.313 

Alexandria 

5,646 

Donaldsouville 

4,105 

Lafayette 

3.314 

Amite 

1.517 

Erath 

215 

Lake  Charles.. 

6,680 

Arcadia  . 

924 

Eunice 

316 

Lake  Provi- 

Arnaudville.. . 

327 

Evergreen 

322 

dence 

1.256 

Bastrop 

i87 

Farmerville... 

458 

Leesville 

1,148 

Baton  Rouge.. 

1 1  .'269 

Frankliuton  .. 

236 

Lockport  

401 

Bayou  Sara 

755 

Franklin 

2,692 

Logansport  ... 

688 

Benton  

463 

Gibsland 

558 

Madlsonville.. 

779 

Berwick 

713 

Grand  Cane... 

385 

Mandeville 

1,029 

Bienville 

263 

Grand  Coteau. 

521 

Mansfield 

847 

Boyce 

832 

Greensburg ... 

315 

.Mansura 

408 

Breaux  Bridge 

654 

Gueydan  

376 

Many  ...  

354 

Broussard  

29C 

Hammond 

1,511 

Marksville 

837 

Bunkie  ..  

873 

Harrisonburg. 

303 

Marthaville  ... 

228 

Carencro  

445 

Haughton 

194 

Melville  

Church  Point. 

278 

Homer 

1,157 

Mer  Rouge.... 

465 

Clinton  

960 

llouma 

Minden  ....... 

1,561 

Colfax 

190 

Jackson  

'2.012 

Monroe 

5,438 

Columbia 

382 

Jeanerette 

1.905 

Montgomery.. 

158 

Cottonport 

505 

Jenning- 

1.539 

Morgan  

2,382 

Coushatta   

600 

J unction  City. 

339 

Napoleonville. 

945 

Covington  .... 

1,205 

Kenner 

1.253 

Natchitoches  . 

2.388 

MAINE  —  MARYLAND 


31 


Louisiana— Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  19G0 

New  Iberia 

.    6,815 

Provencal 

246 

Thibodaux  .... 

3,253 

New  Orleans.. 

.237,104 

Rayne  

Robeline 

1,007 

Yidalia 

1.022 

New  Roads 

770 

164 

Ville  Platte  ... 

163 

Oak  Ridge  .... 

348 

Roseland 

1,320 

V\  ashiugton... 

1,197 

Oberlin 

.       213 

Ruston 

1,324 

"W  aterproof ... 

298 

Opelousas 

2,951 

Shreveport  ... 

16.013 

Welsh 

- 

Pineville 

617 

Slaughter 

259 

A\  est  Monroe. 

775 

Plain  Dealing 
Plaquemine   . 

258 
.    3,590 

Slidell    

1,129 

1,059 

White  Cattle.. 
Wilson 

1,850 

St.Francisville 

470 

Pleasant  Hill. 

300 

St.  Joseph 

717 

Toungsville... 

200 

Pollock  

637 

St.Martinville. 

1.926 

Zacbary 

465 

Ponchatoula. 

711 

Tangipahoa... 

297 

Zwolle 

276 

MAINE.    Populafiou,  694,466. 

COUNTIE 

S. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.] 

Androscoggin 

.  54.242 

Knox 

30,406 

Sagadahoc  

2o.:teo 

Aroostook  ... 

.  60,744 

Lincoln  

19.689 

Somerset 

33.M9 

Cumberland  . 

.100.6S9 

Oxford 

32,238 

Waldo 

24.185 

Franklin 

.  18.444 

Penobscot  

76.246 

T\  ashington  .. 

45.232 

Hancock 

.  37.241 

Piscataquis  ... 

16,949 

York 

64,885 

Kennebec 

.  59.117 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 

Auburn  ._ 

.  12,951 

Fairfield 

2.238 

Phillips 

774 

Augusta 

.  11,683 

Farmington... 

1.251 

Pittsfield 

2,208 

Bangor 

.  21.850 

F.ort  Fairfield. 

1,469 

Portland 

50.115 

Bath... 

.  10,477 

Freeport 

759 

Presque  Isle.. 

1.256 

Belfast 

.     4.615 

Gardiner 

5, 501 

Rangeley 

563 

Biddeford 

.  16.145 

Hallowell 

2,714 

Rockland 

8,150 

Brewer 

.     4  835 

Lewiston. 

23.761 

Rumford 

2,595 

Bridgton 

.    1,552 

Lincoln 

868 

Saco 

6,122 

Brunswick... 

.     5,210 

Madison 

1,850 

Skowhegan  ... 

4.266 

Calais 

.     7.655 

Monmouth 

312 

South  Paris... 

1.457 

Clinton 

.       448 

Norway 

2,034 

South  Portland 

6,287 

Eastport 

.     5.311 

Old  Town 

5.763 

Waterville 

9,477 

Ellsworth 

.     4.297 

Paris  Hill 

251 

Westbrook 

7,283 

MARYLAND.    Population, 

1,188,044. 

COUNTIE 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Allegany 

.  53.694 

Charles 

17.662 

Prince  George  29.898 

Anne  Arundel  39,620 

Dorchester 

27.962 

Queen  Anne  .. 

18,364 

Baltimore 

.  90,755 

Frederick 

51.9-20 

Somerset 

25.923 

Baltimore  City508,957 

Garrett 

17.701 

St.  Mary 

Calvert 

.   lu.223 

Harford    

2^.269 

Talbot 

20.342 

Caroline 

.  16.248 

Howard 

if,. 7i5 

Y\  ashington... 

45,133 

Carroll 

.  33.860 

Kent  

18  786 

"\\  icomico  

Cecil 

.  24,662 

Montgomery.. 

30,451 

Worcester 

20,865 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 

Aberdeen 

600 

Burkittsville.. 

229 

Deer  Park 

293 

Annapolis 

.    8.525 

Cambridge  ... 

5,747 

Delmar 

659 

Baltimore  ... 

.508,957 

Cecllton. 

447 

Denton  

900 

Barnesville  .. 

125 

Centerville 

.    1,231 

East  New  Mar- 

Belair  

961 

Charlestown  .. 

244 

ket  

282 

Berlin 

.     1.246 

Chesapeake ... 

1,172 

Easton 

3,074 

Blshopville  .. 

24:: 

Chestertown  . 

3,008 

Elkton  

2.512 

Blandensburg 

463 

Church  Hill  .. 

368 

Elllcott  City  .. 

1,331 

Bloomlngton 

395 

Ciear  Spring.. 
Crlsneld 

474 

Emmitsburg   . 

849 

Boonsboro  ... 

.       700 

.    3,165 

Federalsburg  . 

539 

Bowie 

41:; 

Crumpton 

207 

Frederic  k  .... 

9.296 

Bridgetown  . 

50 

Cumberland  .. 

.  17,128 

1-  rostburg 

5,274 

Brookevllle  . 

185 

Damascus  

L48 

h  ankstown  ... 

559 

Brunswick... 

.    2,471 

Darlington 

260 

Gaithersburg  . 

547 

32 


MASSACIirsKTTS-MlclIHi.W. 


Maryland  — Continued. 

Pop.  1900  Pop 

Gafretl  Park..      175  Manchester... 

Girdletree  ....      836  Mlddletown... 

Grantsvllle  ...      175  Millington 

Greensboro...      641  Mountain  Lake 

Hagerstown...  13,591       Park ... 

Bampstead    ..      4n<>  Mt.  Airy 

Hancock 824  New  Windsor. 


Havre  de  Grace  3,423    Northeast. 


Hlllsboro. 

Hurlock 

Byattstown 

Hyattsville. 

Keedysvllle. 

Kensington. 

Laurel 


196  Oakland 

280  Ocean  City. 

81  Oxford 

1,222  Perryville.. 

426  Piscataway 

477  Pocomoke  . 

2,079  Poolesville 


Laytonsville  ..  148  Port  Deposit.. 

Leonardtown  .  463  Preston 

Loch  Lynn  Princess  Anne 

Heights 215  Queenstown  .. 

Lonaconing...  2,181  Kidgely 


1900 
609 
665 
406 

260 
332 
ISO 

969 
1,170 

865 
1,243 

95 

2,124 

236 

1,575 

192 
854 

:;71 
713 


Pop.  1900 
Rising  Sun 

Bockvllle  i.no 
Salisbury 

Sharpsburg  1,080 

Shaiptow  n  528 

Smltnsburg   ..  MB 

Snow  Hill  ... .  1,596 

St.  Michaels    .  1,043 

Sudlersville ...  221 

Takoma 

Taneytown 665 

Thunnont 

Trappe 279 

Union  Bridge.  663 
UppeT  Marl- 
boro..    .  449 

Walkersvllle..  359 

Westernport-.  1,998 

Westminster..  3.199 

Williameport .  1,472 


MASSACHUSETTS.    Population,  2,805,346. 


COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900 

Barnstahle  ...27.826  Franklin.. 

Berkshire 95,667  Hampden. 

Bristol 252,029  Hampshire 

Dukes   4,561  Middlesex 

Essex 357,030  Nantucket 


Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

...  41 .209     Norfolk 151 ,539 

...175,603  Plymouth  ....113.985 

...  58.820     Suffolk .611.417 

....565,696  Worcester  ....346,958 


1.006 


IX 


Beverly 13 

Boston 560 

Brockton 40 

Cambridge  ...  91 

Chelsea 34, 

Chicopee 19 

Everett 24 

Fall  River  ....104. 
Fitchburg  ....  31. 
Gloucester  ...  26, 
Haverhill 37, 


COPvPOPvATED 

Holyoke 

Lawrence 

Lowell 

Lynn 

Maiden 

Marlboro 

Medford 

Melrose 

New  Bedford . 
Newburyport . 
Newton 


CITIES. 

45.712 

North  Adams 

24,200 

(■-2.559 

Northampton 

18,643 

94.9(59 

Pittsfleld  .... 

21.766 

68.513 

Quincy  

23.S99 

33.664 

Salem 

35.956 

13.609 

Somerville  .. 

61.643 

is. -Ml 

Springfield.... 

62.H59 

12,962 

Taunton  

31.036 

62.442 

Waltbam 

23,481 

14,478 

Woburn   

14.254 

33,587 

Worcester 

118,421 

MICHIGAN, 


Population,  2,420,982. 

COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900 

Alcona 5,691 

Alger. 5,868 

Allegan 33,812 

Alpena 18,254 

Antrim 16,568 

Arenac 9,821 

Baraga 4,320 

Barry 22,514 

Bay 62,378 

Benzie. 9.6S5 

Berrien 49,165 

Branch 27,811 

Calhoun 49,315 

Cass 20,876 

Charlevoix....  13,956 
Cheboygan....  15.516 

Chippewa 21.338 

Clare 8,360 

Clinton 25,136 


Pop.  1900 

Crawford 2,943 

Delta 23,881 

Dickinson 17,890 

Eaton _.  31,668 

Emmet 15,931 

Genesee 41,804 

Gladwin 6,564 

Gogebic 16,738 

Grand   Tra- 
verse    20,179 

Gratiot 29,889 

Hillsdale 29,865 

Houghton 66,063 

Huron 34.162 

Ingham 39,818 

Ionia 34.329 

Iosco 10,246 

Iron 8,990 

Isabella 22,784 


Pop.  1900 

Jackson  48,222 

Kalamazoo....  44,310 

Kalkaska 7,133 

Kent  129,714 

Keweenaw 3,217 

Lake 4.957 

Lapeer 27,641 

Leelanau 10,566 

Lenawee 48,406 

Livingston....  19,664 

Luce. 2,983 

Mackinac  ...       7,703 

Macomb 33,244 

Manistee 27,856 

Marquette 41,239 

Mason 1S.885 

Mecosta.. 20.693 

Menominee  ...  27,046 
Midland 14,439 


MICHIGAN. 


33 


Michigan  —  Continued. 

Fop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Missaukee 9,308    Ontonagon....    6. 197  Schoolcraft..      7,889 

Monroe 32,754     Osceola 17.S59  Shiawassee.. 

Montcalm 32,754     Oscoda 1,468  St.  Clair 


Montn.orencv     3,234  Otsego 

Muskegon 3T.i>3G  Ottawa 

Newaygo 17.673  Presque  Isle 

Oakland  44,792  Roscommon 

Oceana 16,644  Saginaw 

Ogemaw. 7,765  Sanilac 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES. 


6,175 
89,667 

8,821 
1.787 

81.222 
35,035 


St.  Joseph 23,ss9 

Tuscola 

Van  Buren  ....  33,274 
Washtenaw ...  47,761 

Wayne 34s,793 

Wexford 16,845 


Capac 547 

2,006 
1,000 


Addison. 470 

Adrian 9,654     Caro 

Albion 4,519    Carrollton  . 

Algonac 1,216    Carson  City 

Allegan 2,667    Carsonville. 

Allouez 1,000    Caseville 

Alma... 2,047     " 

Almont 718 

Alpena 11,802 

Ann  Arbor ....  14,509 

Armada 863 

Ashley 617 

Athens 583 

Atlantic  Mine  2,500 

Augusta 541 

Au  Sable 1,116 

Bad  Axe 1,241 

Baldwin 343 

Bancroft 528 

Bangor 1,021 

Baraga 1,185 

Bark  River....       700 


Eastlake 3.000 


400 
507 

Casnovia 277 

Cass  City 1,113 

Cassopolis 1,330 

Cedar  Springs.       950 

Centerville 645 

Central  Lake..    1,307 


Champion 700 

Cnarlevoix....  2,079 

Charlotte. 4,092 

Cheboygan....  6,489 

Chelsea 1,635 

Chesaning 1,244 

Clare 1.326 

Clarkston 360 

Clayton 370 

Clifford 339 

Battle  Creek..  18,563    Climax 398 

Bay  Citv 27,628     Clinton 1,038 


BayMills 1.200 


640 

6,216 

1,014 

6S7 

457 

534 

1,226 

660 

429 

Corunna 1,510 


Clio.   

Coldwater 

Coleman 

Coloma . 

Columbiaville. 

Concord. 

Constantine... 


Beacon  1,200 

Bear  Lake 448 

Beaverton  ....     1,000 

Belding 3,282 

Bellaire 1.157 

Bellevue 1,074 

Benton  Harbor    6,562    Coopersville 

Benzonia 484     Copemish 

Berrien  Springs 

Bessemer 

Big  Rapids 

Birmingham .. 

Blissneld 

Bloomingdale. 

Boardman 

Boyne 

Boyne  Falls... 
Breeds ville  ... 

Brighton 

Britton 

Bronson 

Brooklyn 

Brown   City 


1,2»>? 
379 
298 
912 
431 
236 
781 
345 
1,176 
494 
603 

Buchanan 1,70s 

Burlington....       334 

Burr  Oak Til 

Byron  

Cadillac  ... 
Caledonia.. 

Calumet 15,000 

Camden 376 


3,911     Croswell 

4.686     Croton 

1,170    Crystal  Falls. 


606 
59 

3,231 
269 
374 
751 
844 

1,356 

440 


132 

5. '.-'.17 
427 


Custer. 

Dansville 

Davison 

Dearborn 

Decatur 

Deckerville  ... 

Deerfield 

Delrav 4.573 

Detroit 285,704 

Dexter 900 

Douglas 444 

Dowaglac 4,151 

Dryden 

Dundee 1,118 

Dnrand 2,134 

Eagle... 142 

East   i ; rand 

Rapids 466 

East  Jordan...    1,205 


East  Tawas 
Eaton  Rapids 
Eau  Claire  ... 

Edmore 

Elk  Rapids... 

Elkton  

Eloise 

Elsie 

Emmet ...  ... 

Empire 

Escanaba 9,549 

Essexville 1,639 

Evart 1,360 

Farmington...       530 

Farwell 535 

Fennville 454 

Fenton 2,408 

File  Lake 456 

Flint 13,103 

900 


1,7 

2.103 
281 
642 

1.350 
471 
701) 
576 
265 
6  19 


Flushing 

Forestville 

Fowler 

Fowlerville  ... 
Frankenmuth 

Frankfort 1,465 

Fraser 252 

Fremont 1,331 


426 

946 

1.100 


311 

329 
240 


Fruitport  . 
Gagetown. 

Gaines 

Galesburg. 

Galien 

Garden 

Gaylord. 1,561 

Gladstone 

Gladwin. 

Glenwood 

Gobleville  .... 
Grand  Haven. 
Grand  Ledge.. 
Grand  Marais. 
Grand  Rapids.  87,565 
Grandville....       457 

Grant 214 

Grass  Lake 648 

Grayling 1.517 

Greenville  ....    3,381 
Grossepoint... 
point 

Farms 

Halfway 

Hancock  

Hanover 

Harbor  Beach. 


440 
466 


775 

999 

505 

4,743 

2.161 

1.000 


34:: 


817 
1,050 
1,149 


Harbor  Springs    1,643 


84 


MTOTTTOAN. 


Michigan     Continued 

Pop.  1900 

Harrletta 419 

Earrison 647 

Harrlsvllle....      403 

Harl     1,184 

Hartford 1.077 

Hastings _    3,172 


Top-  1900 

Marine... 8,829 

Marlon 741 

Marlette 996 

Marquette  ....  10,058 

Marshall 4,370 

Mason I  82 


Hermansvllle. 

1,500 

Mass 

750 

Hersey 

827 

Mayville 

825 

Hesperia 

474 

Mecosta 

416 

Highland  Park 

427 

Memphis 

Mention  

586 

Hillinan 

253 

777 

Hillsdale 

4,151 

Menominee ... 

12,818 

Holland 

7,790 

Merrill 

459 

Holly 

1,419 

Metamora 

313 

Homer 

1,097 

Michigamme.. 

1,200 

Houghton  

3,359 

Mirldleville  ... 

829 

Howard  City.. 

1,398 

Midland 

2,363 

Howell 

2,518 
450 

1,141 

Hubbardston.. 

Milford 

1,108 

Hudson.. 

2.403 

Millington  .... 

638 

Iinlav  City 

1,122 

Minden  City.. 

408 

Ionia 

5,209 

Monroe 

5,043 

Iron  Mountain 

9,242 

Montague 

998 

Iron   River 

1,482 

Montrose 

348 

Ironwood 

9,705 

Morenci 

1,334 

Ishpeming 

13,255 

Morley 

334 

Ithaca  

2.1)20 

Morrice 

476 

Jackson 

25,180 

Mt.  Clemens .. 

6,576 

Jonesville 

1,367 

Mt.  Morris 

416 

Kalamazoo  ... 

24,404 

Mt.  Pleasant.. 

3,662 

Kalkaska 

1,304 
419 

Muir  ... 

566 

Kingsley 

Munising 

2,014 

Kingston 

286 

Muskegon 

20,818 

Laingsburg  ... 

690 

Muskegon 

Lake  Ann 

241 

Heights 

1.012 

Lake  City 

816 

Nashville 

1,164 

Lake  Linden.. 

2,597 

Naubinway  ... 

87 

Lake  Odessa.. 

1,037 

Negaunee 

6,935 

Lakeview 

935 

Newaygo 

1,172 

L'Anse 

620 

New  Baltimore 

922 

Lansing 

16,485 

Newberry 

New  Buffalo  .. 

1,015 

Lapeer  

3,297 

629 

Laurium 

5,643 

New  Haven... 

489 

Lawrence 

598 

Niles 

4,287 

Lawton 

942 

North  Adams  . 

422 

Leonard 

335 

North  Branch. 

654 

Le  Roy 

375 

North  Muske- 

Leslie  

1,114 

gon... 

513 

Lexington 

619 

Northville 

1,755 

Linden  

543 

Norway 

4,170 

Lisbon. 

187 

Oakley 

231 

Litchfield 

645 

Olivet 

800 

Lowell 

Onaway 

1.204 

Ludington 

7,166 

Onekama 

274 

Luther 

837 

Ontonagon 

1.267 

Lyons 

McBain 

656 

Opechee 

1,700 

709 

Orion 

756 

McBride 

289 

Oscoda 

1,109 

Mackinaw 

665 

Otisviile 

291 

Mackinaw  City 

564 

Otsego 

2.1 173 

Mancelona 

1,226 

Otter  Lake 

212 

Manchester ... 

1.209 

Ovid 

1,293 

Manistee  ... 

14,260 

Owosso 

8,696 

Manistique 

4.126 

Oxford 

1,172 

Manton 

895 

Palmer 

799 

Maple  Rapids . 

579 

Parma  

420 

Marcellus 

1,025 

Paw  Paw 

1,465 

_     4  Pop.  1900 

Pentwater  ....  1,061 

Perrlnton 830 

Perry 641 

Petersburg  ...  46S 

Petoskey 5,285 

Pewamo 446 

Pierson 215 

Plnckney       ..  500 

Plnconnlng  ...  729 

Plalnwell 1,318 

Plymouth 1.474 

Pontlac 9,769 

Port  Austin...  507 

PortHope 319 

Port  Huron...  19,158 

Portland. 1,874 

Port  Sanilac..  314 

Potterville....  495 

Qulncy 1,563 

Reading 1,0% 

Red  Jacket....  4,668 

Reed  City 2,051 

Reese 416 

Republic 1,275 

Richland 312 

Richmond 1,133 

River  Rouge..  1,748 

Rochester 1,535 

Rockford 711 

Rogers 544 

Romeo 1,580 

Roscommon  ..  465 

Royal  Oak....  468 

Saginaw 42,345 

Saline 584 

Sand  Lake 326 

Sanilac  Center  578 

Saranac 768 

Saugatuck 707 

Sault  Ste. 

Marie 10,538 

Schoolcraft...  859 

Scottville 554 

Sebewaing 1,243 

Shelby. 1,081 

Shepherd 635 

Sheridan 437 

Sherman 427 

Sherwood 366 

South.  Frank- 
fort   639 

South  Haven..  4,009 
Southlake  Lin- 
den..   1,000 

South  Lvon...  657 

Sparta.! 1,126 

Spring  Lake...  696 

Sprin  sport 559 

St.  Charles  ....  1,317 

St.  Clair 2,543 

St.  Ignace 2,271 

St.  Johns 3.388 

St.  Joseph  ....  5,155 

St.  Louis 1,989 

Stambaugh 695 

Standish 829 

Stanton 1,234 


MINNESOTA. 


35 


Mich  ioan  —  Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Stephenson...  395 

Steveusville  ..  250 

Stockbrldge...  677 

Sturgis 2,465 

Sunfield 451 

Buttons  Bay...  398 

TawasCity....  1,228 

Tecumseh 2,400 

Tekonsha 573 

Thompson 

Thompson  ville  893 

Three  Oaks...  994 

Three  Rivers..  3,550 

Traverse  Citv.  9,407 

Trenton 1,167 


Pop. 

Tustin 

Ublv 

Union  City 

Unionville 

Utlca.. 

Vandalia 

Vassar 

Yermontville . 

Vernon 

Yiekshurg 

Wakefield 

Warren  

Watervliet 

Wayland ...... 

Wayne 


1900 
303 
432 

1.514 
427 
562 
407 

1.832 
684 
536 
972 

1,191 
350 

619 


_  Pop.  19C0 

Webberville  ..  346 

West  Bay  City  13,119 

West  Branch..  1.412 

"West  end 1.200 

Westphalia....  374 

White  Cloud..  595 

Whitehall 1,481 

White  Pigeon,  705 

Williamston  ..  1,113 

Woodland 319 

Wyandotte....  5,183 

Yale 1,125 

Ypsilanti 7,378 

Zeeland 1,326 

Zilwaukee....  1,000 


MINNESOTA.    Population,  1,751,394. 


Pop.  1900 

Aitkin 6,743 

Anoka 11,313 

Becker 14.375 

Beltrami 11,030 

Benton 9,912 

Bigstone 8,731 

Blue  Earth....  32.263 

Brown  19,787 

Carlton 10,017 

Carver 17.544 

Cass... 7,777 

Chippewa 12,499 

Chisago 13.248 

Clay.... 17,942 

Cook   810 

Cottonwood  . .  12.069 
Crow  Wing....  14.250 

Dakota. 21,733 

Dodge.... 13.340 

Douglas 17.964 

Faribault 22,055 

Fillmore 28,238 

Freeborn 21,838 

Goodhue 31.137 

Grant 8,935 

Hennepin 228,340 

Houston  _ 15,400 

Hubbard 6,578 

Isanti 11,675 

INCORPORATED 

Ada 1,253 

Adams 573 

Adrian 1,258 

Afton 350 

Aitkin 1,719 

Akely 200 

Albany 517 

Albert  Lea 4.500 

Alden    636 

Alexandria  ...  2.681 

Alpha 209 

Amboy 432 

Annandale 481 

Anoka 8,769 

Appleton 1,184 

Argyle 829 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Itasca 4.573 

Jackson 14.793 

Kanabec 4,614 

Kandiyohi  ....  18,416 

Kittson 7,889 

Lac  qui  Parle.  14,289 

Lake  4.654 

Lesueur 20,234 

Lincoln 8.966 

Lyon 14.591 

McCleod 19.595 

Marshall 15.698 

Martin 16.936 

Meeker 17,753 

Millelacs 8,066 

Morrison 22,891 

Mower 22,335 

Murray n.9il 

Nicollet 14.774 

Nobles 14.932 

X  on  nan 15.045 

Olmstead 23.119 

Ottertail 45.375 

Pine.... 11.546 

Pipestone 9,264 

Polk 35.429 

Pope 12,577 

Ramsey 170.554 

Red  Lake 12,195 

CITIES,  YILLAGES, 

Arlington 712 

Ashby 279 

At  water 588 

Audubon 349 

Austin  5.474 

Avoca 338 

Avon 162 

Badger 164 

Bagley 248 

Balaton 209 

Barnesvllle  ...  1,326 

Barnuin 391 

Barrett 237 

Battle  Lake...  420 

Beards]  ey 449 

Beaver  Creek.  186 


Pop.  1900 

Redwood 17,261 

Renville 23.693 

Rice. 26.080 

Rock 9,668 

Roseau 6,994 

Scott 15,147 

Sherburne 7,281 

Sibley. 16.S62 

St.  Louis 82,932 

Stearns 44,464 

Steele 16,524 

Stevens 8,721 

Swift 13.503 

Todd 22.214 

Traverse 7.573 

Wabasha. 18.924 

Wadena 7,921 

Waseca 14,760 

Washington  ..  27,808 
Watonwan....  11,496 

Wilkin 8,080 

Winona 35,686 

Wright. 29,157 

Yellow  Medicine 

14,602 

Wrhite  Earth  Indian 

Reservation.   3,486 


BOROUGHS,  ETC. 
Beaver  Falls..       189 

Belgrade 450 

Belle  Plaine...  1.121 
Bellingham...       380 

Belview 254 

Bemidji 2,183 

Benson 1,525 

Benton. 52 

Bertha 277 

Bigelow 250 

Big  hake 177 

Bird  Island  ...       846 

Blwablk 1,299 

Blooming  Prairie  855 
Blue  Earth  City  2,900 
Bovd 335 


86 


MINNESOTA. 


m  i  s  -.  B80T  \  -Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  190(1 

Bralnerd  

7,524 

Dumont 

236 

Green  Isle 

Brandon 

Dundas  

199 

Grey] 

813 

Breckinridge  . 

Dundee  

217 

Groi  e  l 

Brewster 

234 

Eagle  Bend  ... 

547 

Hallock 

Bricelyn 

166 

Eagle  Lake  ... 

Halstad 

142 

Brooten  

259 

East   Grand 

Hamburg 

Browervllle... 

466 

Forks  

2,077 

Hamilton  

179 

Brownsdale 

261 

Easton 

318 

Hammond  

Browns  Valley 

721 

Echo     

Hampton     .     . 

196 

Brownsville  .. 

453 

Eden  Valley .. 

604 

Hancock 

415 

Brownton 

454 

Edgerton 

15'  1 

Hanlev  Falls.. 

Buffalo 

1,040 
389 

749 

198 

Hanover 

Hanska  

259 

Buffalo  Lake. 

Elba  

200 

Butterfield— . 

332 

Elbow  Lake... 

625 

Hardwick 

-.-.v.. 

Byron  

347 

Elgin        

344 

Harmony 

517 

Caledonia 

1,175 

;;; 

Elizabeth 

Elk  Liver 

186 
831 

Harris 

710 

Cambridge.— 

Hartland 

317 

Campbell 

239 

Ellsworth  .... 

454 

Hastings  ... 

3,sn 

Canby 

1,100 

Lin  lore _. 

924 

Hawley 

Cannou  Falls . 

1,239 

Ely.. 

3.717 

Havfield 

139 

Canton  

312 

Elyslan. 

459 

Hector 

654 

Carlton 

449 

Emmons 

179 

Heidelberg.... 

114 

Carver  

583 

Erskine 

156 

Henderson 

904 

Cass  Lake 

546 

Evansville 

483 

Hendruin 

350 

Chanhassen... 

175 

Eveleth 

2,752 

Henning 

54.-. 

Chaska 

2,165 

Excelsior 

717 

Herman 

550 

Chatfield 

1 .426 

Eyota 

424 

Heron  Lake... 

928 

Chisago  City.. 

200 

Fairfax 

642 

Hewitt 

311 

Chokio 

309 

Fairmont 

8,040 

Hibbing. 

2,481 

Clara  City 

465 

Faribault 

7,868 

High  Forest  .. 

139 

Claremont 

317 

Farmington  .. 

733 

Hinckley 

459 

233 
437 

Farris 

135 

6,072 

Hoffman 

Hokah 

270 

Clarkfield 

Fergus  Falls.. 

536 

Clear  Lake 

222 

Fertile 

587 

Holding 

191 

Clearwater 

271 

Fisher. 

410 

Holland 

255 

Cleveland 

179 

Floodwood  ... 

224 

Hopkins 

1,648 

Climax 

259 

Fond  du  Lac. 

300 

Houston 

542 

Clinton 

346 

Forest  Lake  .. 

241 

Howard  Lake. 

7:;: 

Clitherall 

167 

Foreston 

.    263 

Hutchinson... 

2,495 

Cloquet 

3,072 

Fort  Snelling. 

250 

Iona 

Cokato 

684 

Fosston 

864 

Iron  Junction 

118 

Cold  Spring... 

486 

Fountain 

294 

Isanti 

250 

Cologne 

238 

Franklin 

439 

Jackson 

1,756 

Columbia  Heights 

Frazee  

1,000 

Janesville 

1 .254 

123 

Freeport 

313 

Jasper  

559 

Comfrey 

280 

Frontenac  

230 

Jeffers 

216 

Cordova 

95 

Frost 

215 

Jordan  

1.270 

Cottonwood  .. 

549 

Fulda... 

886 

Kasota 

764 

Courtland 

174 

Garden  Lit  v.. . 

200 

Kasson 

1.112 

Crookston 

5,359 

Gaylord 

608 

Kellogg 

228 

Crystal 

1,0T4 

Geneva 

218 

Kennedy 

158 

Cyrus  

Danvers 

197 
112 

Ghent 

119 

545 

Kensington  ... 
Ken von  

207 

Gibbon. 

1,202 

Dassel...- 

568 

Glencoe 

1.780 

Kerkhoven 

411 

Dawson 

962 

Glendale 

210 

Kilkenny 

245 

Deer  Creek  ... 

275 

Glenville 

351 

Kimball  Prairie     S 

Deer  River 

251 

Glenwood 

1,116 

Kinbrae 

137 

De  Graff 

165 

Glyndon  

250 

La  Crescent... 

250 

Delano 

967 

Golden  Valley 

681 1 

Lake  City 

2.744 

Delavan 

321 

Goodhue  

241 

Lake  Benton.. 

Detroit 

2,060 

Good  Thunder 

51 15 

Lake  Crystal.. 

1.215 

Dexter 

278 

Graceville 

856 

Laketield 

862 

Dodge  Center. 

942 

Granada  ...... 

309 

Lake  Park 

570 

Donnelly 

164 

Grand  Marais. 

a  h  i 

Lakeville 

373 

250 

285 

Grand  Meadow 
Grand  Rapids. 

477 
1,428 

Lambert  on 

Lanesboro  

(524 

Dresbach 

1,102 

Duluth 

52,969 

Granite  Falls . 

1,214 

La  Prairie 

88 

MINNESOTA. 


37 


Minnesota  —  Continued. 

Pop.  190D 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

772 

New  Munich.. 

136 

Shakopee 

2,047 

Lester  Prairie., 

418 

New  Pavnesville  485 

Shelby 

200 

1,931 

Newport 

3o7 

Sherburne  

891 

Lesueur  Center 

478 

New  Prague  .. 

1,228 

Shevlin 

172 

Lew  is  ton 

S71 

New  Richland 

750 

Silver  Lake... 

321 

385 

New  Trier 

126 

Slavton 

883 

Litchfield 

2.280 

New  Ulm 

5.403 

Sleepy  Eye.... 

2.046 

Little  Falls  ... 

5.7  74 

New  York  Mills 

353 

Sol  way... 

South  Park.... 

177 

1,385 

Nicollet 

330 

250 

Lothrop  

38 

North  Branch. 

1.211 

South  St.  Paul 

2,322 

260 
2.223 

Northfieid  .... 
North  Mankato 

3,210 
939 

South   Still- 
water   

Luverne 

1,422 

Lvle 

488 

North  St.  Paul 

1.110 

Sparta  ___• 

950 

Mabel 

494 

Norwood 

500 

Springfield 

1,511 

Mcintosh 

569 

Odessa 

204 

Spring  Grove. 

491 

McKinley 

262 

Olivia 

970 

Spring  A  alley. 

1.77M 

1.272 

Ortonville 

1.247 

St.  Charles.... 

1.304 

1,336 

Osakls 

917 

St.  Cloud 

8.663 

Madison  Lake 

300 

Osseo. 

346 

St.  Hilaire 

840 

Magnolia 

176 

Ottawa. 

246 

St.  James 

2,607 

10.51)9 

Owatonna 

5,561 

St.  Joseph  .... 

549 

Mantorville... 

602 

Parkei>  Prairie 

200 

St.  Louis  Park 

1.325 

Maple  Lake... 

470 

Park  Rapids  .. 

1.313 

St.  Martin 

170 

Mapleton 

1,003 

Pavnesville  ... 

373 

St.  Michaels.. 

305 

Marietta 

144 

Pelican  Rapids 

1,033 

St.  Paul : 

L  63 .065 

562 

Perham 

1,182 

St.  Paul  Park. 

1.173 

Marshall 

2,088 

Peterson 

206 

St.  Peter. 

4.302 

Maynard 

245 

Pierz 

358 

St.  Vincent  ... 

256 

Mazeppa 

556 

Pine  City 

993 

Staples 

1.504 

Meire  Grove.. 

165 

Pine  Island... 

832 

Starbuck 

469 

Melrose 

1.768 

Pipestone 

2.536 

Stephen.. 

513 

Menabga 

413 

Plainview 

1,038 

Stewart 

407 

282 

Plato 

232 

Stewartville.. 

830 

74 
62 

196 

1,278 

Stillwater 

Stockton 

12.318 

Mesaba 

Preston  

200 

Milaca 

1.204 

Princeton 

1.319 

Swanville 

244 

Milan    

396 

Prior  Lake 

148 

Taopi 

115 

Millville 

149 

Proctorknott . 

7S4 

Taylors  Falls. 

535 

Minneapolis  ..202.718 

Rainy  Lake... 

7 

Thief  River 

372 

Raymond 

2-2 

Falls 

1,819 

Minneota 

777 

Red  Lake  Falls 

1.--5 

Thomson 

207 

Minnesota  City 

242 

Red  Wing 

7.525 

Tintah  

220 

Minnesota  Lake    518 

Redwood  Falls 

1,661 

Torah 

416 

Minnetonka  .. 

101 

Reeds  _ 

449 

Tower 

1.366 

Montevideo... 
Montgomery.. 

2.146 

979 

1.075 

1,911 

Rice 

232 

Trosky  

215 

Monticello 

818 

Richmond 

600 

Truman 

261 

Montrose 

305 

Robbinsdale  .. 

520 

Twin  Yallev.. 

356 

Moorhead 

3.730 

Rochester 

6.-43 

Two  Harbors. 

3,278 

Moose  Lake... 

35 1 

Rockford 

340 

Tyler 

515 

7-5 

Rollingstone  . 

301 

Flen 

317 

Morgan 

Morris 

204 

1.934 

Rose  Creek  ... 

21 4 

Vermilion 

100 

Morristown... 

589 

Rosemount ... 

182 

Verndale. 

672 

Morton 

Rothsav 

296 

Vernon  Center 

311 

Motley 

Mountain  Iron 

Round  Lake.. 
Royalton 

226 

214 

4  70 

664 

Villard 

249 

Mountain  Lake 

!      959 

Rush  City 

Rusbford  

981 

\  irginia 

2,962 

M  unlock 

275 

1,062 

"W  abasha 

2,528 

Nary 

94 

Ruthton 

323 

\\  abasBO 

178 

131 

Rutledge 

363 

Waconia 

72S 

25''. 

Sacred  Heart. 

5:58 

"\\  adena 

1.520 

274 

Sanborn 

351 

Waite  Park... 

311 

351 1 

Sandstone 

1.1-9 

Walker 

500 

750 

Sauk  Center.. 

2.2-20 

v\  alnut,  Grove 

:         417 

New  London.. 

363 

Sauk  Rapids.. 

1,391 

Waltham 

150 

New  Market .. 

137 

Sedan  

153 

\\  arreu 

1,276 

MISSISSIPPI. 


Mi  -.  nesota— Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Waseca 

3,103 

West  St.  PauL 

1,880 

\\  atertown  ... 

490 

w  balan 

134 

Watervllle.... 

1,260 

Wheatland 

185 

W  a!  kins 

".Till 

Wheaton 

1,132 

Watson 

KIT 

White  Bear 

Waverly 

642 

Lake 

W  ayzata 

276 

M  llder. 

174 

Welcome 

549 

Wlllmar  

3,40!) 

Wells 

2,017 

wniow  River 

466 

Wesely 

West  ('uncord. 

249 

Wlndom  

1 ,944 

635 

Winnebago 

West  Minne- 

City  

1,816 

apolis  

1,648 

Winona 

10,711 

Wlnsted.. 
Wlnthrop  .... 
WlntoD 
Wood  Lake  .. 
Woodstock    , 
Worthlngton 

Wykofl 

Young  Amer- 
ica  .. 

Zuinbro  Falls 


Pop-  1900 


818 
810 

'.if,  i 

318 
178 


Zunibrota 1,119 


MISSISSIPPI.    Population,  1,551,270. 
COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900                         Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Adams 30,111  Itawamba 13,544    Perry. 14.682 

Alcorn 14,987  Jackson 1(5,513    Pike... 27.545 

Amite 20.708  Jasper 15,394    Pontotoc 18,274 

Attala 26,248  Jefferson  21,292    Prentiss. 15,788 

Benton 10,510  Jones .17,846     Quitman 5,435 

Bolivar 35,427  Kemper 20,492    Pankin 20,955 

Calhoun .16,512  Lafayette 22.110    Scott.. 14,316 

Carroll 22,116  Lauderdale...  88,150    Sharkev 12,178 

Chickasaw....  19,892  Lawrence 15.103     Simpson 12.800 

Choctaw 13,036  Leake 17,360     Smith 13,055 

Claiborne 20,787  Lee 21,956     Sunflower 16,084 

Clarke 17,741  Leflore 23,834  Tallahatchie . .  19,600 

Clay 19,563  Lincoln .21,552    Tate 20,618 

Coahoma 26,293  Lowndes 29.095    Tippah 12,983 

Copiah 34.395  Madison .32,493  Tishomingo...  10,124 

Covington  ....  13,076  Marion... 13,501     Tunica 16.479 

De  Soto 24,751  Marshall 27,674    Union 16.522 

Franklin 13,678  Monroe 31,216    Warren  40,912 

Greene 6,795  Montgomery..  16.536  Washington  ..  49,216 

Grenada 14,112  Neshoba 12.726    Wayne 12,539 

Hancock 11.886  Newton 19,708     Webster.. 13.619 

Harrison 21,002  Noxubee 30.846  Wilkinson  ....  21.453 

Hinds 52,577  Oktibbeha  ....  20.183    Winston 14.124 

Holmes  36,828  Panola 29,027  Yalobusha  ....  19.742 

Issaquena 10,400  Pearl  Paver.. _    6,697    Yazoo 43,948 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 


Abbeville 255    Biloxi 5,467    Charleston. 


Aberdeen 

Ackerman 

Albertson 

Amory 

Areola 

Arkabutla 

Artesia. 

Ashland 

Austin 

Baird 

Baldwyn 

Banner 

Batesville 

Bay  St.  Louis. 
Beauregard... 

Belen 

Belleprairie... 

Belzoni 

Benoit 

Benton 

Bentonla 


3,434  Binnsville 

706  Black  Hawk.. 

200  Blue  Mountain 

1,211  Blue  Springs.. 

375  Bogue  Chitto  . 

265  Bolton 

343  Booneville 

162  Boyle 

142  Brandon 

300  Brookhaven  .. 

560  Brooksville... 

114  Buena  Vista  .. 

556  Burnsville 

2,872  Byhalia 

Caledonia 


250  Chester. 

127  Chesterville 

466  Chulahoma.. 

198  Clarksdale  .. 

582  Cleveland... 

600  Clinton 

1,050  Coahoma 

538  Coffeeville.. 

775  Coldwater  .. 

2,678  Columbia.... 

612  Columbus... 

225  Como 

222  Conehatta  .. 

760  Corinth 3,861 

201  Courtland 282 

177    Canton     3.4it4  Crawford 389 

200    Carrollton  ....       540  Crystal  Springs  1,093 

263    Carthage 416  Cumberland..        89 

200    Cascilla 166  De  Kalb 240 

251    Cedar  Bluff  ...       193  Desoto 858 

167    Centerville  ...       590  Duck  Hill 242 


480 
132 
112 
57 

1.773 
479 
354 
171 
467 
557 
507 

6.484 
475 
149 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Mississippi  —  ' 

Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop 

.1900 

Pop.  1900 

Duncan 

172 

Leland 

762 

Quitman 

Raleigh 

498 

Durant 

1,766 

Leota  Landing 

350 

200 

East  Side 

3-21 

Lexington 

1,516 

Randolph 

162 

170 

Liberty .. 

392 

Raymond 

483 

Edwards 

586 

Lodi 

29 

Red  P.anks 

79 

Ellisville 

1,899 

Lostown 

220 

Rienzi 

230 

Enterprise 

739 

Louisville 

505 

Ripley 

653 

Estabutehie... 

400 

Love 

131 

Robinsonviile. 

200 

Eudora 

91 

Lula 

174 

Rodney  

448 

Eupora 

724 

Lumberton 

1,509 

Rollins  Fork.. 

400 

Farrell 

200 

Lyon 

McComb 

166 

Rosedale 

622 

Favette 

604 

4,477 

Roxie 

214 

304 

McCool 

317 

Sallis 

195 

Forest 

761 

Maben 

2S2 

Saltillo 

209 

Fort  Adams  .. 

210 

Macon 

2,057 

Sandersville  .. 

357 

Fostoria 

1,422 

Madison  Station   323 

Sardis  _ 

1,002 

French  Camp. 

259 

McHenry 

3.50 

Sarepta 

172 

Friar  Point  ... 

750 

McLaurin 

300 

Satartia 

146 

Fulton 

171 

Magnolia 

1,038 

Scoby. 

Scooba  

146 

Gainesville  ... 

227 

Martin 

151 

286 

Gallman 

189 

Mathiston 

170 

Scranton  

2.0-25 

Gattman 

111 

Maversville... 

250 

Seminary 

500 

Glenallen 

150 

Mavhew 

139 

Senatobia 

1,156 

Glendora 

200 

Meadville 

250 

Shannon  

434 

Gloster. 

1,661 

Meridian 

14.050 

Sharon  

173 

Goodman 

442 

Michigan  City 

70 

Shaw 

422 

Greenville 

7,642 

Mississippi  City 

534 

Shelby 

250 

Greenwood  ... 

3.026 

Moorehead 

437 

Sherman 

300 

Grenada 

2.568 

Mosspoint 

1,900 

Shubuta. 

451 

Gulfport 

1,060 

Morton  

200 

Shuqualak 

600 

477 

Mound  Bayou. 
Mount  Olive  .. 

287 

Sidon 

148 

Guntown 

325 

246 

Slate  Springs.. 

189 

Hamburg. 

222 

Mt.  Pleasant.. 

139 

Smithville .... 

150 

Handsboro 

840 

Myrtle 

165 

Starkville 

1,986 

Hardy  Station. 

145 

Natchez 

12,210 

State  Line 

379 

Harperville... 

130 

Nesbitt. 

192 

Steencreek 

225 

Harrison 

180 

Xettleton 

570 

Stewart 

165 

Harriston 

285 

New  Albany .. 

1.033 

Stonewall 

750 

Hattiesburg  .. 

4.175 

Xewton 

537 

Sturgis.. 

203 

Hazlehurst..  . 

1,579 

Xorfleld 

347 

Summit 

1,499 

Heidelberg.... 

228 

North  Cairollton  189 

Sumner 

200 

Hermanville.. 

230 

Oakland 

209 

Sunnyside 

250 

563 

Ocean  Springs 
Okolona 

1,255 

101 

H<ckorv 

626 

2,177 

Tchula 

398 

Hickory  Flat  . 
Hollandale 

204 

Olive  Branch . 

198 

Terry.. 

481 

325 

Orvisburg 

435 

Thornton  

46 

Holly  Springs. 

2,815 

Osvka  _. 

784 

Tillatoba. 

115 

Hollywood 

291 

Oxford 

1,825 

Toccopola  

249 

Houlka 

104 

Pachuta 

131 

Tocowa 

114 

Houston 

677 

Paris 

105 

Tom  Xolen 

87 

Howard 

114 

Pascagoula  ... 

708 

Troy 

144 

203 

2,028 

Tula 

119 

Indianola 

630 

Paulding 

229 

Tunica 

485 

Ittabena 

416 

Pearlington... 

850 

Tupelo 

2.118 

Iuka. 

882 

Pelahatchie... 

326 

Tutwiler 

142 

7,816 

Pheba 

300 

Utlca... 

540 

Jonestown 

317 

Pickens  

504 

Yaiden'. 

474 

Kilmichael.... 

227 

Pittsboro 

254 

Yam-leave 

76 

Knoxville 

200 

Plantersville.. 

187 

Verona 

456 

Kosciusko 

2,078 

Pleasant  Hill.. 

230 

\ icksburg  

14,834 

Kossuth 

162 

Pontotoc^ 

1,010 

Wall  Hill 

65 

Lake 

236 

Pope 

172 

Walnut  drove 

207 

Lafayette  Springs  124 

Poplar  Springs 

89 

Walthall 

170 

Lamar 

70 

Poplarvflle 

990 

"\\  ashington... 

240 

Lauderdale  ... 

288 

Port  Gibson  .. 

2,113 

"\\  aterford 

128 

Laurel 

.    3,193 

Potts  Camp... 

\\  ater  Valley . 

3,813 

Learned 

138 

Purvis 

564 

"W  av eland 

520 

40  MISSOURI. 


M  [88IS8IPP1     Continued. 

Pop.  1900  I'.)().  1900                          Pop  1900 

Waynesboro..      416  WestPoInt....    8,198  Winona... 

Webb                     128  w  est*  ll)e              200  Woodvllle  ..       1.013 

Weir                      91  WestStatlon..      L96  Yazoo  city          1,944 

Wesson 8,279  Wiggins           .       280 

MISSOURI.    Population,  3.106.665. 

COl  NTIES. 

Pop.1900  Pop.  1900                         Pop.  1900 

Adair. 21,728     Grundy 17,832  Perry    15,184 

Andrew 17,332     Harrison 24,398  Pettis 

Atchison .16,501     Henrv 28,054  Phelps      .  ..      I4J94 

Audrain 21,160     Hickory 9,985  Pike       25,744 

Bam. _  25.532     Holt. 17,083  Platte 16,193 

Barton 18,253     Howard 18,337  Polk 23,255 

Bates  30,141     Howell... 21.834  Pulaski  10,394 

Henton 16,556     Iron 8,716  Putnam 16,688 

Bollinger 14.(551)    .Jackson 195,198  Ralls 12.287 

Boone    28.642     Jasper  84.01K  Randolph 21.142 

Buchanan 121.838    Jefferson 25,712  Ray 

Butler 16.769     Johnson '..  27,843  Reynolds 8,161 

Caldwell. 16,656     Knox 13.47!)  Ripley.. 18,18« 

Callaway 25.984     Laclede 16.523  St.  Charles....  21.171 

Camden    13,113     Lafayette 31.679  St.  Clair  17,907 

CapeGirardeau  24.315    Lawrence 31.662  Ste.  Genevieve  10.359 

Carroll 26,455     Lewis 16,724  St.  Francois...  24.051 

Carter.. 6,706    Lincoln .18,352  St.  Louis         ..50,040 

Cass 23  636     Linn 25,503  St.  Louis  City  575,238 

Cedar. 16,923  Livingston  ....  22.302  Saline ' 

Chariton 2(5.826     McDonald 13.574  Schuyler 10,840 

Christian 16.639     Macon _  33.018  Scotland 13,282 

Clark 15,383     Madison. 9,975  Scott 13,092 

Clav    18.903     Maries 9,616  Shannon 11.247 

Clinton  17.363     Marion 26,331  Shelby ...16,167 

Cole 20.578     Mercer 14,71)6  Stoddard 24.669 

Cooper 22.532     Miller 15,187  Stone. 

Crawford 12.959  Mississippi....  11.837  Sullivan 

Dade 18.125     Moniteau 15.931  Taney 10.127 

Dallas 13,903     Monroe 19.716  Texas 22,192 

Daviess .21.325  Montgomery..  16,571  Vernon 31.619 

Dekalb.. 14,418     Morgan 12.175  Warren 9.919 

Dent 12,986  New  Madrid..  11,280  Washington  ..  14.263 

Douglas   16.802     Newton. .27.001  Wavne 15,309 

Dunklin 21.706     Nodaway 32.9:38  Webster 16,640 

Franklin. 30.581     Oregon 13,906  Worth 9,832 

Gasconade....  12.298    Osage ....14.096  Wright 17,519 

Gentry... 20.554     Ozark 12,145 

Greene .  52,713    Pemiscot 12,115 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 

Adrian 629    Annapolis 195  Aurora  Sp'gs..       900 

Advance. 221     Anniston  155  Auxvasse 337 

Agency 380  Appleton  City    1,133  Avalon. 444 

Alba... 224     Appleton 99  Bancroft 50 

Albany 2,025    Arbela 169  Baring 241 

Alclrich 189    Arcadia 205  Barnard 362 

Alexandria;..       536    Archie 285  BellCity 100 

Allenville 148    Ardmore 385  Belton  1,005 

Alma.. 248  Armstrong....       461  Benton 234 

Alpha 45  Arrow  Ruck..       358  Benton  City...       116 

Altamont 288    Ashburn 312  Bernie. 333 

Altenburg 222  Ash  Grove....    1.039  Bertrand  266 

Alton 468     Ashland 401  Bethany 2.093 

Altona 24    Ashley 360  Bethel 235 

Amazonia 407    Atlanta 400  Bevier. 1,808 

Amoret 215    Augusta 238  Bigelow 195 

Amsterdam...       142    Aurora 6,191  Billings 702 


MISSOURI. 


41 


Missovki  —  Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Birchtree 535 

Birmingham..  217 

Bismarck T<  »S 

l'.lackburn 458 

Blackjack.....  303 

Blackwater...  283 

Blairstown....  291 

Blendsville  ...  1,000 

Blodgett -21)9 

Bloomfield....  1,475 

Blue  Ridge....  123 

Blue  Springs..  468 

Blythedale....  315 

Bugard 276 

Bolckow 378 

Bolivar 1.869 

Bonneterre  ...  3,719 

Boonvlle 4.377 

Bos  worth    401 

Bowling  Green  1,902 

Brashear 401 

Bravmer 767 

Breekenridge.  1,012 

Bremeville  ...  78 

Bridgeton 178 

Bronaugh 190 

Brookfleld  ....  5,484 

Browning J26 

Brownington  .  407 

Brunswick....  1,403 

Bucklin 642 

Buckner 234 

Buffalo 757 

Bunceton 856 

Burlington 

Junction..  759 

Burnham 72 

Butler. 3,158 

Cabool 471 

Cagle. 700 

Cainesville....  743 

Cairo 173 

Caledonia! 166 

Calhoun 561 

California 2,181 

Callao 498 

Camden 392 

Camden  Point.  170 

Cameron 2,979 

Campbell 737 

Canton 2,365 

CapeGirardeau  4,815 

Cardwell 502 

Carl  Junction.  1,177 

Carrollton 3,854 

Carterville....  4.44.") 

Carthage 9.416 

Caruthersville  2,315 

Cassville 702 

Cedar  City  ....  287 

Center 300 

Centt-rview ...  375 

Centralia 1,722 

Centropolis...  500 

Chamois 726 

Charleston....  1.893 

Chilllcothe....  6,905 


Pop. 

Chula 

Clarence 

Clark 

Clarksburg  ... 
Clarksdale  ..  . 

Clarksvllle 

Claryvllle 

Clayton  

Clearmont 

Clinton 

Clyde 

Coffeyburg 

Cole  Camp 

College  Mound 

Collins 

Columbia 

Commerce 

Concordia 

Conway 

Corder  

Corning . 

Cottonwood 

Point 

Cowgill 

Craig  ... 

Creighton 

Crystal  City  .. 

Cuba 

Cunningham.. 

Currvville 

Cyrene  

Dadeville 

Dalton 

Danville 

Darlington 

Dawn 

Dearborn 

Deepwater 

Dekalb. 

Des  Arc 

Desloge 

De  Soto 

Dewitt 

Dexter 

Diehlstadt  .... 

Dixon 

Doerun 

Doniphan 

Dover 

Downing 

Drexel 

Dudley  ..  

Duenweg 

Eagleville  

EastLynne 

Eastori 

East  Prairie... 

Edgerton 

Edina 

Edinburg 

Eldon  

Eldorado 

Springs 

Elmer 

Elmo  

Elsberry 

Elvins  


1900 
2S2 

1,1S4 
223 
509 
334 
843 
122 
76 
348 

5.061 
250 
390 
648 
230 
260 

5.1151 
588 
889 
272 
5:38 
240 

147 
357 


1,104 
552 
160 
271 


223 
174 
369 
500 
567 

1,201 
362 
180 
500 

5,611 
550 

1.862 
156 
500 
956 

1,508 
242 
501 
453 
229 

1,523 
292 
353 
227 
300 
5:54 

1,605 
133 
379 

2,137 
236 
300 

816 
550 


Pop.  1900 

Eolia... 158 

Essex 16S 

Ethel   397 

Eversonville..  51 

Everton 630 

Excelsior 

Springs  1,881 

Exeter 438 

Fairfax 666 

FairHaven....  88 

Fair  Play 407 

Farber 247 

Farmington  ..  1,778 

Fayette 2,717 

Fenton  160 

Ferguson 1,015 

Festus 1,256 

Fillmore 225 

Fisk 800 

Flat  River  ....  1,500 

Florissant 732 

Forrest  City  ..  632 

Forsyth 204 

Foster 347 

Frankford  ....  700 
Fredericktown  1,577 

Freeman 260 

Fulton 4,883 

Gainesville 222 

Gallatin 780 

Gait 582 

Garden  City...  574 

Gayoso  118 

Gentry 147 

Gibbs 168 

Gilliam 347 

Gilinan 447 

Glasgow 1,672 

Glenwood  ....  434 

Golden  875 

Gordonville...  125 

Gorin 87 

Gower 392 

Graham. 384 

Granby 2,315 

Grandin  579 

Graniteville  ..  846 

Grant  City....  1,406 

Greencastle...  390 

Green  City....  477 

Greenfield....  1,406 

G-reen  Ridge..  389 

Green  Top....  284 

Greenville 1,051 

Greenwood...  230 

Guilford 235 

GunnCitv 147 

Hale 665 

Hallsville 157 

Hamilton 1,804 

Hannibal 12,780 

Hardin 669 

Harris 336 

Harrisonville.  1,844 

Hartville 445 

I  Far  wood   240 

Hayti 419 


42 

MISSOURI. 

Missouri  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Henrietta 

385 

Lebanon  

2,125 

Hermann 

1,575 

Summit. 

1 .453 

Hlhhard 

Lewlston 

358 

Hlgbee  

1,151 

Lexington 

1,190 

Higglnsvllle    . 

2,791 

Liberal... 

532 

HillsboTO 

254 

Liberty 

2*407 

Holcomb 

189 

Licking 

193 

Holden 

2,126 

Lincoln  

357 

Holiday 

585 
34 

491 

Hollywood 

Linn  Creek  ... 

340 

Bolt 

839 

Linneus 

878 

Hopkins 

m 

Lithium  

93 

Horncrsville  .. 

240 

Lockspring ... 

246 

Houston 

514 

Lock  wood 

749 

Houstonia 

307 

Longtown 

108 

Humansyille.. 

1,055 

Louisiana 

5,131 

Hume 

540 

LowryCity 

467 

Humphreys  ... 

393 

Lucerne 

292 

Hunnewell 

473 

Ludlow 

300 

Huntsville 

1,805 

Lurav 

194 

Hurdland 

322 

Lutesvllle 

525 

Iberia 

264 
6,974 

McFall 

Macon 

544 

Independence. 

4,068 

Indian  Springs 

55 

Madison  

538 

I  ronton 

797 

Maitland 

805 

Jackson 

1,658 

Maiden  

1,462 

Jackson 

172 

Malta  Bend.... 

431 

Jacksonville  .. 

195 

Manchester... 

301 

Jameson 

335 

Mansfield 

494 

Jamesport 

728 

Marble  Hill.... 

295 

Jamestown  ... 

344 

Marceline 

2.638 

Jasper  

627 

Marionville ... 

1,290 

Jefferson  Barracks 

Marquand 

331 

500 

Marshall 

5,086 

Jefferson  City- 

9,664 

Marshrield 

964 

Jennings  

743 

Martinsburg  .. 

345 

Jerico 

443 

Martinsville  .. 

108 

Johnstown 

75 

Marvville 

4,577 

Jonesburg 

407 

Mavsville 

925 

Joplin 

26.023 

Mayview 

Meadville 

423 

Kahoka 

1.818 

760 

Kansas  City... 

163.752 

Melbourne 

129 

Kearney 

621 

Memphis 

2.195 

Kennetc 

1,509 

Mendon 

252 

Keytesville  ... 
Kidder 

1,127 

Mendota 

320 

357 

Mercer 

340 

Kimmswick... 

212 

Merwin 

250 

King  City 

905 

Metz 

159 

Kingston 

655 

Mexico 

5,099 

Kingsville  .... 

323 

Miami.... 

581 

Kirksville 

5,966 

Middletown... 

375 

Klrkwood 

2,825 

Milan 

1.757 

Knob  Lick 

209 

Miller 

148 

Knobnoster  .. 

673 

Minden  Mines 

335 

Knox  City  

365 

Mine  Lamotte 

800 

Kosekonong  .. 

213 

Mineola 

128 

La  Belle 

966 

Missouri  City. 

398 

Laclede 

770 

Moberly 

8,012 

Laddonia 

619 

Mokane 

331 

La  Grange 

1,507 

Monet  t 

3.115 

Lamar 

2,737 

Monroe  City  .. 

1.929 

Lamonte 

637 

Montevallo  ... 

157 

Lancaster 

980 

Montgomery 

La  Plata 

1,345 

City 

2,026 

Laredo 

286 

Monticello 

287 

Lathrop   

1,118 

Montrose 

613 

Lawson 

635 

Montserrat  ... 

184 

Pop.  1900 

Mooresville      .  300 

Morehouse   ...  900 
Motley 

Morrison 276 

Moselle 141 

Mound  (  ity 
Moundville 
MountainGrove  1.001 

Mt.Moriah....  412 

Mt.  Vernon....  1,206 

Napoleon 132 

Naylor 202 

Neck  City 374 

-ville....  114 

Nelson 468 

Neosho 2,725 

Nevada  7,461 

Newark.. 265 

Newburg 481 

New  Cambria.  352 

New  Dekalb..  362 

.New  Florence  424 

New  Franklin.  1.158 

New  Hamburg  110 

Newhampton .  261 

New  Haven...  883 

New  London..  881 

New  Madrid..  1,489 

New  Market..  182 

New  Melle...  370 

NewOffenburg  100 

Newtonia 355 

Newtown 291 

Norborne 1,189 

Novelty.. 267 

Oak  Grove....  408 

Oak  Ridge....  252 

Odessa 1.445 

O'Fallon 450 

Old  O i chard..  400 

Oleau 254 

Oran l.«7 

Oregon.. 1,032 

Oronogo 2,073 

Orrick. 391 

Osborn 386 

Osceola 1,037 

Otterville... 

Ozark.... 830 

Pacific 1,213 

Palmyra v!.323 

Papihsville....  142 

Paris 1,893 

Parkville. 931 

Parnell 432 

Pattonsburg..  1,065 

Paynesville...  351 

Perry 624 

Perr'wille 1,275 

Phelps  City...  167 

Philadelphia..  211 

Pickering 300 

Piedmont 858 

Pierce  Citv....  2,151 

Pilot  Grove...  631 

Pilot  Knob  ...  455 

Platte  City....  744 


MONTANA. 


4:: 


Missouri  —  Continued 

Pop.  1900 

Plattsburg ....  1,878 

Pleasant  Hill..  2,002 

Pocahontas...  100 

Point  Pleasant  153 

Polo 539 

Poplar  Bluff..  4,321 

Portage 427 

Portage  des 

Sioux 242 

Portageville ..  427 

Portland 146 

Potosi 638 

Prairie  Home.  196 

Princton 1,575 

Prosperity ....  530 

Purdin 229 

Purdv 434 

Puxico.. 413 

Queen  City....  770 

Quitman 356 

Randolph 92 

Ravanna 295 

Eavenwood...  285 

Bavmore 271 

Renick 196 

Repubic 856 

Revere.. 161 

Rich  Hill 4,053 

Richland 736 

Richmond 3,478 

Ridge  way 648 

Rineland 153 

Roanoke 147 

Rocheport  ....  593 

Rockport 1,080 

Rockville 580 

Rolla 1,600 

Roscoe 181 

Rosendale 448 

Rush  Hill 181 

Rushville 412 

Russellville...  295 

Rutledge 292 

St.  Catherine..  112 

St.  Charles....  7,982 

St.  Clair 189 

Ste.  Genevieve  1,707 

St.  James 575 

St.  Joseph 102,979 

St.  Louis 575,238 

St.  Marys 576 

St.  Peters 334 


Pop.  1900 

Salem 1,481 

Salisbury 1,847 

Sarcoxie 1,126 

savannah 1,8^6 

Schell  City... .  668 

Sedalia. 15,231 

Scnath 211 

Seneca 1,043 

Seymour 527 

Sheffield 300 

Shelbina 1,733 

Shelbwille  ...  777 

Sheldon 474 

Sheridan 347 

Sikeston 1.077 

Silex 210 

Siloam  Springs  98 

Skidmore 561 

Slater 2,502 

Sligo 486 

Sniithton 420 

Smithville  ....  427 

South  Gorin..  319 
South  Greenfield  297 

Southwest  ....  691 

Sparta 300 

Spencerburg..  86 

Spickardsville  584 

Spoonersville .  140 

Sprague 156 

Springfield....  23,267 

Stan  berry 2,654 

Steelville 686 

Stewartsville .  616 

Stockton 555 

Stotesbury 154 

Stotts  City....  902 

Stoutsville....  196 

Sturgeon 708 

Sullivan 714 

Summersville.  187 

Sumner 477 

Sweet  Springs  1,080 

Syracuse 175 

Tarkio  1,901 

Thaver 1,276 

Tiff  City 164 

Tina 368 

Tipton 1,337 

Tracy 209 

Trenton 5,396 

Triplett 342 


Pop.  1900 

Troy 1,153 

Turney 186 

Toscumbia.—  225 

Union 744 

Union  Star....  439 

Unionville ....  2.050 

Urich. 445 

Vandalia 1,168 

Versailles 1,240 

Virgil  City  ....  42 

Wakenda 329 

Walker 479 

Walnutgrove  .  420 

Warrensburg  .  4,724 

Warrenton 770 

Warsaw 743 

Washburn  ....  169 

Washington  ..  3,015 

Watson 233 

Waverly  722 

Weatherby...  228 

Weaubleau  ...  274 

Webb  City....  9,201 

Webster  Groves  1,895 

Wellington....  520 

Wellston 1,000 

Wellsville  ....  1,160 

Wentworth  ...  238 

WentzviPe....  519 

Westboro 303 

Wrestline 131 

Weston 1,019 

Westphalia  ...  370 

West  Plains...  2,902 

Wheatland....  300 

Wheeling 381 

Whitewater...  122 

Whiting 244 

Williamstown.  221 

Williamsville.  215 

Willow  Springs  1,078 

Windsor.. 1,502 

Winfield 440 

Winigan 134 

Winona 495 

Winston 457 

Wittenburg...  114 

Worland 113 

Wright  City  ..  336 

Wvaconda 507 

Zeitonia 320 


MONTANA.     Population,  243,329. 


Pop.  1900 
Beaverhead...  5,615 
Broadwater...    2,641 

Carbon   7.533 

Cascade 25.777 

Choteau 10,966 

Custer 7,891 

Dawson 2.443 

Deerlodge 17,393 

Fergus 6,937 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Flathead 9.375 

Gallatin 9,558 

Granite 4,328 

Jefferson 5,330 

Lewis  and 

Clarke lit. 171 

Madison 7,695 

Meagher 2,526 

Missoula 13,964 


Pop.  1900 

Park 7.341 

Ravalli.. 7,822 

Silveibow 17.685 

Sweet  Grass..  3,086 

Teton 5,080 

Valley.... 4.355 

Yellowstone..  6,212 
Crow  Indian 

Reservation.  2,660 


44 


NEBRASKA. 


Montana  —  Continued. 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ET( 
Pop.  1S00    _  Pop.  19D0    _  Pop 


Anaconda 9,45.3  Fort  Benton 

Basin 300  Fort  Keogh 

Belt 1,160  Glasgow  .  . 

Blgtlmber 600  Glendive.... 

Bluings 8,221  Granite 300    Stevensvllle 

Boulder 922  Great  Falls....  14,980    Stockett 

Bozemain 3,419  Gunderson 

Burlington 344  Hamilton  . 


1,034  Phlllpsburg. 

en  Red  Lodge 

458  Sandcoulee 

;  :o  Sheridan 


1,075    Sun  River. 
1,257    Townsend. 


Butte 30,470  Havre 1,033  Twin  Bridge  .. 

Carroll 549  Helena 10,770    Victor 

Chinook 310  Kalispel 2,526  Virginia  City.. 

Columbia  Falls      620  Lewistown 1,096  Walkerville... 

Deerlodge 1,324  Livingston....  2,778     Whitehall 

Dillon 1,530  Marysville  ....  1,489  White  Sulphur 

East  Helena..       750  Miles  City 1.938        Springs 

Forsyth 308  Missoula 4,366 

FortAssinnibolne...  Neihart 833 


1900 
996 

2,152 
600 
581 
846 
500 
316 
416 
4(H) 
136 
56S 

2,621 


446 


NEBRASKA.    Population,  1,066,300. 


Pop.  1900 

Adams 18,840 

Antelope 11,344 

Banner 1,114 

Blaine.. 603 

Boone 11,689 

Boxbutte 5,572 

Boyd.... 7,332 

Brown 3,470 

Buffalo 20.254 

Burt.. 13,040 

Butler.. 15.703 

Cass 21,330 

Cedar 12,467 

Chase 2,559 

Cherry 6,541 

Cheyenne 5,570 

Clay 15,735 

Colfax 11,211 

Cuming 14.584 

Custer 19,758 

Dakota 6,286 

Dawes 6,215 

Dawson 12.214 

Deuel 2,630 

Dixon 10,535 

Dodge 22,298 

Douglas 140,590 

Dundy 2,434 

Fillmore 15,08? 

Franklin 9,455 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Frontier 8.781 

Furnas 12,373 

Gage 30,051 

Garfield 2,127 

Gosper 5,301 

Grant 763 

Greeley 5,691 

Hall 17,206 

Hamilton 13.330 

Harlan 9,870 

Hayes 2.708 

Hitchcock....    4,409 

Holt 12,224 

Hooker 432 

Howard 10,343 

Jefferson 15,196 

Johnson 11,197 

Kearney 9,866 

Keith 1,951 

Keyapaha 3.076 

Kimball 758 

Knox 14,843 

Lancaster 64,835 

Lincoln 11,416 

Logan 1160 

Loup 1.305 

McPherson 517 

Madison 16,976 

Merrick '.(.255 

Nance 8,222 


Pop.  1900 

Nemaha 14,952 

Nuckolls 12.414 

Otoe 22,288 

Pawnee 11,770 

Perkins. 1,702 

Phelps 10,772 

Pierce 8.445 

Platte 17.747 

Polk 10.542 

Ked  willow....    9,604 
Richardson...  19,614 

Rock 2,809 

Saline 18,252 

Sarpv. 9,080 

Saunders 22.085 

Scotts  Bluff...    2.552 

Seward 15,690 

Sheridan 6,033 

Sherman 6,550 

Sioux.. 2.055 

Stanton 6.959 

Thayer 14.325 

Thomas 628 

Thurston 6,517 

Valley.. 7.339 

Washington  ..  13,086 

Wavne 9.862 

Webster 11.619 

Wheeler 1.362 

York 18,205 


INCORPORATED  CITIES.  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC 

Adams 417 

Ains  worth 605 


Albion.. 1,369 

Alexandria 332 

Allen 236 

Alliance 2,535 

Alma 923 

Alvo 161 

Amherst 183 

Anselmo 145 

Ansley 468 

Arapahoe 701 


Arcadia  .. 
Arlington 
Ashland.. 

Ashton 

Atkinson. 
Atlanta  .. 
Auburn  .. 
Aurora ... 

Ay  oca 

Axtell 

Ayr 

Bancroft. 


374 
579 

1.477 
251 
595 
150 
2,664 
1 ,921 
2  5 
32:  i 
141 
733 


Barada 

Barneston 

Bartley. 

Bassett 

Battle  Creek.. 

Bayard 

Bazile  Mills... 

Beatrice 

Bearer  

BeaverCrossing 

Bee 

Beemer 


147 
250 
307 
270 
506 
250 
155 
7,875 
911 
359 
175 
455 


NEBRASKA. 


4r, 


Nebraska  —  Cunt  inu 
Pop.  1900 

Beklen 197 

Belgrade 200 

Bell  wood 410 

Belvidere 458 

Benedict '2,.>-2 

Benkelman....  296 

Bennett 495 

Bennington...  229 

Benson 510 

Berlin 150 

Bertrand 344 

Bethany. 330 

Bladen 270 

Blair 2,970 

Bloomtield  ....  678 

Bloouiington..  488 

Blue  Hill. 823 

Blue  Springs..  786 

Boelus 300 

Bradshaw 365 

Brainard 384 

Brock.... 543 

Broken  Bow..  1,375 

Brownville....  718 

Bruning  255 

Bruno 191 

Burchard 297 

Burr  150 

Burwell 460 

Butte 350 

Cairo 224 

Calhoun. 340 

Callaway 406 

Cambridge....  840 

Campbell 368 

Carleton 309 

Carroll 252 

Cedar  Bluffs  ..  371 

Cedar  Rapids  .  559 

Central  City  ..  1.571 

Ceresco 226 

Chadron 1,665 

Chapman 209 

Chappell 177 

Chester 439 

Clarks  554 

Clarkson 344 

Clay  Center...  590 

Clearwater....  198 

Cody 150 

Coleridge 471 

College  View.  865 

Colon 193 

Columbus 3,522 

Concord 175 

Cook 278 

Cordova 149 

Cortland 390 

Cozad 7:19 

Crab  Orchard.  258 

Craig 462 

Crawford 731 

Creighton 909 

Creston 337 

Crete 2,199 

Culbertson 422 

Curtis 435 


ed. 

Pop.  1900 

Dakota  City  ..  521 

Danburv  ......  219 

Dannebrog 301 

Davenport 446 

David  City....  1,845 

Dawson 322 

Davkin 189 

Decatur 800 

Deshler 258 

Dewitt 662 

Diller. 399 

Dixon 157 

•Dodge   554 

Doniphan 473 

Dorchester....  521 

Douglas 253 

Dubois 307 

Dunbar 2l>8 

Dundee.. 400 

Dwight     160 

Eagle 297 

Kd'dvville 101 

Edgar 1,040 

Elba  257 

Elgin.. 451 

Elk  Creek 347 

Elkhorn 299 

Elm  Creek  ....  301 

Elmwood 544 

El  wood 377 

Emerson 617 

Endicott 234 

Eustis 232 

Ewing 275 

Exeter 673 

Fairbury 3,140 

Fairfield 1,203 

Fairmont 784 

Falls  City 3,022 

Farnam 218 

Farwell 130 

Filley 248 

Firth 307 

Florence 688 

Fort  Crook....  646 

Fort  Niobrara  200 

Franklin 756 

Fremont 7.241 

Friend 1,200 

Fullerton 1.464 

Gandy 260 

Garrison 217 

Geneva 1,534 

Genoa 913 

Gering 433 

Germantown  .  194 

Gibbon 660 

Giltner   285 

Glenville 246 

Gordon 542 

Gothenburg...  819 

Grafton 287 

Grand  Island  7,554 

Grant 162 

Greeley  Center  552 

Greenwood ...  516 

Gresham 297 


Pop.  1900 

Gretna 466 

Gross 325 

Guide  Bock...  416 

Haigler 250 

Dallam 160 

Hampton 317 

Harbine 2'H> 

Hardy   345 

Harrisburg 200 

Harrison 168 

Hartington  ...  971 

Harvard 849 

Hastings 7,188 

Havelock 1,480 

Hayes  Center.  250 

Hay  Springs  ..  345 

Hebron 1,511 

Hemingford  ..  133 

Henderson 208 

Herman 321 

Hickman 382 

Hildreth 249 

Hulbrook 150 

Holdrege 3,007 

Holmesville...  272 

Holstein.. 267 

Homer 341 

Hooper 840 

Hoskins. 175 

Howard  City..  183 

Howe  173 

Howell 515 

Hubbard 90 

Hubbell 375 

Humboldt 1,218 

Humphrey....  869 

Huntington...  282 

Hyannis 250 

Imperial 258 

Indianola 626 

Ithaca. 255 

Jackson 339 

Jansen 271 

Juhnsun 352 

Julian 206 

Juniata.. 543 

Kearney 5.634 

Kenesaw 5i>4 

Kennard 275 

Kimball 254 

Laurel  514 

Lawrence 406 

Lebanon 243 

Leigh 439 

Lexington 1,343 

Liberty 450 

Lincoln 40.169 

Lindsay 316 

Llnwood 317 

Litchfield 240 

Lodgepole  .:.:  200 

Long  Pine 186 

Loomie  210 

Lorton 150 

Louisville 788 

Loup 826 

Lushton 150 


46 


NEBRASKA. 


Nebraska  — Continued. 


Top.  1900 

Lynch 381 

Lyons 847 

McCook  2,445 

McCool  Junc- 
tion   276 

Madison 1,479 


Madrid 

35 

Malmo 

259 

Marquette 

210 

Martinsbnrg .. 

154 

Mason  City  ... 

211 

Mavwood 

200 

Mead 

330 

Meadow  Grove 

237 

Merna 

141 

Milford 

542 

Millard 

323 

Miller 

194 

Milligan 

283 

Minden 

1,238 

Monroe 

214 

Morse  Bluffs.. 

177 

Murdock 

221 

Murray 

150 

Naper 

94 

Nebraska  City 

7,380 

Nehawka 

300 

Nellgh 

1,135 

Nelson 

978 

Nemaha 

400 

Newcastle 

331 

NewmanGrove 

696 

Newport 

208 

Niobrara  

459 

Norfolk. 

3,883 

North  Bend... 

1,010 

North  Loup... 

420 

North  Platte.. 

3.640 

Oak 

165 

Oakdale 

585 

Oakland 

1,008 

Odell 

359 

Ogalalla 

355 

Ohiowa 

319 

Omaha 102,555 

O'Neill 

1,107 

Ong 

185 

Ord 

1,372 

Orleans 

656 

Osceola 

882 

Osmond 

501 

Overton 

255 

Oxford 

787 

Palisade 

176 

Palmer 

225 

Palmyra 

301 

Panama. 

171 

Papillion 

594 

Pawnee 

1,969 

Paxton 

160 

Pender 

943 

Pop  1900 

Petri    848 

Petersburg...  478 

Phillips 186 

Pierce 770 

Pilger 250 

Plainview 603 

Platte  Center.  392 

Plattsmouth..  4,964 

Pleasanton 103 

Plymouth 195 

Ponca 1,043 

Prague 324 

Preston 149 

Prosser 160 

Pagan 208 

Randolph 850 

Ravenna 808 

Raymond 200 

Red  Cloud....  1,554 

Republican  ...  386 

Reynolds 260 

Richland 160 

Rising  City  ...  499 

Riverton 327 

Roca 177 

Roekville 158 

Rogers 124 

Roseland 227 

Rulo 877 

Rushvllle 483 

Salem 533 

Sargent 250 

Schuyler 2,157 

Scotia 267 

Scribner 827 

Seward. 1,970 

Shelby 425 

Shelton 861 

Shickley 372 

Shubert 303 

Sidney 1,001 

Silver  Creek..  291 

Sioux 150 

Snyder 229 

South  Auburn  400 

Southbend 141 

South  Omaha    26,001 
South  Sioux  City  889 

Spalding 148 

Spencer 135 

Springfield....  400 

Snringview  ...  188 

St.  Edwards...  625 

St.  Helena  ....  151 

St.  Paul 1.475 

Stamford 150 

Stanton 1,052 

Staplehurst...  211 

Steelburg 313 

Steel  City 313 

Steinauer 213 


Pop.  1900 

Stella r.is 

Sterling 782 

Stockham  ....  [69 

Stockyille  ....  269 

Strang  234 

Stratton 225 

Stromsburg...  1,154 

Stuart 382 

Sumner 210 

Superior 1,577 

Surprise 210 

Sutton 1,365 

Swanton 266 

Syracuse 861 

Table  Rock...  852 

Talmage 489 

Tamora  ; 139 

Taylor 150 

Tecumseh 2.005 

Tekamah 1,597 

Thedford 150 

Tilden 533 

Tobias 672 

Trenton 329 

Ulysses 563 

Unadilla 243 

Union 282 

University 

Place 1,130 

Upland 281 

Utica 487 

Valentine 811 

Valley 534 

Valparaiso 614 

Yerdigre 200 

Yerdon 340 

Waco 310 

Wahoo 2,100 

Wakefield 755 

Wallace 130 

Waterloo 345 

Wauneta 181 

Wausa 441 

Waverly 266 

Wayne' 2.119 

Weepine  Water  1.156 

Western 412 

West  Lincoln .  220 

Weston 426 

West  Point...  1,890 

Wilber 1,054 

Wilcox 266 

Wilsonville...  296 

Winside 400 

Wisner 963 

Woodlake 152 

WTood  River..  589 

Wvmore 2,636 

York 5,182 

Yutan 263 


NEVADA— NEW  HAMP.-NEW  JER.     47 


NEVADA.    Population,  42,335. 


COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

830     Humboldt 4,4(53     Ormsby 2,893 

....    1,534    Lauder 1.534    Storey 3,673 

"     Lincoln 3,284    Washoe 9,141 


Churchill 
Douglas.. 

Elko  

Esmeraldi 

Eureka 1,954     Nye 


1,972    Lyon 


2.268    White  Pine. 
1,140 


1,961 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  ETC. 


Austin 

Battle  Moun- 
tain   

Belmont 

Carlin 

Carson  City.. 
Cherrycreek . 

Dayton 

Delamar 

Elko 


170 
152 

100 
2,100 
139 
451 
500 
630 


Ely 

Eureka 

Gardnerville 

Genoa 

Golconda 

Hawthorne  . 
Lovelocks  ... 

Moapa 

Paradise  Valley    447 
Pioche 125 


203 
500 
260 
200 
423 
412 
1,010 
25 


Reno 4,5 


Tusearora. 

Verdi 

Virginia  City. 
Wadsworth... 

Wells 

Winnemucca  . 
Yerington 


450 

156 
2,695 
1,000 
254 
900 
182 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.    Population,  411,588. 


COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900 


Pop.  1900 


Pop.  1900 

Belknap 19.526     Grafton 40,844    Rockingham..  51,118 

Carroll 16,895    " 

Cheshire 31,321 


Coos. 


29,4118 


Hillsboro 112,640     Strafford 39.337 

Merrimack....  52,430    Sullivan 18,009 


INCORPORATED  CITIES. 

Berlin     8,886  Keene 9,165  Portsmouth...  10,637 

Concord 19,632  Laconia 8,042  Rochester 8,466 

Dover ...13.207  Manchester ...  56,987  Somersworth  .    7,023 

Franklin 5,846  Nashua ...23,898 


NEW  JERSEY.    Population,  1,883,669. 

COUNTIES. 


Pop  1900                          Pop.  1900  Pop  1900 

Atlantic 46,402    Gloucester....  31,905    Ocean 19.747 

Bergen 78.441     Hudson 386,048     Passaic. 155,202 

58,241     Hunterdon....  34.507     Salem 25,530 

95.365     Somerset 32.948 

79,762    Sussex 24,131 


Burlington 

Camden 107,643    Mercer  ... 

«  ape  May 13,201    Middlesex 


Cumberland  ..  51,193     Monmouth....  82,057     Union 


Essex. 


,053    Morris. 


,156    Warren. 


99,353 
37,781 


INCORPORATED   CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 


Absecon 

530 

Bayonne  

32,722 

Branch  ville...       526 

Allendale 

694 

Beach  Haven  . 

239 

Bridgeton 13,913 

Allenhurst 

165 

Belleville 

3,000 

Brigantine 99 

Allentown  

695 

Belmar 

902 

Brooklyn 75 

An  jrlesea 

161 

Belvidere 

1,784 

Burlington....    7,392 

Arlington 

4,784 

Bergen  fields  .. 

729 

Caldwell  1.867 

Asburv  Park .. 

4,148 

Beverly 

1,950 

Camden 75,985 

Atlantic  City.. 

27,838 

Bloomfield.... 

9,668 

Cape  May 2,257 

Atlantic  High- 

Bogota  

■.'r,: 

Cape  May  Point     158 

lands  

1,383 

Boonton  

8,901 

Carlstadt 2,574 

Avalon 

93 

Bordentown  .. 

4,110 

Carteret 1,100 

Barnegat 

1,019 

Boundbrook . . 

2,622 

Cedarville 1,057 

Bay head  

247 

Bradley  Beach 

982 

Chatham 1,361 

48 


NEW  JERSEY. 


NBW    J  HUSKY  - 

Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Po 

>.  19P0 

Clicsilliurst ... 

288 

Lambertvllle  . 

4,687 

Chester 

713 

Lav(  lei  te  ...  . 

21 

Claj  ton 

Cliflside  Park 

1,951 

Leonla 

804 

968 

I  luden 

41 12 

i  P.O.*  Liffside) 

Llnwood 

495 

Clinton. 

816 

Little  Kerry  ... 

1,240 

Collingswood. 

1,688 
486 

LodJ     

1,917 

Creasklll 

Long  Branch. . 

8,8?2 

Deal 

70 

Longport 

80 

Deckerton 

1,806 

Madison    

3.7.",  1 

Delford . 

746 

Manasquan  ... 

1,500 

Dover 

5.938 

Matawan 

1,511 

Dumont   

(143 

Maurice  River 

100 

Dunellen 

1,239 

Mays  Landing. 

1 .359 

East  Millstone 

447 

May  wood 

536 

East  Newark.. 

2,5()0 

Medford 

1,100 

East  Orange  .. 

2 1,51  Mi 

Merchantville. 

1,608 

East  Rutherford  2,640 

Metuehen 

1,786 

Egg  Harbor... 

1,808 

Midland  Park. 

1,348 

Elizabeth 

52,130 

Millburn 

2,100 

Elmer 

1.140 

Millstone 

200 

Englewood  .. . 

6,253 

Milltown 

561 

Englewood  Cliffs  218 

Millville 

10,583 

Englishtown.. 

410 

Montclair 

13,962 

Fairvlew 

1,003 

Montvale 

416 

Fan  wood 

399 

Moorestown  .. 

3,000 

Fieldsboro 

459 

Morristown  ... 

11,267 

Flemington... 

2,145 

Mountainside. 

367 

Florence  

1,282 

Mt.  Arlington. 

275 

Florhain  Park. 

752 

Mount  Holly.. 

4.500 

(P.O.Afton) 

Neptune  City  . 

1,009 

Fort  Lee 

1,617 

Netcong. 

941 

Franklin  Furnace  913 

Newark 

246.070 

Freehold 

2,934 

NewBrunswick20.006 

Frenchtown  .. 

1,020 

New  Durham . 

1,500 

Garfield 

3,504 

New  Egypt 

900 

Glassboro  

2,000 

Newport 

1,017 

Glen  Ridge.... 

1,960 

New  Providence   565 

Glen  Rock 

613 

Newton 

4,376 

Gloucester  City  6,840 

North  Arlington    290 

Guttenberg ... 
Hackensack  .. 

3,825 

North  Caldwell      297 

.  9,443 

North  Plainfield  5,009 

Hackettstown 

2,474 

North  Spring 

Haddonfield... 

2,776 

Lake 

361 

Hamnionton  .. 

3,481 

Nutley 

3,000 

Harrison 

10,596 

Ocean  City.... 

1.307 

Harvey  Cedars 

39 

Ocean  Grove.. 

2,754 

Hasbrouck 

OldTappan... 

269 

Heights 

1,255 

Orange 

24,141 

Hawthorne  ... 

2,096 

Oxford 

2,040 

Hainietta 

447 

Palisades  Park 

644 

Hibernia  

1,400 

Palmyra 

1,000 

High  Bridge  .. 

1,377 

Park  Ridge 

870 

Highlands 

1,228 

Passaic 

27,777 

Hightstown... 

1,749 

Paterson 

105,171 

Hoboken 

59.3(14 

Paulsboro 

1,717 

Holly  Beach  .. 

569 

Pemberton 

771 

Hopewell 

980 

Penngn  vi' 

1,826 

Irvington 

5.255 

Pennington  ... 

733 

Island  Heights 

316 

Perth  amboy. 

17,699 

Jamesburg 

1  063 

Phillipsburg  .. 

10,052 

Jersey  City  ... 

206.433 

Plainfield  

15.369 

Junction 

91  IS 

Pleasant  ville.. 

2,182 

Kearney 

10.896 

Point  Pleasanl 

Keyport 

Lakeview 

3.413 

Beach  

746 

1,572 

Pompton  Lakes     847 

Lakewood  

2,800 

Jort  Morris... 

997 

Pop.  1900 

Port  Oram  ....  2,069 
Princeton... 

Rahway 7,935 

Rarltau  3,244 

Red  Bank    .  ..  5,428 
Ridgeneld..    , 

Ridgewood  ...  2,685 

Riverside  561 

Riverton 1,832 

Rockaway  ....  1,488 

Rocky  Hill....  854 

Roselle   1,652 

Rutherford  ...  -4.111 

Saddle  River..  415 

Salem  5.sn 

Seabright 1,198 

Sen  Isle  City..  310 

Seaside  Park..  73 

Secaucus 1,036 

Soniers  Point .  308 

Somerville....  4,843 

South  Amboy.  6,349 
South  Atlantic 

City 69 

South  Round- 
brook  883 

South  Cape  May      14. 

South  Orange.  4,608 

South  River...  2,792 

Springfield....  959 

Spring  Lake...  526 

Stockton 590 

Summit 5,302 

Surf  City 9 

Swedesboro...  1.183 

Tenafly 1,746 

Toms  River...  1,800 

Totowa 562 

Trenton 73.307 

Tucker  ton  ....  1.500 

Undercliff 1,006 

(P.O.Edgewaten 

Union    _  15.187 

(P.O.Weehawkenj 
Upper  Saddle 

River .326 

Vailsburg 2,739 

Verona 1.260 

Vine  I  and 4.370 

Wailington ...  1,8 12 

Washington...  8,580 

Wenonah 498 

West  Cape  Mav     696 

Westfield .*  3,500 

West  Hoboken  23,094 
West  New  York  5.267 

(P.O.  Taurus) 

West  Orange..  6,889 

West  wood  ....  828 

Wildwood 150 

vVilliamstown.  1.549 

Woodbine l.'.oi 

Woodbridge  ..  2,000 

Woodbury  ....  4,087 

Woodeliff 329 

Woodridge  ...  582 

Woodstown...  1,371 


NEW  MEXICO- NEW  YORK. 


40 


NEW  MEXICO.    Population,  195,310. 
COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900                          Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Bernalillo 28.630    Lincoln 4.1)53    Sierra 3,158 

Chaves 4.773    Mora 10,304    Socorro 12.195 

Colfax  KM50    Otero  4,791     Taos 10,889 

Donna  Ana....  10,187    Rio  Arriba....  13.777    Union 4,528 

Eddy... 3.229    San  Juan 4,828    Valencia 13,895 

Grant  12,883    San  Miguel....  22.053 

Guadalupe....    5.429     Santa  Fe 14,658 

INCORPORATED   CITIES,  TOWNS.  ETC. 

500  Pinos  Altos... 

,946  Ranches  Taos. 

,120    Raton 

550    Roswell 

521  San  Marcial... 

550    Santa  Fe 

,200  Silver  City  .... 

552  Socorro 


Alamogordo  .. 
Albuquerque  . 
Anton  Chico.. 

Bernalillo 

Bland 

Carlsbad 

Cerrillos 

Clayton  

Deming 

Eddy    

Fannington  .. 
Fort  Bayard  .. 


1.050 
6.23S 
790 
450 
400 
963 
491 
330 
1,136 
963 
300 
509 


Fort  Wingate. 

Gallup 2 

Gardiner 1 

Gibson 

Hillsboro 

Isleta  

Lascruces 1 

Las  Vegas 3 

Lincoln 1 

Lordsburg 

"Mora 1 

OldAlbuquerque 


,000  Springer... 

350  Taos 

250  Whiteoaks . 
650 


977 

397 
3.540 
2,049 

973 
6,603 
2.735 
1,512 

350 
1,225 

710 


NEW  YORK.    Population,  7,268,894. 


Pop  1900 

Albany 165.571 

Allegany 41.501 

Broome 69,149 

Cattaraugus  ..  65.643 

Cayuga 66,234 

Chautauqua...  88.314 

Cliemung 54,063 

Chenango 36,568 

Clinton. 47^30 

Columbia 43.211 

Cortland 27,576 

Delaware 46,413 

Dutchess 81,670 

Krie .4^3.686 

Essex 30,707 

Franklin 42.853 

Fulton 42.842 

Genesee 34.561 

Greene 31.478 

Hamilton 4,947 

Herkimer 51,049 

INCORPOR 

Adams 1.292 

Addison 2,080 

Afton 722 

Akron L585 

Albany 94,151 

Albion 4,477 

Alden 607 

Alexander    ...      230 
Alexandria  Bav  1.511 

Alfred   756 

Allegany 2,060 

Altamont 689 

Altmar 416 

Amltyville....    2,03S 
Amsterdam...  20,929 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  190C 

Jefferson 76.748 

Kings 1,166.582 

Lewis 27,427 

Livingston 37,059 

Madison 40,545 

Monroe 217,854 

Montgomery..  47,488 

Nassau 55,448 

New  York... 2,050.600 

Niagara 74,961 

Oneida 132,800 

Onondaga 168,735 

Ontario 49,605 

Orange 103,859 

Orleans 30,164 

Oswego 70,881 

Otsego 48,939 

Putnam 13,787 

Queens 152,999 

Rensselaer.... 121,697 
Richmond  ....  67,021 


Pop  1900 

Rockland 38,298 

Saratoga 61,089 

Schenectady..  46,852 

Schoharie 26,854 

Schuyler 15,811 

Seneca 28.114 

St  Lawrence  L  89,083 

Steuben 82,822 

Suffolk 77,582 

Sullivan 32,306 

Tioga... 27.951 

Tompkins 33,830 

Ulster 83,422 

Warren 29.943 

Washington...  45,624 

Wavne 48,660 

Westchester.. 184,257 

Wyoming 30,413 

Yates 20,318 


VTED  CITIES, 

Andes 

Andover 

Angelica 

Angola 

Antwerp 

Arcade 

Ardsley 

Argyle 

Athens 

Attica 

Auburn 

Ausable  Forks 

Avoca 

Avon 

Babylon 


VILLAGES,  ETC. 

365  Bainbridge 

954  Baldwin 

978  Baldwinsville. 

712  Balston  Spa... 

939  Rata  via 

887  Bath 

4ii  1  Bath-on-Hudson 

264         (P.  O.  Albanj 

2.171  Bavshore 

1.7S5  Belleville 

80,845  Belmont 

1,200  Bergen 

1,006  Binghamton  .. 

1,601  Black  River... 

2,157  Blasdell 


1,092 
1.021 
2.992 
3.923 
9. IS) 
4.994 
2,504 

2.842 
884 

1,190 
624 

9,347 
949 
415 


50 


NEW  YORK. 


Nkw  York  — Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Bolivar 

1,208 

Croton-on- 

Glennam 

600 

Boonvllh 

1,745 

Hudson 

1,533 

Glen  Park 

494 

Brewster 

1,192 

Crownpoint . . . 

978 

Glens  Kails  ... 

12,613 

BrldgehamptOE 

i  1,394 

<  aba 

1,502 

Gloversvllle  .. 

18349 

Bridge  water.. 

269 

Dansville 

1 1 

Brighton 

888 

Delhi 

(.ouvcrneur... 

8,699 

Brocton  

900 

Dcpew 

:i.:;t:i 

Gowanda 

2,143 

Bronxville 

579 

Deposit 

2,051 

Granville 

Brooklield 

485 

De  Iiuvter 

628 

Grassy  Point.. 
Greatbend 

1,008 

Brownvllle 

767 

Dexter 

'.u:. 

"Id 

Buffalo 352,387 

Dobbs  Ferry .. 

Greene  

1.236 

Burdett 

409 

Dolgevllle 

j  915 

Green  rsiand  . 

4.770 

Caledonia 

1,073 

Dresden 

(P.  o.Troy) 

Cambridge 

1,578 

Dry  den 

699 

Greenport 

2,366 

Camden 

2,370 

Dundee 

1,291 

Greenwich 

l  ,869 

Cainillus 

567 

Dunkirk 

11,616 

Groton 

1344 

Canajotiarie... 

2,101 

Earlville 

711 

Hagaman 

646 

Canandalgua.. 

6,151 

East  Aurora  .. 

2,366 

Hamburg 

1,683 

Canaseraga ... 

685 

EastBloomfield    890 

Hamilton 

Canastota 

3,030 

East  Randolph 

644 

Hammondsport  1,169 

Candor 

1,123 

East  Rockaway     739 

Hancock 

1,283 

Canisteo 

2,077 

East  Syracuse 

2.509 

Hannibal 

410 

Canton  

2,757 

Eastwood 

341 

Harrisville 

639 

Cape  Vincent. 

1,310 

Edwards 

373 

lla^tings-upon- 

Carthage  

2,895 

Elba 

395 

Hudson 

2,002 

Castile 

1,088 

Elbridge 

549 

Haverstraw... 

5,985 

Castleton 

1,214 

Elizabethtown 

491 

Hempstead  ... 

3,582 

Cato 

350 

Ellenville 

2,879 

Henderson 

374 

Catsklll 

5,484 

Ellicottville  .. 

886 

Herkimer 

5.555 

Cattaraugus  .. 

1,382 

Ellisburg 

292 

Hennon  

503 

Cayuga 

390 

Elmira 

35.672 

Hicksville  .... 

1,632 

Cazenovia  

1,819 

Elmira  Heights  1,763 

Highland 

1.570 

Celoron 

506 

(P.  O.  Elmira) 

Highland  Falls 

2,237 

Central  Square 

364 

Esperance  

290 

Hillburn 

824 

Champlain 

1,311 

Fabius 

387 

Hilton 

486 

Charlotte 

1,400 

Fairhaven 

610 

Hobart 

C    550 

Chateaugay... 

973 

Fairport 

2,489 

Hulland  Patent 

352 

Chatham 

2.018 

Falconer 

1,136 

Holley 

1,380 

Chaumont 

738 

Farmingdale.. 

900 

Homer 

2.381 

Cherry  Creek. 

701 

Farnham 

262 

Honeove  Falls 

1.175 

Cherry  Valley 

772 

Favetteville.. 

1.304 

Hoosick  Falls. 

5,671 

Chester 

1,250 

Fishkill 

589 

Hornellsville  . 

11,918 

Chittenango.. 

787 

Fishkill  Landing 

Hoiseheads... 

1.901 

Churchville... 

505 

8.673 

Hudson 

Clayton  

1,913 

Fonda 

1.145 

Hunter 

431 

Clayville 

568 

Forestvllle 

623 

Huntington... 

3.028 

Cleveland 

689 

Forks 

1,000 

Ilion 

5.138 

Clifton  Springs 

1,617 

Fort  Ann 

431 

Inwood 

2,000 

Clinton 

1,340 

Fort  Covington 

.     822 

Trvington 

2.231 

Clintonville... 

244 

Fort  Edward  . 

3.521 

Islip 

1,735 

Clvde 

2.507 
2.327 

Fort  Plain 

Frankfort 

2.444 
2,664 

Ithaca... 

Jamestown  ... 

13,186 

Cobleskill 

.      . 

Coevmans 

963 

Franklin 

473 

Johnstown 

10,130 

Cohocton 

879 

Franklinville. 

1,360 

Jordan  

1,118 

Cohoes  

23,910 

Fredonia 

4.127 

Keeseville  .... 

2,110 

Cold  Spring... 

2.067 

Freeport 

2,612 

Kenmore 

318 

Constableville 

450 

Freeville 

440 

kinderhook... 

913 

Cooperstown . 

2,368 

Friendship 

1.214 

Kingston 

24,535 

Copenhagen  .. 

587 

Fulton 

5,281 

Lacona 

388 

Corfu 

401 

Fultonville  ... 

97? 

Lake wood  

574 

Corinth 

2.039 

Gal  way 

177 

Lancaster 

3,750 

Corning 

11,061 

Garnervllle ... 

1,000 

Lansingburg.. 

12,595 

Cornwall 

1,966 

Geneseo 

2.400 

(P.  O.  Troy) 

Cornwall-on-the- 

Geneva 

10,433 

Larcbmont  ... 

945 

Hudson 

1,000 

Gilbertsville.. 

476 

La  Salle 

661 

Cortland 

9,014 

Glasco 

1,100 

Laurens 

233 

Coxsackie 

2,735 

Glencove 

3,750 

Lawrence 

558 

NEW  YORK!.  51 


New  York  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Leroy 3.144    Newfield 378  Port  Chester..    7.440 

Lestershire ...  3,111  New  Hartford    1,0U7  Port  Dickinson     379 

Lewiston 697  New  London..       177     Port  Ewen 1,211 

Liberty 1.760    Newpaltz 1,022  PortHenry...    1,751 

Lima  949    Newport 610  Port  Jefferson    2,026 

Limestone  732  New  Uochelle.  14,720  Port  Jervis  ...    9,385 

Lindenhurst ..  1,265  New  York  ..3,437,202  Port  Leyden..       746 

Lisle  392  Manhattan  1, S5(  1,093    Portville 748 

Little  Fails...  10.381        Bronx 2W.507  Port  Washington 

Little  Valley..  1.085  Brooklyn  ..1,166,582  1,044 

Liverpool     ...  1,133  Richmond...  67.021     Potsdam 3,843 

Livonia  Station     865        Queens  152,999  Poughkeepsie.  24,029 

(P.O.Livonia")  New  York  Mills  2.552  Prattsburg....       713 

Lockport      ..16.581  Niagara  Falls.  19,457    Prospect 333 

Lowville  2.352  North  Olean..    1,549    Pulaski 1,493 

Lyons              .  4,300  (P.O.  Olean)            Randolph 1,209 

Lyons  Falls...  470  North  Pel  ham       684  Red  Creek....       480 

McGrawville..  750  (P.O.  Pelham)           Red  Hook 857 

(P.  O.  McGraw)  Northport...  .    1,794    Remsen 389 

Ma  edon   592  North  Tarrytown  Rensselaer ....    7,466 

Madison  321  4,241  (P.O.Albany) 

Malone         ..  5,935  North  Tonawanda  Rhinebeck ....    1.494 

Mamaroneck..  4,722  9,069    Richburg 34? 

Manchester  711  Northville  ....    1.046  Richfield  Sp'gs    1,53? 

Manlius  1,219    Norwich 5,766  Richmondville      651 

Mannsville....  352    Norwood 1,714    Richville 331 

Marathon 1,092    Nunda 1,018  Kiverhead  ....    2,017 

Marcellus 589    Nyack 4.275    Rochester 162,608 

Margaretville.  640    Oakfield  714     Rockton 1,052 

Massena    2.032  Ogdensburg...  12,633  Rockville  Center 

Matteawan    ..  5,807    Olean 9,462  1,884 

Mayfield          .  589     Oneida 6,364    Rome 15,313 

Mayville          .  943  Oneida  Castle.       291     Rosendale 1.840 

Mechanicsville   4.695    Oneonta 7,14?    Roslyn 1,251 

Medina  4,716     Oriskany 1,010    Rossler 1,005 

Meridian 335  Oriskany  Falls      811  Rouse  Point..    1,675 

Mexico   1.249    Oswego 22.199    Roxbury 418 

Middleburg     .  1,135  Oswego  Falls.    2,925     Rushville 416 

Middleport....  1,431     Otego 658    Rye... 1,051 

Middletown    .  14.522    Ovid  624  Sacketts  Harbor  1,266 

Middleville  ...  667     Owego 5,039  Sag  Harbor...    1,969 

Milford 532    Oxford 1,931  Salamanca....    4.251 

Millbrook 1,027     Oyster  Bay 1,750    Salem.. 1,391 

Millerton 802  Painted  Post..       775  Sandy  Creek..       692 

Mineville 1,844  Palatine  Bridge     360  Sandy  Hill   ...    4,473 

Mohawk 2,028    Palmyra 1,937  Saranac  Lake.    2,594 

Monroe    796     Panama 359  Saratoga  Sp'gs  12,409 

Montgomery  973     Parish 548     Saugerties 3,697 

Monticello ....  1,160  Patchogue ....    2,926     Savannah 573 

Montour  Falls  1,193     Pawling  781     Savona 611 

Mooers 527    PeelSkill 10,358     Sayville 1,954 

Moravia  1,442    Pelham 303  Schaghtieoke.    1,061 

Moriah 1,400    Penn  Yan 4,650  Schenectady ..  31,682 

Morris  553    Perry 2,763  Schenevus  ....       613 

Morristown...  466    Phelps 1,306  Schoharie  ....     l.otxj 

Morrisville....  624  Philadelphia..       873  Schuylerville.    1,601 

Mt.  Kisco  ....  1,346    Philmont 1,964     Sea  Cliff 1,558 

Mt.  Morris....  2.410    Phoenix  1,5:52  Seneca  Falls.       6,519 

Mt.  Vernon...  21,228    Piermont 1,153  Sharon  Springs      567 

Naples    1,048    Pike 458  Sherburne....       899 

Nassau 418    Pine  Hill 425     Sherman 760 

Nelliston 634  Pine  Plains...       550  Shortsville....       922 

Nelsonville  ...  624    Pittsford  1,000    Sidney  2,331 

Newark 4,578  Plattsburg  ....    8,4.54  Sidney  Creek  .    1,944 

Newark  Valley      818  Pleasantville..    1,204  Silver  Springs.       667 

New  Berlin...  1.156    Poland 370  Sinclairville ..      557 

Newburg 24,943  PortByron...    1,013    SingSing 7,939 


52  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

New  York  — Continued. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop. '90 

Skaneateles...    1,495  Trumansburg.    1.225  Watervliet...     ll.::.l 

Sloan  878    Tullv 574  (P.  O.  West  Trovi 

Smyrna    300  TupperLake..    2,(mn»    Watklns 2,949 

Sodas. 1,028    Turin.. 86S    Waverly  I  I  5 

Solvay  ..    3.493    Unadilla 1,172    Wayland 1,307 

(P.O.Syracuse)         Union 982  Weedsport ....     l."25 

Southampton.    2,289  Union  Springs      994  Wellsburg .... 

SouthGlensKalls2,025  Unionville ....       454  Wellsville.. 

South  Nyack..    1,601  UpperNyack.      516  West  Carthage    1,185 

(P.O.  Nyack)  (P.O.  Nyack)  (P.  O.  Carthag 

Southold 1,292    Utica 56,383  Westneld 

Spencer 707    Valatie 1,300  W.  Haverstraw  2,079 

Spencerport  ..       715  VanEtten....       474  Westpolnl             1.2  o 

Spring  Valley.    1,028    Vernon 380  West  Salamanca    483 

Springvllle  ...    1,992  Verplanck  ....    1,515  West  Wlnfield       771 

St.  Johnsville.    1,873    Victor 649  Whitehall        .     4,377 

St  Regis  Falls      879  Victory  Mills  .       795  White  Plains..    7.899 

Stamford 901  Voorheesville.      554  Whitesborc ...     '  .'.'.".-■ 

Stillwater 1,007    Walden 3.147  Whitney  Point       B07 

Suffern    1,619    Walton 2,811  Williams  Bridge  1.685 

Syracuse  108,374  Wappingers Falls  Williamson  ...      563 

Tannersville..       593  3,504  Willianisville .       905 

Tarrytown  ...    4,770  Warrenshurg .    2,000    Wilson... 612 

Theresa  .       917    Warsaw 3,048    Windsor 739 

Threemlie  Bay       430    Warwick 1.735    Wolcott 1.279 

Ticonderoga   •    1,911  Washingtonville   667  Woodhull..    .       343 

Tlvoli          ...      1,153    Waterford 3,146  Worcester  ....    1.020 

Tonawanda...    7,421    Waterloo 4.256  Wurtsboro  ....       450 

Trenton 298  Watertown  ...  21,696    Yonkers 47.931 

Troy 60,651  Waterville ....    1,571  Youngstown..       517 

NORTH  CAROLINA.    Population,  1,893,810. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Alamance  ....  25.665    Franklin 25,116  Pasquotank...  13,660 

Alexander   ...10,960    Gaston 27,903    Pender 13.381 

Alleghany    ...    7,759    Gates..  10.413  Perquimans  ..  10,061 

Anson       .....  21,870    Graham 4,343    Person. 16.685 

Ashe    "      .     ..19,581  Grantville  ....  23.263    Pitt 

Beaufort.       .26,404    Greene 12,038    Polk   7,004 

Bertie        .     ..20,538     Guilford 39,074    Randolph 28.232 

Bladen       .         17,677    Halifax 30.793     Richmond 15,855 

Brunswick  12.657    Harnett 15.988     Robeson 40,871 

Buncombe          44,288    Haywood 16,222  Rockingham ..  88.H-3 

Burke                  17.699  Henderson ....  14,104     Rowan  31.066 

Cabarrus. 22,456    Hertford 14.294  Rutherford...    25,101 

Caldwell 15,694    Hyde 9,278     Sampson .26.380 

Camden   5,474    Iredell 29,064    Scotland 12.558 

Carteret  11,811    Jackson  11.853    Stanly   15,220 

Caswell 15.028    Johnston  32.250    Stokes   19.866 

Catawba 22,133    Jones 8,226    Surry  25.515 

Chatham 23,912    Lenoir  18.639    Swain 8.401 

Cherokee 11.860    Lincoln 15,498  Transylvania.    6.620 

Chowan ..10.258  McDowell   ....  12,567    Tyrrell 4,986 

Clay     4.532    Macon 12.104    Union 27.156 

Cleveland 25,078     Madison  20.644    Vance 16,684 

Columbus 21,274     Martin 15.383     Wake 54,f*6 

Craven 24.160  Mecklenburg.  55.268     Warren 19,lfl 

Cumberland...  29.249    Mitchell  15.221  Washington...  10.CU8 

Currituck 6.529  Montgomery  .  14.197     Watauga 13,417 

Dare     4.757     Moore 23,622     Wayne 31.856 

Davidson 23.403    Nash 25.478     Wilkes •-.'". -;.' 

Davie 12,115  New  Hanover.  25.785    Wilson 2S.5P6 

Duplin 22,405  Northampton .  21.150    Yadkin   14^)83 

Durham. 26,233    Onslow 11,940    Yancey 11.464 

Edgecombe...  26,591    Orange 14.690 

Forsyth .35,261    Pamlico 8,045 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


53 


North  Carolina—  Continued. 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 


Pup.  1900 

Aberdeen 559 

Advance 273 

Ahoskie  302 

Aioeuiarle  ....  1,382 

Alexis. 92 

Apex 349 

Aivlidale  182 

Arden 137 

Ashboro 992 

Asbeville 14,694 

Aulander 342 

Aurora   314 

Auu'vville  ....  61 

Avon a53 

Avden   557 

Bakersville  ...  511 

Bath 400 

Battleboro  ....  229 

Bayboro. 292 

Beaufort 2,195 

B.-lliaven 383 

Belmont 145 

Benson 384 

Bessemer  City  1,100 

P.ethel   457 

Biglick 132 

Butmore 71 

Blackcreek  ...  196 
Black. Mountain     200 

Blowing  Rock  331 

Boardman 604 

Boone 155 

Boonville ,183 

Bostic 97 

Brevard 584 

Bridgersville..  42 

fP.O   Wilbanks) 

Brvson  City...  417 

Burgaw 387 

Burlington  ...  3,692 

Burnsviile  ....  207 

Camden 268 

Cameron 218 

Canton 230 

Caroleen 1,706 

Carthage 605 

Cary   333 

Castalia 163 

Catawba 169 

Cedar  Falls  ...  272 

Central  Falls..  444 

Cerrogordo 123 

Chadbourn 243 

Chapel  Hill....  1,099 

Charlotte  18,091 

Cherrwille  ...  1,008 

China  Grove..  887 

Ciar.'inont 160 

C  ayton  754 

Cl'-v.land 198 

Clinr<»n  958 

244 

Co  erain  207 

CJollettsviQe...  57 

Columbia 382 


Pop.  1900 

Columbus 334 

Concord  7,910 

Conetoe. 132 

Conoho 115 

Conover  413 

Cornwall 300 

Cranberry 350 

Creswell 224 

Cronly 78 

Cumberland...  343 

Dallas 514 

Davidson  College  904 

(P.O.Davidson; 

Davbrook 260 

Denver  199 

Dillsboro 279 

Dobson 327 

Dover 331 

Dunn  1,072 

Durham  6,679 

East  Bend 444 

East  Durham  .  2.000 

Edenton 3,046 

Edward 99 

Elizabeth  City  6,348 

Elizabethtown  144 

Elkin 860 

Elk  Park 498 

Ellenboro 1?2 

Elm  City 560 

Elon  College..  638 

Enfield. 361 

Enochville 93 

Eureka  123 

Everetts 127 

Fairbluff 328 

Fairfield 476 

Faison  308 

Falkland 139 

Farmville 262 

Farrar 554 

(P.O.Tarboro) 

Favetteville  ..  4,670 

Flatrock 319 

Forest  City  ...  1,090 

Forestville....  157 

Four  Oaks  ....  171 

Franklin 335 

Franklinton...  761 

Fremont 435 

Garysburg 269 

Gastonia 4.610 

Gatesville 200 

Germanton  ...  129 

Gibson ville  ...  521 

Glen  Alpine...  137 

Gold  Hill 514 

Gold  Point....  124 

»ro  ....  5,877 

Graham 

Granite  Falls  .  277 
Greensboro  ...  10,035 

Greenville 2,565 

Grifton  229 

Grlmesland ...  277 


Pop.  1900 

Grover 171 

Halifax 306 

Hamilton 493 

Hamiet  639 

Hardin  Factory     205 

(P.O.Hardin) 

Harrellsville..  109 

Hawriver 1,025 

Hayesville  ....  142 

Henderson 3,746 

Hendersonville  1,917 

Henrietta 1,250 

Hertford 1,382 

Hexlena  13 

Hickory 2.535 

Highlands 24? 

High  Point....  4,16S 

Hildebran 109 

Hillsboro 707 

Hobgood 122 

Hoffman 184 

Holl v  Springs.  219 

Hookerton 1:39 

Hope  Mills....  881 

Hot  Springs ...  445 

Huntersville..  533 

Inanda 150 

Ingold 86 

Jackson   441 

Jacksonville..  309 

Jamestown  ...  250 

Jamesville 235 

Jefferson 230 

Jerome  61 

Jonathan 264 

Jonesboro 640 

Keelsville  ....  43 
(P.O.  Eobersonville, 

Kelford 167 

Kenansville...  271 

Kenly 260 

Kernersville ..  652 

Kevser.. 180 

Kings  Mountain  2,062 

Kinston 4.106 

Kittrell  168 

LaGrange   853 

Lasker 121 

Lattimore 108 

Laurelhill  ....  400 

Laurinburg  ...  1.334 

Lawndale 500 

Leaksville  ....  688 

Leicester 126 

Lenoir 1,296 

Lewiston 163 

Lexington 1,234 

Liberty  3o4 

Lflesville 213 

Lillington..    .  •;. 

Lllllngton 87 

l'.i  i  Longcreek) 

Llncolnton 828 

Littleton 1.200 

Louisburg 1,178 


54 


NORTH   CAROLINA. 


North  Cakoli.w  —  Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Lowell 290 

Lucaina 286 

Lumber  Bridge  181 

Lumberton 849 

McAdenvllle  1,144 

MeFarlau 112 

Macon 157 

Madison. 813 

Magnolia 464 

Maiden 614 

Manly 176 

Manteo 312 

Margaretsville  123 

Marion 1,116 

Marlboro Ill 

(P.O.Farmville) 

Marshall 337 

Mars  Hill 289 

Marshville....  349 

Matthews 378 

Maxton 935 

Mayodau 904 

Maysville 98 

Mebane 218 

Middleburg...  169 

Milton 490 

Mlnthlll 192 

Mocksvllle....  745 

Monroe 2,427 

Montezuma...  219 

Mont-ford 196 

Mooresboro...  144 

Mooresville...  1,533 

MoreheadCity  1,379 

Morganton  ...  1,938 

Morrisville....  100 

Morven ...  447 

Mountain  Island    450 

Mt.  Airy 2,680 

Mt.  Gilead  ....  395 

Mt.  Holly 630 

Mt.  Olive 617 

Mt.  Pleasant..  444 

Murf  reesboro .  657 

Murphy 604 

Nazareth 254 

Nashville 479 

Newbern 9,090 

New  London..  299 

Newport 328 

Newton 1,583 

Newton  Grove  75 

North  Durham  644 

(P.O.Durhain) 
North  Wilkes- 

boro 918 

Norwood 663 

Oakridge 161 

OldFort 253 

Oriental 300 

Oxford 2,059 

Pactolus 52 

Palmvra 131 

Pantego 253 

Parkers  burg..  57 


Pop.  1900 

Parmele BS6 

Peauuland 156 

Pendleton 86 

Pikeville 168 

Pilot  Mountain  710 
Pine  Level ....       266 

Plnevllle 585 

Plttsboro 424 

Plateau 99 

Plymouth 1,011 

Point  Caswell.       77 

Polkton 276 

Polloksvllle...  198 
Powellsville  ..        44 

Princeton 281 

Prince  ville....       552 

Raleigh 13,643 

Ramoth 351 

(P.O.Asheville) 

Ramseur 769 

Randleman  ...  2,190 
Red  Springs...  858 
Reidsville  ....    3,262 

Rennert 133 

Richfield 73 

Ricblands  ....  160 
Rich  Square...       232 

Ridge  wav 250 

Ringwood 98 

Roanoke  Rapids  1,009 
Roberson  ville.  275 
Rockingham  ..  1,507 
Rocky  Mount.  2,937 
RockyMountM  1118605 
(P  O. Rocky  Mount) 

Rolesville 155 

Roseboro 63 

Rowland 357 

Roxboro. 1,021 

Roxobel 227 

Rutherfordton      880 

Salem 3,642 

(P.O.Winston-Salem) 

Salisbury 6,277 

Saluda 211 

Sanford 1,044 

Saratoga 123 

Scotland  Neck    1,348 

Seaboard 287 

Selma 816 

Snallotte  Citv.       149 

Shelby 1,874 

Siler 'City 440 

Smithfield 764 

Snowliill 405 

South  Biltmore  312 
Southern  Pines  517 
South  Gaston.  44 
South   Mills...       4-2o 

Southport 1.336 

South  Wadesboro  154 
(P.O.  Wadesboro) 

Sparta  501 

Spencer  Moun- 
tain Mills....      243 


Pop.  1900 

Springhope.. 

St.  Lewis 100 

Stanley 441 

Star 211 

Stateavllle  ....  8,141 
Stonevllle  .. 

Stonewall 168 

Swansboro  . 

Sylva 

Tarboro  

Taylorsvllle...  413 

Thomasvllle ..  751 

Tillerv 258 

Town'  Creek  .  85 

Trenton  

Trinity. 271 

Trinitv  Park..  68 

(P.O.Durhain) 

Troy 878 

Tryon.... 324 

Union  Citv....  432 
(P.  O.  Ashpole) 

Union. 176 

\?anceboro 291 

Vandemere  ...  169 

Waco 1H0 

Wadesboro 1,546 

Wakefield  ....  112 
Wake  Forest 

College 823 

(P.O.Wake  Forest) 

Wallace 218 

Walnut  Cove..  336 

Warrenton  ...  836 

Warsaw 576 

Washington  ..  4,842 

Wax  haw 752 

Wavnesville  ..  1.307 

Weaverville  ..  329 

AYeldon 1.433 

West  Hickory.  231 

(P.O.Hickory) 

Whitakers  ....  388 

Whitehall  ....  114 

Whiteville  ....  634 

Wilbanks 46 

Wilkesboro  ...  635 

Williamston  ..  912 

Wilmington...  20.976 

Wilson 3.525 

Windsor 597 

AVinfall  222 

Winston. 10.008 

(P.O.  Winston-Salem) 

Wmtervil'e...  243 

Winton 688 

Woodland 242 

Worthville....  467 
Wrightsvflle 

Beach 22 

(P.O.Wrightsvillei 
Yadkin  College      210 

Yadkinville...  292 

Yancevville...  350 

Youngs  ville  ..  345 


NORTH  DAKOTA  — OHIO. 


;>r> 


NORTH  DAKOTA.     Population,  I  L9,l  16. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Barnes 

13.159 

Lamoure 

6,048 

Rolette 

7.995 

Benson 

8,320 

Logan  

1,625 

Sargent  

6.039 

Billings 

975 

Mc  Henry 

Mcintosh 

5.253 

Stark 

7.621 

Bottineau 

7.532 

4,818 

Steele  

5.S-S 

Burleigh 

6,081 

McLean 

4.791 

Stutsman 

9,143 

Cass 

28.025 

Mercer 

1,778 

Towner  ....... 

6,491 

Cavalier 

12.5SH 

Morton 

8,069 

Traill 

13,107 

Dickey 

6,061 

Nelson 

7,316 

Walsh 

20.2SS 

Eddy 

3.330 

Oliver 

990 

Ward 

7,961 

Emmons 

4,349 

Pembina 

17,869 

Wells. 

8,310 

Foster 

3,770 

Pierce 

4,765 

Williams 

1,530 

Grand  Forks.. 

24.459 

Ramsey 

9,198 

Standing  Rock 

Griggs 

4.744 

Ransom 

6,919 

Indian  Reser- 

Kidder  

1.754 

Richland 

17,387 

vation 

2,208 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC 

201 
150 

Fargo 

Fessenden 

9,589 
355 

Milton 

384 

Anamoose 

Minnewaukon 

432 

Aneta 

275 

298 

Fingal 

Forest  River.. 

376 
252 

Minot 

1,277 

Ardoch 

Minto 

860 

Arvilla 

199 
641 

Forman 

Galesburg 

257 
198 

Neche 

682 

Bathgate 

New  Rockford 

698 

Bisbee 

269 

Gardner 

266 

Xew  Salem 

229 

Bismarck 

3,319 

Glenullin 

272 

North  wood 

697 

888 
150 

Grafton 

Grand  Forks.. 

2,378 
7,652 

Oakes . 

668 

Bowbells 

Oberon 

217 

Bowdon 

175 

Hamilton 

224 

Omemee  _ 

165 

Bowesmont ... 

180 

Hankinson 

713 

Osnabrock  

228 

Braddock  

150 

Hannah  

596 

Page ... 

309 

Buffalo 

213 

Harvey 

590 

Park  River.... 

1,088 

Buxton 

300 

Hatton 

430 

Pembina 

929 

Cando 

1,061 

Havana  

198 

Petersburg.. . 

182 

Canton  

98 

Hebron 

182 

Pisek 

132 

(P.  0.  HenseD 

Hillsboro 

1,172 

Portland 

524 

Carrington 

1,000 

Hoople 

174 

Reynolds 

389 

Casselton 

1,207 

Hope 

606 

Rolla 

400 

Cavalier 

671 

Hunter 

407 

Rugby.. 

487 

Christine 

168 

Inkster 

376 

Rutland 

217 

Churchs  Ferry 

264 

Jamestown  ... 

2,853 

Sanborn 

259 

C on  way 

216 

Kenmare 

300 

Sharon 

172 

Cooperstown.. 

648 

Kindred 

348 

Sheldon 

318 

Courtney 

Crary 

346 

a  io 

463 
576 

Shevenne  

St.  John 

247 

Lakota 

168 

Crystal 

385 

Lamoure 

457 

St.  Thomas.... 

661 

Davenport 

245 

Langdon  

1,188 

Steele 

185 

Dazey 

Devils  Lake... 

218 

Larimore 

1.235 

Thompson 

269 

1,729 

Leeds  

349 

Tower  City.... 

468 

Dickinson 

2,076 

Lidgerwood... 

585 

Towner 

331 

Drayton  

688 

Lisbon 

1.046 

Valley  City  ... 

2.446 

Edgeley  

306 

Mandan 

1,658 

"W  ahpeton 

2,228 

Edinburg 

286 

Mapleton 

322 

Walhalla 

377 

Ellendale  .  ... 

750 

Muwille 

1,106 

Washburn 

268 

Emerado 

2::S6 

Mc  Henry 

Williston 

763 

Enderlin 

636 

Michigan 

309 

Willow  City  .. 

476 

Fairmount 

284 

Milnor 

.      322 

Wimbledon... 

226 

OHIO.    Population,   1,137,545. 
COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900 

Adams 26,828  Athens.. 

Allen 47,976  Auglaize 

Ashland   21,184  Belmont 

Ashtabula 51,448  Brown  .. 


Pop-  1900  Pop.  1900 

;.!0    Butler 56.870 

....  31,192    Carroll 16,811 

....  60,875  Champaign....  26,642 

.  ..  28,237    Clark 58,939 


56 


OHIO. 


Ohio  — Continued. 
Pop.  1900 

Clermont 31,610 

Clinton 24,202 

Columbiana...  68,590 

Coshocton 29,437 

Crawford 83,915 

Cuyahoga  439,120 

Darke. 42,532 

Defiance 26,387 

Delaware 26*401 

Erie    37,650 

Fairfield 34,259 

Fayette 21.725 

Franklin. 164,460 

Fulton 22,801 

Gallia 27,918 

Geauga 14,744 

Greene 31,613 

Guernsey 34,425 

Hamilton 409,479 

Hancock 41,993 

Hardin 31,187 

Harrison 20,486 

Henrv 27,282 

Highland 30.982 

Hocking. 24,393 

Holmes 19,511 


Pop.  1900 

Huron   82,830 

Jackson   34,249 

Jefferson 14,351 

Knox  27,768 

Lake      21,680 

Lawrence 39,534 

Licking 4:.oli) 

Logan 30,420 

Lorain  54^57 

Lucas 153,559 

Madison 20,590 

Mahouiug 70,134 

Marion. 28,678 

Medina  21. '.OS 

Meigs 28.620 

Mercer 28,021 

Miami 43,105 

Monroe 27.031 

Montgomery  ..130.140 
Morgan  .......  17,905 

Morrow 17,879 

Muskingum...  53,185 

Noble 19*466 

Ottawa 22,213 

Paulding 27.528 

Perry 31,841 


Pup.  1930 
Pickaway      ..  2; ,010 
Pike 
Portage 
Preble 
Putnam 
Richland 

Rosa  10,940 

Sandusky        .  34,311 
Scioto    ..... 

Seneca  - 41,163 

Shelby  24,625 

Stark' 94.747 

Summit 71.715 

Trumbull  .. 
Tuscarawas  ...  53.751 

Onion    

Van  Wert 30,3  >1 

Vinton   15.S9U 

Warren 

Washington  ..  4s  .245 

Wayne 

Williams  24,958 

Wood  .     51.555 

Wvandot 21425 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  V 


Aberdeen 


711     Baltimore. 


Ada 2,576    Bar ber ton 


Adamsville 

Addyston 
Adelphi .. 
Agosta 


460 

4.354 

3,721 

811 

571 

620    Batavia 1,029 


201     Barnesville 
1,513    Barnhill.... 
510     Barton 


Akron 42,728  Batesville 

Albany 548  Beach  City.. 

Alexandria  ...  420  Beallsville... 

Alger 402  Beaver 

Allentown 123  Beaver  Dam 

Alliance.  8,974  Bedford 

Alvordton 


312 
364 
554 
262 
477 
1,480 
9,912 


Amanda. 
Amelia  . . 
Andover 

Anna 

Ansonia 
Antioch 


482     Bellaire  ... 

570    Bellbrook.... 

525     Bellecenter  ...       962 

815     Bellet'ontaine .    6,649 

451    Bellevue 4.101 

676     Bellville 1,039 

422 
334 


212  Belmont 

Antwerp 1,206  Belmore 

Applecreek  ...       387  Benton  Ridge. 

Arcadia 425  Berea 

Arcanum 1,225  Bergholz 


Archbold. 
Arlington 


958 
738 


Berlin 

Berlin  Heights 


359 

2,510 

690 

500 


157 

4.0S7 


ArlingtonHeights3G0     Bethel  850 

Arnettsville 
Ashland   ... 

Ashley 

Ashtabula. . 
Ashville.... 

Athalia 

Athens 3 


Bettsville 
Beverly 

700     Blakeslee 

12,949     Blanchester  .. 

654     Bloomdale 

346     Bloomingburg 
Bloomville 


492 
712 
239 

l.>s 
740 
636 
819 


Attica 

At  water. 

Avon 

Bainbridge 

Bairdstown  ... 
Baltic 


094  Bluff  ton 1,783 

500  Bolivar. 075 

530  Bond  Hill 1,081 

954  Boston 200 

298  (P  O.  Owensville) 

520  Botkins 420 


ILLAGES,  ETC. 

Bourne  ville...  356 
Bowerston  .  .. 

Bowersville...  870 

Bowling  Green  5,i>67 

Bradford 1.254 

Bradner  1,148 

Brecksville  ...  500 

Bremen 466 

Bridgeport 3.W3 

Brilliant 040 

Brink  Haven..  850 

Bristolville  ...  540 

Brookfield ....  W0 

Brookside 249 

Brookville  ....  809 

Broughton....  220 

Bryan 3.131 

Buchtel.. 2.001 

Buckeye  City.  247 

Buevrus 0.560 

Burbank 325 

Burton. 727 

Butler     507 

Butlerville  ...  125 

Byesvllle 1,267 

Cadiz 1.755 

Calais 114 

Caldwell 927 

Caledonia 682 

Cambridge....  8,2  II 

Camden   905 

Campbell BflO 

Canal  Dover..  5  422 
Canal  Fulton  L172 
Canal  Winches- 
ter   602 

Cantield 072 

Cannelville...  281 

Canton 30,667 


OHIO.  57 


Ohio  — Contin 

ued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1500 

Cardington.... 

.     1,354 

Cygnet 

896 

Fremont 

8,439 

.     1,816 

Dalton 

666 

276 

Carlisle 

161 

Danville 

298 

Galion  

7,282 

earn. 11 

223 

Darbyville  .... 

250 

Gallipolls 

5,4:12 

Carrollton 

.    1.271 

Dayton  

85.3:53 

Gambter 

75  L 

Carthage 

.    2,559 

De  avert  own  .. 

154 

Garrettsvillo 

1,145 

Casstown 

262 

Deerfield  

484 

Geneva 

2.342 

Castilia 

.       560 

Deersville 

256 

Genoa 

824 

Catawl  a 

231 

Defiance 

7,579 

Georgetown  .. 

1,529 

Catawbalsland     750 

Degraff... 

1,150 

Germantown  . 

1,702 

Cecil 

326 

Delaware 

7,940 

Gettysburg ... 

246 

Cedarville 

.     1,189 

Delhi     

829 

Gibsonburg  .. 

1,791 

Celina 

.    2,815 

Dell  Roy 

Delphos  

400 

Gilboa  ... 

346 

Centerburg  ... 

706 

4,517 

Girard 

2,630 

Centerville  ... 

198 

Delta 

1.230 

Glandorf 

749 

(P  0.  Thurman) 

Dennison 

3,763 

Glendale 

1,545 

Chagrin  Falls. 

1.5S6 

Desbler 

1,628 

Glenmont 

209 

Chambersburg      169 

Dexter  City... 

278 

Glenroy _ 

950 

Chardon 

1,360 

Donnelsville .. 

200 

Glenville. 

5,588 

Chattield 

298 

Doylestown  .. 

1,057 

Glouster 

2,155 

Chester  Hill.. 

480 

Dresden  

1,600 

Gnadenhutten 

547 

Chesterville  .. 

230 

Dublin 

275 

Grafton 

1,098 

Chicago  June 

Dunkirk 

1,222 

Grand  Rapids. 

549 

tion. 

2,34S 

Dupont... 

370 

Granville 

1,425 

Chickasaw 

310 

East  Cleveland 

2,757 

Graysville 

174 

Chillicothe.... 

12,976 

East  Liverpool 

16.485 

Green  Camp  .. 

369 

Cincinnati 

325.902 

East  Palestine 

2.493 

Greenfield 

3,979 

Circleville  .... 

6,991 

Eaton 

3.155 

Greenspring  .. 

816 

Clarington 

905 

Edgerton 

1,043 

Greenville 

5.501 

Clarksburg 

551 

Edison 

347 

Greenwich 

849 

Clarksville.... 

465 

Edon 

740 

Grove  City 

656 

Cleveland 

.381,768 

Eldorado 

358 

Groveport 

519 

Cleves  

1,328 

Elgin 

208 

Grover 

30S 

Clifton 

262 

Elida 

440 

Grover  Hill... 

655 

Clinton 

186 

Elmore 

1,025 

Gypsum 

540 

Clvde 

2.515 

Elm  wood  Place  2,532 

Hainden 

838 

Coalgrove 

1,191 

Elyria 

8,791 

Hamersville  .. 

242 

Coalton 

1,625 

Empire 

509 

Hamilton 

23,914 

627 
•       378 

295 
600 

Hamler  

Hanging  Rock 

574 

College  Cornei 

Euclid 

665 

College  Hill... 

.    1,104 

Evansport 

400 

Hannibal 

610 

Coll  in  wood  ... 

3,639 

Evanston 

1,716 

Hanover 

314 

Columbiana... 

1,339 

Fairfield 

312 

Hanoverton... 

399 

Columbus  

125.560 

Fairport 

2.073 

Harrisburg 

247 

ColunibusGrove  1,935- 

Fairview 

291 

Harrison 

1,456 

Commercial 

Farmersville  . 

440 

Harris  ville 

250 

Point  

245 

Fayette 

886 

Harrod 

370 

Congress 

198 

Favetteville  .. 

323 

Hartford 

414 

Conneaut  

7,133 

Felicity 

695 

Hartwell 

1.8:53 

Continental  .. 

1,104 

Fernbank 

310 

Harvevsburg.. 

435 

Convoy 

Coolville 

690 

Findlay 

17,613 

Haskins 

449 

315 

Five  Points... 

176 

Haviland 

186 

Copley 

243 

Fletcher 

375 

Hayesville 

332 

Corning 

1,401 

Florida. 

276 

Hebron 

455 

Cortland 

620 

Flushing  

653 

Hemlock 

581 

Corwin  

131 

Forest. 

1,155 

llicksville 

2,520 

Coshocton  

6,473 

Fort  Jennings 

322 

Higginsport... 

650 

<  ovington 

1,791 

Fort  Recovery 

1,097 

Hilliard    

376 

Crestline 

3,282 

Fostoria  

7,730 

Hillsboro 

4,535 

Creston 

893 

Frankfort  

717 

Hiram 

659 

Cridersvilie  .. 

581 

Franklin   

2,724 

Holgate 

1,237 

Crooksville ... 

8.35 

Frazeysburg  . 

730 

Hollansburg  . . 

275 

Croton  

536 

Fredericksburg     511 

Holmcsville. .. 

304 

Crown  City... 

284 

Frederlcktown 

890 

Home  City 

868 

Cumberland  .. 

618 

Freeport  

690 

Hopedale 

866 

Custar 

293 

Freeport 

815 

HoytHville 

Hubbard 

431 

Cuyahoga  Falls  3,186 

(P.O.  PrairieDepotj 

1,230 

58 


OHIO. 


Ohio  — Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

HuuHon 988 

Buntaville....  408 

Huron 1.70S 

HydePark^...  1,691 

Independence.  850 

[rondale. 1,186 

[ronton 11,868 

Ithaca   113 

Ivory  dale 518 

Jackson 4,672 

Jackeonboro..  77 
Jackson  Center     644 

.Jacksonville  .  1,047 

Jamestown  ...  1,205 

Jefferson 1,319 

Jeffersonvllle.  790 

Jenera 237 

Jeromeville...  308 

Jerry  City 555 

Jerusalem 245 

Jewett 74:3 

Johnstown 638 

Junction  City.  443 

Kallda 622 

Kellevs  Island  1.174 
Kennedy  Heights  209 

(P.  O.  Kennedy; 

Kent 4.541 

Kenton 6,852 

Kettlerville...  145 

Killbuck 370 

Kimbolton....  245 

Kingston 735 

Kingsville  ....  782 

Kinsman  826 

Kirby 187 

Kossuth. 153 

Lafayette 316 

(P.  O.  Herring) 

Lagrange ■    528 

Lakeview 553 

Lakewood 3,355 

Lancaster  8,991 

Larue 997 

Lattv 444 

Laura 378 

Laurelville 450 

Lebanon 2,867 

Leesburg 7s:i 

Leesville  209 

Leesville  Cross 

Roads 178 

Leetonia 2.744 

Leipsic 1,726 

Lewisburg 560 

Lewisville  ....  170 

Lexington 44S 

Liberty  Center  606 

Lima 21.72:] 

Limaville 156 

Lindsey 614 

Lisbon 3,330 

Lithopolis 358 

Little  Sandusky    181 

Lockington  ...  210 

Lockland  2,695 

Lodi 846 


Pop.  1930 
Logan 

London 8,511 

Lorain    _.'_...  16,028 

Loramle in 

Loudonvllle  ..  1,581 

Louisville..  ..  1*374 

Loveland 1,260 

Lowell 381 

Lowellville  ...  1,137 

Lower  Salem  .  190 

Lucas 306 

Lynchburg 907 

McArthur.....  941 

McClare  660 

McComb 1,195 

McConnelsville  1,825 

McGuffey 452 

Macksburg 448 

Madison .•  768 

Madison vllle..  3,140 
Magnetic  Springs  194 

Magnolia 431 

Malnevllle 288 

Malinta 357 

Malta 845 

Malvern 709 

Manchester...  2,003 

Mansfield 17,640 

Mantua. 743 

(P.  O.  Mantua  Sta- 
tion) 

Marblehead...  997 

Marengo 242 

Marietta 13,348 

Marion 11,862 

Marseilles 251 

Marshallville..  357 

Martinsburg ..  238 

Martins  Ferry.  7,760 

Martinsville...  338 

Marvsville  ....  3,048 

Mason 629 

Massillon 11.944 

Maumee 1,856 

Mechanicsburg  1,617 

Medina .  2,232 

Melrose 383 

Mendon 599 

Mentor 624 

Mesopotamia  .  632 

Metamora 263 

Miamisburg...  3,!>4l 

Middlefield....  650 

Middlepoint  ..  604 

Middleport....  2.799 

Middletown...  9,215 

Midland   338 

Midvale 491 

Midway 274 

Mifflin' 1S5 

Milan 653 

Milford 1,149 

Milford  Center      682 

Millbury 284 

Milledgevllle .  201 

Miller  City....  163 

Millersburg...  1,998 


Pop.  1900 

Milton  i  i 
Miltonsburg ..       i:50 

Milie,-;,:   I 
Miueisville  . 

Mill. TV., 

Mingo  Junction  2,954 

Minster. 1,465 

Mogadore 561 

Monday 420 

Monroeville...  1.211 
Montezuma...  :ii" 
Monrpelier....  1,869 
Morris  town .. 

Morrow 869 

Moscow   475 

Mt.  Airy 400 

Mt.  IJlaiichard  456 
Mt.  Cory  ......       312 

Mt.Eaton 232 

Mt.  Gilead....  1,528 
Mt.  Healthy..    1,354 

Mt.  Orab 561 

Mt.  Pleasant..       626 
Mt.  Sterling...       986 
Mt.  Vernon  ... 
Mt.  Victory  ..      734 
Mt.  Washington    781 

Murray 1,118 

Mutual 163 

Napoleon 3,639 

Nashville 266 

National  Military 

Home 5.^94 

Navarre  963 

Nelsonville  ...    5,421 

Nevada 889 

Neville 265 

New  Albany  ..       224 

Newark 18.157 

New  Athens  ..       435 

New  Berlin 550 

N  ew  Bloomington  399 

(P.  o.  Agosta) 
New  Bremen..    1.318 

Newburg 5,909 

(Sta.  F,  Cleveland 

P.O.) 
New  Carlisle..       995 
New    Comers- 
town  2,659 

New  Concord .  675 
New  Holland  .  692 
New  Knoxville  436 
New  Lebanon.  145 
New  Lebanon.       224 

(P.  O.  Potsdam) 
New  Lexington    1,701 
New  Lexington     265 

(P.O.Highland) 
New  London..    1,180 
New  Madison.       590 
New  Matamoras    817 

New  Paris 790 

New  Philadel- 
phia     6,213 

New  Richmond  1,916 


OHIO.  59 


Ohio  —  Continued. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900                          Pop.  1900 

New  Rlegel...  298    Plymouth 1.154  Smithville  ....      474 

New   salem...  180    Po'land 370  Somerset 1,124 

NewStraits-                  Polk 232  Somerville....      300 

ville 2,300    Pomeroy 4,639  South  Bloomfield  223 

Newton  Falls.  732    Portage. 546  South  Brooklyn  2,343 

New   Vienna..  805  Port  Clinton  ..  2,450  South  Charles- 

New  Washington  824  Port  Jefferson  355        ton 1.096 

New  Waterl'ord     687  Portsmouth...  17.870  South  Point...       281 

Nev 289  Port  Washington  424  South  Salem..       264 

Nlles 7,468  Port  William.  200  South  Solon...       319 

North  Amherst  1,758  Powhatan  Point    578  So uth  Webster      415 

North  Balti-  Prairie  Depot.  815  South  Zanesville  567 

more 3,561  Proctorville...  523  Sparta 215 

North  Bend...  532    Prospect 983  Spencerville  ..    1,874 

North  George-               Put  in  Bav 317  Springboro 433 

town 600  Quaker  City...  878  Springfield  ....  38,253 

North   Lewis-                Quincy 642  Springhills...       157 

burg. 846    Racine 327  Spring  Valley .       522 

North  Robinson     200     Harden 443  St.  Bernard  ...    3.3*4 

Norwalk 7,074    Ravenna 4,003  St.  Clairsville.    1,210 

Norwich 253    Rawson 473  St.  Henrv 682 

Norwood 6,480    Reading  3.076  St.  Louisville  .       285 

Nottingham..  939    Rendville 790  St.  Marys 5.359 

Oak   Harbor..  1,631    Republic. 656  St.  Paris 1.222 

Oak  Hill 825  Revnoldsburg.  339  Steubenville  . .  14,349 

Oakley 528     Richmond 373  Stockport 376 

Oakwood 342    Richmond 332  Strasburg 461 

Oberlin 4,082  (P.  O.Grand  River)  Struthers 613 

Ohio 862  Richwood  ....  1,640  Stryker.. l,2o6 

OlmstedFalls.  330    Ridgeway 447  Sugar  Grove..       350 

Orbiston 520    Ripley 2,248  Summerfield ..       511 

Orrville 1,901  Rising  Sun....  660  Sunbury 464 

Orwell 750    Rochester 167  Swanton 887 

Os^orn  948  Rock  Creek...  478  Sycamore 853 

Osgood 224    Rockford 1.207  Svlvania 617 

Osn'aburg 558    Rockport 2.038  Syracuse 1,622 

Ostrander 401  Rocky  Ridge..  414  Tallmadge  ....       660 

Ottawa  2,322  Rocky  River..  1.319  Tarlton  3*8 

Ottoville 369    Rogers 287  Taylorsvttle...       543 

Otway 274    Roseville 1,207  Terrace  Park.       290 

Oxford 2.i  1)9     Rossville 251  Thorn 374 

Painesville....  5,024  Rushsvlvania .  552  (P.  O.  Thornvillei 

Palestine 210    Rushville 257  Tiffin. 10,989 

Palmyra 291  Russellville ...  394  Tippecanoe...    1,708 

Pandora. 409    Sabina 1,481  Tiro 293 

Pataskala 675    Salem 7.5*2  Toledo 131,822 

Patterson 219     Salesville 286  Tontogany ....       352 

Paulding 2,0*0  Salineville  ....  2.353  Toronto..' 3,526 

Payne. 1,336     Sanrluskv 19.664  Trenton :;*7 

Peebles 763  Sarahsviile....  279  Trimble 625 

Pemberville  ..  1,081    Savannah 290  Troy 5,881 

Peninsula....  579    Scio 1,214  Tuscarawas...       412 

Perrysburg ...  1,766  Sciotoville ....  1,300  Uhrichsville..    4,582 

Perrvsville  ...  513    Scott 547  Union  City....    1.2*2 

Petersburg 513    Sebring 387  Uniontown...       245 

Philo 543  Senecaville  ...  623       (P.  ().  Fultonhann 

Pickerington .  263  Seven  Mile...  256  Unionville Center259 

Pierpont 537    Seville 602  Upper  Sfcndusky  3.855 

Pi   eton 625    Shawnee 2.966  Drbana 

Pioneer 603    Shelby  4,685  Utlca  826 

Piqua  12,ir<J  Sherodsville  ..  926  Van  Buren....      367 

Plain  City 1,432  Sherwood....  455  Vandalia 284 

Plainfield 255    Shiloh  597  Vanlue 

Pleasant  City.  I,oo6    Snreye 1,043  Van  Wert 6,482 

Pleasant  Hill..  557    Sidney 5,688  Venedocia ....       199 

Pleasant  Ridge      953  Sinking  Spring      238  Vermilion   ....     1.1*4 

Pleasantville..  501  Smithfield  ....  503  Versailles  ....     1,478 


60  OKLAHOMA. 


Ohio  — Continued. 

Pop.  1930  Top.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Vinton 804     West  Elkton..       215  Willouphby  1,15:5 

W  ads  worth ...    1,764    Western  8tar .       14s  Willshire...  508 

Wakeman  ....      874  Westervllle...    1,462  Wilmington  3,613 

Waldo  278     West  Farming-  Wilmot    . 

Wapakoneta..    S,915       ton    516  Winchester  375 

Warren 8,52!)  West  Jefferson     803  (P.  O.  Gl 

Warsaw 458  West  Leipsic  .       346  Winchester 

Washington...      374  West  Liberty.     1,236  Windham 

Washington  WestManchester  384  Wlnton  Place  1,219 

Court  House    5,751  West  Mansfield      875  Woodsfield.  .  L801 

Washington-  West  Middleburg  288  Woodstock     .  825 

ville 1,092  West  Miilgrove     236  Woodvllle  ....  831 

Waterville ....       703  West   Milton..       904  Wooster 6,063 

Wauseon  2.148     Weston 953  Worthington  443 

Waverly 1,854  West  Rushville      161  Wren    ..  242 

Waynesburg..       613  West  Salem...       656  Wvnant 360 

Waynestield  ..       542  West  Toledo..    1,500  Wyoming 1,450 

Wavnesville..       723  West  Union...     1,033  Xt:nia 8,696 

Webster 204  West  Unity...       897  Yellowsprings  1,371 

Wellington...    2,094  West  Wheeling      444  Youngstown..  44,885 

Wellston 8.045  Wharton 439  Zaleski       .  577 

Wellsville 6,146  White  House..       621  Zanestield 278 

West  Alexandria  740  Wilkesville..  .       223  Zanesvllle 23,538 

West  Cairo...       338  Williamsburg.    1,002  Zoar  290 

West  Carrollton    987  Williamsport .       547 

OKLAHOMA.    Population,  398,331. 
COUNTIES. 

Pop  1900  Pop  1900  Pop.  1900 

Beaver ?,05l  Kingfisher 18,501  Woodward....  7.469 

Blaine  10,658  Lincoln 27,007  Law  Indian 

Canadian 15,981  Logan. 26.563        Reservation.  768 

Cleveland  ....  16,388  Noble 14.015  Kiowa.  Coman- 

Custer 12,264  Oklahoma  ....  25.915       one,  and  Ap- 

Day 2,173  Pawnee 12,366       ache    Indian 

Dewey 8,819  Payne 20,909       Reservation.  4,968 

Garfield 22.076  Pottawatomie   26.412  Osage    Indian 

Grant 17.273  Roger  Mills  ...    6,190        Reservation.  6,717 

Greer 17.922  Washita lo.ool  Wichita  Indian 

Kay .22,530  Woods 34,975        Reservation.  1.420 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 

Altus 750  Crescent 139  Kremlin  250 

Alva 1,499  Cross. 300  Lahcma 275 

Anadarko 124  Cushing 226  Lamont 197 

Arapahoe 253  Dale 145  Langston 251 

Arlington 135  Deercreek 206  Lexington 861 

Augusta 350  Dover 197  Luther 351 

Beaver. 112  Earlsboro 600  McLoud 498 

Bellemont 114  Edmond 965  Manchester...  158 

Berlin    60  Elreno 3,383  Mangum 1.500 

Billings  406  Enid 3,444  Marshall 250 

Blackwell 2,283  Gage 130  Medford 551 

Braman 249  Garber 317  Moore   129 

Burnett 98  Geary 950  Moral  137 

Carnev 117  Guthrie .10,006  Mulhall 564 

Cashion 297  Hennessey  ....    1,367  Nardin 566 

Chandler 1,430  Independence.        64  Newkirk 1,754 

Cheyenne 450  Ingalls  265  Noble  349 

Choctaw 347  Jefferson. 3oo  Norman.. 2.225 

Cleveland 211  Jennings 165  North  Enid...  205 

Clifton.. 147  Jones  184  Okarche 428 

Cloudchief....       200  Kaw  Agency..       290  Okeene 250 

Columbia 107  Keokuk  Falls.       198  Oklahoma  City  10,037 

Cordell   275  Kildare 335  Orlando 300 

Coyle 420  Kingfisher....    2,301  Osage 665 


OREGON. 

61 

Oklahoma  —  Continu 
Pop.  1900 

Parkland 126 

Pawhuska 805 

Pawnee 1,464 

Peckbam 147 

Perkins 719 

ied. 

Pop  1900 

Ripley 474 

Seward 136 

Shawnee  3,462 

Stillwater 2.431 

Stroud  8(H) 

Pop.  1900 

Waklta. 275 

Watonga 315 

Waukomis 6S8 

Weatherford..    1,017 
We  lis  ton     .            383 

Perry.. 3.351 

Pcnca 2,528 

Pond  Creek...       822 

Taloga 415 

Tecumseh 1,193 

Tonkawa 707 

Wood 30 

Woodward....    1,135 
Yukon 811 

Ralston 155     Tryon 117 

Renfrow 129    Union 284 

OREGON.    Population,  413,536. 


Pop.i930 

Baker 15,597 

Benton 6,706 

Clackamas 19,658 

Clatsop 12,765 

Columbia 6.237 

Coos.... 10.324 

Crook 3.964 

Curry 1,868 

Douglas 14,565 

Gilliam 3,201 

Grant 5,948 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Harney 2,598 

Jackson 13,698 

Josephine 7,517 

Klamath 3,9:0 

Lake 2,847 

Lane    19,604 

Lincoln 3,575 

Linn 18,603 

Malheur 4,203 

Marion 27,713 

Morrow 4,151- 


Pop.  1900 
Multnomah...  103,167 

Polk 9,923 

Sherman 3,477 

Tillamook 4,471 

Umatilla 18,019 

Union 16,070 

Wallowa 5,538 

Wasco 13,199 

Washington  ..  14.467 

Wheeler 2,443 

Yamhill 13,420 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC 

Adams 

263 

Creswell 

224 

Hubhard 

213 

Albany 

Amity  

3,149 
292 

Dallas 

1  271 

Huntington  .. 
Independence 

821 

Damascus 

127 

909 

Antelope 

249 

Dayton 

293 

lone 

223 

Arlington 

Ashland 

388 

Drain 

193 

Island  City 

310 

2,634 

Drewsey 

125 

Jacksonville.. 

653 

Astoria 

8,381 

Dufur 

336 

Jefferson 

273 

Athena 

703 

Dundee 

124 

John  Day 

282 

Aumsville 

178 

Elgin 

603 

Joseph 

237 

Aurora 

li2 

Empire 

185 

Junction  City. 

506 

Baker  City 

6,663 

Enterprise 

396 

Kerby   

165 

Bandon 

645 

Eola____ 

79 

Klamath  Falls 

447 

Bay  City 

203 

Eugene 

3,236 

Lafayette  

359 

Beaver  Hill... 

119 

Falls  City 

269 

La  Grande 

2.991 

(P.  O.  Coquille) 

Flora  

137 

Lakeview 

761 

Beaverton  ..  . 

249 

Florence  

222 

Latourell  Falls 

168 

Brownsville... 

69S 

Forest  Grove  _ 

1,096 

Lebanon  

922 

Buena  Vista  .. 

139 

Fort  Kalmatn 

167 

Long  Creek ... 

123 

Burns 

547 

Fossil 

288 

Lostine 

174 

Butteville 

127 

Galescreek  ... 

142 

McMinnville.. 

1.420 

Canby 

372 

Gardiner 

286 

Marshneld 

1,391 

Canyon  City  .. 

345 

Gaston 

182 

Medford 

1,^91 

Canyonville... 

210 

Gervais  

224 

Milton 

804 

Carlton 

145 

Goble 

188 

Milwaukee 

129 

Carson 

221 

Goldbeach 

83 

Mitchell 

135 

Cascade  Locks 

248 

Gold  Hill 

385 

Molalla 

142 

Central  Point. 

322 

Granite 

245 

Monmouth 

606 

Clatskanie 

311 

Grass  Valley.. 

196 

Monroe 

258 

Clatsop 

176 

185 

Grants  Pass.. 
Greenville 

2,290 
144 

335 

Coburg 

Montavilla 

750 

Condon 

230 

Gresham 

165 

Mt.  Angel 

537 

Connor  Creek. 

50 

Haines 

11? 

Mt.  Tabor 

3,000 

Coquille 

?28 

Halsey 

294 

Myrtle  Creek. 

189 

Cornelius 

246 

Harney 

Harrlsburg 

82 

Myrtle  Point.. 

530 

Cornucopia  ... 

176 

502 

Nehalem 

59 

Corvallis 

1,819 

Heppner 

1,146 

New  berg  

945 

Cottage  Grove 

971 

Hilgard 

148 

New  Era 

143 

Cove 

223 

Hlllsboro 

980 

Newport 

North  Powder 

Z56 

Crawfordsville 

212 

Hood  Kiver  ... 

766 

185 

PENNSYLVANIA. 


Oregon  — Con  tin  ii  <-il . 

Pop.  1900 

North  Yamhill  254 

Oakland  368 

Olney 134 

Ontario 415 

Oregon  City  ..  8,494 

Orient  50 

Oswego 500 

Pendleton 4,406 

Philomath  ....  843 

Pilotrock  L69 

Portland 90,426 

Port  Oxford  ..  227 

Prairie  City...  213 

Prlneville  ....  656 

Rainier 522 

Richland  135 

Riddle 131 

Roseburg 1,690 


Top.  1900 

Sal. mm    4/258 

Bclo -  846 

Scotts  Mills  ..  nil 

Seaside  191 

Shanlko 

Bhedds 201 

Sheridan 466 

Sherwood ill 

Silverton 656 

Sodavllle  178 

Springfield....  .353 

St.  Ili'lens 258 

st  Johns  810 

St  Paul.. 143 

Stayton 324 

Summervllle..  184 

Sweet  Home ..  172 

Tangent 84 


Pop.  1900 
The  Dalle-  .  8,542 
Tillamook 

Toledo 302 

Troutdale 158 

Turner 289 

Union 983 

Vale  

Vernonia.... 

Wallowa 213 

Warrenton 214 

W  asco  

Waterloo.... 

Weston  626 

Willlamina ...  178 
Woodburn  . 

Woods 148 

Yaquina 289 

Yoncalla 310 


PENNSYLVANIA.    Population,  6,302,115. 


Pop.  1900 

Adams 34,496 

Allegheny 775.058 

Armstrong 52,551 

Beaver 56,432 

Bedford. 39,468 

Berks.... .159,615 

Blair.. ._ 85,099 

Bradford   59,403 

Bucks 71,190 

Butler 56.962 

Cambria 104,S37 

Cameron 7,048 

Carbon 44,510 

Center 42,894 

Chester |K>,695 

Clarion 84.288 

Clearfield 80,614 

Clinton   „■ 29.197 

Columbia 39.896 

Crawford 63,643 

Cumberland...  50,344 

Dauphin 114,443 

Delaware 94.7^2 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Elk 32,903 

Erie 98,473 

Fayette 110,412 

Forest  11.039 

Franklin 54.902 

Fulton 9,924 

Greene 28,281 

Huntingdon...  31,650 

Indiana 42,?56 

Jefferson 59,113 

Juniata    16.054 

Lackawanna  .193,831 

Lancaster 159,241 

Lawrence 57,042 

Lebanon 53,827 

Lehigh 93,893 

Luzerne 257.121 

Lycoming 75,663 

McKean  51,343 

Mercer 57,387 

Mifflin  23.160 

Monroe 21,161 

Montgomery  ._  138,9915 


Pop.  1900 

Montour 15.526 

Northampton.  99,687 
Northumber- 
land  90,911 

Perry   

Philadelphia  l 

Pike 

Potter   30,621 

Schuylkill 172.927 

Snyder 17,304 

Somerset   ....    49,461 

Sullivan. 12.134 

Susquehanna..  40,043 

Tioga 

Union 17,592 

Venango 49.648 

Warren  ..' 38,946 

Washington...  92.181 

Wayne 30,171 

Westmoreland  160,175 

Wyoming 17.152 

York 116,413 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  BOROUGHS,  ETC. 


Adamsburg...       184 

Adamstown...       597 

Akron _..       653 

Alba... 154 

Albion 695 

Aldan 296 

Alexandria  ...       406 

Aliquippa 620 

Allegheny  ....129,896 

Vllentown 35,416 

Altoona 38,973 

Ambler l.f-84 

Apollo 2,924 

Applewald 122 

(P.O.  Kittanning) 

Archbald 5,396 

Arendtsville ..       393 
Armagh 131 


Arnold 1,426 

Arona 382 

Ashlaud  6.438 

Ashley 4,046 

Ashville 393 

Aspinwall 1,231 

Atglen 404 

Athens 3,749 

Attleboro 377 

(P.  O.  Langhorne) 

At  wood 153 

Auburn 845 

Austin 2,300 

Avalon 2,130 

(Sub.-Sta.  Alle- 
«       ghenyP  O.) 

Avoca 3,487 

Avondale 640 


Avonmore 630 

Baden 427 

Bangor 4,108 

Barnesboro  ...    1,482 

Bath. 731 

BeallBYille  .. 

Bear  Lake 275 

Beaver 2.348 

Beaver  Falls..  10,054 
Beaver  Meadow.1,378 
Bechtelsville  .       881 

Bedford 2,167 

Beech  Creek..  449 
Bellefonte  ....  4,216 
Bellevernon...    1.901 

Bellevue 3.416 

(Sta.AlleghenvP.O.) 
Bell  wood  1.545 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


63 


Pexnsylvaxi 

a  — Continued 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  J900 

Ben  Avon 

859 

Catav  issa 

2,023 

Daisy  town 

435 

Bendersville  .. 

342 

Center  Hall... 

537 

(P.O.Johnsto 

wn  | 

Benson  

249 

Centerport  ... 

141 

Dale  

1.503 

(P.O.  Hollsopple) 

Centerville 

260 

(P.O.Johnstown) 

BentlevvHle  .. 

613 

Centerville  ... 

746 

Dallas 

543 

Benton  

635 

(P.O.EastBethle- 

Dallastown  ... 

1,181 

Berlin 

1,030 

hem> 

Dalton 

681 

Bernville 

344 

Centralia 

2,048 

Danville 

8,042 

Berrvsburg  ... 

398 

Chanibersburg 

8.864 

Darby 

3,429 

Berwick  

8,916 

Chapman 

319 

Darlington 

270 

Berwick 

345 

(P.  O.  Chapman 

Dauphin 

566 

(P.O.  Abbottstown) 

Quarries) 

Dawson 

S25 

Bethany 

130 

Charleroi 

5,930 

Dayton 

431 

Bethel 

107 

Cherrvtree  ... 

312 

Deemston  

428 

(P.O.Wheeler) 

(P.  O.  Grant) 

Delano 

977 

Bethlehem  ... 

7,293 

Chester 

33.988 

Delaware  Wa- 

Big  Run 

879 

Chester  Hill  ._ 

710 

tergap  

469 

Birdsboro 

2.264 

(P.O.  Philipsb 

urg) 
202 

Delta 

684 

Birmingham  .. 

240 

Chest  Springs. 

Derry 

2,347 

Blain 

326 

Chicora 

1,014 

(P.O.Derry  Station) 

Blairsville  .... 

3,386 

Christiana 

828 

Dickson 

4.948 

Blakelv 

3.915 

Clarendon 

1,092 

Dillsburg 

732 

(P.O.Peckvi 

lie) 

Clarion  

2,004 

Donegal  

157 

Bloomfield.... 

772 

Clarksville 

220 

Dorrance 

2,211 

(P.O.Xew  Bloom- 

(P  O.  Clark) 

Dover 

438 

field) 

Clavsville 

856 

Downington  .. 

2,133 

Blooming  Val- 

Clavville  

2  371 

Dovleston  

3.034 

ley 

177 

(P  O.  Lindsey) 

Driftwood 

509 

Bloomsburg... 

6,170 

Clearfield 

5.0S1 

Dubois 

9,375 

Blossburg 

2,423 

Clifton  Heights 

2.330 

Duboistown... 

650 

Bolivar  

486 

Clintonville... 

262 

Dudley  

290 

Bovertown 

1,709 

Coal  Center... 

742 

Dunbar 

1,662 

Braddock  

15.654 

Coaldale 

348 

Duncannon  ... 

1,661 

Bradford 

15,029 

(P.O  SixmileRun 

Duncansville  . 

1,512 

Bridgeport 

3,097 

Coalmont 

182 

Dundaff 

159 

Bridgeport 

1.805 

Coalport 

938 

Dunmore 

12.5S3 

(P.O.Brownsville) 

Coatesville 

5,721 

Duquesne  

9.036 

Bridgewater .. 

1,347 

Cochranton... 

640 

Duryea 

Dushore 

1,500 

(P.O.West  Bridge- 

Cokeville 

674 

884 

water* 

College  Hill... 

890 

Eaglesmere  .. 

312 

Brisbin 

666 

(P.O.Beaver  Falls) 

East  Bangor  .. 

-,  '.is:; 

Bristol 

7.1H4 

Collegeviile... 

611 

EastBerlin 

668 

Broadford 

1,124 

Collingdale  ... 

603 

East  Brady 

1,233 

Broadtop  Citv 

258 

Columbia 

12,316 

East  Cone- 

Brockwavvill'e 

1,777 

Columbus 

&34 

maugh  ..... 

2.175 

Brookville 

2.472 

Colwyn 

1,226 

(P.O.Conemai 

ugh) 

Brownsville  .. 

1.552 

Confluence 

871 

East   Greens- 

Brvn  Mawr 

1,650 

Conneaut  Lake 

343 

burg  

1,050 

Burgettstown. 

961 

Conneautville. 

920 

(P.O.Greensburg) 

Burlington  ... 

179 

Connellsville'. 

7.160 

East  Greenville    894 

Burnside 

647 

Conoquenessing    343 

East  McKees- 

Butler  

10.853 

Conshohocken 

5,762 

port 

873 

California 

2,009 

Coopersburg  .. 

556 

East  M  a  u  c  h 

Callensburg. .. 

248 

Cooperstown.. 

243 

Chunk 

3,458 

Cambridge 

Coplay 

1,581 

Easton 

.V..23S 

Springs 

1,495 

Coraopolis 

2,555 

East  Pittsburg 

-,-s:; 

Camp  Hill 

360 

i  lorry 

5.3f,'.i 

East  Prospect. 

292 

Canonsburg. . . 

2.714 

Corsica 

293 

East  Side 

210 

Canton 

1.525 

Coudersport  .. 

3,217 

(P.O.Whitehaven) 

Carbondale  ... 

13.536 

Courtdale 

120 

East    Strouds- 

Carlisle 

9,626 

P.o.pringle) 

burg         

2,64-8 

Carmichaels  .. 

456 

Covington 

450 

Eastvale 

256 

Carnegie 

7,330 

<  irafton 

East  Washing- 

Carrolltown... 

790 

<  ressona     

1,738 

ton       

1,051 

Casseiman 

150 

Crose  Roads... 

167 

(P.O.Washington) 

Cassville 

168 

Curllsville 

131 

Ebensburg  

1,574 

Catasauqua ... 

3,963 

Curwensville  . 

1,937 

Eddy  stone  — 

776 

64 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Pennsylvania  —  <  ontlnwed. 


Pop.  1900 

Edenburg 704 

(P.O.  Knox) 

Edge wood  .  ..  1,189 

(P.  O.  Edgewood 
Park) 

Edinboro 691 

Edwardsville .  5.165 
(P.O.Edwardsdale) 

Elco 850 

Elderton 293 

Eldred 963 

Elgin... 138 

Elizabeth 1,866 

Elizabethtown  1,473 

Elizabethville  838 

Elkland 1,109 

Elliott 3,345 

Ellwood  City.  2.243 

Elmhurst 444 

Eniaus 1,468 

Einlenton  ....  1,190 

Emporium 2,463 

Emsworth  ....  958 

Enon  Valley..  395 

Ephrata 2,451 

Erie 52,733 

Esplen 2,364 

(P.O.McKees  Rocks) 

Etna 5,384 

Evans  City....  1,203 

Everett 1,864 

Exeter 1,948 

Factory  ville..  659 

Fairchance  ...  1,219 

Fairfield 305 

Fairview 327 

Fairview 235 

(P  O  Baldwin) 

Fallston 549 

Fawn  Grove..  202 

Fayette  City..  1,595 

Felton 226 

Ferndale 224 

Finleyville....  447 

Fleetwood  ....  978 

Flemington...  864 

Ford  City 2,870 

Forest  City  ...  4,279 

Forksville  ....  152 

Forty  Fort...  1,557 

Fountain  Hill.  1,214 

(P.O.  South  Beth- 
lehem) 

Frackville  ....  2,594 
Frankfort 

Springs 128 

Franklin 961 

(P.O.Conemaugh) 

Franklin 7.317 

Franklintowi  .  250 

Fredonia  437 

Freedom 1.7S3 

Freeland 5.254 

Freemansburg  596 

Freeport 1,754 

Friendsville..  110 

Galeton 2,415 


Pop.  1900 
Gallitzln   ...       2^9 

Garreti  

Gaysport  .  BOfl 

(P.O.Hollidaysburg) 
Geneva 215 

Georgetown  ..  271 
Gettysburg ...  8,495 
Gllberton     ...    4.373 

Girard 954 

Glrardvllle  ...  8,666 
Glasgow 172 

(P.O.SmlthsFerry) 

Glenl)urn 307 

Glen  Campbell    1,626 

Glendon.  704 

(P.  O.  Easton) 

Glentieid  905 

Glen  Hope  ....       220 

Glenolden 873 

Glen  Hock....    1,117 

Goldsboro 385 

(P.O.  fitters) 

Gordon 1,165 

Gouldsboro  ...        93 

(P.O.Thornhurst) 

Grampian 600 

Grand  Valley .       388 

Gratz 489 

Great  Bend...  836 
Greencastle...    1,463 

Greenlane 272 

Greensboro...  399 
Greensburg...    6,508 

Greentree  678 

Greenville  ....  4,814 
Grove  City....    1,599 

Halifax 618 

Hallstead 1.404 

Hamburg 2,315 

Hanover 5,302 

Harmony 645 

Harrisburg....  50,167 
Harrisville....       319 

Hartleton 237 

Hartstown 186 

Hastings 1,621 

Hatboro  823 

Hatfield 528 

Hawley 1,925 

Ha,zleton 14,230 

Hellertown 745 

Hollidaysburg  2,998 
Homer  City  . . .       570 

Homestead 12.554 

Honesdale 2,864 

Honeybrook ..  609 
Hookstown  ...  259 
Hooversville..  465 
Hopbottom...  326 
Hopewell....  182 
(P.  O.  Hopewell 
Cotton  Works) 

Hopewell 482 

Houtzdale 1,482 

Howard 563 

Hughestown..    1,548 
(P.  O.  Pittstown) 


Pop.  1900 
Hughesvllle...    1.528 

irulin.-ville 451 

Hummelstown    1.7SB 
Huntingdon. 
Hyde  Park..,.      312 
Hydetown  ... 

Hyndman 1.212 

Indiana. 4,112 

Irvona  

Irwin 2,453 

.ho -k-on  Center  276 
Jacksonville..       82 

(P.O  Kent) 
Jamestown...      834 

Jeannette 

Jeddo 

Jefferson 374 

(P.O.  Codoru8) 

Jefferson 311 

Jenkintown...  2,091 
Jennertown...        96 

Jerinyn 2,567 

Jersey  Shore. 
Johnsonburg  . 
Johnstown....  35,9:36 

Jonestown 571 

Juniata 1,709 

(P.O.Kipple) 

Kane 5.296 

Karns  Citv....  265 
Kennett  Square  1.516 

Kingston  

Kittanning  ...    3.'.»02 

Knoxville 3.511 

(P.O.  Mount  Oliver) 

Knoxville 862 

K  utzto  \vn 1 ,328 

Latlin 2.54 

Lancaster  41.459 

Landingville  ..  244 
Landisburg  ...       300 

Lanesboro 821 

Langhorne —  801 
Lankiiorne 

Manor 222 

(P.O.  Langhorne) 

Lansdale 2.754 

Lansdowne  ...    2,630 

Lansford  

La  Plume 274 

Laporte. 442 

Latrobe 4Mt 

Laurel  Run  ...  696 
(P.O.  Olivers  Mills) 
Lawrenceville      4^6 

Lebanon  17.ti28 

Leechburg....  2.459 
Lehighton  ....  4.S29 
Lenhartsville.  144 
Leravsville  ...  375 
Lewfsber  v  ...  228 
Lewisborg....    3.457 

Lewistown 4,451 

Lewisville  ....       619 
(P  O.  Ulysses) 

Libert  v 263 

Ligonier 1,259 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


65 


Pennsylvania  —  Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Lilly 1,276 

Linesville  ....       661 

Lititz 1,637 

Little  Meadows  213 
Littlestown.  .    1,118 

Livermore 175 

Liverpool 653 

Look  Haven..  7,210 
Lockport 225 

iP.O.Platea) 

Loganton 432 

Loganville 343 

Long  Branch  .       273 

(P.O.Roscoe) 

Loretto 240 

Ludwiek 901 

(P.O.Greensburg) 
Lumber  City..       224 

Luzerne 3.817 

Lykens. 2,762 

McAdoo 2,122 

McConnellsburg  576 
McDonald  ....  2,475 
McEwensville  208 
McKeesport  ..  34.227 
McKees  Rocks  6.352 
McSherrystown  1,490 
McVeytown  ..      520 

Macuhgie 692 

Madison. 464 

Mataaffey 741 

Mahanoy  City  13,504 

,  Mai  vera 975 

Manchester...       507 

Manheira 2,019 

Manns  Choice        312 

Manor 684 

i P.O. M.anor  Station) 

Manorville 453 

Mansfield 1,847 

Mapleton 612 

(P,  O.  Mapleton 

Depot) 

Marcus  Hook.     1,209 

Marietta 2,469 

Marion  Center  294 
Marklesburg..       260 

(P  O.  Aitch) 
Markleysburg       210 

Mars 777 

Martinsburg..  590 
Marysville....  1,463 
Masontown...  466 
Munch  Chunk.    4.029 

Mayfleld 2i300 

Meadville 10,291 

Mechanicshurg  3,841 

Meclianicsburg      161 

i  I'.i  >. Brush  Vallevi 

Media.... 3,075 

Mercer 1,804 

Mercersburg..  956 
Meshoppen...  609 
Meversdale  ...  3,024 
Mlddleboro...      207 

P.  O.  MeKean) 
Middleburg...       513 


Pop.  1900 
Middleport....  540 
Middletown...  5,608 
Mifflinburg....  1,436 
Mifflintown...       953 

Milesburg 594 

Milford 884 

Millersburg...    1,675 
Mlllerstown...      950 

(P.  O.  Chicora) 
Millerstown...       555 

Mill  Hall 1,010 

Millheim 612 

Millvale 6,736 

(P.  O.  Bennett) 
Mill  Village...       321 

Millville 593 

Milton 6.175 

Miners  Mills..    2,224 
Minersville  ...    4.815 

Monaca 2,008 

Monessen 2,197 

Monongahela .    5,173 

Monroe 385 

(P.O.Monroeton) 
Montgomery..    1,063 

Montooth 796 

(P.  O.Glenshaw) 
Montoursville     1,665 

Montrose. 1,827 

Moosic 1,227 

Morrisville....    1,371 

Morton  889 

Mt.  Carbon...       252 

(P.  O.Pottsville) 
Mt.  Carmel ...  13,179 
Mt,  Holly 

Springs 1,328 

Mt.  Jewett....    1,553 

Mt.Joy 2,018 

Mt.  Morris....       345 

Mt.  Oliver 2,295 

Mt.  Pleasant..    4,745 

Mt.  Union 1,086 

Muncy 1.934 

Nanticoke  ....  12,116 

Narberth 847 

Nazareth 2,304 

Nelson 542 

Nescopeck 1,100 

New  Albany  ..  425 
New  Alexandria  364 
New  Baltimore  201 
New  Berlin...  61C 
New  Bethle- 
hem     1,269 

New  Brighton     6,820 
New  Buffalo..       171 

Newburg 340 

Newburg 314 

(P.  O.  Lajose) 
Newcastle  ....  28,339 
New  (  enteiville    105 

(P.  o.  Glade ) 
New  Columbus      202 
New  Cumber- 
land     1,035 

New  Florence      800 


Pop.  1900 
New  Freedom  550 
New  Galilee..  327 
New  Haven...  1,532 
New  Holland  .  902 
New  Hope  ....  1,218 
New  Kensing- 
ton     4,665 

New  Lebanon.  185 
New  Milford..  715 
New  Oxford..       663 

New  Paris 205 

New  Philadel- 
phia     1,326 

(P.O.Silvercreekj 

Newport 1,734 

New  Ringgold       228 

Newry. 350 

New  Salem....       241 

(P.  O.  York  New 

Salem) 

New  Salem....       381 

(P.  O.  Delmont) 
Newton  Hamil- 
ton        384 

Newtown 1,463 

Newville 1.655 

New  Washing- 
ton  213 

New  "Wilming- 
ton . 791 

Nicholson 893 

Norristown  ...  22,265 
North  Belle- 

vernon 810 

(P.O. Belle  Vernon) 
North  Brad- 
dock 6,535 

(P.  O.  Braddock) 
North  Charleroi    425 

(P.  O.  Charleroi  i 
Northeast  ....    2,068 
North  Irwin. . .       403 

(P.  O.  Irwin) 
Northumber- 
land     2,748 

North  Wales..    1.287 
North  Washing- 
ton       1.473 

(P.O.Washington) 
North  York...    1,185 
(Sub.-Sta.YorkP.O.) 

Norwood  1,286 

(P.  O.  Norwood 
Station) 

Oakdale 1.147 

Oakland 1,008 

(P.O.Susquehanna) 

Oakmont 2,323 

Ohiopyle 423 

Oil  City 18,264 

Old  Forge 5,680 

Olyphant. 6,180 

Orangeville...      439 

Orbisonia <'.->:{ 

Orrstown 245 

Orwigsburg...    1,518 


66 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Pennsylvania  —Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Osburn 362 

(P.O.Sewlckley) 
Osceola 
(P.O.OsceolaMIlls) 

Osceola 698 

<>x toid    2,032 

PaloAlto    ....    1.7D7 

(P.  o.  Pottsville) 
Parkers  Land- 
in-  1,070 

Parkesburg...  1,788 
Parnassus..  ..    1,791 

Parryvllle 723 

Phi-sous 2,529 

Patterson 817 

Patterson 

Heights      272 
(P.O.Beaver  Falls) 

Patton 2,651 

PenArgy] 2,784 

Penbrook 864 

Penn 763 

(P.O.Penns  Station) 

Pennsburg 1,032 

Perkasle 1,803 

Petersburg  ...       731 

Petrolia 350 

Philadelphia  1,293,697 
Phtlipsburg  . . .  3.266 
Phoenixville..  9,196 
Picture  Rocks        614 

Pinegrove 1,084 

Pitcairn  2,601 

Pittsburg 321,616 

Plttston 12,556 

Pleasantville  .       671 

Pleasantville  .       218 

(P.O.Alumbank) 

Plymouth 13.649 

Point  Marion  .       575 

Polk  1,037 

Portage 816 

Port  Allegany  1,853 
Port  Carbon...  2,168 
Port  Clinton  ..  47* 
Portersville...      196 

Portland 490 

Port  Royal....       546 

Port  Vue 1,803 

(P.O  McKeesport) 
Pottstown    .      13,696 

Pottsville 15,710 

Pronipton 258 

Prospect 361 

Prospect  Park     1,050 

(P.  O.Moores) 
Punxsutawney   4.375 
Quakertown  ..    3.014 
Quarry  ville...       565 
Queenstown  ..        69 

Railroad 213 

Rainsburg 219 

Ramey  .. 866 

Rankin 3,775 

(.Sub  -sta.  Brad- 
dock  P.  O  ) 
Reading 78,961 


'TJ  Pop   1900 

Red  Lion 1,887 

Renovo  4jOB2 

Reynoldaville .    3:485 

Rlcevllle 207 

RIchlandtown       285 

Ridgway 3.515 

Ridley  Park...  1,284 
Riinersburg  ..       i-; 

Riverside 418 

Roaring  Spring  1,344 

Rochester  4,688 

Rock  Bill..   ..       495 

(P.  0.  Hockhill 
Furnace) 

Rockledge 512 

Rockwood 685 

Rome. 233 

Roscoe 1,854 

Rosedale 386 

(P.O.Johnstown) 
Rosevllle 215 

(P.O.  Rutland) 
Rouseville ....      516 

Roxhury 808 

(P.O.Jonnstown) 

Royalton  1,106 

Royersford....    2,607 

Rutledge  369 

Saegerstown..  607 
Salisbury 980 

(P.O.Elklick) 
Salladasburg  .       261 

Saltillo 377 

Saltsburg 828 

Sandy  Lake...       632 

Saxonburg 807 

Saxton 937 

Sayre  5,243 

Scalp  Level ...  450 
Schellsburg  ..  312 
Schuylkill 

Haven    3,654 

Scottdale 4,261 

Scranton .102.026 

Selinsgrove...  1.326 
Sellersville  ...  1.247 
Seven  Valley..  428 
Sewlckley  ....    3,568 

Shade  Gap 138 

Shamokin  ....  18,202 

Sharon 8,916 

Sharon  Hill  ...  1,058 
Sharpsburg...  6,842 
Sliarpsville....  2,970 
Sheaklevville.       164 

Shelocta 92 

Shenandoah  ..  20.321 

Sheridan 2,948 

(P.O  Sheridanvillei 
Shickshinny  ..  1.456 
Shippensburg. 
Shippenvllle ..  813 
Shiremanstown  5(4 
Shirleysburg..  230 
Shrewsbury  . 
Silverdale  ....  255 
Siverly 783 


m     ,  Pop.  1900 

Slatlngton  ....    3,773 

BUgO 505 

SUpperyrock  .  993 
Snicthport  ....  1,704 
Smlcksburg...  2:57 
Smlthneld.... 
Snydertown  ..  276 
Somerfleld ....      178 

Somerset 1,884 

Souderton 1,077 

Smith  Bethle- 

hem 13541 

South  Bethlehem  183 
(P.  O.  New  Beth- 
lehem) 
South  Canons- 
burg  610 

(P.  O.  Canonsburg) 
Southeast 
Greensburg .       620 
(P  O.  Greensburg) 
South  Fork....    2,635 
South  Greens- 
burg  700 

(P.  O.  (rreensburg; 
South  Philips- 
bur- 497 

(P.O.  Philipsburg) 
South  Renovo.       425 

(P.  O.  Renovo) 
South  Washing- 
ton      1,230 

(P.O.Washington) 
South  Waverlv    1.215 
(P.O.Waverlv,N.Y.) 
Southwest 
Greensburg.       831 
(P.  O.Greensburg) 
South  Williams- 
Port 3,328 

Spangler 1.616 

Spartansburg.      488 

Speers 369 

Springboro 603 

Spring  City...    2,566 
Springfield....       834 
(.P.O.  East  Spring- 
field) 
Spring  Garden    1,015 

(P.  O.  Mutzig) 

Spring  Grove .    1,005 

(P.O.  Springforge) 

St.  Clair. 4.638 

St.  Clairsville.       102 

St.  Marys 4,295 

St.  Petersburg       482 

Starrucca 404 

State  College..       851 

Steelton 12,086 

Stewartstown.      573 
Stillwater  ....       177 

Stockdale 731 

Stoneboro  1,061 

Stoystown 306 

Strasborg.  916 

Strattanville..      262 
Stroudsburg  ..    3,450 


PORTO  RICO. 


67 


Pmthsylvahi  a—  Continued. 


Pup.  1900 
Sugar  Grove..  511 
Sugaruotch...  1,887 
Bnmmerhill...  591 
Summerville..  380 
Suniii.it  Hill  ..    2,986 

Sunbury 9,810 

Sunville  92 

Susquehanna  .  3,813 
Swarthmore...      903 

Swissvale 1,716 

Swoyersville..    2.2<i4 

(P.  ().  Maltby) 

Sylvania 203 

Tamaqua 7.267 

Tarentum 5,472 

Tatamy 260 

Taylor 4.215 

Telford,  borough  ■  181 

(P.  O.  Telford; 
Thompsontown     273 

Thomson 309 

Three  Springs      196 

Throop 2,204 

Tidioute 1.237 

Tioga 524 

Tionesta 815 

Titusville 8,244 

Topton 542 

Towanda 4,663 

Tower  City....    2.167 

Townville 327 

Trappe 324 

Tremont 1.947 

Trout  ville 3U8 

Troy 1,450 

Tullytown  ....  528 
Tunkhannoek.  1.305 
Tunnelhill....       674 

(P.O.Gallitzint 
Turbutviiie  ..       390 
Turtle  Creek..    3,262 
Twilight ......       136 

(P.O.  Speers) 

Tyrone 5,847 

Union  City....    3.104 

Uniondale 351 

Uniontown 7,344 

Uniontown 359 

(P.O.  Pillow) 
Union  ville....       360 

(P.O.Fleming) 

Upland 2,131 

T'rsina 423 

Utica 268 

Valencia 149 


Pop.  1900 

Vallonia 533 

Yandergrift...    2,076 
Vandergrift 

Heights 1.910 

(P.O. Yandergrift  i 

Yandling. 765 

Venango 233 

Verona 

Versailles 870 

(P.O.McKeesporti 

Volant  120 

Wallaceton...       289 

"Wampum 816 

Warren 8,043 

AVarrior  Run..       965 

(P.  O.  Peely) 
Washington...    7,670 
Washington...       577 
(P.  O.  Washing- 
tonboro) 
Washingtonville   212 
Waterford  ....       767 
Watsontown  .    1,898 
Wattsburg....       351 

Waverly 489 

Way  in  art 432 

Waynesboro  ..    5,396 
Wavnesburg..    2.544 

Weatherly 2,471 

Weissport 601 

Wellersburg..       158 

Wellsboro 2,954 

Wellsville 296 

West  Alexander    462 
West  Bethle- 
hem     3,465 

(P.O. Bethlehem; 
West  Browns- 
ville         742 

West  Chester.    9,524 
West  <  onsho- 

hocken 1,958 

West  Easton..    1,000 

(P.  O.  Easton) 
West  Elizabeth     747 

West  End 329 

(P.  O.  Oil  City) 

Westfield 1,180 

West  Grove...      929 
West  Hazleton   2,516 

<l\  O.  Hazleton  i 
West  Leesport    1.275 
West  Liberty.    1,281 

(P.O.Fettermani 
West  Middlesex    930 


Pop.  1900 
West  Middletown  241 
West  Millville       559 

(P.O.Hawthorne 
Westmont  ....      499 

(P.O.Johnstown  - 
West  Newton.    2,467 

Westover 654 

West  Pittston.    5,846 

(P  O.  Pittston) 
West  Iievnolds- 

ville 774 

(P  O.Keynoldsville) 
WestSunbury.  251 
West  Telford..      534 

(P  O.  Telford) 
West  Washing- 
ton..     2,693 

(P.O.  Washington) 

West  Wyoming  1,344 

(P.  O.  Wyoming) 

Wheatland 655 

Whitehaven  ..  1,517 
Wilkesbarre  ..  51.721 
Wilkinsburg  .  11,886 
(Jnd.-Sta.  Pitts- 
burg P.  O.) 
Williamsburg.  935 
Williamsport  .  28,757 
Williamstown  2,934 
Wilmerding  ..    4,179 

Wilmore 264 

Wind  Gap 711 

Winterstown  .      217 

Winton 3.425 

Womel.-dorf  ..  1,136 
Woodbury  ....  226 
Woodcock  ....  109 
Wortbington..  398 
Worthville  ...  154 
Wrightsville..    2.266 

Wyalusing 525 

Wyoming 1,909 

Yardley 714 

Yates." 433 

Yeadon 689 

Y'oe 525 

York 33,708 

York  Haven..  824 
York  springs  .  352 
Yorkville  .....    1.125 

(P  O.Pottsvillei 
Youngstown..      771 
Voungsville  ..      836 
Zelienople  ....       903 


PORTO  RICO.    Population,  953*343. 


Pop.  1899 
Aguadilla....    99,645 

Arecibo 162,308 

Bayamon 160,046 

Adjuntas. 1.963 

Aguada 1,135 

Aguadilla 6,425 


DEPARTMENTS. 

Pop.  1899 
Guayama  ....  111,986 
Humacao  .... 

CITIES. 
AguasBuenas     1,809 
Aibonito  ... 
Anasco 2,483 


Pop.  1899 

Mayaguez 127,566 

Ponce 203,191 


Arecibo 8,00?) 

Arroyo 2,187 

Bayamon 2.21s 


(is        RHODE  ISLANO-RO.  CAROLINA. 


Pobto  Rioo  —  Continued. 


Pop.  1900 

Barceloneto 

...    1,459 

Cabo  Bojo  _ 

2,1 1 1 

Caguas 

...     5,450 

Carolina 

...    2,177 

Cayey  

Ceiba 

.    8,763 

...     1,214 

Ciales 

...    1,356 

Cldra 

...     1,084 

Coamo . 

...    3,244 

Comerio 

...    1,191 

Corozal 

...    1,057 

Fajardo 

...    3.114 

Guavaina  .. 

...    5,334 

Gurabo 

...     1,309 

Humacao  .. 

...    4,428 

JuanaDiaz. 

...    2,246 

Pop.  1900 
Jancoa 2,026 

Lares :;,",!  I 

Manafl     ...   ..  4,494 

Marlcao 1,179 

Maunabo IJfli 

Mayaguez 15,187 

Moca 1,470 

Morovla 1,064 

Naguabo. 1312 

Pat  i  lias 1,360 

Pefiuelas 1,129 

Ponce     27,952 

Quebradillas..  1,166 

Rincon 1,074 

Rio  Grande...  1,285 


I*"C  1930 

Rio  Pledras  2,249 

Sabana  Grande  2,581 

.  1,198 

Pan  German  , .  3,954 
San  Juan  32,048 
-an  Lorenzo 

San  Sebastian.  1,700 

Santa   Isabel..  1,112 

Toa  Baja     ...  i,»»i 

Trujlllo  Alto..  1.025 

Utuado    8419 

Vega  Ana 
V<  ga  Baja.. 

Vieques   2,646 

Yabucoa 1  838 

Yauco 


RHODE  ISLAND.    Population,  428,556. 

COUNTIES. 
Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 


Bristol 18,144 

Kent 2D ,'.i76 


Newport 32.599 

Providence  ...328,683 


Washington...  24,154 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  ETC. 


Anthony 1,253 

Arctic  1,277 

Ashton 2,107 

Auburn. 1,581 

Block  Island..    1,400 

Bristol 6.901 

Centerville  ...  1,270 
Central  Falls.  18,167 
Chepaeiiet  ....    1,309 

Coventry 5.279 

Cranston 13.343 

East  Greenwich  2,775 
East  Provi- 
dence   12,138 


Harris ville  ...    1,531 
Hope  Valley..    1,311 

Hopkinton 2,602 

Jameston 1,498 

Lonsdale 4.500 

ManvUle 5,000 

Middletown...    1,457 
(P.  O.  Newport) 

Natick 2.325 

Newport 22.034 

New  Shoreham  1,396 
(P.O. Block  Island) 

Pascoag 2.010 

Pawtucket....  39,231 


Phenix 2.194 

Portsmouth  ..  2405 
Providence  ...175,597 

River  Point...  2,000 

Riverside 1,271 

Saylesville....  1.263 

Smithfield  ....  2,107 

Tiverton    2,977 

Vallev  Falls...  3.31S 

Wakefield 2,170 

Warren  5,108 

Warwick. 21,316 

Westerly 7.541 

Woonsocket..  28,204 


SOUTH  CAROLINA.    Population,  1,340,316. 


Pop.  1900 

Abbeville 33,400 

Aiken 39.032 

Anderson 55,728 

Bamberg  17.296 

Barnwell 35,504 

Beaufort 35,495 

Berkeley 30.454 

Charleston....  88,006 

Cherokee 21.359 

Chester 28.616 

Chesterfield...  20,401 
Clarendon  ....  28,184 

Colleton 33,452 

Darlington....  32,388 


COUNTIES. 

Pop  1900 
Dorchester  ...  16,294 

Edgefield  25,478 

Fairfield 29.425 

Florence 28,474 

Georgetown  ..  22,846 
Greenville  ....  53.490 
Greenwood  ...  28,343 

Hampton 23,738 

Horry 23.364 

Kershaw 24,696 

Lancaster 24,311 

Laurens   

Lexington  ....  27,264 
Marion 35,181 


Pop.  1900 

Marlboro 27,639 

Newberry 80,182 

Oconee 23,684 

Orangeburg...  59,663 

Pickens 19,375 

Richland 45,589 

Saluda 18,966 

Spartanburg..  65,560 

Sumter 51,237 

Union 25,501 

Williamsburg 
York 41.684 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 


Abbeville . 

Aiken  

Alcolu  


3,414 


Athens   107 

(P.O.  Travelers  Rest) 


Allendale 1. 

Anderson 5.498 


315    Bamberg. 


Beaufort 
Belton.... 


4.110 


Appleton. 265    Bath 


Barnwell 1,329 

Batesburg 971 


1.533    Bennettsville.    1,929 


Bish.-pville...  715 
Blacksburg...  1,285 
Blackstock  ...       181 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


South  Cabolina  — Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Blaokville  .... 

1,116 

Fort  Lawn 

126 

McClellanville 

540 

Blenheim 

176 

Fort  Mill 

1 ,394 

McColl 

1,311 

Bluff  ton 

325 

Fort  Motte..   - 

3JJ8 

McCormick... 

237 

Bordeaux  

165 

Fountain  Inn . 

m 

Magnolia 

210 

Bowman 

134 

Gaffney 

3,937 

.Manning 

1,430 

Bradley 

289 

Gaston 

115 

Marion 

1,831 

Branchville  .. 

1,101 

Georgetown  .. 

4,138 

Marten 

296 

Brookland 

1.089 

Getsinger  

165 

Maryville 

546 

(P.O.NewBrookland) 

Glendale 

210 

(P.O.('harleston) 

Branson 

342 

Glenn  Springs 

187 

Mayesville 

761 

Calhoun 

309 

Gourdin 

250 

Midway 

138 

(P.O. Fort  Hill) 

Govan. 

113 

Millettville  ... 

210 

Camden  

2.441 

Graniteville  .. 

850 

Modoc 

77 

Cameron 

320 

Gray  Court  ... 

181 

Monks  Corner. 

202 

Campobello... 

Carlisle 

203 

Greelyville  ... 

252 

Montmorenci . 

240 

358 

Greenville .... 

11,860 

Moultrieville.. 

511 

Cartersville... 

290 

Green  Pond... 

285 

Mt.  CarineL.  . 

318 

Central 

349 

Greenwood  ... 

4.^24 

Mt.  Pleasant.. 

2.252 

Chapin 

187 

Greers 

648 

Mountville  .... 

120 

Charleston 

55,807 

(P.O.Greer  Depot) 

Mullins 

828 

Cheraw 

1.151 

Grover . 

59 

Newberry 

4.(i(i7 

Cherokee  Falls     636 

Hagood 

215 

Nichols 

82 

Chester 

4,075 

Haile  Goldmine 

s     189 

Ninety  Six 

414 

Chesterfield  .. 

308 
50 

Hamburg 

Hampton 

205 
536 

North 

368 

Chlcora 

Norway 

218 

Clarendon 

97 

Hardeeville. 

365 

Olar 

196 

Clifton 

1.600 

Harleyville  . 

243 

Orangeburg... 

4. 155 

Clinton 

1,869 

Hartsville.. 

7(4 

Pacolet.. 

365 

Clio 

508 

Heath  Springs 

266 

Parksville 

143 

961 

394 

Helena..  

Hickory  Grove 

269 

289 

Peak 

Pecks  

156 

Cokesbury  

87 

Columbia  ... 

21.108 

(P.O.Hickory) 

(P,  O.  Bowyer) 

Converse 

2,000 

Hodges  

257 

Pelzer 

1.275 

Conway 

7(io 

Holly  Hill 

256 

Pendleton 

568 

Cope 

80 

Holtonhead... 

180 

Perry 

76 

Coronaca  

236 

Honea  Path... 

617 

Pickens    

44!) 

Cowpens 

692 
459 

3.028 

Inman 

294 
153 
193 

Piedmont 

Pineville 

Port  Royal 

3.548 

Cross  Hill 

Irene  

■!'.  K) 

Darlington.... 

Irino 

601 

Denmark 

m 

1,015 

Iva 

253 

44 

Princeton 

Prosperity 

Reedy     River 

241 

Dillon 

Jacksonhoro 

592 

Donalds 

229 

Jefferson 

180 

Doversville ... 

147 

Johnston 

865 

Factory 

Reevesville ... 

•204 

(P.O.Dovesv 

ille) 

Jonesville  . 

51 18 

137 

Due  West 

631 

Eelton 

76 

Reidville 

162 

Dunbar 

115 

Kershaw 

627 

Richburg 

240 

Duncans 

149 

Kiugstree  

760 

Ridgeland 

663 

Easley 

903 

195 

Kline 

93 
375 

Rklirespring. .. 
Ridsreville 

411 

Eastover 

LakeCity 

250 

Eau  Claire 

714 

Lamar 

220 

Ridgeway 

Rock  Hill 

334 

(P.O.Columbia) 

Lancaster. 

1.477 

5,485 

Ebenezer  ... 

331 

Landrum   

263 

Bockton 

324 

(P  0.  Old  Point) 

Langley 

895 

Rowesville 

252 

Edgefield 

1 ,775 
570 

Latta 

4.^3 
4,029 

Sallys 

Saluda 

241 

Edisto  Island. 

Laurens  

289 

Ehrhardt 

215 

Leesvllle... 

538 

Sampit 

300 

Elko 

252 

Lewiedale 

Lexington 

173 
806 

Scotia 

Scranton 

258 

Ellenton 

Elloree 

413 

Libcrf. 

368 

Sellers  

27« 

Enoree  

220 

Lincoln^  ilk-  .. 

400 

Seneca  

920 

Enterprise ..  . 

225 

Little  Mounta 

Sharon  

150 

Eutawville  ... 

305 

Little  Rock 

90 

Siegllngvllle.. 

134 

Fairfax 

801 

Livingston 

79 

Simpson  vllle.. 

195 

Falrplay 

195 

Longtown  

223 

Sinoaks  

Florence  

4,647 

Lowndesville  . 

•.Ml 

Smyrna 

is 

Foreston 

224 

Lowryvilli- 

258 

Societyhill      . 

450 

Forkshoals 

165 

Lucknow 

122 

Spartanburg.. 

1 1 ,396 

70 


SOUTH   DAKOTA. 


South  Cabolin  \    <  ontlnued. 


Springfield 
SprlngHill 
St.George.     .. 

SI.  Matthews   . 

St.  Stephens 
Summerton 
Summerville.. 
Sumter 

Swansea  

Sycamore 

Tatum.  

Tiinmonsville: 

Tlrzab 

Travellers  Rest 
Trenton 


I'<-I'.1900 


344 
72 

576 
758 

2.-><i 
23t; 


Trio 

Troy 

rimers. .. 

Onion    ... 

Vances 

Varnville 


Pop, 


2.420    Verdery 
5,673     ' 
239 

79 
200 


131 
106 

2U6 


Wagener. 

Walhalla  

Walterboro  ... 

Wards 

Waterloo 

Wedgefleld.;.. 

Wellford 

Westminster.. 


1900 
168 
263 
150 

5.400 
si 
872 

ISO 

192 
1,807 
1,491 

185 

189 
240 
346 

857 


Pop.  1900 

West  Union...  289 

Westville 123 

White  Bock  ..  71 

Whltmlrea ....  181 

Wllliamston  ..  9yi 

Willington....  861 

Wllllston 617 

WiimslM.ru 1,765 

Woodford 206 

Woodruff 596 

Woodward 243 

Yemassee 426 

Yorkville 2,012 


SOUTH  DAKOTA.    Population,  401,570. 


Pop.  1900 

Armstrong 8 

Aurora 4,011 

Beadle 8,081 

Bonhomme  ...  10,379 

Brookings 12,561 

Brown. 15,286 

Brule 5.4(H 

Buffalo. 1.790 

Butte.. 2,907 

Campbell 4,527 

Charles  Mix...  8,498 

Clark. 6,942 

Clay. 9.316 

Codington 8,770 

Custer 2,728 

Davison 7,483 

Day.... 12,254 

Deuel 6,656 

Douglas. 5,012 

Edmunds 4,916 

Fall  River....  3.541 

Faulk.. 3,547 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Grant 9,103 

Gregory ._  2,211 

Hamlin 5.945 

Hand. 4,525 

Hanson 4,947 

Hughes... 3,684 

Hutchinson...  11,897 

Hyde 1,492 

Jerauld 2,798 

Kingsbury....  9,866 

Lake 9.137 

Lawrence 17,897 

Lincoln 12.161 

Lyman 2.632 

McCook.. 8,689 

McPherson... .  6,327 

Marshall 5,942 

Meade 4,907 

Miner 5,864 

Minnehaha....  23,926 

Moody 8,326 

Pennington...  5,610 


Pop.  1900 

Potter 2,988 

Roberts 12.216 

Sanborn   4.464 

Spink 9,487 

Stanley 1,341 

Sully 1,715 

Turner 13.175 

Union 11.153 

Walworth  ....    3,839 

Yankton 12,649 

Cheyenne 
River  Indian 
Reservation     2.357 
Pine  Ridge  In- 
dian    Reser- 
vation.     6,827 

Rosebud  In- 
dian    Reser- 
vation     5,201 

Standing  Rock 
Indian  Res. 
(part  of)  ....    1.658 


INCORPORATED  CITIES.  TOWN 


Aberdeen 4.087 

Alcester 381 

Alexandria....  680 

Alpena 153 

Andover 225 

Arlington 314 


Armour 

Artesian 

Asliton 

Atnol 

Aurora 

Baltic 

Bangor 

Bath 

Belle  Fourche 

Be  restore! 

Big  Mone 

Bijou  Hills.... 

Blunt 

Bowdle. 

Bradley 

Bridge  water .. 
Bristol 


912 

339 
274 
130 
280 
220 
269 
156 
451 
1.046 
590 
130 
246 
622 
180 


Britton 

Brookings 

Bruce  

Bryant  

Buffalogap... 

Butler. 

Canastota 

Canova 

Canton  

Carthage  

Castalia 

Castlewood.. 

Cavour 

Centerville.-. 
Central  City  . 
Chamberlain. 
Chancellor ... 
Claremont ... 

Clark 

Clear  Lake... 

Column 

Colton 

Columbia 


S,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 

519  Conde. 

.346  Custer 

158  Davis 

405  Deadwood 

160  Dell  Rapids... 

130  Delmont 

263  De  Smet 

169  Doland 

,943  East  Sioux  Falls 

265  Edgemont 

180  Erhngton 

430  Egan 

98  Elk  Point 

871  Elkton 

560  Emery 

874  Erwin ' 

138  Estelline 

120  Ethan.. 

684  Eureka 

491  Fairfax 

213  Fairview 

130  Faulkton 

143  Flandreau 


195 
59it 
151 

3. 4'.  IS 

1.255 
210 
749 
235 
232 
479 
36 
5:6 

1,081 
578 
247 
131 
357 
190 
961 
190 
170 
539 

1,244 


TENNESSEE. 


71 


SofTii  Dakota 
Pop 
Fort  Bennett . 
Fort  Pierre  ... 
Fort  Randall.. 

Frankfort 

Frederick   

Freeman 

Galena 

Garretson 

Gary 

Gavville 

Geddes 

Gettysburg  ... 
Greenmont . . . 

Groton  

Harrison 

Harrold 

Hartford 

Hecla 

Henry 

Hermosa 

Hetland 

High  more 

Hill  City 

Hitchcock 

Hot  Springs... 

Howard. 

Hudson 

Hurley 

Huron. 

Ipswich 

Irene  

Iroquois 

Jefferson. 

Keystone 

Kimball 

Lake  Preston. 

Langford 

Lead 

Lebanon  

Lennox 


—  Continued. 

.  1S0O  Pop.  1900 

245  Leola 193 

395  Lesterville....  244 

130    Letcher 130 

198    Madison. 2.550 

251  Manchester...  130 

525    Marion 338 

240    Mellette 354 

500    Menno 556 

345    Mllbank. 1,426 

ISO    Miller.. 544 

203     Mitchell 4,055 

4(Ki    Monroe. 170 

139    Montrose 375 

700  Mound  City...  231 

291  Mt.  Vernon...  222 

5?  Northville  ....  243 

423    Oldham 222 

160    Olivet. 156 

191     Onida 150 

77    Parker 893 

162    Pierpoint 240 

376    Parkston 596 

602    Pierre. 2,306 

135  Plankinton....  465 

1.319    Platte. 300 

588  Prairie  Queen  162 

400    Pukwana 229 

444    Ramona 172 

2.793  (P.O.  Ramona) 

397  Rapid  City....  1,342 

229     Redfleld 1,015 

276    Revillo 187 

364    Roscoe 92 

700    Roswell. 50 

453    Salem 741 

706    Scotland 964 

239  Sioux  Falls...  10,266 

6,210    Sisseton 928 

190  S.Sioux  Falls.  114 

591  (P.  O.  Sioux  Falls) 


Pop.  1900 

Southshore  ...  210 

Spearnsh 1,166 

Spencer 332 

Springfield. 

St.  Lawrence  .  115 

Strandburg  ...  130 

Sturgls l.iou 

Summit.. 237 

Terraville 540 

Terry 800 

Toronto 447 

Tripp 366 

Twinbrooks...  180 

Tyndal) 1,167 

Valley  Springs 

Vermilion  ....  2.183 

Viborg 222 

Vienna ill 

Volga 396 

Wakonda 220 

Warner 180 

Watertown...  3.352 

Waubay 430 

Webster 1,506 

Went  worth...  181 

Wessington...  220 
Wessington 

Springs 320 

Westport 206 

White 454 

White  Lake...  264 

White  Rock...  170 

Whitewood  ...  311 

Willow  Lakes.  210 

Wilmot. &52 

Wolsey 122 

Woonsocket  ..  648 

Worthing 213 

Yankton 4,125 


TENNESSEE.    Population,  2,020,616. 


Pop.  1900 

Anderson 17,634 

Bedford  23.845 

Benton 11,888 

Bledsoe 6,626 

Blount 19,206 

Bradley 15,759 

Campbell 17,317 

Cannon 12,121 

Carroll 24,250 


Carter 

..  16,688 

Cheatham 

..  10,112 

Chester 

.    9,896 

Claiborne.... 

.  20,696 

Clay .... 

.    8,421 

Cocke 

.  19,153 

Coffee 

.  15.574 

Crockett 

.  15,867 

Cumberland  . 

.    8,811 

Davidson 

.122,815 

Decatur 

.    1H.439 

Dekalb. 

.  16,460 

Dickson 

.   18,635 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Dyer 23,776 

Fayette 29,701 

Fentress 6,106 

Franklin 20.392 

Gibson 39,408 

Giles 33,035 

Grainger  15,512 

Greene  30,596 

Grundv 7,802 

Hamblen.... 

Hamilton 61,695 

Hancock 11.147 

Hardeman  ....  22.976 

Hardin 19.246 

Hawkins 24,267 

Haywood...     .  25,189 

Henderson 18,117 

Henry 

Hickman 16,367 

Houston        ...    6,476 
Humphreys . 
Jackson 15,089 


Pop.  1900 

James 5.407 

Jefferson  18,590 

Johnson 10,589 

Knox 

Lake 7,368 

Lauderdale  ...  21.971 
Lawrence   ...     15,402 

Lewis 4,455 

Lincoln 26,304 

London 10^38 

McMinn   ....      19,163 

McXairv 17,760 

Macon..  12,881 

Madison 36,833 

Marion.. 17,281 

Mar-hall..  18,763 

Maury  .  42,703 

7.  VM 

Monroe... 
Montgomery..  36,017 

Moore   5,706 

Morgan 9,587 


72 


TENNESSEE. 


Tennehsick 

Pop.  1900 

Obion 28,286 

Overtoil  18,363 

Perry 

Pickett 5,366 

Polk       11,357 

Putnam 16,890 

Rhea L4.818 

Roane 22,738 

Robertson    ...  25,029 
Rutherford  ...  33,543 


Continued. 

Pop.  1900 
Scott 11,077 

Sequatchie.. 

Sevier  

Shelby  ....   ...  153,557 

Smith  .....  19,026 

Stewart 15,224 

Sullivan 21.9:55 

Simmer  ..     ...  26,072 

Tipton  

Trousdale 6,004 


Pop.  1800 

Unicoi 5,851 

Union      . 

VanBuren..       8,126 
Warren  16,410 

Washington 

Wayne 12,988 

Weakley 
White   "... 
Williamson..    26,429 
Wilson 27,078 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  ETC. 


Adamsville  ...  462 
Alexandria...  680 
Ashland  City  .       446 

Athens  1,849 

Bartlett 200 

Bellbuckle  ...       665 

Bells.. 758 

Blnghamton  ..      382 
(P.  O.  Memphis) 

Bluff  City 548 

Bolivar 1,035 

Bonair 991 

Bristol 5,271 


Brownsville  .. 

2.645 

Camden 

399 

Cardiff 

103 

Carthage 

522 

Cave  Bluff  .... 

152 

Cedarhill 

460 

Centerville  ... 

719 

Charleston 

480 

Charlotte 

717 

Chattanooga.. 

30.154 

Clarksville.... 

9.431 

Cleveland 

3.858 

Clifton   

639 

Clinton 

1,111 

Coalcreek 

2,480 

Collierville... 

829 

Columbia 

6,052 

Cookeville 

1.500 

Covington  

2,7b7 

Cowan  

544 

Crossville   

428 

Cumberland  City  490 

Cumberland  Gap  480 

Dandridge 

473 

Dayton 

2.004 

Dec-herd 

799 

Dicbsoii  

1  363 

Double  Springs 

149 

Dover 

400 

Dresden 

700 

Ducktown 

1,200 

Dyer 

1,204 

Dyersburg 

3,647 

Elizabethton  . 

1,200 

Erin. 

-\tt» 

Fayetteville.. 

2,708 

Franklin 

2,180 

Gadsden  

229 

Gainesboro 

477 

Gallatin 

2,409 

Gallaway 

77 

Gates 167 

Germantown .  270 

Goodlettsville  531 
Grand  Junction    393 

Graysville  ....  518 

Creeneville...  1,817 

Greenfield....  1,250 

Halls.... 395 

Harriman 3,442 

Hartsville 850 

Henderson....  1,600 

Hill  City 2.500 

Humboldt 2,866 

Huntingdon...  1,332 

Iron  City 331 

Jacksboro 621 

Jackson 14,511 

Jellico 1,283 

Johnson  City  .  4,645 

Jonesboro 854 

Kenton. 480 

Kingston 548 

Knoxville 32,637 

Lafayette  ....  460 

La  Follette  ...  366 

La  Grange   ...  355 

Lawrenceburg  823 

Lebanon 1,956 

Lenoir  City ...  1,250 

Lenox 327 

(P.O.  Memphis) 

Lewisburg 1,421 

Lexington 1.332 

Livingston....  480 

Longview 180 

Lookout  Moun- 
tain..   452 

Loudon 875 

Lynchburg 417 

McKenzie  ....  1.266 

McMinnville..  1.980 

Manchester...  1.074 

Martin 1.730 

Maryville 2.3K 

Mason 44s 

Memphis 102,320 

Middleton  .  287 

Midway  78 

(P.  O.  Erin) 

Milan  1,682 

Morristown.  .  2,973 

Mossycreek. ..  1.250 

Mt.  Pleasant..  2,007 

Murfreesboro.  3,999 


Nashville  ....  80,865 

Newbern 1,433 

Newport 1,630 

New   Provi- 
dence   715 

Obion ...  1,034 

Oliver  Springs  658 

Ooltewah 448 

Paris... 2,018 

Petersburg 411 

Pulaski 2,838 

Raleigh 279 

Rheatown 158 

Richmond 73 

Ridgedale  ....  1,145 

Ripley.. 1,640 

Rives 450 

Rockwood  ....  2.899 

Rogersville...  1,386 

Rutherford...  672 

Salecreek 543 

Savannah 2,000 

Selmer. 588 

Sevierville....  619 

Sharon 570 

Shelby  ville...  2,236 

Smithville  ....  647 

Soddy 1,200 

Somerville 777 

South  Fulton.  455 
(P.O.  Fulton.  Kv.i 
South    Pitts- 
burg    1,789 

Sparta 895 

Spring  City...  640 

Springfield....  1.732 

Sweetwater...  1,716 

Thorn  as  town..  186 
(P.  O.  Cemetervi 

Toone '241 

Tracy  City....  2,100 
Trenton..".... 

Trezevant BO 

Trov 416 

Tuliahoma  .... 

Union  City....  3.407 

Walling. 78 

Wartrace 642 

Waverlv 786 

Whiteside 540 

WhiteviUe ....  468 

White  well  ....  2,000 

Winchester...  1,338 

Woodbury 468 


TEXAS.  73 


TEXAS.    Population  3.0iS,710. 

COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Anderson 28,015    Ector 381    Knox  2,322 

Andrews 87    Edwards 3,108    Lamar 48,627 

Angelina 13,481     Ellis 50,059     Lamb  31 

Aransas 1.716     El  Paso 24,886     Lampasas 8,625 

Archer 2,508    Erath 29.966     Lasalle 2,303 

Armstrong....    1,205    Falls 33,342    Lavaca __  28,121 

3a 7,143    Fannin 51,793    Lee 14,595 

Austin 20,676    Favette 86,542    Leon  18,072 

Bailev_ 4     Fisher 3,708     Liberty. 8,102 

Bandera 5.332    Floyd. 2,020  Limestone  ....  32,573 

Bastrop ..26.845     Foard.. 1,568    Lipscomb 790 

Baylor 3.U52  Fort  Bend  ....  16,538     Live  Oak 2,268 

Bee 7.720    Franklin 8.674     Llano.... 7,301 

Bell 45.535    Freestone 18,910    Loving 33 

Bexar 69,422    Frio 4,200    Lubbock 293 

Blanco 4,703    Gaines 55    Lvnn 17 

Borden. 776  Galveston  ....  44.116  McCulloch  ....    3,960 

Bosque 17,390    Garza. 185  McLennan  ....  59.772 

Bowie 26.676    Gillespie 8,229    McMullen 1,024 

Brazoria 14.S61    Glasscock 286    Madison 10,432 

Brazos 1S.S59    Goliad 8,310    Marion 1U.754 

Brewster 2.356    Gonzales 28,882    Martin 332 

Briscoe 1,253     Gray 480    Mason 5,573 

Brown 16.019     Gravson 63.661  Matagorda....    6,097 

Burleson 18.367    Gregg... 12,343    Maverick 4,066 

Burnet ..10.528     Grimes 26,106    Medina 7,783 

Caldwell 21.765  Guadalupe  ....  21,385    Menard 2,011 

Calhoun 2.395    Hale. 1,680    Midland 1.741 

Callahan 8.768     Hall 1,670    Milam .39,666 

Cameron 16,095    Hamilton 13.520    Mills 7.851 

Camp 9,146    Hansford 167    Mitchell 2.855 

Carson. 469  Hardeman....    3,634  Montague  ....  24,800 

Cass .22.841     Hardin 5,049  Montgomery..  17,067 

Castro. 400    Harris .63,786    Moore 209 

Chambers 3.046    Harrison 31.S78    Morris. 8,220 

Cherokee 25.154     Hartlev 377    Motley 1,257 

Childress 2,138     Haskell 2.637  Nacogdoches  .  24.663 

Clay 9,231     Hays... 14,142    Navarro 43,374 

Cochran 25    Hemphill 815    Newton 7,282 

Coke 3.430  Henderson ....  19,970    .Nolan 2.611 

Coleman 10.077    Hidalgo 6.837    Nueces 10,439 

Collin 50:087     Hill  41.355     Ochiltree 267 

Collingsworth     1.233    Hockley 44    Oldham 349 

Colorado 22,203    Hood 9.146    Orange 5.905 

Comal 7.1)08    Hopkins 27,950  Palo  Pinto  ....  12.291 

Comanche  ....  23.009    Houston 25.452    Panola 21.404 

Concho 1,427     Howard 2.528     Parker.: 25,823 

Cooke 27,494     Hunt    47.295     Parmer 34 

Coryell 21.308  Hutchinson...       303    Pecos 2,360 

Cottle 1.002     Irion 848     Polk ...14.417 

Crane.. 51    Jack 10.224    Potter 

Crockett 1.591     Jackson 6.094    Presidio 

Crosby 788     Jasper 7,1:38     Rains.... 6,127 

Dallam 146  .leff  Davis  ....    1,150    Randall 963 

Dallas 82.726     Jefferson 14.239     Red  River 29,898 

Dawson. 37     Johnson 33.819     Reeves 1,847 

Smith...       843    Jones 7.053     Refugio 1,641 

15.219     Karnes. 8,681  Roberts.... 

Denton 28.318    Kaufman 38,376  Robertson          31,480 

Dewitt... 21.311     Kendall 4,103  Rockwall  .. 

Dickens  1,151     Kent 899  Runnels.... 

Dimmit 1,106     Kerr... 4,980  Rusk.... 

Donley 2.756    Kimble 2,508  Sabine..... 

Duval 8.4S3    King 490  San  August  ln< 

Eastland 17,971     Kinney 2,447  San  Jacinto  ...  10,277 


74  TEXAS. 


Texas  —  ( lonl  Inued. 

I'..p.  1900  Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

SanPatrlClb  2,872  Taylor 10,499  Ward 1,451 

SanSaba 7,569  Terry. 48  Washington 

Schleicher    ..  515  Throckmorton    1,750  Webb 

Scarry             ..  4,158  TltUB     .   12,292  Wharton 16,942 

Shackelford  2,461  ToinGreen  ...    6,804  Wheeler  896 

Shelby  20,452  Travis  47,386  Wichita       ....  5,806 

Sherman    .  ...  nil  Trinity 10.976  Wilbarger....  5,759 

smith  37,370  Tyler 11,899  Williamson 

Somervell.....  3,498  Opshur 16,266  Wilson 18,961 

Starr    11.469  Upton 48  Winkler 60 

Stephens 6,466  Uvalde 4,647  Wise 27,116 

Merlin-           ..  1,127  Valverde 5,263  Wood 21,048 

Stonewall 2,183  Van  Zand*....  25,481  Yoakum 26 

Sutton  1.727  Victoria 13,678  Young 6,540 

Swisher 1,227  Walker .15,813  Zapata 4,760 

Tarrant 52,376  Waller 14,246  Zavalla 792 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  ETC 

Abilene 3.411  Collinsville  ...       666  Grand  Saline..  864 

Alice. 887  Columbus 1.824  Grandview  ...  713 

Alvarado 1.342  Comanche  ....    2,070  Granger  841 

Alvin 986  Commerce....    1.800  Greenville....  6,860 

Alvord 1,023  Content 1,009  Groesbeck ....  1,462 

Amarillo. 1.442  Cooper 1,518  Halletsvllle ...  1,457 

Angus 898  Corpus  Christi    4.703  Hearne  2.129 

Antelope 789  Corslcana 9,313  Hempstead...  1,849 

Aransas.. 79!)  Cotulla.. 1,016  Henderson 1.653 

Arlington 1,079  Crawford 443  Henrietta 1,614 

Athens 1,235  Crockett 2,612  Hico 1,480 

Atlanta 1,301  Cuero 3.422  Hillsboro 5,346 

Austin  22.258  Dallas 42,638  Holland 678 

Baird 1,502  Decatur. 1,562  Honey  Grove.  2,483 

Ballinger 1,128  De  Leon 807  Houston 44,633 

Bartlett 957  Denison 11,807  Houston  Heights  800 

Bastrop 2,145  Denton 4.187  Howe 531 

Beaumont 9.427  Detroit 1,056  Hubbard 1,608 

Beeville  2,311  Dodd 369  Huntsville  ....  2,485 

Belcher.. 305  Dublin 2,370  Iowapard 792 

Bellville 1,076  Eagle  Lake...    1,107  Italy 1,061 

Bells 474  Eastland 596  Itasca 1.277 

Belton 3,700  Edna 1.144  Jacksboro 1,311 

BigSpring  ....  1,255  Elgin 1,258  Jacksonville..  1.568 

Blooming  Grove    585  El  Paso 15,906  Jefferson 2,850 

Blossom 874  Ennis... 4,919  Kaufman 2,378 

Bonham 5,042  Farmersville..    1,856  Kerens 735 

Bowie 2.600  Ferris. 904  Kerrville 1,423 

Brackettville.  925  Flatonia 1,210  Killeen 780 

Brandon 457  Floresville ....       895  Kosse 717 

Bremond 808  Forney 1,165  Ladonia 1,409 

Brenham 5,968  Fort  Davis....    1,061  La  Grange....  2,392 

Bridgeport 900  Fort  Worth...  26,688  Lampasas 2,107 

Brownsville...  6,305  Franklin 869  Lancaster....  1.045 

Brownwood...  3,965  Fredericksburg  1.632  Laporte 537 

Bryan. 3,589  Frost  621  Laredo... 13.4-29 

Burnet 1.003  Gainsville 7.S74  Leonard  750 

Caldwell 1.535  Galves*on 37,7^9  Liberty... 865 

Calvert 3.322  Garland 819  Livingston ....  1,024 

Cameron 3,341  Garrison 530  Llano 1.462 

Carthage 956  Gatesville 1.865  Lockhart  2,3<»6 

Celeste 671  Giddings 1.278  Lone  Oak 496 

Childress 692  Gilmer 1.758  Longview 3,591 

Cisco 1.514  Georgetown..     2.790  Lott 614 

Clarendon 949  Goldthwaite ..    1.282  Lufkin 1.527 

Clarksville....  2,069  Goliad 1,261  Luling 1,349 

Cleburne. 7,493  Gonzales 4,297  McGregor 1.435 

Coleman". 1,362  Graham 878  McKinnev  ....  4.342 

Colorado 1,874  Granbury 1,410  Mansfield 694 


UTAH. 


75 


Texas  — Continued. 
Pop.  1900 


Marble  Falls 
Marl  in  .  .. 
Marshall  .. 
Meridian  . 
Mesquite.. 

Mexia 

Midland  .. 
Midlothian 
Milford  ... 


875 

3,092 

7.855 

923 

406 

2393 

893 

-    . 

653 

Mineola 1.725 


Pop.  1900 

. . . .       400 


Mineral  Wells 

Montague  

Morgan 

Mount  Pleasant 
Mount  Vernon 
Nacogdoches  . 

Naples 

Navasota 

Nevada 

New  Braunf  als 

Nocona 

Oak  Cliff 

(Sta.  Dallas  P.  O.) 

Orange 3.835 

Palestine 8.297 

Palmer  480 

Paris 9,353 

Pearsall  

Pecos 

Pilotpoint... 
Pittsburg  ... 

Piano. 

Port  Arthur. 


2.048 
579 
766 

1.096 
972 

1 ,827 
905 

3>57 
356 

2.097 
961 

3.630 


639 
1,168 
1,783 

1.S04 
900 


Pottsboro 
Quanah  .. 
Ravenna  . 
Richmond 

Riogrande 
Rockdale. 

Rockport. 

Rockwall 1.245 

Rogers 

Roundrock 

Rovse  City.... 

Rusk 

Sabine  Pass... 
San  Antonio.. 
San  Augustine 
SanElizario... 

San  Felipe 

San  Marcos... 

Savoy  

Schulenburg.. 

Sealy.. 

Seguin 

Seymour 1.475 

Sherman 10,243 

Shiner 845 

Smithville  ....  2.577 
Spanish  Fort..  247 
Springtown  . 

St.  Jo  

Stephenville 
Sulphur  Springs  3.6:35 
Sweetwater...  670 
Tavlor 4,211 


1 .651 

290 

1,187 

2.'*7 
2.515 
1.153 


1,138 
503 
846 
363 

53.321 

261 

1.426 

241 

2.292 

343 

1,149 

1.0S4 

2.421 


51S 

825 

1.902 


Pop.  1900 

Tehuacana 382 

Temple 7,065 

Terrell 6,330 

Texarkana  ....  5.256 
(V.n.    exaikana.Ark.) 

Thurbur 1.453 

Tom  Bean 299 

Trenton 420 

Troupe 724 

Tvler 8,069 

Uvalde... 1,889 

Valley  Mills...  519 

Van  Alstvne..  1,940 

Velasco 942 

Vernon 1,993 

Victoria 4,010 

Waco 

Walton  

Waxahachie  . 
Weatherford. 

Weimar 

West 


894 
4.215 
4.786 
1.337 

851 


Wharton 1, 


1.243 
1.804 
2,480 
1,347 

899 
1,549 

773 
3,499 

846 
Ysleta 1,562 


Whitesboro  .. 
Whitewrieht.. 
Wichita  Falls. 
Wills  Point.... 

Winnsboro 

Wolfe  City.... 

Wylie 

Yoakum 

Yorktown. 


UTAH.    Population  276,749. 


Beaver  ... 
Boxelder 

Cache 

Carbon 


Pop.  1900 
....    3.613    Juab 
....  10,009 
....  18,139 
5.004 


Davis 7.996    Piute 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 
....  10.0S2 

Kane 1,811 

Millard; 5,678 

Morgan. 2,045 


Emery 

Garfield 

Grand 1,149 

Iron 3.546 


4.657 
3.40M 


Rich 

Salt  Lake 
San  Juan 
Sanpete  _ 

INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS,  ETC 


1.954 
1.946 

77.725 
1.023 

16,313 


Pop.  1900 

Sevier 8,451 

Summit. 9,439 

Tooele 7,361 

Uinta 6,458 

Utah 32,456 

Wasatch.. 4.736 

Washington...    4.612 

Wayne I,9u7 

Weber.... 25,239 


Alpine. 


520    Deseret 


AmericanFork    2.732    Draper 


215 

362 

1,701 

530 

BinghamCanyon  1,193 


Aurora 
Bear  River 

Beaver  

Benjamin 


236 

325 

Elsihore 625 

Emerv 256 

Ephraim 2,086 


Escalante 
Eureka. 


531 


Heber 1.534 

Helpen 

Holden 293 

Holliday 

Hooper 386 

Huntington...  653 


3,(85     Huntsville 


890 


Bountiful 
Brigham  ... 
Castle  Dale. 
Castlegate  . 
Cedar  City  . 
Centerville. 
Charleston  . 
ClrclevDle. . 
Clarkston  .. 

Coalville  ... 
Corinne 


1.442    Fairview 1.11 


2.-59 
559 
789 


Farmington. 
Ferron  


968 


Fillmore 1, 


1,425     Frisco 

321     Fountain  Green 

234    Glenwood 

219    Goshen 

Granger. 

Grants  vllle 

Gunnison 


27  s 
81 H 


Hyd.'park 268 

Hyrum 1,652 

Joseph 343 

Kamas 231 

216     Kanab 71(1 

755     Kanush 391 

122      Kavsville .... 

645    Layton 

384     LehlCity.... 

Lewlston  ....  499 

829    Loa 216 


76 


VERMONT— VIRGINIA. 


UTAH  —  Continued. 
Pop.  1900 

Logan 5,451 

Mammoth 585 

Manti 2,408 

Mapleton 278 

Mayfleld 209 

Mention    494 

Mercur 2,351 

Midway 719 

Millcreek 1,500 

Millvllle 224 

Minersville....  437 

Moab 269 

Monroe 1,057 

Morgan 600 

Moroni 1,224 

Mt.  Pleasant . .  2.372 

Murray 2,137 

Nephi 2,208 

Newton 429 

North  Ogden..  820 

Ogden 16,313 


Pop.  1900 

Ophir 209 

Orangevllle  ...  891 

Orderville 290 

Pangultch  ....  883 

Paradise 5% 

Park  City 3.751) 

Parowan 1,039 

Payson... 2,636 

Peoa 236 

Plain  City 815 

Pleasant  Grove  2,460 

Price 539 

Providence 877 

ProvoCity  ....  6,185 

Randolph 312 

Redmond 451 

Richfield 1.969 

Richmond 1,111 

Riverton 318 

Robinson. 302 

St.  George  ....  1,600 


Pop-  1900 

Salem 

Salina 847 

Salt  Lake  City.  58,531 

Sandy        .   ...  1,080 

Santaquin 889 

Bciplo    ..... 

Scofleld 612 

Silver  City.. 

Smithfield 1,494 

Spanish  fork- 
Spring  City....  1,135 
Sprlngvllle.—  3,422 

Stockton 226 

Taylorsville...  170 

Tooele 1,200 

Vernal 664 

Washington...  529 

Wellsville 908 

West  Jordan..  337 

Willard 580 


VERMONT.    Population,  343,641. 


Addison 
Bennington 
Caledonia  . 
Chittenden 
Essex 


Pop.  1900 

...  21,912 

21,705 

24.381 

39,600 
8,056 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Franklin 30,198 

Grand  Isle  ....    4,462 

Lamoille 12,289 

Orange  19,313 

Orleans 22,024 


Pop.  1930 

Rutland 44.209 

Washington  ..  36,607 

Windham 26.660 

Windsor 32,225 


INCORPORATED  CITIES  AND  VILLAGES. 


Barre 8,448 

Barton 1,050 

Barton  Land- 
ing   677 

Bellows  Falls.  4.337 

Bennington  ..  5,656 
Bennington 

Center 215 

Bradford 614 

Brattleboro...  5,297 
Burlington....  18,640 

Cabot 226 

Chester 950 

Derby 297 

Derby  Line...  309 

Enosburg  Falls  954 

Essex  Junction  1,141 


Fair  Haven  ... 

Hardwick 

Hyde  Park  .... 

Johnson 

Ludlow 

Lyndon  Center 
Lyndonville... 
Middlebury.  .. 
Montpelier.... 

Morrisville 

Newport 

North  Benning- 
ton  

Northfield  .... 
North  Troy... 

Plainfleld 

Proctor ... 


2,470 

Randolph 

1,540 

1 ,334 

Readsboro 

658 

422 

Richford  

1.513 

587 

Rutland.. 

11.499 

1,454 

St.  Albans 

6.239 

232 

St.  Johnsburv. 

5,666 

1 .274 

Springfield 

2.010 

1.897 

Stowe 

500 

6,266 

S  wanton 

1,168 

1,262 

Vergennes 

1,753 

1,874 

AVaterbury 

1.597 

AVellsIiiver... 

565 

670 

West  Derby... 

913 

1.50S 

A\  ilmington  .. 

410 

562 

Windsor 

1,656 

341 

Winooski 

3,783 

2,013 

Woodstock ... 

1,234 

VIRGINIA.    Population,  1,854,184. 


Pop.  1900 

Accomac 32,570 

Albemarle  ....  28.473 

Alexandria 6.430 

Alleghany  ....  16,330 

Amelia 9,037 

Amherst 17,864 

Appomattox..    9.662 

Augusta 32.370 

Bath 5,595 

Bedford  30.356 

Bland 5,497 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Botetourt 17.161 

Brunswick....  18.217 
Buchanan  ....  9,692 
Buckingham..   15,266 

Campbell 23,256 

Caroline 16.709 

Carroll 19.303 

Charles  City..    5.040 

Charlotte 15,343 

Chesterfield  ..  18,804 
Clarke 7,927 


Pop.  1900 

Craig  4.293 

Culpeper 14,123 

Cumberland  ..    8.996 

Dickenson 7.747 

Dinwiddie  ....  15.374 
Elizabeth  City  19,480 

Essex 9,701 

Fairfax 18,580 

Fauquier. 23.374 

Floyd 15,388 

Fluvanna 9,050 


VIRGINIA. 


77 


Virgin  ia  —  Continued 

Pop.  1900 

Franklin 25,953 

Frederick 18,239 

Giles 10,793 

Gloucester... 
Goochland....    9,519 

Grayson 

Greene 6,214 

Greenesville..    9,758 

Halifax.. 37,191 

Hanover 1  1,618 

Henrico 80,062 

Henry 19,265 

Highland 5X47 

Isle  of  Wight.  13,102 
James  City....  3,688 
King  and  Queen  9,265 
King  George.,  6.918 
King  William.    8,380 

Lancaster 8,949 

Lee 19,856 

Loudoun 21,948 

Louisa. 10.517 

Lunenburg 11,705 

Madison 10,216 

Mathews 8.239 

Mecklenburg .  26.551 
Middlesex..., 
Montgomery.. 
Nansemond  ..  23,078 

Nelson 16,075 

NewKent 4,865 

Norfolk 50,780 

Northampton.  13,770 
Northumber- 
land      9,846 

INCORPORATED 

Abingdon 1,306 

Accomac 625 

Alexandria  ...  14,528 

Almagro 

Amelia 380 

Amherst 590 

Arlington  ....  900 

Ashland 1.147 

BartonHeights  763 

Basic  City 1.270 

Bedford  City..  2,410 

Belfield...:...  493 

Belle  Haven..  331 

Berkley 4,988 

BerryvlUe... 

Big  Stone  Gap.  1,617 

Blacksburg...  768 

Blacketone  ...  58a 

Bond 295 

(P.  O.  Coeburn) 

Bowling  Green  45S 

Boydton 

Boykins.... 

Brfdgewater..  384 

Bristol 4,579 

(P.  O. Bristol, 
Teun.i 

Broadway   400 

Brookneal  ....  370 

Buchanan  716 


Pop.  1900 

Nottoway 12,366 

Orange 12.571 

Page 13,794 

Patrick 15,403 

Pittsylvania  ..  46,894 

Powhatan 6,824 

Prince  Edward  15,045 
Prince  George  7,752 
Princess  Anne  11,192 
PrinceWilliam  11,112 

Pulaski 14,609 

Rappahannock   8,843 

Richmond 7,088 

Roanoke 15,837 

Rorkbridge..  21,799 
Rockingham  .  33,527 

Russell 18,031 

Scott 22.094 

Shenandoah  ..  20,253 

Smyth 17.121 

Southampton.  22,848 
Spottsylvania.    9,239 

Stafford  8,097 

Surry 8,409 

Sussex 12,082 

Tazewell 23.3S4 

Warren 8.837 

Warwick 4,888 

Washington  ..  28.995 
Westmoreland    9,243 

Wise 19,653 

Wythe 20,437 

York 7,482 

City  of  Alexandria 
14,523 

CITIES.  TOWNS,  V 

Buena  Vista..  2,388 

Burkeville  ....  510 

Cape  Charles  .  1.040 

Charlottesville  6,449 

Chase  City 542 

Chatham  918 

Chincoteague 

Island 2,740 

Christiansburg  659 

Cliurchland ...  250 

City  point...;..  409 

Claremont 505 

Ciarksville  ...  723 

Clifton  Forge.  3,212 

Clinchport 183 

Clintwood 255 

Clover 4U0 

Coeburn 295 

Collicrstown   .  376 

Colonial  Beach  453 

Columbia 210 

Courtland  . 

Covington  ....  2,950 

Crewe. 

Culpeper  1,618 

Danville 16,520 

Dayton  425 

Dublin 410 

Duffleld 98 

Dumfries 100 


Pop.  1900 
City  of  Bristol    4,579 
City  of  Buena  Vista 
2,388 

City  of  Charlottes- 
ville       6,449 

City  of  Danville 

16,520 
City  of  Fredericks- 
burg      5,068 

City  of  Lynchburg 

18,891 
City  of  Manchester 

9,715 
Citv  of  Newport 

News... 19,635 

City  of  Norfolk 

46,624 
City  of  Petersburg 

21.810 
City  of  Portsmouth 

17,427 
City  of  Radford 

3.344 
City  of  Richmond 

85,050 
City  of  Roanoke 

21,495 
City  of  Staunton 

7,289 
City  of  Williams- 
burg     2.044 

City  of  Winchester 
5,101 


ILLAGES,  ETC. 
East  StoneGap      349 

Eastville  313 

Edinburg 512 

Elkton 511 

Emporia 1,027 

Ettricks 991 

Fairfax 373 

Fairport 850 

Falls  Church..    1.007 
Farmville  ....    2.471 

Fincastle 052 

Floyd 402 

Fort  Myer  ....       000 
Fortress  Monroe 

1,000 

Franklin 1,143 

Fredericksburg  5,068 
Front  Royal  ..     1,005 

Ity 521 

Gilmerton  ....      577 
Glade  Spring  .       301 

i lie  ....  511 
(P.  O.  Wise) 
Glen  Wilton..  155 
Gloucester  ..  465 
Gordonsville..  603 
Goshen.  253 

I  P.O.Goshen  Bridge) 
Graham .  1,554 

Grundy 200 


78 


WASHINGTON. 


Vim;  i  ma  — Continued 
Pop.  1900 

Hamilton 364 

Hampden  Sidney  450 

Hampton 2,764 

Harrisonburg.  3,521 

Heathsville...  525 

Herndon 692 

HlUsboro 131 

Holland 183 

Holstein  Mills  50 

Honaker 295 

Houston 687 

Iron  Gate 392 

Ivanhoe 660 

James  River..  1,400 

Jonesville 437 

Keysville 82 

Lawrenceville  760 

Lebanon 325 

Leesburg 1,513 

Lexington 3.203 

Longdate 810 

Louisa 261 

Lovettsville  ..  97 

Lowmoor. 989 

Luray.... 1.147 

Lynchburg....  18,891 

McDowell 136 

McGaheysville  375 

Madison 405 

Manassas 817 

Manchester...  9,715 

Marion 2,045 

Martinsville  ..  2,384 

Matoaca 661 

Mechanicsburg  113 

Middleburg...  296 

Middletown...  423 

Midlothian 300 

Millwood 400 

Monterey 246 

Mt.  Crawford .  330 

Mt.  Jackson  ..  472 

Mt.  Sidney....  197 


Pop.  1900 
National  Soldiers 

Borne 3.om 

Newbern 152 

Newcastle 299 

New  Hope 124 

New  Markel 
Newport  New 
Newriver  Depot    685 

Norfolk 46.624 

Northside 584 

(P.O.  Bartonhelgbts) 
North  Tazewell     320 

Norton 654 

Occoquan 297 

Onancock 938 

Orange 536 

Parksley 450 

Pearisburg 464 

Pennington  Gap  899 
Petersburg....  21.810 

Phoebus 2,094 

Pinners 2.500 

Pocahontas...  2,789 
Port  Royal....  193 
Portsmouth...   17.427 

Pulaski 2,813 

Radford 3,344 

Reedville 145 

Remington....       198 

Richlands 475 

Richmond  ....  85,050 

Ridgeway 332 

Ri  vert  on 650 

Roanoke 21,495 

Rocky  Mount.       612 

Roundhill 351 

Rural  Retreat.      800 

Rustburg 352 

Salem 3.412 

Saltville.. 1,051 

Scottsville....    1.248 

Seddon 249 

(P.  O.  Bland) 


Pop  1900 
Shenandoah 

Shendon 381 

(P.  o.  Grottoes) 

Slngerglen ....  lift 

Smithlield  ....  1,225 

Smlthville  . 

Snowy  illc 291 

South  Boston 

South  Norfolk  1,000 

sperrvville  ...  378 

Staunton 7,289 

Stevens  City..  490 

Strasburg.....  690 

Stuart 

Suffolk 

Tacoma 247 

Tappahannock  554 

Tazewell 1,096 

Timberville...  173 
Upperville.. 

Urbanna 500 

Vienna 317 

Vinton 1.438 

Virgilina. 200 

Warrenton 1.627 

Washington...  300 

Waterford ....  383 

Waverly 493 

Waynesboro  ..  856 
"West  Clinton 

Forge 367 

(P.O.  Clifton  Forge) 

West  Norfolk.  600 

West  Point....  1,307 

"Wiehle 51 

Williamsburg.  2.044 

Winchester...  5.161 

Winterpock...  656 

Woodstock....  1.069 

Wytheville  ...  3,003 

Yorktown 151 


WASHINGTON.    Population,  51S,103. 


Pop.  1900 

Adams 4,840 

Asotin 3,366 

Chehalis 15,124 

Chelan 3,931 

Clallam 5,603 

Clarke 13,4i9 

Columbia 7,128 

Cowlitz 7,877 

Douglas 4,926 

Ferrv 4.562 

Franklin 486 

Garfield 3,918 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Island 1,870 

Jefferson 5.712 

King 110.053 

Kitsap 6,767 

Kittitas 9.7(14 

Klickitat 6.407 

Lewis 15.157 

Lincoln 11,969 

Mason 3.810 

Okanogan 4,689 

Pacific  5.983 

Pierce 55.515 


Pop.  1900 

Pan  Juan 2,928 

Skagit 14.272 

Skamania 1,688 

Snohomish 23.950 

Spokane 57.542 

Stevens 10,543 

Thurston 9,927 

Wahkiakum  ..    2.S19 
Wallawalla  ...  18.680 

Whatcom 24.116 

Whitman 25,360 

Yakima 13,462 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  TOWNS.  VILLAGES,  ETC. 

Aberdeen 3.747    Ballard 4,568    Bothell 216 

Anacortes 1,476    Biglake 210    Bremerton....       220 

Arlington 852    BlackDiamond      570    Bucklcv 1.014 

Asotin 470    Blaine   1.592    Bucoda 366 

Auburn 489    Bossbuvg 247    Burlington...       227 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


"Wasuingtox- 

-Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Camas  

520 

Harrington  ... 

(84 

Rltzville 

761 

Carbonado  

730 

Hoqulam  

2,608 

Roche  Harbor. 

25 1 

Castle  Rock... 

750 

Iiwaco  

58 1 

Rockford 

133 

Cathlauiet 

219 

Kalama 

554 

Rosalia  

379 

Centerville 

800 

Kelso  

694 

Roslyn 

2,786 

Centraiia  

1,600 

Kent 

755 

Seattle 

0,671 

Chehalis 

1,775 

Kettle  Falls... 

2'.I7 

Sedro  "Woolley 

885 

Chelan 

330 

Kirkland   

264 

Shclton 

838 

Cheney   

781 

La  Conner  

564 

SMney  ... 

254 

Chewelah 

437 

Latah 

253 

(P.O. Port  Orchard) 

Clarkston  

480 

Leavenworth  . 

299 

Snohomish 

2,101 

Cle  Elum 

296 

Loomis  

428 

South  Bend... 

711 

Colfax  

2,121 

Lowell  

478 

South  Park  ... 

560 

Colton  

251 

Lynden 

Marcus 

365 

South  Prairie. 

351 

Columbia 

337 

Spangle 

331 

Colville 

594 

Marysville 

7-28 

Spokane  

- 

Concully 

251 

Medical  Lake. 

516 

Sprague  

695 

Cosmopolis 

1,004 

Montesano 

1,194 

Springdale 

25  1 

Cou.ee  City  ... 

308 

Mt.  Vernon  ... 

1.120 

Stanwood 

596 

Coupeville 

540 

Xew  Whatcom 

6.834 

Steilacoom*... 

1,015 

Creston 

250 

(Pop.  as  re-enumer- 

Sultan   

312 

Davenport 

1,000 

ated,  9,135 

Sumas 

319 

Dayton  

2.216 

Northport 

787 

Sumner  _ 

531 

East  Spokane. 

369 

North  Yakima. 

3,154 

Tacoma 

37.714 

Edmonds. 

474 

Oakesdale  

928 

Tekoa 

717 

Edwall 

250 

Ocosta 

166 

Toledo 

285 

Elberton 

297 

Olvmpia 

3,863 

Tumwater 

270 

Ellensburg  ... 

1,737 

Orting... 

728 

Uniontown 

4(14 

Elma 

894 

Palouse 

929 

Utsaladdv 

210 

Enumclaw 

245 

Paaco. 

254 

Vancouver  ... 

3.12C. 

Everett 

7,8:38 

Pataha  City... 

157 

Waltsburg 

1,011 

Fairfield 

413 

Pomeroy 

953 

Wallawalla  ... 

10,049 

Fairhaven 

4,228 

Port  Angeles.. 

2,321 

Wallula 

251 

Farmington  .. 

434 

Port  Orchard  . 

197 

"Waterville  .... 

482 

Fernhill   

300 

PortTownsend 

3.443 

Waverly  

529 

Fremont 

998 

Prescott  

325 

Wenatcb.ee. ... 

451 

Friday  Harbor 

282 

Prosser  

229 

Wilbur 

595 

Garfield 

697 

Pullman 

1,308 

AVilkeson 

363 

Oilman  

700 

Puyallup 

1,884 

Winlock 

655 

(P.  O.  Issaquab) 

Eearden  

303 

"iakima  City  .. 

287 

Goldendale 

738 

Renton 

412 

Hamilton 

392 

Republic   

2,050 

WEST  VIRGINIA.    Population,  938,800. 


Pop.  1900 
....  14.198 
....  19.469 
....  8,194 
....  18.904 
....  7,219 


Barbour. 
Berkeley 
Boone. 
Braxton . 
Brooke  ... 

Cabell 29.252 

Calhoun 10,266 

Clay 8.248 

Doddridge  ....  13,689 

Fayette 31,987 

Gilmer 11,762 

Grant 7.275 

Greenbrier....  20,683 
Hampshire....  11.806 

Hancock 6,693 

Hardy 8,449 

Harrison 27.690 

Jackson 22,987 

Jefferson 15,9:35 


COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Kanawha 54,696 

Lewis 16,9S0 

Lincoln.  15,434 

Logan 6,955 

McDowell 18,747 

Marion 32,430 

Marshall 26.441 

Mason 24,142 

Mercer   23.023 

Mineral  .... 

Mingo.    _ 11.359 

Monongalia...  19,049 

Monroe  13,130 

Morgan  -    7,294 

Nicholas 11,403 

Ohio  18,024 

Pendleton 9,167 

Pleasants 9,846 

Pocahontas...    8,572 


Pop.  1900 

Preston 22,727 

Putnam 17,330 

Raleigh 

Randolph 17,670 

Ritchie 18,901 

Roane 

Summers 16,265 

Taylor 14,978 

Tucker  

Upshur    14,696 

"Wavne 23,619 

Wetzel      ... 

Wirt        10,284 

W 1 

Wyoming  .. 


so 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Wbs  i  Virginia— Continued. 

ENCOfcPORATED  CITIES,  town-.  TILLAGES,  ETC. 


Pop.  1900 

Addison 297 

Alderson 518 

Alvy 896 

Amos 518 

Ansted 1,090 

Aracoma 444 

(P  O.  Logan) 

Austen 289 

Barboursville.  4-29 

Bayard 540 

teckley 342 

ielington 430 

Benwood 4.511 

Berkeley  Springs  781 

Bethany 245 

Beury 449 

Beverly 464 

Blacksville  ...  180 

Bluefleld 4.044 

Bolivar. 781 

Bramwell 825 

Brandonville..  68 

Bridgeport....  464 

Brooklyn 632 

(.P.O.IS'ew  Martins- 
ville) 

Bruceton 80 

(P.O.Bruceton  Mills) 

Bnckhannon..  1,589 

Buffalo 364 

Cairo 653 

Cameron 964 

Cannelton 342 

Caper  ton 356 

Centerville.  _.  156 

(P.  O.  Alma) 

Central  City..  1,580 

(Sta.  Huntington 

P.O.) 

Ceredo 1.279 

Charleston....  11.099 

Charles  Town.  2,392 

Claremont 593 

Clarksburg 4.(150 

Clay 413 

Clifton 427 

Coalburg 519 

Cowen 257 

Crescent 382 

Culloden 99 

Davis..' 2,391 

Dingess. 354 

Dobbin 4% 

Eatrle 1,200 

Eastbank 468 

Eeknian 996 

Elizabeth  657 

Elk  Garden...  581 

Elktaorn 1,123 

Elkins 2,016 

Ellenboro 330 

Elm  Grove....  768 

Fairmont 5,655 

Fairview...:..  407 
(P.  O.  Wayne) 


Pop.  1900 
Farming 
Fayetteville 

Fetterman  ...  f96 

Fort  Gay    ....  832 

Frankford  ....  188 

Franklin 

Freeman 813 

Friendly 

Glenville :::>-; 

Gormania 344 

Grafton 5,650 

GrantsvUle  ...  225 

Greenmont  ...  349 

(P.O.Morgantown) 

Guyandot 1,450 

Hamlin 380 

Handley 

Harpers  Ferry  896 

Harrisville...'.  472 

Hartford 515 

Hawks  Nest...  109 

Hedgesville...  342 

Henderson 304 

Hendricks 317 

Henry  (P.O.Clay)  339 
Hillsboro "    204 

(P  O.  Academy) 

Hill  Top *   263 

(P.  O.  Redstar) 

Hinton 3,763 

Hundred 261 

Huntington...  11,923 

Hurricane 240 

Independence.  206 

Janelew 324 

Junior 335 

Kanawha 659 

Kenova... 863 

Keyser 2,536 

Keystone  .... 

Kingwood Too 

Lazearvilte— .  408 

Leatherwood..  123 

(P.O.Wheeling) 

Leon 250 

Lewisburg  ....  872 

Littleton 509 

Macdonald....  890 

McDowell 1.241 

McMechen  ....  1,465 

Maiden 389 

Mammoth...  .  390 

Mannington...  1,681 

Marlington....  171 

Martinsburg  ..  7,564 

Mason 904 

Maybeury 1,679 

Middlebourne.  403 

Middle  way....  (66 

Milton.      ' 582 

Monongab  ....  1,786 
Montana  Mines      410 

Montgomery..  1.594 

Moorefiekl  ....  460 

Morgantown..  1,895 


Pop.  1900 
Moundsville  ..  5,862 
Mt.  Hope  351 
Newburg  751 
NewC  umber  land2,196 
New  Haven  .  580 
New  Martins- 
ville   1,089 

Xuttallburg...  395 

Oceana  187 

Parkersburg  ..  11.703 

Parsons 618 

Paw  Paw 693 

Pennsboro 738 

Peterstown  ...  167 

Philippi 685 

Pickens. 490 

Piedmont 2,115 

Pleasant  Valley  180 
(P.O.Wheeling) 

Poca 362 

Point  Pleasant  1,934 

Powellton 503 

Powhatan 439 

Primtvtown...  358 

Quinnimont...  618 

Ravenswood..  1.074 

Raymond  City  690 

Keedy.... 300 

Ripley 579 

Rivesville 164 

Romney 580 

Ronceverte ...  968 

Rowlesburg.  652 

Salem 746 

Seneca 723 

(P.O. Morgantown) 

Shepherdstown  1,184 

Sherrard 323 

Shinnston 535 

Sistersville....  2,979 

South  Elkins..  206 

(P.  O.  Elkins) 
So.  Morgantown    405 
(P.O. Morgantown) 

Spencer 737 

Springfield....  143 

St.  Albans 816 

St.  George  ....  152 

St.  Marys 825 

Stonecl'if  t 359 

Summersville.  223 

Sutton 864 

Talcott 360 

Terra  Alta  ....  616 

Thomas 2.126 

Thurmond....  447 

Triadelphia  ...  287 

Troy 148 

Tunnelton 479 

Union 256 

Vivian 619 

wardensville.  152 

Watson' 18 

(P.O. Capon  Springs) 

Welch 442 


WISCONSIN. 


81 


West  Virginia  —  Continued 

Pop.  1900                         Pop.  1900  Pop.  1900 

Wellsburg 2,588    West  Union...       623  Williamson...       710 

West  Colombia     205     Wheeling 38,878  Williamstown.      403 

West  Millord  .       ls7    White  Sulphur  Winfield 338 

Weston 2,560       Springs 518     Winona 2,340 


WISCONSIN 


Pop.  1900 

Adams it. 141 

Ashland 20,176 

Barron 23.677 

Bayfield  ....  ..  14,392 

Brown 46,359 

Buffalo 16,765 

Burnett 7,478 

Calumet 17,078 

Chippewa 33,037 

Clark 25,848 

Columbia 31.121 


Crawford 

Dane 

Dodge  

Door 

Douglas 

Dunn 

Eau  Claire  .. 
Florence  .  .. 
P'ond  du  Lac 

Forest 

Grant. 

,Green 22.719 

Green  Lake  ...  15,797 


17.2^; 
69.4.S5 
46.631 
17.5S3 
36.335 
25.(143 
31,692 

3,197 
47.5S9 

1.396 
SS.syi 


Population 
COUNTIES. 

Pop.  1900 

Iowa 23,114 

Iron 6.616 

Jackson 17,466 

Jefferson 34,789 

Juneau 20,629 

Kenosha 21,707 

Kewaunee 17.212 

LaCrosse 42,997 

Lafayette 20,959 

Langdale 12.553 

Lincoln... 16,269 

Manitowoc...  42,261 

Marathon 43,256 

Marinette  ....  30,822 
Marquette  ....  10,509 
Milwaukee....  330.01 7 

Monroe 28,103 

Oconto 20,874 

Oneida 8,875 

Outagamie....  46.247 

Ozaukee 16.363 

Pepin 7.905 

Pierce 23,943 

Polk 17,801 


•2,069,042. 


Pop.  1900 

Portage 29,483 

Price... 9,106 

Racine 45.644 

Kichland 19,483 

Rock 51.203 

Sauk 33,006 

Sawyer. 3,593 

Shawano 27.475 

Sheboygan  ....  50,345 

St.  Croix 26,830 

Taylor... 11,262 

Trempealeau  .  23,114 

Vernon  

Vilas 

Walworth  ... 

Washburn 

Washington.. 
Waukesha  ... 

Waupaca 

Waushara 

Winnebago  .. 
Wood 25,865 


28.351 
4,929 
29.259 
5,521 
23.5S9 
35.229 
31,615 
15.972 
58.225 


INCORPORATED  CITIES,  VILLAGES,  ETC. 


Abbotsford  . 

Ableman 

Albany  

Algonia  

Alloues. 

Alma 

Altoona 

Amery 

Amherst 

Antigo 

Appleton 

Arborvitae.. 

Arcadia 

Argyle 

Ashland 

Auburndale. 


443 
430 
797 

1,738 
731 

1,201 
721 
905 
558 

5,145 

15.085 

528 

1,273 

525 

13,074 

241 


Augusta 1,256 


Avoca 
Baldwin   .. 

Bangor 

Baraboo.. . 

Barron 

Bayfield... 
Beaverdara 
Belleville  . 
Belmont... 

Beloit 

Benton  

Berlin 4,489 

Blrnamwood..       475 
Blackcreek  ...      400 


5(J9 
10,436 

546 


Black   River 

Falls 

Blair 

Blanchardville 

Bloomer 

Bloomington.. 

Boscobel 

Boyd 

Brandon 

Brillion 

Brodhead  

Browntown... 

Buffalo 

Burlington 

Butternut  

Cadott  

Cambria 

Cameron 

Campbellsport 
Camp  Douglas 

Cashton  

Cassville 

Cedarburg  

Cedar  Grove 

Chetek 

Chilton   

Chippewa  Falls 

Clear  Lake 

Clinton 

Clintonville... 
Colby 


1,938 
438 
573 
811 
611 

1.637 
674 
663 
855 

1,584 
246 
254 

2.526 
700 
840 
561 
394 
588 
432 
510 
979 

1 ,626 
327 
531 

1,460 

8,094 
527 
871 

1 ,658 
667 


Columbus 2,349 

Commonwealth     700 

Cuba  City 636 

Cudahy. 1,366 


Cumberland... 

1,328 

Dane 

280 

Darlington  ... 

1,808 

Danford 

450 

Deertteld 

515 

Delavan  

2,244 

Depere 

4,038 

De   Soto 

387 

Dodgeville 

1,865 

Drummond  ... 

471 

Durand 

1,458 

Eagle. 

324 

Eagle  River... 

1,200 

Eau  Claire 

17,517 

Edgar 

478 

Edgerton 

2,192 

Elkhart  Lake 

464 

fP.O.  Elkhart) 

Elkhorn  

1,731 

Ellsworth 

1,063 

Kirov 

1,685 

Embarrass 

270 

Bvansvllle 

1,864 

Fallcreek 

527 

Falrchild 

947 

Fennlmore 

1,083 

Florence 1, 


82 


WISCONSIN. 


Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Fond  (in  Lac  .. 

15,110 

-  in 

706 

Fori  Atkinson 

8,048 

Mar-tj field .... 

.     5  .'J  10 

Fountain  City 

1,081 

Mar  toon 

.     1,400 

Fox  Lake  

890 

Mauston 

.    1,718 

Fredonia 

630 

Mayville 

.    1,815 

Fremont 

263 

Mazomanle  .. 

91 Q 

Galesville  ...-. 

Mcliord 

.     1,758 

Genoa  

467 

Mellen 

577 

Glenwood 

1,789 

Mcna.-ha 

GUdden 

571 

Menominee ... 

5,655 

Grafton 

478 

Menomonee  Falls  687 

Grantsburg ... 

612 

Merrill 

.    B.537 

Gratiot  

335 

Mcrrillan 

739 

Grand  Rapids. 

4,498 

Merrimack... 

.       350 

Green  Bay 

1S.HSI 

Milton 

685 

Greenwood  ... 

708 

Milton  Junction    681 

Hammond 

404 

Milwaukee... 

.2-5.315 

Hartford 

1,632 

Mineral  Point 

.    2,991 

Hartland 

629 

Mishicott 

557 

Hayward 

1,864 

Mondovi 

.     1.20S 

Hazel  Green.. 

442 

Montello 

B57 

Highland  

913 

Monroe 

.    3,927 

Hilhert 

497 

Montfort 

627 

Hillsboro  

785 

Monticello... 

559 

Horieon 

1,376 

Mosinee 

657 

Hortonville  ... 

913 

Mt.  Horeb  ... 

864 

Hudson 

3.259 

Mukwonago  . 

491 

Hurley 

2,267 

Muscoda 

743 

Hustisford 

540 

Necedah  

.    1,209 

Independence. 

630 

Neenah  

.    5.954 

Iola 

558 

Neillsvllle  .... 

.    2,104 

Iron  River 

1,007 

Nekoosa 

745 

Jacksonport  .. 

450 

New  Glarus.. 

515 

Janesville 

13,185 

Xew  Lisbon.. 

.     1.014 

Jefferson 

2.584 

New  London. 

.    2. 742 

Juneau 

891 

New  Richmond  1.631 

Kaukauna  

5,115 

North  Freedom     485 

Kendall. 

460 

NorthGreenfieldl,006 

Kenosha 

11,606 

North  Miiwau 

kee 

Kewaskum 

679 

1.049 

Kewaunee 

1,773 

Northport 

348 

Kiel 

924 

Nor  walk 

357 

Kilbourn  City. 

1,134 

Oakfleld 

466 

La  Crosse 

2S.895 

Oconomowoc  . 

.    2.880 

La  Farge 

488 

Oconto 

.    5,646 

Lake  Geneva . 

2,585 

Odanah 

.    1.000 

Lake  Mills.... 

1,387 

Omro 

.     1,358 

Lake  Nebage- 

Onalaska 

.     1,368 

main 

1,010 

Ontario 

.       389 

Lancaster  

2.403 

Oregon  

.       697 

Lavalle 

386 

Orfordville.... 

277 

Linden  

543 

Osceola 

466 

Little  Chute.. 

944 

Oshkosh  

.  28.284 

Lodi  

1,068 

Osseo 

472 

Lomira 

492 

Packwaukee.. 

237 

Lone  Rock 

512 

Palmyra 

716 

Lowell 

333 

Pardeeville... 

rsa 

Loyal.. 

645 

Pence 

421 

Lvnxville 

322 

Pepin 

407 

McMillan 

200 

Peshtigo 

Pewaukee 

1,719 

Madison 

19.164 

714 

Maiden  Rock . 

304 

Phillips 

.    1,820 

Manawa 

744 

Pittsville 

634 

Manitowoc 

11,786 

Plaiuneld 

728 

Marathon 

528 

Platteville.... 

.     3.340 

Marinette 

16,195 

Plover 

.       319 

Marion 

602 

Plymouth 

.    2,257 

Pop.  1900 

Portage 5,459 

Port  Edwards.  581 
Port  Washington 

3,010 
PotOSi 434 

Poynette. 888 

Prairie  duChien  3,232 
Prairie  dn  Sac       696 

Prentice 

Prescott  1,002 

Princeton   ....    1.202 

Racine 29,102 

Randolph 738 

Readstown 403 

Reedsburg....  2,225 
Reedsviile....  428 
Reeseville  ....  393 
Rhinelander ..    4,998 

Riblake 622 

Rice  Lake  ....  3,002 
RichlandCenter  2,321 

Rio.... 479 

Ripon 3,818 

River  Falls  ...    2,008 

Rochester 296 

Rome 263 

Rosendale  ....       296 

Sauk  City 810 

Scandinavia  ..  320 
Schleisingerville  549 

Schofleld 573 

Seymour 1,026 

Sharon 945 

Shawano 1.863 

Shebovgan  ...  22.962 
Sheboygan  Falls 

1,301 

Shelbv.. 780 

Shell  Lake....  1,500 
ShullBburg....  1,250 
Soldiers  Grove  680 
South  Milwaukee 

3,392 

Sparta 3,555 

Spencer 526 

Spooner 486 

Spring  Green .  621 
Spring  Valley.  1,021 
St.  Croix  Falls  622 
St.  Francis....  742 
St.  Xazainz ...      518 

Stanley.. 2,387 

Star  Prairie...  269 
Stevens  Point.    9.524 

Stoughton 3.431 

Stratford 253 

Sturgeon  Bay.  3.3?2 
Sun  Prairie  ...       938 

Superior 31.091 

Theresa. 355 

Thiensville  ...       303 

Thorp 838 

Titrerton 723 

Tomah 2.840 

Tomahawk....  2,291 
Trempealeau .  609 
Turtle  Lake...      326 


WYOMING. 

83 

Wisconsin  — 

Continued. 

Pop.  1900 

Pop.  1900 

Pop. 1900 

Two  Rivers.. 

.    3.7^4 

Waupun...    ..    3,185 

weyauwega  ..      911 

[  nil m  Center 

.       287 

w  ausau  - . .        12,354 

Whlteflah  Hay      512 

I  nion  Grove. 

.       520 

AVausaukee  ...     1,48(5 

Whitehall 600 

Verona 

.       228 

Wautoma 508 

Whitewater...    3,405 

Viola _. 

.       432 

wauwatosa...    2,842 

Wilson 393 

Viroqua 

.    1,950 

Wauzeka 471 

Wilton 400 

"W  aterloo 

.    1,137 

Wayside 271 

wmneconne..    1,042 

Watertown  .. 

.    8.437 

West  Bend....    2,119 

Wittenberg...       798 

A\  aukau 

289 

Westboro 600 

wonewoc 811 

"Waukesha  ... 

.    7.419 

Westby 524 

Woodboro 338 

Waunakee  ... 

443 

Westtield 7iki 

Wrightstown .       420 

Waupaca 

.    2,912 

West  Salem...       725 

Wyocena 351 

WYOMING.    Population,  92,531 
COUNTIES. 


Pop.  1900 


Pop.  1900 


Pop.  1900 
Sweetwater...  8,455 
Uinta 12,223 

9,589     Laramie   20.181    Weston 3,203 

3.337    Natrona 1,785 

3,137    Sheridan 5,122 


Albany 13,084    Fremont 5.35' 

Bighorn 4.328    Johnson   2,361 

Carbon  ... 
Converse . 
Crook  


Yellowstone 
National  Park     369 


Afton. 

Aladdin 

Almy 

Atlantic  City 

Auburn 

Baggs 

Basin... 

Battle 

Beulah 

Bighorn 

Buffalo 

Cambria 

Carbon  

Casper. 

Cheyenne  

Clearmont.  .. 

Cody 

Cokeville 

Dayton 

Diamondville 


INCORPORATED  CITIES. 

449     Dixon 

106     Douglas 

250  Encampment  . 

235    Evanston 

100    Fairview 

156  Fort  Bridger.. 

489    Germania 

132    Gillette  

117    Glenrock 

154  Green  River... 

710    Guernsey 

750    Hanna  ._ 

634    Hartville 

883    Hyattville 

14,087    Kemmerer 

154    Lander 

170    Laramie  

138    Lusk 

137  Mammoth  Hot- 

897        springs 


TOWNS,  ETC. 

189  Mannville   .... 

734  Medicine  Bow 

579  Meeteetse 

2.110  Newcastle 

100  Opal 

129  Otto 

110  Parkman 

151  Piedmont 

297  Pinebluff . 

1,361  Ranchester  ... 

515  Rawlins 

172  Rock  Springs.. 

210  Saratoga  

157  Sheridan 

832  Sundance  

737  Sweetwater... 

8.207  Thermopolis  .. 

180  Tie  Siding 

Wheatland 

131 


106 

168 

245 

756 

127 

134 

115 

109 

135 

172 

2.317 

4.363 

672 

1,559 

2!  a 

290 
299 
182 
327 


s 


K 


POPULATION 


CHIEF  CITIES 


FOREIGN    COUNTRIES 

FROM  THE  LATEST  OFFICIAL  CENSUS 
RETURNS. 


Name.        Country.  Pop. 

Aachen,  Germany 133,235 

Aalborg.  Denmark 19,508 

Aalesund,  Norway 8,406 

Aarhuns,  Denmark 33,308 

Aberdare,  England 43,357 

Aberdeen.  Scotland 153,108 

Acanceh,  Mexico 22.916 

Accrington,  England 43,095 

Adelaide  (with  suburbs),  So. 

Australia 162,261 

AdisAbbeba.  Abyssinia 3,000 

,Adrianople,  Turkey  in  Europe  81,000 

Aclua,  Abyssinia 3,u00 

Agra,  India ...188,300 

Agram,  Austria-Hungary 61,002 

Aguascalieutes,  Mexico 30,872 

Ahmadabad,  India 180,673 

Airdrie,  Scotland 22,288 

Aix   la  Chapelle    (Aachen), 

Germany 135,235 

Ajmere,  India 75,759 

Akama-ga-seki,  Japan 42,786 

Akita,  Japan 29,477 

Akkra.  Gold  Coast 16,267 

Albay,  Philippines 34,000 

Alburv.  New  South  Wales  ...    5,820 

Alcano,  Italy 37,697 

Alcov.  Spain 31,099 

Aleppo,  Turkey  in  Asia 127,149 

Alessandria.  Italy 71.293 

Alexandria.  Egypt 319,766 

Algiers,  Algeria 96,784 

Alicante,  Spain 49.463 

Aligarh,  India 70,172 

Alkmaar,  Netherlands 18,275 

Allahabad,  India 175.74S 

Almeria,  Spain 46,806 

Most.  Belgium  

Altenburg,  Germany 87,106 

Altemlor I',  Germany 63.272 

Altona,  Germany 161.507 

Alwar,  India  56,740 

Ambato,  Ecuador 10,000 

Amersfoort,  Netherlands  ...-  19,089 

Amherst,  Nova  Scotia 4.963 

Ainlens,  France 90,038 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Amritsar,  India 162,548 

Amsterdam ,  N etherlands 510,853 

Ancona,  Italy 56,825 

Andeiiecht.  Belgium 32,240 

Andria,  Italv 36,795 

Angers,  France 82,966 

Angostura,  Venezuela 11,686 

Angouleme.  France 36.955 

Ankober,  Abyssinia 7,000 

Antananarivo,  Madagascar. . .  50,000 

Antwerp,  Belgium. 282,018 

Aomori,  Japan 28,029 

Apeldoorn,  Netherlands 25.761 

Aquila,  Italy... 21,215 

Arad,  Austria-Hungary 56.260 

Arbroath,  Scotland 22,372 

Arequipa,  Peru... 35,000 

44,350 


34 ,050 


56.812 

2K.S82 


(85) 


Arezzio,  Italy 
Argao,  Philippines  .... 

Armagh,  Ireland 

Arnhem,  Netherlands 
Ascoli  Piceno,  Italy  .. 
Ashton-under  Lyne,  England  43,890 

Asti,  Italy 33,468 

Aston  Manor,  England 77.310 

Astrakhan,  Russia. 113,001 

Asuncion,  Paraguay 45,000 

Athens,  Greece 111,486 

Athlone,  Ireland.. 6.712 

Aubervilliers,  France... 31,125 

Auckland     (with     suburbs), 

New  Zealand 67,226 

Augsburg,  Germany 89,109 

Aussig,  Austria-Hungary  ....  87,265 

Avellino,  Italv. 23.790 

Avignon,  France 16,209 

Ayr,  Scotland 28,624 

Ayuthia,  Siam 50,000 

Azui,  Argentine  Republic...    9,494 

Badajoz,  Spain 28,912 

Bagdad,  Turkey  in  Asia 145,000 

Bahla,  Brazil  ..  ..      ..174,412 

Bahia  Blanca,  Argentine  Re- 
public      9,025 

Baku,  Asiatic  Russia 112,253 

Ballarat,  Victoria 25,448 


> 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


(Tame.       Country.  Pop. 

Ballarat,  Bast,  Victoria  ..  18,262 
Bamberg,  Germany  .  „  41,820 

Banain,  French  Indo-Chlna  28,000 
Bangalore.  India  159,030 

Bangkok,  Siara  250,000 

Banjermas.Mii,     Dutch     East 

Indies 15,082 

Barcelona,  Spain        509,589 

Barcelone,  Venezuela 12,785 

Barellly,  India  117,483 

Barf r&8h  (Balf rush),  Persia.  50,000 

Barl,  Italy 79,693 

Barlll,  Philippines 20,914 

Barletta,  Italy ....  31,994 

Barmen,  Germany 141 .947 

Barnsley,  England 41,083 

Baroda,  India 103,782 

Barquislmeto,  Venezuela 31,476 

Banranqullla,  Colombia 40,000 

Barrow-in  Furne.ss,  England.  57.584 

Basel,  Switzerland  112;842 

Batangas,  Philippines 39.358 

Batavia,  Dutch  East  Indies..  114 ,566 

Batli,  England 49,817 

Bathurst,  Gambia. 8,800 

Bathurst,  New  South  Wales  .  9,227 
Bauang  |  Bauan),  Philippines  39,659 

Beirut.  Turkey  in  Asia. 120,000 

Belem  (Para),  Brazil         .     .  50,064 

Belfast,  Ireland 348,965 

Belfort,  France 32,112 

Belgrade,  Servia 59,494 

Belize,  British  Honduras 6,972 

Bellarv,  India 57,700 

Belleville,  Ontario. 9,117 

Benares,  India 203,095 

Bendigo,  Victoria 31.020 

Benevento.  Italy 24,650 

Bergamo,  Italy 45,785 

Bergen,  Norway 72,179 

Bergerhout,  Belgium 29,575 

Berlin,  Germany ...1,888.326 

Berlin,  Ontario 9,747 

Bern,  Switzerland 63,994 

Bernburg,  Germany. 34.427 

Besancon,  France  55,266 

Beuthen,  Germany 51,409 

Beziers,  France 52,077 

Bhadnagar,  India 57,653 

Bhagalpur,  India 75,278 

Bharrpur,  India 42.997 

Bhopal,  India 70,338 

Bialystok,  Russia. 63,927 

Bielefeld,  Germany 63,044 

Bienne  (Piel),  Switzerland ...  22,052 

Blkaner,  India  53,071 

Bilbao.  Spain 74,098 

BIRan  (Binang),  Philippines.  19.786 

Birkenhead.  England 110,926 

Birmingham,  England 522,182 

Blackburn,  England 127.527 

Blackpool.  England 47.346 

Blackrock,  Ireland 8,719 

Blantyre,  British  Central 

Africa  Protectorate 6,100 

Bloemfontein,  Orange  River 

Colony 3.379 

Bocbum,  Germany 65,554 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Bogota,  Colombia  120,000 

Bola  le  Due  f*8  Hertogenljosch), 

Netherlands 

Bokhara,  Asiatic  Russia 100,000 

Bologna,  Italy ■ 152,009 

Bolton,  England    168.205 

Boma,  Kongo  Free  State 15,300 

Bombay.  India 770.843 

Bona.  Algeria   34498 

Bonavista,  Newfoundland. .        8,551 

Bonn,  Germany 

Boo  tie,  England 58,558 

Boras,  Sweden  15,125 

Borback,  Germany 17.217 

Bordeaux,  France 257,471 

Borgerhont,  Belgium 29,575 

Boulder.  Western  Australia.  4.601 
Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Frame. .  49,089 
Boulogne-sur-Seine,  France..  47.16s 

Bourges,  France  46.138 

Bournemouth.  Pmglaud 47,003 

Bradford,  England 279,809 

Braga,  Portugal 23.089 

Bra'i'la(Brahilov),  Roumania.  58.392 

Brandenburg.  Germany 49,263 

Brandon,  Manitoba 5.380 

Brantf ord.  Ontario 16,619 

Brasso,  Austria-Hungary  ....  36,646 

Bray,  Ireland 6.888 

Breda,  Netherlands  26,096 

Bremen,  Germany 163.418 

Brescia.  Italy 70,618 

Breslau ,  Germany 422,738 

Brest,  France 81,948 

Bridgetown.  West  Indies....  25,000 

Brighton,  England 123,478 

Brisbane   iwitn  suburbs), 

Queensland  .   119,428 

Bristol.  England. 328.842 

Broach.  India 42.298 

Brockville.  Ontario 8,940 

Broken  Hill.  New  So.  Wales..  27.518 

Bromberg,  Germany 52.154 

Bruges.  Belgium 53.050 

Brunei,  British  Borneo 25,000 

Brunn.  Austria-Hungary 109,346 

Brunswick    (Braunschweig), 

Germany  128477 

Brunswick.  Victoria 24.182 

Brussa.  Turkey  in  Asia 76,303 

Brussels  (with  suburbs),  Bel- 
gium  570.844 

Bucaramanga,  Colombia 30,000 

Budapest,  Austria-Hungary. .732,322 
BudweiS,  Austria-Hungary..  39,328 
Buenos  Aires.  Argentine  Re 

public 663.854 

Bukharest,  Roumania 282,071 

Burauen,  Philippines 21.000 

Burgos.  Spain 30,856 

Burnley,  England  97.044 

P.urton  oil-Trent,  England...  50,386 

Bury,  England 58,028 

Cadiz.  Spain _ 70.177 

Caen,  France 44.524 

Cagllari,  Italy 53.734 

Cairo.  Ftr.pt  . 

Calais,  France 59,793 


V 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


^7 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Calbayog.  Philippines 30,250 

Calcutta  (with  suburbs).  In- 
dia  ...1,121,664 

Calgary.  Alberta 4,052 

Calicut.  India 75,510 

Callao.  Peru 16.0(H) 

Caltanissetta.  Italy 44,600 

Campeche.  Mexico 16.64? 

Candia.  Crete 22.331 

Canea  (Khania>,  Crete 21,025 

Cannes.  France 34.151 

Canton,  China.. 2,500,000 

Cape  Coast  Castle.  Gold  Coast  11,614 

Cape  Haitien.  Haiti 29,000 

Cape  Town   (with    suburbs  >. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 83,718 

Caracas.  Venezuela.   72,429 

Carbonear.  Newfoundland...    4.127 
Carcar  (Karkat >.  Philippines  30,300 

Cardenas.  Cuba 21,940 

Cardiff.  England 164.420 

Carlisle,  England 45.47s 

Carlow,  Ireland 6.619 

Carlscrona,  Sweden 23,648 

Carlsruhe,  Germany 96,976 

Carrick-on-Suir.  Ireland  5,608 

Cartagena,  Colombia 20,000 

Cartagena.  Spain 86,245 

Caserta.  Italy 32,726 

Cassel.  Germany 106,061 

Castelion.Spain 31,272 

Catania.  Italy 149.694 

Catanzaro,  Italy 31,887 

,Cawnpoor.  India  197,000 

Cavenne.  French  Guiana 12.300 

Cayes.  Haiti 25,000 

Cebu.  Philippines.. 35.243 

Celava.  Mexico 21.245 

Cesena.  Italv  .  37,578 

Cetinje.  Montenegro 2,920 

Cette.  France 33,1 165 

Chandernagore,  French  India  25,395 

Chang-chow,  China 800,000 

Chang-sha,  China 300.000 

Chapra,  India 45,392 

Charleroi,  Belgium 24,426 

Charlottenburg,  Germany  ...189,290 
Charlottetown,  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island. 12.i)8o 

Charters  Towers,  Queensland    4.597 

Chatham, England 40,753 

Chatham,  New  Brunswick...     4,868 
Chatham,  Ontario    ...      .  9,068 

Cheltenham.  England  49.439 

Chemnitz,  Germany 206,584 

Cherbourg,  France 42,952 

Chhong-ju,  Korea 63,863 

Chlba,  Japan 26533 

Chieta,  Italy... 26,406 

Chihuahua.  Mexico... 18579 

Chilian,  Chile 

Chlnandega.  Nicaragua 12,000 

Ching-tu.  China soo.ooo 

Chin-ju.  Korea 55.110 

Chinkiang.  China 14o.»kio 

Chlvilcov.  Argentine  Republic  1 1,682 

Chon-ju.  Korea 

Choong-Klng,  China 300,000 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Cbristchurcb  I  with  suburbs), 

New  Zealand 57,04i 

Christiania,  Norway  225,686 

Cbristiansand,  Norway....        12,813 

Christiausund.  Norway 10,881 

Cienfuegos.  Cuba  80,088 

Cludad  Guzman.  Mexico 17.374 

Clermontterrand.  France . . .    52,0]  7 

Clonmel,  Ireland 8,480 

Clontarf,  Ireland 5,104 

Coatbridge.  Scotland  36,98] 

Coban.  Guatemala 24.475 

Coblenz.  Germany.. 45.146 

Cocanada.  India      47.ssti 

Cochabamba,  Bolivia 29,530 

Coiinbatore.  India 52,931 

Coimbra.  Portugal 16.985 

Coleraiue,  Ireland 6,845 

Colima.  Mexico  18,977 

Collingwood.  Victoria 

Coimar,  Germany 36,796 

Cologne  (Koln),  Germany  ..  372529 

Colombo,  Cevlon .158.093 

Como,  Italy 38,902 

Concepcioh,  Chile  39,83? 

Concepcion,  Paraguay 15,000 

Concordia.  ArgentineRepublic  11.695 

Conjevarain,  India. 46,140 

Constantine,  Algeria 51,997 

Constantinople,    Turkey   in 

Europe ".....1.125,000 

Coo'gardieAVestem  Australia    4.249 

Copenhagen.  Denmark. .375.251 

Coquimbo,  Chile.. 15.712 

Cordoba,  Argentine  Republic  47,609 

Cordoba,  Spain... 57.313 

Corfu,  Greece 17,918 

Cork.  Ireland 75,978 

Cornwall.  Ontario 6,?o4 

Corrientes,    Argentine    Re- 
public   16,129 

Coruna,  La.  Spain 4U.501 

Cosenza,  Italy .  21,420 

Courtrai,  Belgium 35,510 

Coventry.  England .  69,877 

Covilha,  Portugal 17.562 

Cracow.  Austria  Hungary  ...  91.329 

Craiova,  Roumania 45,438 

Crefeld,  Germany.. ...106,928 

Cremona,  Italv  87,661 

Crewe.  En-land  42,075 

Croydon.  England  133,885 

Csaba.  Austria-Hungary    ...  37547 
Cucuta,  Colombia    ...         ...  10,000 

Cuddalore,  India. 

Cuenca,  Ecuador 25,000 

Cueno.  Italy 

Culiacan,  Siexico io.4s? 

Cuttack,  India 50,878 

CUZCO,  Peru     ...    20,000 

Czeld,  Austria-Hungary  80,106 

Czernowitz.  Austria-Hungary  67,622 
Dacca,  India  ...       ...  90,679 

Damascus,  Turkey  in  .\>la      154,000 

Damletta.  Egypt 81,515 

Danzig.  Germany 1 10539 

Darbbangab,  India 65,990 

Darlington,  England  44,496 


88 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Darmstadt,  Germany 73,019 

Dartmouth.  Nova  Scotia 4,806 

Dawson,  Yukon VI" I 

Debreezen,  Austria-Hungary  75,006 

Delft,  Netherlands 81,589 

Delhi,  India 208,385 

Derby,  England 105,785 

Dessau,  Germany 50,851 

Deventer,  Netherlands  26.212 

Devouport,  England 69,674 

Dijon,  France 70,428 

Djokjokarta,  Dutch  East  In- 
dies.  58,299 

Dordrecht,  Netherlands  ..  ..  3s.3s6 

Dortmund,  Germany 142,418 

Douai,  France  84,918 

Dover,  England 41,782 

Drammen,  Norway 20,687 

Dresden,  Germany 395.819 

Drogheda,  Ireland 12,675 

Dublin  (with  suburbs), 

Ireland.. ..373,179 

Dudley,  England 48,809 

Dulsburg,  Germany 92,729 

Dulcigno,  Montenegro 5,000 

Diinaburg  (Dvinskt,  Russia..  72.231 

Dundalk,  Ireland 13.067 

Dundee,  Scotland. 160.871 

Dunedin  ( with  suburbs ) ,  Ne w 

Zealand 52,390 

Dunfermline,  Scotland _  25.250 

Dungarvan.  Ireland 5,263 

Dunkirk,  France 4(  1.329 

Durango,  Mexico 26,425 

Durban,  Natal 39.245 

Diisseldorf,  Germany  213.767 

Eastbourne.  England 43.837 

East  Ham,  England 95.989 

Echternach,  Luxemburg 4,133 

Ecija,  Spain 23.992 

Ede,  Netherlands 15.195 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 316.479 

Edmonton,  Alberta 2,626 

Edmonton,  England 46,899 

Elch,  Luxemburg 5.590 

Eidsvold,  Norway 8.144 

Ekaterinoslav,  Russia. .121 ,216 

Elberfeld,  Germany I5i;.'.i87 

Elbing,  Germany 52.510 

Elche,  Spain 27.075 

Elizabetgrad,  Russia 61.841 

Elmina,  Gold  Coast 10.530 

Elverum,  Norway 7.810 

Enfield,  England". 42.73s 

Ennis.  Ireland 5.460 

Enniscorthy,  Ireland 5,648 

Enniskillen,  Ireland 5.570 

Enschede,  Netherlands 24.353 

Erfurt,  Germany 85,190 

Esch,  Luxemburg 6,101 

Essen,  Germany ..118.SU3 

Ettelbruck,  Luxemburg 3,651 

Estrada,  La.  Spain 24.7iX) 

Evora.  Portugal 15.134 

Exeter,  England 46,940 

Faenza,  Italy  __ 36.620 

Faizabad,  India.. 74,076 

Falkirk,  Scotland 29,271 


Name.        Country.  Pop. 

Falmouth,  Jamaica 2,517 

Farnham,  Quebec 8,11  i 

Faruknabad,  India 
l-'ayoum,  Medinet  el,  Egypt 
Felegyhaza,  A.usl  ria-Hungary  38,406 

Fermoy,  Ireland      6,469 

Fernie,  British  Columbia  ....     1,640 

Ferozepore,  India ..  50.487 

Ferrara.  Italy 

Ferrol,  Spain 

Fez,  Morocco 140,000 

Firenze,  Italy 204,960 

Fitzroy,  Victoria 3L610 

Flume,  Austria-Hungary. . 

Flensburg,  Germany 

Florence,  Italy 204,950 

Flushing.  Netherlands 

Foggia,  Italy 

Footscray ,  Victoria 18,301 

Forli,  Italy 43,457 

Forst.  Germany 32.011 

Fort  de  France,  West  Indies.  1 5 ,274 
Frankforti  on  Main  (Germany  288,489 
Frankfort  i  on  Oder  (Germany  61,835 

Fredericia,  Denmark 10,044 

Fredericton,  New  Brunswick  71.117 

Fredrikshald,  Norway 11,217 

Fredrikstad,  Norway 12.451 

Freetown.  Sierra  Leone 30,033 

Freiburg,  Germany 61,506 

Fremautle    (with    suburbs), 

Western  Australia 20,448 

Fribourg,  Switzerland 12.239 

Fuchau,  China 650,008 

Fukuoka,  Japan 66,190 

Funchal,  Madeira 18,778 

Fiinf  kirchen,  Austria  -  Hun- 
gary  43.982 

Furth,  Germany 54.142 

Galatz,  Roumania 62.678 

Galle,  Cevlon 37.226 

(.alt.  Ontario „.  7,866 

Galway,  Ireland 13.414 

Gardaia,  Algeria 30,324 

Gateshead.  England 109,887 

Gaya,  India 71.186 

Geelong  ( with  subs.), Victoria  23,311 

Getle,  Sweden 28,308 

Gelsenkirchen,  Germany 36,937 

Geneva.  Switzerland 104,044 

Genoa,  Italy 234,800 

Georgetown,  British  Guiana.  53,176 
Georgetown.  Prince  Edward 

Island 1,123 

Gera,  Germany 45,640 

Ghazipur,  India 39.186 

Ghent  (Grand).  Belgium 163,030 

Gibraltar,  Gibraltar 24,701 

Gifu.  Japan 30.942 

Gijon,  Spain 43.392 

Gilly,  Belgium 20,150 

Girgentl,  Italy.... 25,069 

Glasgow,  Scotland 760,423 

Gleiwitz,  Germany 52,872 

Gloucester,  England 47.943 

Goave.  Haiti 25,000 

Gondar,  Abyssinia 5,000 

Gorakhpur,  India 63,059 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


Name.       Couutry.  Pop. 

Gorlitz.  Germany 80,932 

Gotha.  Germany 84,618 

Gottenborg,  Sweden 

Gouda,  Netherlands   22,085 

Goulburn,  New  South  Wales.  10,618 

Goran,  Scotland 70.351 

Grahams  lowu.  tape  of  Good 

Hope 10,498 

Granada,  Nicaragua 19,000 

Granada.  Spain 

Granny.  Quebec 3,773 

Gratz.  Austria  Hungary 138,030 

Graudenz,  Germany  32,800 

Great  Yarmouth.  England...  51,250 

Greenock.  Scotland 

Greenwich.  England    

Greenwood,  British  Columbia    1,359 

Grenoble,  France... 68,052 

Grimsby     (.Great   Grimsby;, 

England 63.138 

Groningen.  Netherlands 66,537 

Grosswardein     |  Nagyvarad), 

Austria-Hungary 50,177 

Guadalajara.  Mexico 83,934 

Gualeguaychu.  Argentine  Re- 
public   13,282 

Guanabacoa.  Cuba  .    13,965 

Guanajuato,  Mexico 39,404 

Guatemala.  Guatemala 72,102 

Guayaquil.  Ecuador 50,000 

Guben,  Germany 33,096 

Guelph,  Ontario"   11,496 

Guinobatan,  Philippines 20,500 

gwalior,  India ._ 104,033 
yurpie,  Queensland 12,1 100 

Haarlem.  Netherlands 64,079 

Hagen.  Germany  50,609 

Hagony.  Philippines 90,120 

Haidarabad,  India 446,291 

Hai-ju.  Korea  59,358 

Hakodate,, Japan 78,040 

Halberstadt,  Germany 42,792 

Halifax,  England 104,933 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia 40,832 

Halle-on-Saal,  Germany 156,61 1 

Halmstad,  Sweden 15,139 

Hambon,  Germany 

Hamburg,  Germany 

Ham-heung.  Korea 

Hamilton,  New  South  Wales.    (5.127 

Hamilton,  Ontario  52,634 

Hamilton,  Scotland 32,775 

Hammerfest,  Norway 2,162 

Hammersmith.  England 112,245 

Handsworth.  England 52,921 

Hang-Chow,  China 700,000 

Hanley,  England 61,524 

Hanoi.  Freucb  [ndo-China 

Hanover,  Germany 

Hanyang.  China 4uii.im) 

Harar,  Abyssinia 35,000 

Harbour    Grace,   Newfound- 
land    6,466 

Harburg,  Germany 19,155 

Harper,  Liberia 3,000 

Hastings,  England 

Hathras.  India 

Havana,  Cuba 


Name.       Country.  Pop 

Hawthorne,  Victoria 21,339 

Heidelberg,  Germany 40,119 

Heilbrom,  Germany.. 

Helder.  Netherlands 25,159 

Helsingl.org.  Sweden 

Helsingfors,  Finland 77.4S4 

Helsingdr,  Denmark.. 11.082 

Herat.  Afghanistan 45,000 

Herisau,  Switzerland 13,476 

Heruiopolia,  Greece 17,894 

Hildesheim,  Germany 42,973 

Hilversum,  Netherlands 19,443 

Himeji,  Japan 35,282 

Hindmarsh,  South  Australia.  10,011 

Hirosaki,  Japan 

Hiroshima.  Japan  122,306 

Hobart  (with subs.), Tasmania  41,412 

Hof ,  Germany 32,782 

Hornsey,  England 

Horsens,  Denmark... 17,290 

Howrah,  India   157.^47 

Hubli,  India 58,149 

Huddersfleld,  Fngland 95,008 

Hue,  French  Indo -China 50,353 

Hull.  Quebec 13,993 

Ilford,  England 41.240 

Iloilo,Philippines 11,900 

Indore,  India    92,329 

Inverness.  Scotland 21.193 

Ipswich,  England 60.022 

Ipswich,  Queensland 7,750 

Iquique,  Chiie  ._ 33,031 

Iquitos,  Peru 12,000 

Irapuato.  Mexico 18.593 

Irkutsk.  Asiatic  Russia 51,481 

Ispah  m.  Persia 80,000 

Ixelles.  Belgium 45,409 

Jabalpur,  India 89,708 

Jaen,  Spain 25,929 

Jaffna,  Ceylon 33,860 

Jai pore ,  India. 159.55! ) 

Jalapa,  Mexico 18,168 

Jaroslav,  Russia 

Jas-v.  Koumania 78,067 

J au fa.  Peru 15,000 

Jaunpur,  India 42.532 

Jerez  de  la  Frontera.  Spain  ..  60,004 
Jerusalem.  Turkey  in  Asia  . .  51,00  I 

Jhansi,  India 55,288 

Jitomir,  Russia 05452 

Jodhpur,  India 60,437 

Johannesburg,  Transvaal 102,078 

Joliette,  Quebec 

Jonkoping,  Sweden 22,176 

Jullundur.  India 66,202 

Kabul  (Cabool),  Afghanistan.  60,000 

Kagoshima.  Japan. ..  53^81 

Kaisariyeh.  Turkey  in  Asia..  72,000 

Kaiserslautern,  Germany 48,306 

Kalamal  ...  14,298 

Kalgoorlie. Western  Australia    6,652 

Kampen,  Netherlands  .     19.0*4 

Kauazawa.  .Japan 
Kandahar,  Afghanistan  .. 

Kamlv.  Ceylon 

Karachi,  India 115,407 

Karikal,  French  India 

Kasan,  Russia 181,506 


90 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 
Kaschau     (Kassa),    Austria- 
Hungary  10,102 

Kassel  (Cassel),  Germany 106.001 

Kasvln,  Persia 40,000 

Kecskemet.  Austria-Hungary  57,812 

Keighley,  England 41,51,5 

Kennati,  Egypt 

Kensington,  Eugland 176,628 

Kerbela,  Turkey  in  Asia 66,000 

Kermanshah,  Persia 40,000 

Kharkof ,  Kussia 174,840 

Khatmando,  Nepal 50,000 

Khelat,  Baluchistan.. 12,000 

Khiva,  Asiatic  Kussia 6,000 

Kief,  Kussia .247,432 

Kiel,  Germany.. ...107,938 

Kilkenny,  Ireland 10,493 

Killarney,  Ireland 5,510 

Kilmarnock,  Scotland 34,161 

Kimberley  ,C'ape  or  Good  Hope  28,718 

Kings  Norton,  England 57,120 

Kingstown,  Ireland 17,356 

Kingston,  Jamaica 46,542 

Kingston,  Ontario 17,961 

Kingston-upon-Hull,  England  240,618 

Kirkcaldy,  Scotland 34,064 

Kirman,  Persia. 40.000 

Kishenef ,  Kussia 108,796 

Klausenburg,     Austria-Hun- 
gary... 40,295 

Kobe,  Japan 215.780 

Kochi,  Japan 36  511 

Kofu,  Japan 37,561 

Kokand,  Asiatic  Kussia 82,054 

Kokura,  Japan 27,501 

Kolomea,  Austria-Hungary..  34,188 
Kolozskaro,  Austria-Hungary  32,729 
Kolozsvar,  Austria-Hungary.  .49,295 

Konigsberg,  Germany 187,897 

Kouigshutte,  Germany 57,875 

Kottbus,  Germany 39,327 

Kragouyevatz,  Servia 13,870 

Krakau    (Cracow,),    Austria- 
Hungary 91,323 

Krefeld  (Crefeld).  Germany.  106,928 
Kronstadt,  Austria-Hungary.  .30,724 

Kuchiug,  British  Borneo 25,000 

Kumamoto,  Japan. 61,463 

Kumbakonam,  India 59,688 

Kwang-yen,     French     Indo- 
china.  43,000 

Kyoto  (Saikyo),  Japan .353,139 

l'Abbaye,  Switzerland 10,966 

La  Chaux  de  Fonds,  Switzer- 
land   22,456 

Lachine,  Quebec 5,561 

Laeken,  Belgium.. 24,623 

Lagos,  Lagos  Ter.,  Africa 41,847 

Lagos,  Mexico 14.716 

La  Guayra,  Venezuela.  11.000 

Lahore,  India lv!  ,058 

Laibaeh,  Austria-Hungary...  3l,547 

Lancaster,  England *. . ..  40,329 

Lancaster,  New  Brunswick. .    3,000 

Lan-chow  .China 400,000 

Landsburg,  Germany 33.597 

Landskroua,  Sweden 14.134 

Laoag,  Philippines  37,094 


Name.        Country.  Pop. 

La  Paz,  Bolivia 62,320 

La  Plata,  Argentine  Republic  15410 

Larissa.  Greece 15,878 

La  Rocnelle.France 31,818 

Latacunga,  Ecuador 10,000 

Launceston  (.with    suburbs), 

Tasmania 26,430 

Laurvlg,   Norway 11.261 

Lausanne,  Switzerland 55,978 

Lauzon,  Quebec 3.416 

Lecce,  Italy 

Le  Creuzot,  France 80,541 

I. ecus,  England 

Leeu warden,  Netherlands        82482 
Leghorn  (Llvorno),  Italy  . 

Le  Havre,  France 129,044 

Leicester.  England 211,574 

Leipzig,  Germany 455,089 

Leith,  Scotland. 

le  Mans,  France 62,948 

Lemberg.  Austria-Hungary.  .159.877 

Leon,  Mexico 58,426 

Leon,  Nicaragua 35.000 

Leskovatz,  Servia 13,165 

Lethbridge,  Yukon  District. .    2,279 

Lewis,  Quebec 7.783 

Leyden,  Netherlands 53,657 

Leyton,  England 98.899 

Libau,  Kussia. 64,505 

Liege,  Belgium 171.031 

Liegnitz.  Germany 54,8:39 

Lille,  France 215.431 

Lima.  Peru 100,000 

Limerick,  Ireland 38,085 

Limoges,  France 

Linares,  Spain 35.233 

Lincoln,  England 48,784 

Linden,  Germany 50.623 

Lindsay.  Ontario 7,008 

Linkoping,  Sweden 14489 

Linz,  Austria-Hungary 58,791 

Lipa.  Philippines 40,738 

Lisbon,  Portugal 301,206 

Lisburn,  Ireland. 11.459 

Little  Glace  Bay,  Nova  Scotia  6,945 

Liverpool,  England 684.947 

Lobtau,  Germany.. 33,807 

Loanda,  Angola 14,000 

Lodz,  Kussia 315,209 

Loja,  Ecuador 10,000 

London.  England 4,536.063 

London.  Ontario 37,981 

Londonderrv,  Ireland 39,873 

Lorca,  Spain 59.624 

Lorient,  France 44,062 

Louie,  Portugal 14,448 

Lourenco    Marouez,    Portu- 
guese East  Africa 8,000 

Louvain,  Belgium 42,100 

Lubeck,  Germany 

Lucca,  Italy  74.718 

Lucknow,  India 268,961 

Ludwigshafen,  Germany 61,905 

Lugo,  Spain 25,568 

Lund,  Sweden 16,257 

Lurgau.  Ireland 11.777 

Luxemburg,  Luxemburg 19,909 

Luzern,  Switzerland 29,145 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


91 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Lyons,  France 453,145 

Maastricht.  Netherlands 34,220 

Macassar,  Dutch  East  Indies.  80,1)00 

Macerata,  Italy 22,806 

Madras,  India 5; i9,»9 ? 

Madrid,  Spain 512,150 

Madura,  India 10..,:>01 

Maebashi,  J apan 34,495 

Magdeburg,  Germany 229,663 

Magog,  Quebec 3,516 

Mahdera-Mariam,  Abyssinia.     4,000 

Mahe,  French  India.. 8,349 

Mainz,  Germany 84.335 

Maisonneuve,  Quebec 3,958 

Maitlaud,  New  South  Wales.  lu,085 

Mako,  Austria-Hungary 33,122 

Malaga,  Spain  125.579 

Malmo,  Sweden  59,714 

Managua,  Nicaragua 25.000 

Manchester,  England 513,969 

Mandalay ,  India 182,498 

Mangalore,  India 43,821 

Manila,  Philippines 350.00 J 

Mannheim,  Germany 140,384 

Manresa,  Spain 25,121 

Mansourah,  Egypt 36,131 

Mantova  iMontua),  Italy 29,160 

Manzanillo,  Cuba 14,464 

Maracaibo.  Venezuela 34,2-84 

Maranhao,  Brazil 29,308 

Maria  Theresiopel  (SzabadKa), 

Austria-Hungary 82,122 

Marsala,  Italy 36,935 

'Marseilles,  France  ...494,769 

Maryborough,  Queensland...  10,000 

Masay  a,  Nicaragua 20,000 

Maseru,  Cape  of  Good  Hope..       862 

Massa,  Italy 26,325 

Massaua,  Eritrea 20,000 

Matab6n    (Malabunj,   Philip- 
pines ...:.... 25,000 

Matamoros,  Mexico 17,564 

Matanzas,  Cuba 36,374 

Matsumoto,  Japan... 31,324 

Matsuyama,  Japan 36,545 

Matsuye,  Japan  34,651 

Maulmain,  India 55,785 

Mayaguez,  Porto  Rico  15,187 

Mechlin  (Malines  i,  Belgium.  55,530 

Medellin.  Colombia 40,000 

Medina,  Turkey  in  Asia 48,000 

Meeroot,  India  118,642 

Meiderich,  Germany 33,684 

Mekinez,  Morocco 56,000 

Mekka,  Turkey  in  Asia 60,000 

Melbourne    (with    suburbs), 

Victoria 494,129 

Mendoza,  Argentine  Republic  28,302 
Mercedes,  Argentine  Republic  9,269 

Mercedes,  Uruguay 11,000 

Merida,  Mexico.... 36,9&5 

Merthyr  Tydfil,  England 69,227 

Meshed,  Persia 45.IKXI 

Messina,  Italy 149,823 

Metehuala,  Mexico -  13,101 

Metz,  Germany 

Mexico,  Mexico 32'.».774 

Miagao,  Philippines 22,100 


Name.        Country.  Top. 

Middelburg,  Netherlands.        ISJBSi 
Middlesborough,  England....  91,317 

Milan,   ltalv     ...491,460 

Mile  End  (St.  Louis  of  Mile 

End),  Quebec 10,933 

Milltown,  New  Brunswick . 

Minsk,  Russia 91,494 

Mirazapur.  India ".9,787 

Miskolcz,  Austria-Hungary ..  43,096 

Mito,  Japan 33,778 

Modena,  Italy 64,941 

Moji,  Japan 25,274 

Molenbeek,  Belgium 50,204 

Mombasa,  British  East  Africa  20,000 

Monaco.  Monaco 3.292 

Monastir,  Turkey  in  Europe.  45,000 
Moncton,  New  Brunswick  . ..    !»,ir26 

Monghy r ,  India 35,883 

Monrovia   (.with    Krootowni, 

Liberia 5,000 

Mons,  Belgium 55,599 

Montauban,  France  _ 30,603 

Monte  Carlo,  Monaco. 3.794 

Montego  Bay  Jamaica 4,803 

Monterey,  Mexico 45,695 

Monte v ideo,  Uruguay 252,000 

Montlucon,  France 35,095 

Montpellier,  France 76,364 

Montreal,  Quebec ...267.730 

Mooltan,  India 74,562 

Moradabad,  India 75,176 

Morelia,  Mexico 33,890 

Morioka,  Japan. 32,989 

Morocco,  Morocco 50,000 

Moscow,  Russia 988,614 

Moss,  Norway 8,051 

Mosul,  Turkey  in  Asia 61,000 

Motherwell,  Scotland 30,423 

Motul,  Mexico 17,995 

Mount  Morgan,  Queensland..    7,000 
Mozambique. Portuguese  East 

Africa 7,000 

Miihlhausen,  Germany. 33,433 

Mulhausen.  Germany 89,012 

Mulheim,  Germany 45,085 

Mullingar,  Ireland 5.323 

Muncheu-Gladiiacli. Germany  58,014 
Munich      (Munchen),      Ger- 
many  499.959 

Minister,  Germany 63,776 

Murcia,  Spain 108,408 

Muttra,  India 59,574 

Muzaffftrpur  (Tirhut),  India.  45,499 

Mysore,  India        68,151 

Nagano,  Japan  31,319 

Nagasaki.  Japan 107,422 

Nagoya,  Japan — 244.145 

Nagpur,  India 124,599 

Nana, Japan 85,453 

Xamur.  P.Hu'ium  -  32,110 

Naiiaiuio.  British  Columbia..    6,130 

Naiicv.  France 102,463 

Nantes,  France 128,849 

Naples,  Italy 

Nam.  Japan    

Nassau,  Jamaica  12,584 

Neepawa,  Manitoba  1*418 

Negapatam,  India 56,455 


f 


92 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


Name.        Country.  Pop. 

Nelson,  British  Columbia 5,273 

Neuchatel,  Switzerland 20.097 

Neullly, France... 86,481 

Newcastle,  New  Brunswick  .  2,60'! 
Newcastle,  New  South  Wales  14,250 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,     Eng- 

laud 214,803 

New  Glasgow,  Nova  Scotia  . .    4,447 

Newport,  England 67,290 

New  Ross,  Ireland... 5,847 

Newry,  Ireland 12,587 

Newtown  Ards,  Ireland 9,197 

New    Westminster,   British 

Columbia 6,499 

Nice,  France 125,099 

Nicosia,  Cyprus 12.515 

Nicsic,  Montenegro 3,500 

Niigate,  Japan 53,306 

Nijmegen,  Netherlands 42,756 

Nikolayev,  Russia 92.000 

Nimes.  France 80.355 

NlSCh,  Servia 21.524 

Nizhni-Novgorod,  Russia 95,124 

Norrkoping,  Sweden 40.472 

Northampton,  England 87,"021 

North  Sydney,  Nova  Scotia..    4,646 

Norwich.  England 111,728 

Nottingham,  England 239,753 

Novara,  Italy 44,928 

Nuremberg,  Germany 261,022 

Nyir  Egyhaza,  Austria-Hun- 
gary  33,038 

Oaxaca,  Mexico 32.437 

Oberhausen,  Germany 42,148 

Odense,  Denmark 3! .1.277 

Odessa .  R ussia 405,041 

Oedenburg,  Austria-Hungary  41,858 

Offenbach,  Germany 50.508 

Okayama,  Japan 58,1 125 

Oldham,  England 137.238 

Omsk,  Asiatic  Russia 37.470 

Oodeypore,  India 45,595 

Oporto,  Portugal 138,860 

Oran,  Algeria 85,081 

Orebro,  Sweden 21,151 

Orel,  Russia 69,858 

Orenburg,  Russia 72,740 

Orihuela,  Spain 26,951 

Orizaba,  Mexico. 31,512 

Orleans,  France 67.539 

Oruro,  Bolivia 15.200 

Osaka,  Japan .821.235 

Osnabriick,  Germany 51.574 

Ostende,  Belgium 38.481 

Otaru.  Japan _ 56,961 

Otsu,  Japan 34,225 

Ottawa.  Ontario 59,928 

Oudah,  India  79,200 

Ouro  Preto,  Brazil 59.249 

Ovar,  Portugal 11.002 

Ovledo,  Spain 46,376 

Owen  Sound.  Ontario 8,776 

Oxford.  England 49.413 

Pachuca,  Mexico 40,487 

Padang,  Dutch  East  Indies  ..  32,088 

Padova  (Padua),  Italy 82,288 

Paisley,  Scotland 79,355 

Paita,  Peru 5,000 


Name.        Country.  Pop. 

Palembang.Dutcb  East  Indies  53,788 

Palermo,  Italy 810,852 

Palma,  Spain 

Pamplona,  Spain. 

Tan. nil...  Colombia 3Oj000 

Panjln.Goa   

Paraguarl,  Paraguay 10,000 

Paramaribo.  Dutch  Guiana     31,200 
Parana,  Argentine  Republic.  24,098 

Paris,  I-  ranee 2,660,559 

Parma,  Italy 49,370 

Parramatta.New  South  Wales  12,568 

Partlck,  Scotland. , 

Paslg,  Philippines 22.000 

Patlala.  India.. 55,856 

Patna,  India 135,172 

Patras,  Greece 37,958 

Pau.  France 34,692 

Pavla.  Italy 35,372 

Paysandu,  Uruguay 26,000 

Pecs,  Austria-Hungary 43,982 

Pekalongan,  Dutch  East  In- 
dies  _  36,816 

Pekln,  China 1,300,000 

Pembroke,  Ontario 5,156 

Pergamlno,  Argentine  Re- 
public   9,540 

Perigueux,  France. 31.399 

Pernambuco,  Brazil 111,556 

Perpignan,  France 35,757 

Perth,  Scotland 32,872 

Perth  (with  suburbs;,  West- 
ern Australia 27,553 

Perugia,  Italy 61.453 

Pesaro,  Italy 25.115 

Peshawar,  India.. 84,191 

Peterborough,  Ontario 11.239 

Pforzheim.  Germany 43,097 

Philippopoiis.  Bulgaria 41,063 

Flaceuza,  Italy 36,064 

Pietermaritzhurg,  Natal 24.595 

Pilsen,  Austria-Hungary 68,079 

Pinar  del  Rio,  Cuba 8,880 

Ping  rang.  Korea 74.213 

Piraus.  Greece 42.169 

Pisa.  Italy... 01,279 

Pistoja,  Italy 54.002 

Plauen,  Germany 

Ploesci,  Roumania 42,687 

Plymouth,  England 107,509 

Pnum   Penh,    French    Indo- 

China 50,000 

Podsforitza,  Montenegro 0.534 

Point  de  Galle,  Ceylon 37.326 

Poiute  a  Pitre.  West  Indies..  17.242 

Poia,  Austria-Hungary 45.205 

Ponce,Porto  Etco.... 27,952 

Pondichery,  French  India 41.253 

Ponta  Deliada,  Azores 16,767 

Pontianak.  Dutch  East  Indi.  - 

Poona.  India 111,385 

Port  Adelaide.  So.  Australia.  20,089 

Portadown,  Ireland 8,430 

Portage  la  Prairie.  Manitoba 

Port  an  Prince.  Haiti.  40,000  to  60,000 

Port  Elizabeth,  Cape  of  Good 

Hope 23.266 

Porte  Pirie,  South  Australia.    7,983 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


93 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Portiers,  France  39,565 

Port  Louis  (with   suburbs), 

Mauritius  Island 52,517 

Porto  Alegre,  Brazil 52,421 

Port  of  Spain.  West  Indies  ..  34,037 

Port  Said.  Egypt 42,095 

Portsmouth,  England 189,160 

Posen,  Germany 117,014 

Potosi,  Bolivia 15,900 

Potsdam,  Germany 59,814 

Povoa  de  Varzim,  Portugal . .  12,057 
Prague  (Prag),  Austria-Hun- 
gary  201,859 

Prahran,  Victoria 41,161 

Pressburgi  Pozsony) ,  Austria- 
Hungary  65.867 

Preston,  England 112,982 

Pretoria,  Transvaal 10,000 

Prince  Albert,  Saskatchewan    2.193 
Przemvsl,  Austria-Hungary..  46,295 

Puebla,  Mexico. 88,684 

Puerto  Plata,  Santo  Domingo  15."  KX) 

Puerto  Principe,  Cuba 25.102 

Punakha,  Bhotan 5,000 

Pyrgos,  Greece 12,705 

Quebec,  Quebec 68,840 

Queenstown,  Ireland 9.082 

Queretaro,  Mexico 34.576 

Quezaltenango,  Guatemala  ..  22.2(15 

Quito,  Ecuador 80,000 

Bampur,  India 77,862 

Banders,  Denmark 16,617 

Bangoon,  India 232.326 

Ttathmines,  Ireland 32,472 

Bat  Portage,  Ontario 5,203 

Ravenna.  Italy 63,839 

Rawal  Pindi,  India 73.795 

Reading,  England 72.214 

Begensburg,  Germany 45,426 

Reggio  Caiabria,  Italy 44^417 

Reggio  Emilia.  Italy 59.176 

Regina.  Assiniboia 2,645 

Regla,  Cuba 11,363 

Reichenberg,     Austria -Hun- 
gary   34,099 

Reims,  France 107,773 

Remscheid,  Germany 58,108 

Rennes,  France 74,006 

Reus,  Spain 26,752 

Revelstoke,  British  Columbia    1,6  o 

Rheden,  Netherlands 18,814 

Rheydt,  Germany 34,034 

Rhondda    (Ystrad-y-fodwg), 

England 113,735 

Richmond,  Victoria 37,722 

Riga,  Russia 256,197 

Rimini,  Italy 36,846 

Riobamba,  Ecuador 12,000 

Rio   Cuarto,    Argentine   Re- 
public    10,825 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil ..522,651 

Bixdorf,  Germany 90,421 

Boanne,  France ..    34,568 

Bobertsport.  Liberia 1.2DO 

Bochdale,  England 83.112 

Rochefort,  France 35,528 

Rockhampton,  Queensland  ..  16,ouu 
Rome,  Italy 463,000 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Rosario,  Argentine  Republic.  91,669 
Rossland,  British  Columbia  ..    6,159 

Rostock,  Germany 54,713 

Rostov.  Russia 119,889 

Rotherham,  England ">l.:;is 

Rotterdam,  Netherlands 

BoubaLx,  France 124,660 

Rouen,  France ..115,914 

Roulers,  Belgium 20,617 

Bustchuk.  Bulgaria 37.174 

Saga,  Japan 32,753 

Sagua  la  Grande,  Cuba 12,728 

Saharanpur,  India 63,850 

Saigon,  French  Indo-China...  37.565 

Sakai,  Japan 50,203 

Salamanca,  Mexico 13,121 

Salamanca,  Spain 24,156 

Salem,  India 70,627 

Salerno,  Italy.. 42,736 

Salt ord,  England 22'  1,956 

Saloniki,  Turkey  in  Europe  ..105.0(A) 
Salta,  Argentine  Republic...  16.ti72 

Saltillo,  Mexico 26,801 

Salto,  Uruguay 15,000 

Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary..  33.067 

Samara,  Russia ■ 91,672 

Samarang,  Dutch  East  Indies  82,962 

San  Carlos,  Philippines 23,934 

Sandakan,  British  Borneo....    7,000 

SanFernando,  Spain 28,951 

San  Jose,  Costa  Rica 25.0U0 

SanJuan,  Argentine  Republic  10*410 

San  Juan,  Porto  Bico 32,048 

San  Luis.  Argentine  Republic    9.826 

San  Luis  Potosi ,  Mexico 69.050 

San  Nicolas,    Argentine    Re- 
public   12.550 

San  Pedro,  Guatemala 11,189 

San  Salvador,  Salvador 50,000 

San  Sebastian,  Spain 35,975 

Santa  Clara,  Cuba 13,763 

Santa  Cruz,  Bolivia  ...  12,100 

Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe,  Ca- 
nary Islands 33.421 

Santa  Fe,  Argentine  Republic  22.244 

Santander,  Spain 50,64!  I 

Santiago,  Chile 256.413 

Santiago  de  Cuba.  Cuba 43,090 

Santiago  del  hstero, Argentine 

Republic 9,517 

Santo   Domingo,    Santo    Do- 
mingo   25,000 

Santo  Espiritu,  Cuba 12,6% 

Sao  Paulo,  Brazil 64,934 

Sao  Salvador,  Brazil ...174,412 

Sapporo,  Japan 

Saragossa,  Spain 98,188 

Saratov,  Uussia 137,109 

Sarnia,  Ontario 8,176 

Italy 

Saugor,  India 45,655 

Bault  Ste.  Marie.  Ontario 7,169 

Savanna  la  Mar.  Jamaica. 
Schaerbeek,  Belgium  .... 
Schaffhausen,  Sw  Itzerland 

Schiedam,  Netherlands    27,126 

Schoneberg,  Germany 

Schwerin,  Germany 38,667 


94 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Scutari,  Turkey  lu  Kurope...  30,000 

Selkirk,  Manitoba 2,460 

Sendai,  Japan 83,325 

Seoul,  Korea 190,330 

Seraing,  Belgium 89,102 

Serampur,  India 44,689 

Setubal,  Portugal 17,581 

Seville,  Spain 146,205 

Slialijaliaupur.  Iudla 75,662 

Shanghai,  China 586.000 

Sheffield,  England 380,71? 

Sherbrooke.  (Quebec 11 ,765 

Shizuoka,  Japan.. 42,172 

Sholapur,  India 74,521 

Slalkot,  India 05.087 

Siang-tan,  China 1,000,000 

Sibouga,  Philippines  23,455 

Siena,  Italy 28,678 

Singan  Fu,  China 1,000,000 

Siout,  Egypt 42.078 

Skien,  Norway. 8.979 

Sligo,  Ireland K  1.862 

Smethwick,  England 54.5»;o 

Smichow,  Austria-Hungary..  32.093 

Smith"s  Falls,  Ontario 5,155 

Smyrna,  Turkey  in  Asia 200,000 

Sofia,  Bulgaria 46,593 

Solothurn  (Soleure),  Switzer- 
land   _ 10,106 

Sorel,  Quebec 7,057 

Souris,  Prince  Edward  Island    1,140 

Southampton,  England 104,911 

South  Melbourne,  Victoria...  40.637 

Southport,  England 48.087 

South  Shields,  England 97.267 

South wark,  England 200.128 

Spandau,  Germany.. 65,014 

Spanish  Town,  Jamaica 5.019 

Springhill,  Nova  Scotia 5.178 

Srinagar,  India 122.536 

St.  Boniface,  Manitoba. 2.019 

St.  Catharines,  Ontario 9.946 

Ste.  Cunegonde,  Quebec 10.912 

St.  Denis,  France 59.KS4 

St.  Denis,  Reunion  Island....  82.850 

St.  Etienne,  France 146.671 

St.  Gallen.  Switzerland 36,344 

St.  Gilles,  Belgium   41,948 

St.  Helens,  England 84,410 

St.  Henri  de  Montreal,  Quebec  21.192 

St.  Hyacinthe,  Quebec 9.210 

St.  Jerome,  Quebec    3.619 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick  ...  40.711 

St.  John,  Quebec 4,030 

St.   John's    (with    suburbs), 

Newfoundland. 29.007 

St.  Kilda,  Victoria 20.544 

St.  Nazaire,  France 34.671 

St.  Nicolas,  Belgium    30.288 

St.  Petersburg,  Russia 1,132,677 

St.  Pierre,  West  Indies. 25.792 

St.  Quentin,  France 50.150 

St.  Stephen,  New  Brunswick    2.840 

St.  Thomas,  Ontario 11.485 

Stavanger,  Norway 23.899 

Stettin,  Germany .210,680 

Stockholm.  Sweden 302.462 

Stockport,  England 78,871 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Stockton-on-Tees,  England  ..  51,47(1 

Strabane,  Ireland 5,018 

si  raeebnrg,  Germany 150,268 

Stratford,  Ontario 0,(08 

Stuttgart,  Germany 176.318 

su  chow,  China 500,000 

Sucre  (Chuquisaca),  Bolivia 

Suez.  Egypt... 10,559 

Suminerside,  Prince  Edward 

Island 2,875 

Sunderland,  England 146,565 

Snndsvall,  Sweden 14,490 

Surabaya,  Dutch  East  Indies  124,529 
Surakerta,  Dutch  East  Indies  104,589 

Surat,  India 11-  ,864 

Suva,  Fiji  Islands ...  850  Europeans 

Swansea,  England 94,514 

Swindon,  England 44,996 

Sydney  (with  suburbs;,  New 

South  Wales 488,382 

Sydney,  Nova  Scotia 9,909 

Syracuse,  Italy 32,076 

Szabadka,  Austria-Hungary.  82,122 
Szegedin,  Austria-Hungary .  .102.991 
Szentes,  Austria-Hungary...  31.303 

Taal,  Philippines 33.378 

Tabriz,  Persia 200,000 

Tai-ku,  Korea  44,712 

Tai-wan,  Formosa 70,000 

Takamatsu,  Japan 34,416 

Takaoka,  Japan 31.490 

Takasaki,  Japan 30,893 

Talca,  Chile 33,232 

Tamatave,  Madagascar. 5.000 to 7.000 
Tamworth.Xew  South  Wales.    5,802 

Tanauan,  Philippines 20,036 

Tangier,  Morocco 30,000 

Tanjore,  India 57.605 

Tantah,  Egypt 57,289 

Tarija,  Bolivia. 11,940 

Tarnopol,  Austria-Hungary..  30,415 

Tarragona,  Spain 25,a58 

Tashkend,  Asiatic  Russia....  156.414 

Tavira,  Portugal 11.558 

Tegucigalpa,  Honduras 12,600 

Teheran,  Persia 220.000 

Tekax,  Mexico 18.346 

Temax,  Mexico 16,807 

Temesvar.  Austria-Hungary.  53,033 

Teramo,  Italy... 24,578 

The  Hague   (S'Gravenhage), 

Netherlands ..206,022 

Three  Rivers.  Quebec 9,981 

Tientsin,  China 1,000.000 

Tifiis,  Asiatic  Russia 160.645 

Tilburg,  Netherlands 40,628 

Tilsi,  Germany 34.538 

Tipperarv,  Ireland 6,391 

Tiruovo,  Bulgaria 25.295 

Tlemcen,  Algeria 34.866 

Tokushima,  Japan 61,501 

Tokyo,  Japan 1.440.121 

Toledo,  Spain 23.465 

Toluca,  Mexico 23.150 

Tomsk.  Asiatic  Russia 52.430 

Tonsberg,  Norway 7.247 

Toowoomba,  Queensland 14,000 

Torino,  Italy 335,639 


FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


95 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Toronto,  Ontario 208,040 

Toronto  Junction.  Ontario...    6,091 
Totonicapam.  Guatemala  ....  25,196 

Tottenham,  England 102,519 

Tottori,  Japan '28.496 

Toulon,  France ..101,172 

Toulouse,  France 147,696 

Tourcoing.  France 79,468 

Tournai,  Belgium 36,886 

Tours,  France 64.443 

Townsville,  Queensland 11.000 

Tovama,  Japan 59,558 

Tralee.  Ireland 9,318 

Trapani.  Italy _ &V257 

Treves  (Trier),  Germany....  43,324 

Treviso,  Italy 34,004 

Trichinopolv.  India 104,690 

Trieste.  Austria-Hungary....  134. 143 

Trikala,  Greece 21.149 

Trinidad,  Cuba 11.120 

Tripoli .  Tripoli 20,000  to  30.000 

Tripolis.  Greece 10.465 

Trondlijem,  Norway 29.162 

Troyes.  France 53.159 

Truro,  Nova  Scotia 5,993 

Tsu,  Japan 33,287 

Tucuman,  Argentine  Repub- 
lic   34,305 

Tula,  Mexico 19,421 

Tula,  Russia. 111.148 

Tunis  (with  suburbs),  Tunis.  153,000 

Turin  (Torino),  Paly.. 335.639 

Twillingate,  Newi  mndland  .    3.585 

Tynemouth,  England 51.514 

Edine,  Italv 37,933 

Ulm,  Germany 42,860 

Unley,  South  Australia 18.152 

Upsala,  Sweden 22,818 

rrumiah.  Persia 40,000 

Utrecht,  Netherlands 102.086 

Utsu-no-miva,  Japan 32,069 

Vaduz,  Liechtenstein 1,139 

Valdes,  Spain... 23.194 

Valencia  del  Cid,  Spain 204,768 

Valencia,  Venezuela 38,654 

Valenciennes,  France 31.007 

Valladolid,  Spain 68,746 

Valleyfleld  (Salaberry),  Que- 
bec   11.055 

Valparaiso,  Chile 122,447 

Vancouver,  British  Columbia  26.133 

Varna,  Bulgaria 28.174 

Vasarhely,  Austria-Hungary.. 60,883 

Velez-Malaga,  Spain 23.453 

Vellor,  India 43,458 

Venice  iVenezlai,  Italy 151.841 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico 24.085 

Verona,  Italy 74.261 

Versailles.  France 54.081 

Vervlers, Belgium 52,496 

Vevey,  Switzerland 32,982 

Vicenza,  Italy 44.261 

Victoria,  British  Columbia...  20,816 

Victoria,  Hong  Kong 136,900 

Vienna,  Austria-Hungary  ..1,674,957 
Villa  Rica,  Paraguay 25,000 


Name.       Country.  Pop. 

Vilna,  Russia 159,568 

Vincennes,  France 30,336 

Vitoria,  Spain... 30,514 

Vlaadingen.  Netherlands  ....  16,661 

Vlissingen,  Netherlands 18,893 

Volo.  Greece 16,232 

Voronezh,  Netherlands 84.146 

Wakauiatsu,  Japan 29.2(H) 

Wakavama.  Japan 63,667 

Wakefield.  England 41.544 

"Wallasey.  England 53,580 

Walsall,  England 86,440 

Waltharnstow,  England 95.125 

Warrington,  England 64.241 

Warsaw,  Russia 638,208 

Waterf ord,  Ireland ...  26.743 

Wellington    (with   suburbs), 

New  Zealand 49,344 

West  Bromwich,  England  ...  65.172 

West  Ham,  England 267,308 

West  Hartlepool,  England. ..  62.614 

Westmount,  Quebec 8.856 

Wexford,  Ireland 11.154 

Wickham,  New  South  Wales    7.752 

Wigan,  England 60,770 

Wiesbaden,  Germany 86,086 

Wi-ju,  Korea 32.044 

Willesden,  England 114,815 

Wiltz,  Luxemburg 3,859 

Wimbledon.  England 41,604 

Windsor,  Nova  Scotia. 3,398 

Windsor,  Ontario 12,153 

Windhoek.  German  South- 
west Africa 1.500 

Winnipeg,  Manitoba 42,340 

Winterthur,  Switzerland 22,321 

Witten,  Germany 33,514 

Wolverhampton,  England  ...  94.179 
Woodstock,  New  Brunswick.    2.984 

Woodstock.  Ontario 8,833 

Woolwich,  England .117,165 

Worcester,  England 46,623 

Worms,  Germany 40.714 

Wuchang,  China 800,000 

Wurzburg.  Germany... 75.497 

Yamada,  Japan 27 ,990 

Yamagata,  Japan 35.300 

Yarmouth.  Nova  Scotia 6.430 

Yezd,  Persia 80.000 

Yokka-ichi,  Japan 25.220 

Yokohama,  Japan 193,762 

Yokosu,  Japan 24.750 

Yonezawa,  Japan 30.719 

York,  England 

Zaandam,  Netherlands 21.116 

Zacatecas,  Mexico 

Zagazlg, Egypt 35.715 

Zamboanga,  Philippines 21,800 

Zante,  Greece 14,650 

Zanzibar,  British  East  Africa  80,000 

Zapotlanejo.  Mexico 20,270 

Zutphen.  Netherlands.. 

Zurich,  Switzerland 

Zwickau,  Germany 55,825 

Zwolle,  Netherlands 30,560 


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